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Anesthesia and Acute Pain

Management, Second Edition 2nd
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 CONTENTS

Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv
Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii

PART 1
HISTORY

1. The History of Local Anesthesia. . . . . . . . . . . 3

Alwin Chuan and William Harrop-Griffiths

PART 2
FOUNDATIONS OF LOCAL AND REGIONAL ANESTHESIA

Section 1: Anatomy and Histology of Section 2: Pharmacology

Peripheral Nervous System and Neuraxis 7. Clinical Pharmacology of Local
2. Embryology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Anesthetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Patrick M. McQuillan John Butterworth IV

3. Functional Regional Anesthesia 8. Controlled-Release Local

Anatomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Anesthetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Anna Carrera, Ana M. Lopez, Xavier Sala-Blanch, John-Paul J. Pozek, David Beausang, Kara G. Segna,
Eldan Kapur, Ilvana Hasanbegovic, and Admir Hadzic and Eugene R. Viscusi

4. Histology of the Peripheral Nerves 9. Analgesic Adjuvants in the Peripheral

and Light Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Nervous System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Erika Cvetko, Marija Meznarič, and Colin J. L. McCartney and Stephen Choi
Tatjana Stopar Pintaric
10. Local Anesthetic Mixtures for
5. Connective Tissues of Peripheral Peripheral Nerve Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Nerves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Jason Choi and Jeff Gadsden
Miguel A. Reina, Xavier Sala-Blanch, Fabiola Machés,
Riánsares Arriazu, and Alberto Prats-Galino 11. Continuous Peripheral Nerve Blocks:
Local Anesthetic Solutions and
6. Ultrastructural Anatomy of the Spinal Infusion Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Meninges and Related Structures. . . . . . 101 Amanda M. Monahan and Brian M. Ilfeld
Miguel A. Reina, Carlo D. Franco, Alberto Prats-Galino,
Fabiola Machés, Andrés López, and
Jose A de Andrés

vii

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 viii Contents

Section 3: Equipment for Peripheral 16. Infection Control in Regional

Nerve Blocks Anesthesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Sebastian Schulz-Stübner, Jean M. Pottinger,
12. Equipment for Regional Anesthesia. . . . 167 Stacy A. Coffin, and Loreen A. Herwaldt
Vivian H. Y. Ip and Ban C. H. Tsui
17. Local Anesthetics, Regional Anesthesia,
13. Equipment for Continuous and Cancer Recurrence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Peripheral Nerve Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Alain Borgeat, José Aguirre, and E. Gina Votta-Velis
Holly Evans, Karen C. Nielsen, M. Steve Melton,
Roy A. Greengrass, and Susan M. Steele 18. Perioperative Regional Anesthesia
and Analgesia: Effects on Cancer
14. Electrical Nerve Stimulators and
Recurrence and Survival After
Localization of Peripheral Nerves . . . . . . 194
André van Zundert and Admir Hadzic Oncological Surgery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Zoe S. Gan, Yanxia Sun, and Tong J. Gan
Section 4: Patient Management
Considerations
15. Developing Regional Anesthesia
Pathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Andrew Neice and Michael J. Barrington

PART 3
CLINICAL PRACTICE OF REGIONAL ANESTHESIA

PART 3A: Local and Infiltrational 23. Spinal Anesthesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328

Anesthesia Adrian Chin and André van Zundert

19. Intra-articular and Periarticular 23A. Mechanisms and Management

Infiltration of Local Anesthetics. . . . . . . . 278 of Failed Spinal Anesthesia . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Johan Raeder and Ulrich J. Spreng John D. Rae and Paul D. W. Fettes

20. Regional and Topical Anesthesia for Section 2: Epidural Anesthesia

Awake Endotracheal Intubation . . . . . . . 289 24. Epidural Anesthesia and Analgesia. . . . . 380
Imran Ahmad Roulhac D. Toledano and Marc Van de Velde

PART 3B: Intravenous Regional Block Section 3: Caudal Anesthesia

for Upper & Lower Extremity 25. Caudal Anesthesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
21. Intravenous Regional Block for Upper Kenneth D. Candido, Anthony R. Tharian, and
Alon P. Winnie
and Lower Extremity Surgery. . . . . . . . . . 301
Kenneth D. Candido, Anthony R. Tharian, and Section 4: Combined Spinal and Epidural
Alon P. Winnie Anesthesia
PART 3C: Neuraxial Anesthesia 26. Combined Spinal-Epidural
Anesthesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
Section 1: Spinal Anesthesia J. Sudharma Ranasinghe, Elyad Davidson,
22. Neuraxial Anatomy (Anatomy Relevant and David J. Birnbach
to Neuraxial Anesthesia). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 Section 5: Postdural Puncture Headache
Steven L. Orebaugh and Hillenn Cruz Eng
27. Postdural Puncture Headache . . . . . . . . . 480
Brian E. Harrington and Miguel Angel Reina

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 Contents ix

PART 3D: Ultrasound-Guided Nerve Section 4: Ultrasound-Guided Nerve

Blocks Blocks for the Lower Extremity
Section 1: Fundamentals of Ultrasound- 33A. Ultrasound-Guided Femoral
Guided Regional Anesthesia Nerve Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
Arthur Atchabahian, Ine Leunen, Catherine Vandepitte,
28. Physics of Ultrasound. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 and Ana M. Lopez
Daquan Xu
33B. Ultrasound-Guided Fascia
29. Optimizing an Ultrasound Image . . . . . . 516 Iliaca Block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
Daquan Xu, Shaun De Meirsman, and Ruben Schreurs
Arthur Atchabahian, Ine Leunen, Catherine Vandepitte,
30. Introduction to Ultrasound-Guided and Ana M. Lopez
Regional Anesthesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 33C. Ultrasound-Guided Lateral Femoral
Steven L. Orebaugh and Kyle R. Kirkham
Cutaneous Nerve Block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
Section 2: Ultrasound-Guided Head and Thomas B. Clark, Ana M. Lopez, Daquan Xu,
Neck Nerve Blocks and Catherine Vandepitte

31. Nerve Blocks of the Face. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535 33D. Ultrasound-Guided Obturator

Chrystelle Sola, Christophe Dadure, Olivier Choquet, Nerve Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610
and Xavier Capdevila Sam Van Boxstael, Catherine Vandepitte,
Philippe E. Gautier, and Hassanin Jalil
Section 3: Ultrasound-Guided Nerve
Blocks for the Upper Extremity 33E. Ultrasound-Guided Saphenous
(Subsartorius/Adductor Canal)
32A. Ultrasound-Guided Cervical Nerve Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
Plexus Block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552 Thomas F. Bendtsen, Ana M. Lopez,
Thomas F. Bendtsen, Sherif Abbas, and Vincent Chan and Thomas B. Clark
32B. Ultrasound-Guided Interscalene 33F. Ultrasound-Guided Sciatic
Brachial Plexus Block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558 Nerve Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620
Philippe E. Gautier, Catherine Vandepitte, Arthur Atchabahian, Catherine Vandepitte,
and Jeff Gadsden Ana M. Lopez, and Jui-An Lin
32C. Ultrasound-Guided Supraclavicular 33G. Ultrasound-Guided Popliteal
Brachial Plexus Block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568 Sciatic Block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628
Thomas F. Bendtsen, Ana M. Lopez, Admir Hadzic, Ana M. Lopez, Catherine Vandepitte,
and Catherine Vandepitte and Xavier Sala-Blanch
32D. Ultrasound-Guided Infraclavicular 33H. Ultrasound-Guided Ankle Block. . . . . . . . 636
Brachial Plexus Block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574 Catherine Vandepitte, Ana M. Lopez, Sam Van Boxstael,
Arthur Atchabahian, Catherine Vandepitte, and Hassanin Jalil
and Ana M. Lopez
Section 5: Ultrasound-Guided Nerve
32E. Ultrasound-Guided Axillary Blocks for Abdominal & Thoracic Wall
Brachial Plexus Block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
Catherine Vandepitte, Ana M. Lopez, and Hassanin Jalil 34. Ultrasound-Guided Transversus
Abdominis Plane and Quadratus
32F. Ultrasound-Guided Blocks at Lumborum Blocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642
the Elbow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586 Hesham Elsharkawy and Thomas F. Bendtsen
Jui-An Lin, Thomas F. Bendtsen, Ana M. Lopez,
and Hassanin Jalil 35. Pectoralis and Serratus Plane Blocks . . . 650
Rafael Blanco and Michael J. Barrington
32G. Ultrasound-Guided Wrist Block . . . . . . . . 591
Ine Leunen, Sofie Louage, Hassanin Jalil, and
Xavier Sala-Blanch

