BUILDING MATERIALS AND ASSEMBLIES

FINISHES,
PRODUCTS, And
COMPONENTS
 Finishes
• Finishes are used in the final part of the construction or
manufacturing process
• Can protect the element they finish from impact, water,
corrosion, frost, abrasion and so on
• They can be decorative
• They play an important role in regulating indoor temperature and
humidity
• Finishing operations are carried out in the right sequence.
• Care is taken to prevent damage.
• Depending on the type of building project. the methods of
finishes varies to consider the applicable interior and exterior
design
• Finishes
Before selecting a finish, thought must be given to many
factors such as:

• Appearance
• Durability
• Maintenance
• Acoustic criteria
• Fire criteria.
• Relationship to mechanical and electrical services
• Changeability
• Cost
• Toxic emissions from interior
materials
2 types of Finish for Buildings

1. Applied Finish - a finish which is applied on site

2. Self Finish/Inherent Finish - a finish which is inherent

in the material and does not have to be specially
applied on site.
4 Main Building Components Finishes

l. Floor Finishes

2. Wall Finishes

3. Ceilings Finishes

4. Roof Finishes
FINISHING MATERIALS
 Used to improve the service and decorative The most important
qualities of buildings and structures finishing materials are:
 Protects structural members from atmospheric and
other effects 1. Natural stone
 Usually designed for interior and/or exterior 2. Glass
finishing 3. Paint and Varnish
4. Wallpapers
Finishing Materials Proper VS Structural Finishing 5. Decorative concrete and
Materials mortars
6. Wood
1. Finishing Materials Proper- used mainly to form 7. Plastic
decorative and protective coatings 8. Metals

2. Structural Finishing Materials - also perform the

functions of enclosing members and components
of such members
 NATURAL STONE

-Traditional finishing material

- Durable and has an attractive appearance,
- Are used for exterior and interior facings on
walls and for floor covering (theaters, hotels, and
subway station)
- Used in the form of decorative chips to finish the
surfaces of concrete and reinforced-concrete
parts and units

Ceramics
- most widely used artificial stone finishing
materials

- common in residential and public buildings for

exterior and interior finishes.
 NATURAL STONE

-Products are
produced from
granite, syenite,
gabbro, limestone,
marble and
quartzite.
 GLASS
- Is a wide field, no limits to the
imagination.
- Can be finished in many
different ways

Glass milling - a craftsman

technique for glass finishing

"The type of glass finishing

depends on the intended use

Disadvantage: Glass finishing

damage the surface of the glass.
 GLASS

Types of Glass Finishes

1. Frosted Glass

- has a cloudy, foggy appearance

- can be used for conference

room walls, exterior windows of
an office, decorative signs on the
exterior of building and glass
partitions in a restaurant
 GLASS
Types of Glass Finishes

2. Satin Glass

- almost the same as frosted glass;

different appearance
- looks smooth and silky
- less shiny and more matte in
appearance
- can be use for partition walls at
banks, glass paneled doors, fitting
rooms, and partitions at car
dealerships
 GLASS
Types of Glass Finishes
3. Reflective Glass

-plain, clear or tinted glass that has a

metallic coating on one side

- can act like a one-way mirror

- works on both the interior and

exterior buildings

- can be use in stores, tall buildings

and small office spaces
 GLASS
Types of Glass Finishes

4. Tinted Glass

- comes in a rainbow of hues as well

as dark hues

- can increase privacy, filters out

sunlight and minimizes heat gain

- can be use as part of mural, an

accent wall, in an office that gets too
much sun and in a store that gets a
lot of sunlight
DECORATIVE CONCRETES AND MORTARS
- Used extensively in the factory finishing of structural members for fully
prefabricated buildings.
- The use for exterior and interior finishes during construction is unlikely
unlimited
 METALS

- Used in modern construction mainly for finishing unique buildings

and structures
- Used mainly in the form of small items for finishing the
entrances and interiors of buildings
METALS 5 Most Common Metals

1. Aluminum

- has a dull silver finish

- lighter in weight and more

affordable

- does not rust but it oxidizes

which creates a chalky white
residue

- most often used in outdoor

furniture
METALS 5 Most Common Metals

2. Stainless Steel

- found in furniture and

fixtures throughout the home

- does not rust, oxidize or

corrode and is low-
maintenance

- much stronger than

aluminum
METALS 5 Most Common Metals

3. Wrought Iron

- refers to the metal that

has been hammered or bent
into shape

- corrosion-resistant and
durable

- commonly used to make

fireplace accessories, outdoor
furniture, pot racks, rustic
beds, and more
METALS 5 Most Common Metals

