GIC(Pre-IGCSE) Tr Moe (Physics)

Unit-4
Speed
❖ Speed is a measure of how fast something is moving. It is the distance moved per second
or per hour. The unit of speed is metres per second (m/s) or kilometres per hour (km/h).
❖ We can work out what speed he did on average over the whole journey by dividing the
total distance by the total time that it took.
❖ Speed is distance divided by time.
❖ Speed is measured in m/s or km/h.
❖ To calculate average speed you need to know the total distance and the total time.
❖ A distance–time graph is a useful way of showing how something is moving.
❖ Accuracy is how close a measurement is to its true value.
❖ Precision is the number of significant figures to which a value is given.
❖ In each second the cyclist moves the same distance – his speed does not change. This
means the graph is a straight line.
❖ The slope, or gradient, of a distance–time graph tells you the speed.
❖ If the line is steep the object is moving fast. If it is not very steep then the object is
moving more slowly.
❖ In distance-time graph,the graph is a straight line that is sloped. She is moving at steady
speed.
❖ A straight, upward-sloping line means a steady speed.
❖ In distance-time graph,If the line is horizontal, then the object is not moving.
❖ If the line is steeper, the object is moving faster.
❖ A speed–time graph shows how speed changes.
❖ If the speed does not change, then the line is horizontal. The acceleration is zero.
❖ Acceleration is a change in speed divided by time.
❖ If the object is slowing down, the acceleration is negative. It is decelerating.
❖ A straight, sloping line on a speed–time graph shows constant acceleration.
❖ A horizontal line on a speed–time graph shows constant speed.
❖ When the speed of something changes, we say that it is accelerating.
❖ If the final speed is lower than the starting speed, it means that the object is slowing down
or decelerating. The acceleration is negative.
❖ To calculate acceleration you need to know:
● the speed at the start ● the speed at the end ● the time it took for the speed to
change.

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
➢ speed =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
➢ average speed =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑− 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
➢ Acceleration = Acceleration =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛

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GIC(Pre-IGCSE) Tr Moe (Physics)

➢ We can see that the car is travelling equal distances in equal time intervals - it is
moving at a steady or constant speed.
➢ the graph is a straight line.
➢ The slope or gradient of the line tells us the speed of the car.

The gradient of a speed–time graph represents the acceleration of the object.

the gradient of AB is zero, as is the acceleration zero.

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GIC(Pre-IGCSE) Tr Moe (Physics)
Sound, vibrations, and energy transfer
❖ Sound waves are produced by vibrating objects
❖ Sound needs a material, or medium, to travel through, such as air, water, or walls.
❖ sound travels through solid materials like walls.
❖ Sound cannot travel through empty space.
❖ Where the air molecules are close together it is called a compression.
❖ Where they are further apart it is called a rarefaction.
❖ Sound waves travel at different speeds in solids, liquids, and gases.
❖ They travel fastest in solids and slowest in gases.
❖ This is because the particles in a solid are closer together than they are in a gas, so the
vibration is passed on more quickly.
❖ The outer ear is made up of the pinna, auditory canal, and eardrum.
❖ The outer ear gathers the sound wave and directs it to the eardrum.
❖ The ossicles make up the middle ear. They are the smallest bones in your body.
❖ The inner ear is made up of two parts: the semicircular canals and the cochlea.
❖ A microphone is a type of transducer – it converts the energy in a sound wave into an
electrical signal.
❖ A loudspeaker is a another type of transducer – it converts the electrical signal into a
sound wave.
❖ Your inner ear converts the energy in the sound wave into an electrical signal that
goes to your brain.
❖ The intensity of a sound is measured with a sound level meter on a scale called the
decibel (dB) scale
❖ A sound with a high intensity will sound louder.
❖ Loud sounds can damage your hearing over a period of time.
❖ The distance from one point on a wave to the same point on the next wave is called
the wavelength.
❖ The distance from the centre of the wave to the highest or lowest point is called the
amplitude.
❖ The number of waves passing a point per second is called frequeccy.
❖ A soft sound has a small amplitude. A loud sound has a large amplitude.
❖ Waves have wavelength, amplitude, and frequency.
❖ An oscilloscope connected to a microphone can display a sound wave on a screen.
❖ The loudness of a sound depends on the amplitude.
❖ The range of human hearing is from 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz, known as the audible range.
❖ Ultrasound is sound with a frequency that is higher than 20 000 Hz – outside the
audible range.
❖ Higher notes have a higher frequency.
❖ The range of frequencies that you can hear is the audible range.
❖ Different animals have different audible ranges.
❖ Your audible range gets smaller as you get older.
❖ An oscilloscope connected to a microphone can display a sound wave on a screen.

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GIC(Pre-IGCSE) Tr Moe (Physics)
❖ A soft sound has a small amplitude. A loud sound has a large amplitude.
❖ An amplifier increases the amplitude of a wave.

Longitudinal and transverse waves

A longitudinal wave is one in which the vibrations or oscillations are along the direction of the
wave.
Eg; sound wave,seismic waves
A transverse wave is one in which the vibrations and oscillations are at right angles(90)to the
direction of the wave.
Eg; light wave, radio wave

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GIC(Pre-IGCSE) Tr Moe (Physics)

(i) For how long does Aadi stop on the way to Dev’s?
(ii) How far is it from Aadi’s home to Dev’s home?
(iii) How long does Aadi spend at Dev’s?
(iv) On which part of the journey does Aadi travel the fastest?

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