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 x Contents

PART 3E: Local and Regional PART 3F: Local and Regional
Anesthesia for Oral and Maxillofacial Anesthesia for the Eye
Surgery 37. Local and Regional Anesthesia
36. Oral & Maxillofacial Regional for Ophthalmic Surgery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683
Anesthesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662 Stavros Prineas
Benaifer D. Preziosi, Adam T. Hershkin, Paul J. Seider,
and Gregory M. Casey

PART 4
ULTRASOUND IMAGING OF NEURAXIAL AND
PERIVERTEBRAL SPACE
38. Sonography of the Lumbar Paravertebral 40. Spinal Sonography and Applications
Space and Considerations for of Ultrasound for Central Neuraxial
Ultrasound-Guided Lumbar Blocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740
Plexus Block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711 Manoj K. Karmakar and Ki Jinn Chin
Hiroaki Murata, Tatsuo Nakamoto, Takayuki Yoshida,
and Manoj K. Karmakar

39. Lumbar Paravertebral Sonography and

Considerations for Ultrasound-Guided
Lumbar Plexus Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721
Manoj K. Karmakar

PART 5
OBSTETRIC ANESTHESIA

41. Obstetric Regional Anesthesia. . . . . . . . . 773

Jason Choi, Liane Germond, and Alan C. Santos

PART 6
PEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA

42. Regional Anesthesia in Pediatric Patients: 44. Peripheral Nerve Blocks for Children. . . 830
General Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799 Steve Roberts
Steve Roberts
45. Acute and Chronic Pain
43. Pediatric Epidural and Spinal Management in Children. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848
Anesthesia & Analgesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807 Rishi M. Diwan
Belen De Jose Maria, Luc Tielens, and Steve Roberts

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 Contents xi

PART 7
ANESTHESIA IN PATIENTS WITH SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONS

46. Perioperative Regional Anesthesia 53. Regional Analgesia in the

in the Elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865 Critically Ill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957
Jennifer E. Dominguez and Thomas M. Halaszynski Sebastian Schulz-Stübner

47. Regional Anesthesia & Cardiovascular 54. Acute Pain Management in the
Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881 Opioid-Dependent Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . 967
Christiana C. Burt, Sanford M. Littwin, Jolaade Adebayo, Lisa Doan, Joseph Largi, Lynn Choi, and
Navin A. Mallavaram, and Daniel M. Thys Christopher Gharibo

48. Regional Anesthesia & Systemic 55. Regional Anesthesia in Patients with
Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896 Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977
Malikah Latmore, Matthew Levine, and Jeff Gadsden Jeff Gadsden, Emily Lin, and Alicia L. Warlick

49. Regional Anesthesia in the Patient with 56. Regional Anesthesia for Cardiac
Preexisting Neurologic Disease . . . . . . . . 910 and Thoracic Anesthesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 988
Adam K. Jacob, Sandra L. Kopp, and James R. Hebl Paul Kessler

50. Acute Compartment Syndrome of the 57. Regional Anesthesia in Austere

Limb: Implications for Regional Environment Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1004
Anesthesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921 Chester C. Buckenmaier III
Xavier Sala-Blanch, Jose A de Andrés,
58. Anesthesia for Humanitarian
and Steven Dewaele
Relief Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1013
51. Peripheral Nerve Blocks for Andres Missair
Outpatient Surgery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931
Christina M. Spofford, Peter Foldes, and John Laur

52. Neuraxial Anesthesia & Peripheral Nerve

Blocks in Patients on Anticoagulants. . . 939
Honorio T. Benzon, Rasha S. Jabri, and
Tom C. Van Zundert

PART 8
REGIONAL ANESTHESIA IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT
59. Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain
Management in the Emergency
Department. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1023
Andrew A. Herring, Sam Van Boxstael, Pascal
Vanelderen, and Knox H. Todd

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 xii Contents

PART 9
COMPLICATIONS OF LOCAL AND REGIONAL ANESTHESIA

60. Complications and Prevention of 63. Monitoring, Documentation, and

Neurologic Injury with Peripheral Consent for Regional Anesthesia
Nerve Blocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1047 Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1086
Michael J. Barrington, Richard Brull, Miguel A. Reina, Jeff Gadsden
and Admir Hadzic
64. Diagnosis and Management of Spinal
61. Assessment of Neurologic Complications and Peripheral Nerve Hematoma . . . . . 1098
of Regional Anesthesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1068 Ariana Nelson, Honorio T. Benzon,
James C. Watson and Rasha S. Jabri

62. Perioperative Nerve Injury Unrelated to

Nerve Blockade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1078
Steven L. Orebaugh

PART 10
LAST: LOCAL ANESTHETIC SYSTEMIC TOXICITY
65. Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity. . . . 1109
Marina Gitman, Michael Fettiplace, and Guy Weinberg

PART 11
PERIOPERATIVE OUTCOME AND ECONOMICS OF
REGIONAL ANESTHESIA
66. Pharmacoeconomics of Regional 68. Regional Anesthesia and Perioperative
Anesthesia: Implications in Ambulatory Outcome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1147
Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital Admission, Ottokar Stundner, Suzuko Suzuki, and
and Early Rehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1117 Stavros G. Memtsoudis
Brian A. Williams, Patrick J. Hackett, Pulsar Li, 69. The Effects of Regional Anesthesia on
and Andrew J. Gentilin
Functional Outcome After Surgery. . . . 1156
67. Regional Anesthesia, Cost, Operating Arthur Atchabahian and Michael H. Andreae
Room, and Personnel
Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1138
John Laur and Franklin Dexter

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 Contents xiii

PART 12
ACUTE PAIN MANAGEMENT
70. Intravenous Patient-Controlled 74. Pain: Epidemiology, Psychology, and
Analgesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1167 Impact on Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1213
Marie N. Hanna, Omar Ahmed, and Sarah Hall Trent Emerick and Steven L. Orebaugh

71. Continuous Peripheral Nerve 75. Multimodal Analgesia: Pharmacologic

Blocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1180 Interventions and Prevention of
Amanda M. Monahan and Brian M. Ilfeld Persistent Postoperative Pain. . . . . . . . . 1219
Adam C. Young and Asokumar Buvanendran
72. Organization of an Acute Pain
Management Service Incorporating 76. The Role of Nonopioid Analgesic
Regional Anesthesia Techniques. . . . . . 1187 Infusions in the Management of
Amanda Lukof, Eugene R. Viscusi, Leslie Schechter, Postoperative Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1226
Suzanne Lenart, Kathleen Colfer, and Thomas Witkowski Gildasio S. De Oliveira, Jr, Honorio T. Benzon,
and Paul F. White
73. Neurobiologic Mechanisms of
Nociception. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1204
Qing Liu and Michael S. Gold