4. Brass

- a mix of copper and zinc

alloys

- can be made in various

colors such as red, yellow,
gold, bronze and brown

- typically, corrosion-resistant
and antimicrobial
METALS 5 Most Common Metals

5. Copper

- reddish orange in color

found on all types of
décor and fixtures

- corrosion-resistant and
antimicrobial
METALS 5 Common Types of Metal Finishes

1. Antiqued
-creates a surface roughness that appears to stand the test of time
2. Brushed
-a matte finish
-looks as if it has been smoothed with a paintbrush
-leaves faint brushstrokes mark
3. Hammered
- has many small indents adding surface texture
4. Polished
-creates a reflective, mirror-like surface
-a common stainless steel finish
5. Satin
-similar to brushed metals but does not have brushstrokes marks
-the sheen is between matte and polished
METALS 5 Common Types of Metal Finishes
 WOOD
-Involves the application of a protective layer to
bare wood

-Sanding, planning, and scarping can help

eliminate surface imperfections by softening and
smoothening the wood

-Decorative plywood, veneer, parquet, chipboard,

fiberboard, and such articles as railings, plinths,
and finish casings

-Notable for their excellent appearance and

service qualities

Service life: Increases by treating with wood

preservatives and by applying paint and varnish
coatings
 WALLPAPERS
- A thick decorative paper applied to walls with glue
- Widely used for interior finishes
- Low cost and labor requirement
 PLASTICS
- Characterized by broad range of colors, a variety of product shapes, excellent sanitary and
hygienic qualities, and good corrosion resistance
- - Used infrequently for exterior facings (mainly for small structures)

- Service life: Shorter service life than ceramics or glass finishing materials
 PAINT AND VARNISH

-Intended mainly for painting

operations

-Have become widespread in

modern construction

- Makes a possible substantial

reduction in the labor-
intensiveness of finishing
operations and an improvement
in the protective and decorative
properties of structures
 FLOOR FINISHES

- Is the ultimate top layer of all the flooring layers

Factors to consider when choosing floor finishes

• Type of base
• Room usage
• Degree of comfort required
• Maintenance
• Cost
• Appearance
• Safety
• Individual preference

A good finishing will have the following characteristics:

o Look attractive/beautiful
o Comfortable and safe
o Long lasting and able to prevent high temperature, fungi and chemical corrosion
 FLOOR FINISHES
Here are the types of floor finishes and the materials used:
• Bricks/Pavers • Linoleum sheet
• Stone • Glass floor covering
• Rendering • Concrete floor covering
• Tiling (ceramic, porcelain, granite, marble) • Mosaic floor covering
• Wood floor covering (laminated flooring, wood parquet, • Cork floor covering
engineered
. wood) • Magnesite floor covering
• Terrazzo • Vinyl asbestos tiles
• Asphalt • Carpets
• Rubber
 WALL FINISHES

- - A finish given to walls to enhance the

interior and exterior look of the structure

- - Provide a decorative skin to conceal

building components

Factors to consider when choosing wall finishes

• Room usage • Cost

• Degree of comfort required • Suitability of decoration

• Maintenance • Fire protection

 WALL FINISHES
Here are the types of wall
finishes and the materials used:
• Plastering
• Tiling
• Skirting
• Wallpaper
• Painting
• Dry Linings
• Molding
• Architraves
• Natural stone
• Ledgestone
• Aluminum cladding
 CEILING FINISHES
-Provides a decorative skin to conceal building
components

Factors to consider when choosing ceiling

finishes
 Type of floor structure.
 Appearance
 Durability
 Safety to occupants
 The location of mechanical services/equipment
 Fire resistance
 Life span
 Economy
 Function of the building
 Need for acoustic elements
 CEILING FINISHES

Here are the types of ceilings

finishes and the materials used:

• Plaster Board
• Plaster Board cove molding
• Steel Lathing
• Plastering
• Ceiling linings
• Ceiling tiles
• Spray plaster
• Celling papers
• Timber Cladding
• Expanded Polystyrene Tiles
• PVC Cladding
• Ceiling Painting
 ROOF FINISHES
Here are the types of roof finishes and the materials used:

 Corrugated steel
 Profiled light aluminum
 Wood shingles
 Concrete tiles
 Clay tiles
 Glazed
 Lightweight metallics
 Synthetic slates/tiles
 Natural slates
 Artificial mineral fiber
 Cement slates
 Titanium-cladding panels
 Produc
Building products

• l.
pre-fabricated structures used in construction.
• are processed, finished items that are offered for sale.
• they are manufactured combinations of materials and perhaps other products, processed
to create items such as doors, windows, light fittings, cabinets and so on.
• are also assembled in warehouses so the project team only needs to fit them in the
building.
• are generally distinguished from 'materials which are raw, unprocessed substances such
as sand, salt, and so on, and from services which are activities such as consultation,
maintenance, installation, or sometimes the provision of accommodation.

Advantage: Makes the job of the project team faster and

easier while minimizing waste on the construction site
Building products

 pre-fabricated structures used in construction.

• are processed, finished items that are offered for sale.
• they are manufactured combinations of materials and
perhaps other products, processed to create items such as
doors, windows, light fittings, cabinets and so on.
• are also assembled in warehouses so the project team only
.
needs to fit them in the building.
• are generally distinguished from 'materials which are raw,
unprocessed substances such as sand, salt, and so on, and
from services which are activities such as consultation,
maintenance, installation, or sometimes the provision of
accommodation.

Advantage: Makes the job of the project team faster and

easier while minimizing waste on the construction site
Two Major Components

I. Superstructure

II. Substructure
SUPERSTRUCTURE

Is the part of a building which is above the ground and which

serves the building intended use.

Superstructure includes the following:

A. Plinth
B. Walls
C. Columns
D. Beams
E. Sills, lintels and chajjas
F. Doors and windows
G. Floors
H. Roofs
I. Steps and stairs
Plinth

The portion of the wall between the ground level and the
ground floor level. It is usually of stone masonry. If the
foundation is on piles, a plinth beam is cast to support
wall above floor level. At the top of plinth a damp proof
course is provided.

It is usually 75 mm thick plain concrete course.

Plinth
 Walls

The building blocks of

bricks or stones. They divide the
building space into various support
space slabs into various beams and
rooms. They safely transmit the
loads coming on them from beams
and slabs to the foundation.
 Columns

The columns are

vertical members along
which beams and slab /roof
is supported. The shape of
the columns can be square,
rectangular, and circular.
 Beams

The horizontal elements

that withstands all vertical loads.
All the weight from those
vertical loads are supported at
the endpoints of the beams and
that weight is then transferred
to the columns or the beam
supports.
 Sills, Lintels and Chajjas

Sills are lower portion of window and the ventilator

opening.
Sills, Lintels and Chajjas

The lintel is the area over any doors and windows, and
it is there to support the wall over the larger openings. A lintel
beam is normally made from reinforced cement concrete, but it can
also be made from concrete and bricks.
Sills, Lintels and Chajjas

Chajja is the projection given outside the wall to

protect doors and windows from the rain, snow and heat. They
are usually made with R.C.C. In low cost houses stone slabs are
provided as chajjas. Their thickness tapers from 100 to 75 mm
and projection is 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 cm
 Doors
It provide a connecting link between rooms, allowing free
movement from to room-to-room.

Types of Doors
1. Considering Material Used 2. Considering the Mechanism
& Usage

 UPVC Door Sliding Door

 Wooden Door Composite Door
 Metal Door Swinging Door
Revolving Door
Folding Door
 Doors
Types of Doors
 Doors
Types of Doors
 Windows
Windows are provided to get light and ventilation in the building. They
are located at a height of 0.75 m to 0.9 m from the floor level.

Types of Windows

Fixed window Dormer window

Metal window Casement window
Pivoted window Gable window
Bay window Sash window
Double Hung window Lantern window
Corner window Louvered window
Sliding window Skylight window
Windows
Types of Windows
Windows
Types of Windows
 Floors
The important component of a building. They give working/useful area
for the occupants.
 Roofs
It is the top most portion of the building which provide top cover to the
building. It should be leak proof. It is located at the upper-level surface of a
room.
 Steps and Stairs
Steps and stairs are meant to provide access between different levels.
Generally for residential building width of stair is 1.0 m and 1.2 m.
 .

1.
2.