PART 13
EDUCATION IN REGIONAL ANESTHESIA

77. Teaching Regional Anesthesia. . . . . . . . 1237 78. Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain
Ahtsham U. Niazi and Joseph M. Neal Medicine Fellowship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1245
Jinlei Li and Thomas M. Halaszynski

PART 14
STATISTICS AND PRINCIPLES OF RESEARCH DESIGN
IN REGIONAL ANESTHESIA AND ACUTE PAIN MEDICINE
79. Principles of Statistical Methods for
Research in Regional Anesthesia. . . . . . 1263
Maxine M. Kuroda

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 xiv Contents

PART 15
NERVE STIMULATOR AND SURFACE ANATOMY-BASED
NERVE BLOCKS
Section 1: Upper Extremity 81B. Intercostal Nerve Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1374
Anthony M.-H. Ho, Robbert Buck, Malikah Latmore,
80A. Cervical Plexus Block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1289 Matthew Levine, and Manoj K. Karmakar
Jerry D. Vloka, Ann-Sofie Smeets, Tony Tsai,
and Cedric Bouts Section 3: Lower Extremity Blocks
80B. Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block. . . . . 1297 82A. Lumbar Plexus Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1380
Alain Borgeat, Matthew Levine, Malikah Latmore, Jerry D. Vloka, Tony Tsai, and Admir Hadzic
Sam Van Boxstael, and Stephan Blumenthal
82B. Obturator Nerve Block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1388
80C. Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Herve Bouaziz
Block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1311 82C. Femoral Nerve Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1397
Carlo D. Franco, Bram Byloos, and Ilvana Hasanbegovic
Jerry D. Vloka, Admir Hadzic, and Philippe Gautier
80D. Infraclavicular Brachial Plexus 82D. Sciatic Nerve Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1404
Block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1317 Elizabeth Gartner, Elisabeth Fouché, Olivier Choquet,
Laura Clark Admir Hadzic, and Jerry D. Vloka
80E. Axillary Brachial Plexus Block . . . . . . . . . 1328 82E. Block of the Sciatic Nerve in the
Zbigniew J. Koscielniak-Nielsen and Monika Golebiewski
Popliteal Fossa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1418
80F. Wrist Block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1338 Jerry D. Vloka and Admir Hadzic
Paul Hobeika, Tessy Castermans, Joris Duerinckx,
82F. Ankle Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1427
and Sam Van Boxstael
Joseph Kay, Rick Delmonte, and Paul M. Greenberg
80G. Digital Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1346 82G. Cutaneous Nerve Blocks of the
Sam Van Boxstael, Ann-Sofie Smeets, and Jerry D. Vloka
Lower Extremity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1435
80H. Cutaneous Blocks for the Upper Jerry D. Vloka and Luc Van Keer
Extremity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1351
Joseph M. Neal and Yavuz Gurkan

Section 2: Truncal Blocks

81A. Thoracic & Lumbar Paravertebral
Block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1359
Manoj K. Karmakar, Roy A. Greengrass, Malikah Latmore,
and Matthew Levin

APPENDICES
Appendix 1.  European Recommendations Appendix 2.  Disposition of Injectate
for Use of Regional Anesthesia in the with Common Regional Anesthesia
Setting of Anticoagulation . . . . . . . . . . . 1445 Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1449
Luc Van Keer, Dimitri Dylst, and Ine Leunen Philippe Gautier

Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1469

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 CONTRIBUTORS

Sherif Abbas, MD David Beausang, MD

Anesthesiology Assistant Assistant Professor
Catholic University of Leuven Department of Anesthesiology
Leuven, Belgium Sidney Kimmel Medical College
Thomas Jefferson University and Hospitals
Jolaade Adebayo, MD, D.ABA Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Staff Anesthesiologist
Tanner Health System Thomas Fichtner Bendtsen, MD, PhD
Department of Surgery Associate Professor of Anesthesiology
Carrollton, Georgia Consultant, Anesthesiology
Aarhus University Hospital
José Aguirre, MD Aarhus, Denmark
Team Leader Anesthesia Education and Research
Study Coordination UCAR Honorio T. Benzon, MD
Consultant Anesthetist Professor of Anesthesiology
Balgrist University Hospital Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
Zurich, Switzerland Chicago, Illinois

Imran Ahmad, FRCA David J. Birnbach, MD, MPH

Honorary Senior Lecturer, King’s College Professor of Anesthesiology and Obstetrics and Gynecology
Consultant Anaesthetist Chief of Women’s Anesthesia
Clinical Lead for Airway Management Jackson Memorial Hospital
Guy’s Hospital University of Miami
Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust Miami, Florida
London, United Kingdom
Rafael Blanco, MD, BS, FRCA, DEAA
Omar Ahmed, MD Senior Consultant Anaesthetist
Anesthesiologist Corniche Hospital
Premier Care Anesthesia Abu Dhabi
New York Medical College United Arab Emirates
Orange County, California
Stephan Blumenthal, MD
Michael H. Andreae, MD Assistant Professor
Department of Anesthesiology Head of Institute of Anesthesiology
Montefiore Medical Center Bulach Hospital
Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bulach, Switzerland
New York, New York
Alain Borgeat, MD
Riánsares Arriazu, PharmD, PhD Professor of Anesthesiology
Histology Laboratory Director, University of Balgrist
Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine Zurich, Switzerland
Department of Basic Medical Sciences
School of Medicine, CEU-San Pablo University Herve Bouaziz, MD
Madrid, Spain Professor of Anesthesiology
Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care.
Arthur Atchabahian, MD Nancy University Hospital,
Professor of Clinical Anesthesiology Nancy, France
Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain
Medicine Cedric Bouts, MD
NYU School of Medicine Anaesthesia Resident
New York, New York Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KUL)
Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, ZOL
Michael J. Barrington, MB, BS, FANZCA, PhD Genk, Belgium
Associate Professor
University of Melbourne
Senior Staff Anaesthetist
Department of Anaesthesia and Acute Pain Medicine
St. Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy
Victoria, Australia
xv

Hadzic_FM_i-xxviii.indd 15 24/02/17 4:31 PM

 xvi Contributors

Richard Brull, MD, FRCPC Anna Carrera, MD, PhD

Professor of Anesthesia Professor of Human Anatomy
University of Toronto NEOMA Research Group
Chief, Department of Anesthesia Medical Science Department
Women’s College Hospital Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona
Toronto, Ontario, Canada Girona, Spain

Robbert Buck, MD Gregory M. Casey, DDS, MD

Anaesthesia Resident Cosmetic Facial Surgery Private Practice
University of Antwerp Associate Clinical Professor
Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, ZOL University of Florida
Genk, Belgium Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Naples, Florida
Chester “Trip” Buckenmaier III, MD
Professor of Anesthesiology Tessy Castermans, MD
Director, Defense and Veterans Center for Integrative Pain Anaesthesia Resident
Management University of Antwerp
Uniformed Services University Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, ZOL
Rockville, Maryland Genk, Belgium

Christiana C. Burts, BA, MB, FRCA Vincent Chan, MD, FRCPC, FRCA
Consultant Anesthetist Professor
Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Department of Anesthesia
Cambridge, United Kingdom University of Toronto
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
John Butterworth IV, MD
Professor and Chairman Adrian Chin, MBBS, FANZCA
Department of Anesthesiology Department of Anesthesiology
Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital
Richmond, Virginia Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Asokumar Buvanendran, MD Ki Jinn Chin, MBBS, MMed, FRCPC

Professor, Department of Anesthesiology Associate Professor
William Gottschalk, Endowed Chair of Anesthesiology Department of Anesthesia,
Vice Chair Research and Director of Orthopedic Anesthesia Toronto Western Hospital
Rush University Medical Center University of Toronto
Chicago, Illinois Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Bram Byloos, MD Jason Choi, MD

Anaesthesia Resident Attending Anesthesiologist
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KUL) White Plains Hospital
Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, ZOL White Plains, New York
Genk, Belgium
Lynn Choi, MD
Kenneth D. Candido, MD Assistant Clinical Professor
Professor of Clinical Anesthesiology Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
Clinical Professor of Surgery University of California, Los Angeles
University of Illinois Chicago Los Angeles, California
Chairman, Department of Anesthesiology
Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center Stephen Choi, MD, FRCPC, MSc
Chicago, Illinois Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
Xavier Capdevila, MD, PhD University of Toronto
Professor or Anesthesiology and Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Critical Care Medicine
Head, Department of Anesthesiology Olivier Choquet, MD, MSc
and Critical Care Medicine Consultant, Associate Professor
Lapeyronie University Hospital Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Unit
NeuroScience Institute Lapeyronie University Hospital
Montpellier University Montpellier France
Montpellier, France Alwin Chuan, MBBS, PhD, PGCertCU, FANZCA
Senior Clinical Lecturer
University of New South Wales
Consultant, Anaesthesiology
Liverpool Hospital
Sydney, Australia

Hadzic_FM_i-xxviii.indd 16 24/02/17 4:31 PM

 Contributors xvii

Laura Clark, MD Steven Dewaele, MD

Professor Consultant, Anesthesiology
Residency Program Director Intensive Care Medicine
Director of Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain Emergency Medicine
University of Louisville Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg
Louisville, Kentucky Genk, Belgium

Thomas B. Clark, DC, RVT, RMSK Franklin Dexter, MD, PhD

Professor of Radiology Professor, Department of Anesthesia
Logan University Director, Division of Management Consulting
St. Louis, Missouri University of Iowa
Iowa City, Iowa
Stacy A. Coffin, MD
Anesthesiologist Rishi M. Diwan, FRCA, MD, MBBS
St. Luke’s Hospital of Duluth Consultant Paediatric Anaesthetist and
Duluth, Minnesota Acute Pain Lead
Deputy Clinical Director
Kathleen Colfer, MSN, RN-BC Jackson Rees Department of Anaesthetics
Clinical Nurse Specialist and Manager Alder Hey Children’s NHS Foundation Trust
Acute Pain Management Service Liverpool, United Kingdom
Department of Anesthesiology
Thomas Jefferson University Hospital Lisa Doan, MD
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Assistant Professor
Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and
Erika Cvetko, DD, PhD Pain Medicine
Professor of Anatomy New York University School of Medicine
Head of the Institute of Anatomy New York, New York
Faculty of Medicine
University of Ljubljana Jennifer E. Dominguez, MD, MHS
Ljubljana, Slovenia Anesthesiologist
Duke University Hospital
Christophe Dadure, MD, PhD Durham, North Carolina
Professor of Anesthesiology and
Critical Care Medicine Joris Duerinckx, MD
Head of Department of Anesthesiology Consultant, Orthopaedic and Hand Surgery
Lapeyronie University Hospital Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, ZOL
Montpellier, France Genk, Belgium

Elyad Davidson, MD Dimitri Dylst, MD

Anesthesiologist Consultant, Anesthesiology
Miami, Florida Intensive Care Medicine
Emergency Medicine
Jose A de Andrés, MD, PhD, FIPP, EDRA Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg
Professor of Anesthesia Genk, Belgium
Valencia School of Medicine
Chairman Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management Hesham Elsharkawy, MD, MSc
Department Staff, Anesthesiology Institute
General University Hospital Cleveland Clinic
Valencia, Spain Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology
CCLCM of Case Western Reserve
Belen De Jose Maria, MD, PhD, ECFMG University of Cleveland
Consultant in Pediatric Anesthesia Cleveland, Ohio
Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, University of Barcelona
Barcelona, Spain Trent Emerick, MD
Assistant Clinical Professor
Rick Delmonte, DPM, FACFAS Department of Anesthesiology and Division of Chronic Pain
Foot and Ankle Surgeon University of Pittsburgh
NYU Langone Medical Center Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
New York, New York
Hillenn Cruz Eng, MD
Gildasio S. De Oliveira Jr, MD, MSCI Assistant Professor
Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
Associate Chair for Research Penn State Health
Department of Anesthesiology Hershey, Pennsylvania
Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine
Chicago, Illinois

Hadzic_FM_i-xxviii.indd 17 24/02/17 4:31 PM

 xviii Contributors

Holly Evans, MD Liane Germond, MD

Assistant Professor, University of Ottawa Anesthesiologist
Anesthesiologist, The Ottawa Hospital Ochsner Medical Center
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada New Orleans, Lousiana

Paul Fettes, MBChB, BSc Christopher Gharibo, MD

Consultant Anaesthetist and Associate Professor of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine
Honorary Senior Lecturer Associate Professor of Orthopedics
Department of Anaesthesia NYU School of Medicine
Ninewells Hospital and Medical School New York, New York
Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
Marina Gitman, MD
Michael Fettiplace, MD Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology
PhD Student at University of Illinois University of Illinois Hospital
College of Medicine Chicago, Illinois
Chicago, Illinois
Michael S. Gold, PhD
Peter Foldes, MD Professor of Anesthesiology
Anesthesiologist Center for Pain Research
Department of Anesthesiology University of Pittsburgh
Tulane University Medical Center Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
New Orleans, Louisiana
Monika Golebiewski, MD
Elisabeth Fouché, MD Research Associate
Digital Editor, Designer NYSORA Europe
Paris, France Munich, Germany

Carlo D. Franco, MD Paul M. Greenberg, DPM, FACFAS

Professor Anesthesiology and Anatomy Fellow, American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons
Chairman Regional Anesthesia Diplomate, American Board of Foot and Ankle Surgery
JHS Hospital of Cook County NYU Faculty Group Practice-Podiatry Associates Upper West Side
Chicago, Illinois NYU Langone Medical Center
New York, New York
Jeff Gadsden, MD, FRCPC, FANZCA
Associate Professor Roy A. Greengrass, MD, FRCP
Duke University School of Medicine Professor of Anesthesiology
Chief, Division of Orthopaedic, Plastic and Regional Anesthesiology Fellowship Director Acute Pain and Regional Anesthesia
Duke University Medical Center Mayo Clinic Jacksonville Florida
Durham, North Carolina
Yavuz Gürkan, MD
Elizabeth Gaertner, MD Professor of Anaesthesiology
Department of Anesthesiology Kocaeli University Hospital
Hautepierre Hospital Kocaeli, Turkey
Strasbourg, France
Patrick J. Hackett, MD
Tong J. Gan, MD, MHS, FRCA Department of Anesthesiology
Professor and Chairman Spectrum Medical Group
Department of Anesthesiology Maine Medical Center
Stony Brook University Portland, Maine
Stony Brook, New York
Admir Hadzic, MD, PhD
Zoe S. Gan, BA Professor of Anesthesiology
Medical Student Director of NYSORA
University of North Carolina School of Medicine New York, New York
Chapel Hill, North Carolina Consultant, Anesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency Medicine
and Pain Therapy
Philippe E. Gautier, MD Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg
Head of Department Genk, Belgium
Director of Obstetric and Regional Anesthesia
Clinique Ste-Anne St.-Remi Thomas M. Halaszynski, DMD, MD, MBA
Brussels, Belgium Associate Professor of Anesthesiology
Senior Director of Regional Anesthesiology/Acute Pain Medicine
Andrew J. Gentilin, MD Yale University School of Medicine
Anesthesiologist New Haven, Connecticut
CAMC Health System
Charleston, West Virginia

Hadzic_FM_i-xxviii.indd 18 24/02/17 4:31 PM

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
PANGASINANS, The.

See (in this volume)

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: THE NATIVE INHABITANTS.

PAN-GERMANIC UNION.

See (in this volume)

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1901.

----------PAPACY: Start--------

PAPACY: A. D. 1894.
Conference with Eastern Patriarchs.

A conference of Eastern Patriarchs to consider the reunion of

the Eastern Churches (Armenian, Maronite, Melchite, etc.) with
the Church of Rome was opened at the Vatican, in October,
under the presidency of the Pope. The meeting had no result.

PAPACY: A. D. 1894-1895.
The Hungarian Ecclesiastical Laws.

See (in this volume)

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1894-1895.

PAPACY: A. D. 1896 (March).

Resumption of authority over the Coptic Church.

The authority of the Pope over the Coptic Church was resumed
on the 30th of March, 1896, after a suspension of four
centuries, by the re-establishment of the Catholic
Patriarchate of Alexandria. Bishop Macarius was appointed
Patriarch and two bishops were appointed for Upper and Lower
Egypt.

PAPACY: A. D. 1896 (September).

 Decision on the invalidity of Anglican orders.

In September, 1896, the final decision of the Vatican, on a

reopened question as to the validity of ordinations under the
ritual of the Church of England, was announced by Pope Leo
XIII. in a bull which declares: "After long study, I must
confirm the decree of my predecessors, that all ordinations
made under the Anglican rite are absolutely invalid." Soon
after the decision was announced, a writer in the
"Contemporary Review" gave the following account of
circumstances connected with it:

"The question of Anglican Orders was taken up in connection

with the appeal for union made by Leo XIII. in the Encyclical'
Præclara' of 1894, and more particularly in his letter to the
English people. The group of Anglicans of whom Lord Halifax is
the spokesman took this appeal seriously, and ever since that
time negotiations have been going on more or less continuously
between them and the Vatican. … The idea of an incorporate
union, so dear to Lord Halifax, and so much favoured in the
first instance by the Pope, could only be carried out on the
basis of a prior admission that the Anglican Church had an
existence as a Church, and was therefore in a position to
discuss a union with the Roman Church.
{345}
Once recognise the validity of her Orders, and it would be
possible to go into conference as to the points of difference
between the two Churches, and the means of coming to an
agreement. It is quite certain that the Pope entered heartily
into these views. The Abbé Duchesne was accordingly deputed to
inquire into the validity of the Anglican Orders, and was well
aware that a favourable conclusion would be very well
received. This was before the Abbé was put at the head of the
French College at Rome. He made his investigation, arrived at
the conclusion that the Orders were valid, sent his report to
the Vatican, and received from Cardinal Rampolla a letter of
thanks and congratulations, together with a grand silver
medal, which the Holy Father sent him as a sign of his
satisfaction and particular goodwill. All this happened in the
winter of 1894-95.

"In the autumn of 1895 the idea of union was in higher favour
at the Vatican than ever. Cardinal Rampolla encouraged the
foundation of the 'Revue Anglo-Romaine,' a journal devoted to
the treatment of problems concerning the union of Churches,
and particularly the re-union of the Anglican Church, and
edited by the Abbé Portal, a French priest, and a personal
friend of Lord Halifax. This movement in favour of union was,
however, regarded by the Catholics in England with no little
apprehension and mistrust, and their opposition alone would
have been sufficient to wreck it for the time being. Cardinal
Vaughan viewed the idea of incorporate union as a chimera, but
treated the efforts to realise it as a real danger. … Leo, who
would fain have maintained an attitude of judicial
impartiality, soon found out that he must take a side: he must
either definitely encourage the hopes of the Anglicans, or he
must do something to calm the excited fears of the Catholics.
Even at Rome, if we except the Pope and Cardinal Rampolla, who
for a long time fondly hoped that they could make this policy
of union a means of accomplishing very large results,
theological opinion was adverse to the validity. Were there
not, indeed, decisions of the Sacred Congregations which
settled the dispute? There were, but in spite of them all the
Pope was not disabused of his fancy. Compelled at last to take
some action, he named a Commission of theologians, which sat
at Rome in the spring of the present year [1896], under the
presidency of Cardinal Mazzella. … The theologians set forth
the arguments which favoured their respective views; papers
were written, and, after a series of deliberations, a report
was placed in the hands of the Pope. No conclusion was arrived
at: none could be come to in this preliminary assembly. Only the
materials for a judgment were worked out, in case his Holiness
should think fit to pronounce a decision. … The Pope himself
tells us, in the Bull Apostolicæ Curæ, that he left the final
 examination of the question to the congregation of cardinals
called ' Suprema.' … The 'Suprema' met on July 16, under the
presidency of the Pope. All the cardinals were of opinion that
the matter had been long since decided, and that the debates
in the preliminary commission had served to show how wise the
decision had been. … The Bull declaring Anglican Orders null
and void was published about the middle of September."

Catholicus,
The Pope and the Anglicans: The Policy of the Bull
(Contemporary Review, December, 1896).

PAPACY: A. D. 1897.
Influence in Austria.

See (in this volume)

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1897.

PAPACY: A. D. 1898 (January).

Encyclical Letter of Pope Leo XIII. on the
Manitoba School Question.

See (in this volume)

CANADA: A. D. 1898 (JANUARY).

PAPACY: A. D. 1899.
Secession of German Catholics in Austria from the Church.

See (in this volume)

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1899-1000.

PAPACY: A. D. 1899 (January).

Encyclical Letter of Pope Leo XIII. condemning certain
opinions "called by some 'Americanism.'"

The following passages are from the translation of an

encyclical letter addressed, on the 22d of January, 1899, by
Pope Leo XIII. to Cardinal Gibbons, for communication to the
bishops and clergy of the Catholic Church in America:

"To Our Beloved Son, James, Cardinal Gibbons, Cardinal Priest

of the Title Sancta Maria, Beyond the Tiber, Archbishop of
Baltimore: … We have often considered and admired the noble
gifts of your nation which enable the American people to be
alive to every good work which promotes the good of humanity
and the splendor of civilization. Although this letter is not
intended, as preceding ones, to repeat the words of praise so
often spoken, but rather to call attention to some things to
be avoided and corrected; still because it is conceived in
that same spirit of apostolic charity which has inspired all
our letters, we shall expect that you will take it as another
proof of our love; the more so because it is intended to
suppress certain contentions which have arisen lately among
you to the detriment of the peace of many souls.

"It is known to you, beloved son, that the biography of Isaac

Thomas Hecker, especially through the action of those who
undertook to translate or interpret it in a foreign language,
has excited not a little controversy, on account of certain
opinions brought forward concerning the way of leading
Christian life. We, therefore, on account of our apostolic
office, having to guard the integrity of the faith and the
security of the faithful, are desirous of writing to you more
at length concerning this whole matter.

"The underlying principle of these new opinions is that, in

order to more easily attract those who differ from her, the
Church should shape her teachings more in accord with the
spirit of the age and relax some of her ancient severity and
make some concessions to new opinions. Many think that these
concessions should be made not only in regard to ways of
living, but even in regard to doctrines which belong to the
deposit of the faith. They contend that it would be opportune,
in order to gain those who differ from us, to omit certain
 points of her teaching which are of lesser importance, and to
tone down the meaning which the Church has always attached to
them. It does not need many words, beloved son, to prove the
falsity of these ideas if the nature and origin of the
doctrine which the Church proposes are recalled to mind. The
Vatican Council says concerning this point: 'For the doctrine
of faith which God has revealed has not been proposed, like a
philosophical invention to be perfected by human ingenuity,
but has been delivered as a divine deposit to the Spouse of
Christ to be faithfully kept and infallibly declared. Hence
that meaning of the sacred dogmas is perpetually to be
retained which our Holy Mother, the Church, has once declared,
nor is that meaning ever to be departed from under the pretense
or pretext of a deeper comprehension of them.'

Constitutis de Fide Catholica, Chapter iv. …

{346}

"Let it be far from anyone's mind to suppress for any reason

any doctrine that has been handed down. Such a policy would
tend rather to separate Catholics from the Church than to
bring in those who differ. There is nothing closer to our
heart than to have those who are separated from the fold of
Christ return to it, but in no other way than the way pointed
out by Christ.

"The rule of life laid down for Catholics is not of such a

nature that it cannot accommodate itself to the exigencies of
various times and places. The Church has, guided by her Divine
Master, a kind and merciful spirit, for which reason from the
very beginning she has been what St. Paul said of himself: 'I
became all things to all men that I might save all.'

"History proves clearly that the Apostolic See, to which has

been intrusted the mission not only of teaching but of
governing the whole Church, has continued 'in one and the same
doctrine, one and the same sense, and one and the same
judgment.'

Constitutis de fide, Chapter iv.

"But in regard to ways of living she has been accustomed to so

yield that, the divine principle of morals being kept intact,
she has never neglected to accommodate herself to the
character and genius of the nations which she embraces. Who
can doubt that she will act in this same spirit again if the
salvation of souls requires it? In this matter the Church must
be the judge, not private men who are often deceived by the
appearance of right. In this, all who wish to escape the blame
of our predecessor, Pius the Sixth, must concur. He condemned
as injurious to the Church and the spirit of God who guides
her the doctrine contained in proposition lxxviii of the Synod
of Pistoia, 'that the discipline made and approved by the
Church should be submitted to examination, as if the Church
could frame a code of laws useless or heavier than human
liberty can bear.'

"But, beloved son, in this present matter of which we are

speaking, there is even a greater danger and a more manifest
opposition to Catholic doctrine and discipline in that opinion
of the lovers of novelty, according to which they hold such
liberty should be allowed in the Church, that her supervision
and watchfulness being in some sense lessened, allowance be
granted the faithful, each one to follow out more freely the
leading of his own mind and the trend of his own proper
activity. They are of opinion that such liberty has its
counterpart in the newly given civil freedom which is now the
right and the foundation of almost every secular state.

"In the apostolic letters concerning the constitution of

states, addressed by us to the bishops of the whole Church, we
discussed this point at length; and there set forth the
difference existing between the Church, which is a divine
society, and all other social human organizations which depend
simply on free will and choice of men. It is well, then, to
particularly direct attention to the opinion which serves as
the argument in behalf of this greater liberty sought for and
recommended to Catholics.

"It is alleged that now the Vatican decree concerning the

infallible teaching authority of the Roman Pontiff having been
proclaimed that nothing further on that score can give any
solicitude, and accordingly, since that has been safe-guarded
and put beyond question a wider and freer field both for
thought and action lies open to each one. But such reasoning
is evidently faulty, since, if we are to come to any
conclusion from the infallible teaching authority of the
Church, it should rather be that no one should wish to depart
from it and moreover that the minds of all being leavened and
directed thereby, greater security from private error would be
enjoyed by all. And further, those who avail themselves of
such a way of reasoning seem to depart seriously from the
over-ruling wisdom of the Most High—which wisdom, since it was
pleased to set forth by most solemn decision the authority and
supreme teaching rights of this Apostolic See—willed that
decision precisely in order to safeguard the minds of the
Church's children from the dangers of these present times.

"These dangers, viz., the confounding of license with liberty,

the passion for discussing and pouring contempt upon any
possible subject, the assumed right to hold whatever opinions
one pleases upon any subject and to set them forth in print to
the world, have so wrapped minds in darkness that there is now
a greater need of the Church's teaching office than ever
before, lest people become unmindful both of conscience and of
duty.

"We, indeed, have no thought of rejecting everything that

modern industry and study has produced; so far from it that we
welcome to the patrimony of truth and to an ever-widening
scope of public well-being whatsoever helps toward the
progress of learning and virtue. Yet all this, to be of any
solid benefit, nay, to have a real existence and growth, can
only be on the condition of recognizing the wisdom and
authority of the Church. …

"From the foregoing it is manifest, beloved son, that we are

not able to give approval to those views which, in their
collective sense, are called by some 'Americanism.' But if by
this name are to be understood certain endowments of mind
which belong to the American people, just as other
characteristics belong to various other nations, and if,
moreover, by it is designated your political condition and the
laws and customs by which you are governed, there is no reason
to take exception to the name. But if this is to be so
understood that the doctrines which have been adverted to
above are not only indicated, but exalted, there can be no
manner of doubt that our venerable brethren, the bishops of
America, would be the first to repudiate and condemn it as
being most injurious to themselves and to their country. For
it would give rise to the suspicion that there are among you
some who conceive and would have the Church in America to be
different from what it is in the rest of the world.

"But the true church is one, as by unity of doctrine, so by

unity of government, and she is catholic also. Since God has
placed the centre and foundation of unity in the chair of
Blessed Peter, she is rightly called the Roman Church, for
'where Peter is, there is the church.' Wherefore, if anybody
wishes to be considered a real Catholic, he ought to be able
to say from his heart the self-same words which Jerome
addressed to Pope Damasus; 'I, acknowledging no other leader
than Christ, am bound in fellowship with Your Holiness: that
is, with the chair of Peter. I know that the church was built
upon him as its rock, and that whosoever gathereth not with
you, scattereth.' …"
 American Catholic Quarterly Review,
April, 1899.

{347}

PAPACY: A. D. 1900 (September-October).

Church and State in Austria.

See (in this volume)

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1900 (SEPTEMBER-DECEMBER).

PAPACY: A. D. 1900 (December).

Pope Leo XIII. on the French Associations Bill.

See (in this volume))

FRANCE; A. D. 1901 (JANUARY).

PAPACY: A. D. 1900-1901.
Proclamation of the Universal Jubilee of the
Holy Year Nineteen Hundred.
Its extension for six months.

The following is the text of the Papal proclamation of the

Universal Jubilee, in its English translation, as published in
the "American Catholic Quarterly Review":

"To all the Faithful of Christ who shall read these Letters,
Health and Apostolic Benediction. The century, which, by the
grace of God, we have ourselves seen almost from its
commencement, draws rapidly to its close. Willingly have we
followed the institutions of our predecessors in so ordering
things that they may redound in the good of all Christian
peoples, and which may be perhaps for them the last proof of
our care to the government of the Sovereign Pontificate. We
speak of the Great Jubilee introduced in ancient times among
Christian customs and observed by our predecessors, who
bestowed upon the years of general jubilee the title of the
Holy Year, because it was usual for such a year to be blessed
by a greater number of holy ceremonies, as these furnish the
most copious means of help for the correction of morals and
the leading of souls to sanctity.

"We have ourselves seen with our own eyes the fruitful result
of the last solemn celebration of the Holy Year. It was in the
Pontificate of Leo XII, and we were as yet in the years of our
youth. It was truly a grand sight to see then the manifestations
of religious fervor in Rome. We can remember as if the scene
were still before our eyes, the immense concourse of pilgrims,
the multitudes which flocked processionally to one or other of
the great basilicas, the sacred orators who preached in the
public streets, and the most frequented quarters of the city
resounding with the Divine praises. The Sovereign Pontiff
himself, with a numerous suite of Cardinals and in the sight
of all the people, gave a noble example of piety and charity.

"From such thoughts as these we turn with renewed sorrow to

the times in which we now live; for such practices of piety,
when without hindrance they were fulfilled under the eyes of
all the citizens, augmented admirably the fervor and piety of
the whole people; but now, on account of the changed condition
of Rome, it is impossible to renew them, for in order to do so
in any measure we must depend upon the arbitration of others.
But however that may be, God, who ever blesses salutary
counsels, will concede—such is our hope—success to this our
design, undertaken solely for Him and for His glory. At what
do we aim or what do we wish? Nothing else truly than to
render more easy the way of eternal salvation to the souls
confided to us, and for this end to administer to the infirm
of spirit those remedies which it has pleased our Lord Jesus
Christ to place in our hands. This administration seems to us
not alone a duty of our apostolic office, but a duty which is
peculiarly necessary to our times. The present age, however,
cannot be said to be sterile, either in regard to good works
or to Christian virtues. Thanks be to God, we have examples of
both in abundance, nor is there any virtue, however lofty and
arduous its attainment and practice, in which many are not
found to signalize themselves, because it is a power proper to
the Christian religion, Divinely founded, inexhaustible and
perpetual, to generate and nourish virtue. Yet, casting our
eyes around, we see, on the other hand, with what blindness,
with what persistent error, whole peoples are hurrying to
eternal ruin. And this thought strikes bitterly to our
heart—how many Christians, led away by the license of hearing
and of thought, absorbing with avidity the intoxicating errors
of false doctrine, go on day by day dissipating and destroying
the grand gift of the faith. Hence arise repugnance to
Christian living, that insatiable appetite for the things of
this world, and hence cares and thoughts alienated from God
and rooted in the world. It is almost impossible to express in
words the damage which has already accrued from this
iniquitous source to the very foundations of society. The
minds of men ordinarily rebellious, the blind tendency of
popular cupidity, hidden perils, tragical crimes, are nothing
more to those who seek their source and cause than the
unrestrained strife to possess and enjoy the goods of this
world.

"It is of supreme importance, therefore, to public no less

than private life, to admonish men as to the duties of their
state, to arouse souls steeped in forgetfulness of duty, to
recall to the thought of their own salvation those who run
imminent risk of perishing and of losing through their
negligence and pride those celestial and unchangeable rewards
for the possession of which we are born. This is the aim of
the Holy Year. The Church, mindful only of her intrinsic
benignity and mercy as a most tender Mother, studies at this
time, with love and by every means within her ample power, to
re-conduct souls to better counsels and to promote in each
works of expiation by means of penance and emendation of life.
To this end, multiplying prayers and augmenting the fervor of
the faithful, she seeks to appease the outraged majesty of God
 and to draw down His copious and celestial gifts. She opens
wide the rich treasury of indulgences, of which she is the
appointed dispenser, and exhorts the whole of Christianity to
the firm hope of pardon. She is purely intent upon vanquishing
with unconquerable love and sweetness the most rebellious
wills. How, then, may we not hope to obtain, with God's help,
rich fruits and profuse, and such as are most adapted to the
present needs?

"Several extraordinary solemnities, the notices of which we

believe to be already sufficiently diffused, and which will
serve in some manner to consecrate the end of the nineteenth
century and the beginning of the twentieth, greatly increase
the advantage of the opportunity now given. We speak of the
honors to be rendered at this time in every part of the world
to Jesus Christ as our Redeemer. On this account we were
profuse in our approbation and praise of a project which had
its source in the piety of private individuals, and, in fact,
what could be more holy and salutary? All that which man
should hope for and desire is contained in the only-begotten
Son of God, our Salvation, Life, and Resurrection.
{348}
To desire to abandon Him is to desire eternal perdition. We
could never silence adoration, praise, thanksgiving due to our
Lord Jesus Christ, and without intermission they should be
repeated everywhere, for in every place no thanksgiving, no
honor, can be so great but that it may be increased. Our age
produces perhaps many men who are forgetful and ungrateful,
who ordinarily respond to the mercy of their Divine Saviour
with disdain and to His gifts with offenses and injuries.
Certainly the lives of many are so far removed from His laws
and His precepts as to argue in themselves ungrateful and
malicious souls. And what shall we say to see renewed again in
these times and not once alone, the blasphemy of the Arian
heresy regarding the Divinity of Jesus Christ. Courage, then,
and to work, all you who with this new and most beautiful
proposition seek to excite the piety of the people to new
fervor. Do what you can in such manner that you impede not the
course of the Jubilee and the appointed solemnities. Let it be
added that in the forthcoming manifestations of faith and
religion this special intention shall be kept in view—hatred
of all that which within our memory has been impiously said or
done, especially against the Divine Majesty of our Lord Jesus
Christ, and to satisfy publicly for the injuries publicly
inflicted upon Him. Now if we are really in earnest, we must
know that to repent of evil done, and, having implored peace
and pardon of God, to exercise ourselves with great diligence,
in the duties necessary to virtue, and to assume those we have
cast aside, is the means of satisfaction most desirable and
assured, and which bears upon it the impress of truth. Since
the Holy Year offers to all the opportunities which we have
touched on in the beginning, it is a necessary provision that
the Christian people enter upon it full of courage and of
hope.

"For which reason, raising our eyes to heaven and praying from
our heart that God, so rich in mercy, would vouchsafe to
concede benignly His blessing and favor to our desires and
works, and would illuminate with His Divine light the minds of
all men, and move their souls to conform with His holy will
and inestimable goodness, We, following in this the example of
the Roman Pontiffs, our predecessors, with the assent of the
Cardinals of the Holy Roman College, our Venerable Brethren,
in virtue of these letters, with the authority of Christ, of
the blessed Peter and Paul, and with our own authority, order
and promulgate from this hour the great and universal jubilee,
which will commence in this holy city of Rome at the first
Vespers of the Nativity of our Lord Jesus Christ of the year
1899, and which will close at first Vespers of the Nativity of
our Lord of the year 1900. May all redound to the glory of
God, the salvation of souls, and the good of the Church.
During this year of jubilee we concede and impart mercifully
in our Lord full indulgence, remission and pardon of sin to
all faithful Christians of either sex, who, being truly
penitent shall confess and communicate, visiting devoutly the
Roman basilicas of SS. Peter and Paul, St. John Lateran, and
St. Mary Major, at least once a day for twenty days
continuously or at intervals; that is, the obligation is to be
fulfilled between the first Vespers of each day and the last
Vespers of the day following, whether the Faithful be citizens
of Rome or not, if they are residing permanently in Rome. If
they come to Rome as pilgrims, then they must visit the said
basilicas in the same manner for ten days, praying devoutly to
God for the exaltation of Holy Church, for the extirpation of
heresies, for peace and concord amongst Christian princes, and
for the salvation of the whole Christian people.

"And since it may happen to many that with all their good-will
they cannot or can only in part carry out the above, being
either, while in Rome or on their journey, impeded by illness
or other legitimate causes, we, taking into account their
good-will, can, when they are truly repentant and have duly
confessed and communicated, concede to them the participation
in the same indulgences and remission of sins as if they had
actually visited the basilicas on the days appointed. Rome,
therefore, invites you lovingly to her bosom, beloved
children, from all parts of the world, who have means of
visiting her. Know also that to a good Catholic in this sacred
time it is fitting that he come to Rome guided purely by
Christian faith, and that he should renounce especially the
satisfaction of sight-seeing merely idle or profane, turning
his soul rather to those things which predispose him to
religion and piety. And that which tends greatly so to
predispose him, if he look within, is the natural character of
the city, a certain character divinely impressed upon her, and
not to be changed by human means, nor by any act of violence.
For Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the world, chose only,
amongst all its cities, that of Rome to be the centre of an
action more than earthly, consecrating it to Himself. Here He
placed, and not without long and careful preparation, the
throne of His own empire; here He commanded that the see of
 His Vicar should be raised to the perpetuity of time; here He
willed that the light of revealed truth should be jealously
and inviolably guarded, and that from here light should be
diffused throughout the whole earth in such a manner that
those who are alienated from the faith of Rome are alienated
from Christ. The religious monuments raised by our fathers,
the singular majesty of her temples, the tomb of the Apostles,
the Catacombs of the martyrs, all serve to increase the aspect of
holiness and to impress those who visit her in the spirit of
faith. Whosoever knows the voice of such monuments feels that
he is no pilgrim in a foreign city, but a citizen in his own,
and by God's grace he will realize this fact at his going,
more forcibly than at his coming.

"We wish, in order that these present letters may be brought

more easily under the notice of all, that printed copies,
signed by a public notary and furnished with the seal of some
ecclesiastical dignitary, shall be received with the same
faith as would be given to the original by those who have
heard or read it.

"To no one will it be lawful to alter any word of this our

disposition, promulgation, concession, and will, or to rashly
oppose it. If any should presume to make any such attempt, let
them know that they incur thereby the indignation of God
Almighty and of His Apostles Peter and Paul.

"Given at St. Peter's, Rome, on the 11th of May, in the year

of the Incarnation of our Lord 1899, and the 22d of our
Pontificate. C. Card. ALOISI-MASELLA, Pro-Datory. L. Card.
MACCHI.

{349}

"Witnessed on behalf of the Curia: G. DELL' AQUILA VISCONTI.

Registered in the Secretariate of Briefs, J. CUGNONI. In the
year of the Nativity of our Lord 1899, on the 11th day of May,
feast of the Ascension of our Lord Jesus Christ, in the 22d year
of the Pontificate of our Holy Father and Lord in Christ, Leo
XIII, by Divine Providence Pope, I have read and solemnly
promulgated the present apostolical letters in the presence
of the people, in the porch of the Holy Patriarchal Vatican
Basilica. GIUSEPPE DELL' AQUILA VISCONTI, Official of the
Curia."

On the termination of the "holy year," by a letter "given at

Rome in the year of Our Lord 1901," the Pope announced: "We
do, therefore, by the authority of Almighty God, of the
Blessed Apostles Peter and Paul, and by our own, extend and
prorogue, for a period of six months, the Great Jubilee which
has just been celebrated in the Holy City. Wherefore, to all
the faithful of both sexes, in all parts of the earth,
including even those that have come to Rome during the past
year and there or elsewhere gained the Jubilee under any
conditions, we grant and accord mercifully in the Lord, for
once, the fullest indulgence, remission and pardon of their
sins, the annual Paschal confession and communion being,
however, not valid as conditions for gaining the Jubilee,
provided that within six months from the date of the
publication in each diocese of this letter they visit the
cathedral in the episcopal city or the principal church in
other parts of the different dioceses, together with three
other churches in the same place, as appointed by the Ordinary
either directly or through his officials, the parish priests
or Vicar Foran, at least once a day for fifteen continuous or
uninterrupted days, natural or ecclesiastical (the
ecclesiastical day being that which commences with the first
vespers of one day and ends with the dusk of the day
following), and pray devoutly to God for the exaltation of the
Church, the extirpation of heresy, the concord of Catholic
princes and the salvation of the Christian people. In places
where there are not four churches, power is granted in the
same way to the Ordinaries to fix a smaller number or
churches, or even one church where there is only one, in which
 the faithful may make the full number of visits, separate and
distinct, on the same natural or ecclesiastical day, in such a
way that the sixty visits be distributed through fifteen
continuous or interrupted days."

Provisions relating to the circumstances of persons at sea or

traveling, or in religious community, or in prison, are
prescribed in the papal letter, and special privileges and
powers are granted to "Jubilee confessors,"

PAPACY: A. D. 1901.
Encyclical Letter of Pope Leo XIII. concerning Social and
Christian Democracy.

In a letter dated January 18, 1901, addressed "to the

Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops, Bishops, and other Local
Ordinaries in communion with the Apostolic See," the Pope has
discussed the subjects of Democracy and Socialism, with
reference to controverted views and opinions "defining what
Catholics ought to think," and giving them "some injunctions
so as to make their own action larger in scope and more
beneficial to the commonwealth." The letter opens with these
words: "Venerable Brethren—Grave economical disputes in more
than one country have long been raging; peace and concord are
affected; the violence of the disputants grows every day,
insomuch that the thoughts of the wiser part are laden with
doubt, and apprehension. These disputes arise in the first
instance from widespread philosophical and moral error. The
scientific resources belonging to the age, increased
facilities of communication and appliances of all kinds for
economizing labor and making it more productive have resulted
in a keener struggle for existence. Through the malefic
influence of agitators the gulf between rich and poor has been
widened, so that frequent disturbances arise and even great
calamities seem impending such as would bring ruin on a
country."
The Pope then refers to his early encyclicals ("Quod
Apostolici Muneris," issued in 1878, on the error in
socialistic opinions, and "Rerum Novarum," issued in 1891, on
"the rights and duties binding together the two classes of
capitalists and laborers"), and to the good influence which he
finds reason to believe they have had, and says further:
"Thus, therefore, under the guidance of the Church, some sort
of concerted action and institutional provision has been set
up among Catholics for the protection of the lower classes,
who are very often as much the victims of dangerous
machinations and snares as they are suffering from hardship
and poverty. The creed of the benefactor of the people had
originally no name of its own; that of Christian Socialism and
its derivatives, which some brought in, has not undeservedly
grown obsolete. Afterward many wanted, very rightly, to name
it Popular Christianity. In some places those who devote
themselves to such work are called Christian Socialists;
elsewhere it is called Christian Democracy, and its supporters
Christian Democrats, as opposed to the Social Democracy, which
Socialists uphold. Of these two appellations, certainly that
of Christian Socialists, if not also of Christian Democracy,
is offensive to many right-minded people, inasmuch as they
think there is a perilous ambiguity attaching to it. They are
afraid of the name for several reasons—popular government may
be covertly promoted or preferred to other forms of political
constitution; the influence of Christianity may seem to be
confined to the benefit of the common people, all other ranks
being as it were left out in the cold; beneath the specious
designation may lurk some design or other of subverting all
legitimate authority, being civil and religious.

"There is now commonly much dispute, and sometimes over-bitter

dispute, on this topic, and we deem it our duty to put an end
to the controversy by defining what Catholics ought to think;
moreover we intend to give them some injunctions so as to make
their own action larger in scope and more beneficial to the
commonwealth.
 "What Social Democracy means, and what Christian ought to
mean, does not surely admit of doubt. The former, more or less
extreme, as the case may be, is by many carried to such
extravagance of wickedness as to reckon human satisfaction
supreme and acknowledge nothing higher, to pursue bodily goods
and those of the natural world, and to make the happiness of man
consist in attaining and enjoying them. Hence they would have
the supreme power in a state to be in the hands of the common
people, in such sort that all distinction or rank being
abolished and every citizen made equal to every other, all
might have equal access also to the good things of life; the
law of lordship is to be abolished, private fortunes
confiscated and even socialization of the appliances of labor
carried out.

{350}

But Christian Democracy, as Christian, ought to have as its

foundation the principles laid down by divine faith, having
regard, indeed, to the temporal advantage of the lower orders,
but designing therewith to fit their minds for the enjoyment
of things eternal. Accordingly, to Christian Democracy, let
there be nothing more sacred than law and right; let it bid
the right of having and holding be kept inviolate; let it
maintain the diversity of ranks which properly belong to a
well-ordered state; in fine, let it prefer for human
association that form and character which its divine author
has imposed upon it. Clearly, therefore, Social and Christian
Democracy can have nothing in common; the difference between
them is no less than that between the sectarianism of
socialism and the profession of the Christian law.

"Far be it from any one to pervert the name of Christian

Democracy to political ends. For although democracy by its
very name and by philosophical usage denotes popular rule, yet
in this application it must be employed altogether without