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    28 views4 pages

    Chapter 4 Feeding Relationship - Energy Transfer

    Uploaded by

    daryl.prado

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 4
    Chapter 4 FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS: ENERGY TRANSFER Objectives al At the end of the chapter, students should be able to: 1. Differentiate food chain and food web. 2. Name and explain food chain and the trophic levels, 3. Discuss the feeding relationships, 4. Differentiate the primary and tertiary consumers. 5. Identify and analyze environmental issues and concerns. Food Chain & Food Web Food Chain refers to a sequence or chain of organisms existing in a natural community in which each link of the chain feeds on the one below and is eaten by the one above. ‘There are seldom more than six links in a food chain, with plants on the bottom and the largest carnivores at the top. ‘The source of all food is the activity of autotrophs, mainly photosynthesis by plants. + They are called producers because only they can manufacture food from inorganic raw materials. * This food feeds herbivores, called primary consumers. + Carnivores that feed on herbivores are called secondary consumers. + Carnivores that feed on other carnivores are tertiary (or higher) consumers. Study the table below Each level of consumption in a food chain is called a trophic level. The table gives one ‘example of a food chain and the trophic levels represented in it Grass] Grasshopper | Toad | Snake | Hawk | Bacteria = = o | | | otter In genera ‘Astotrophs | Herbivores Camivores (Producers) | (Primary | (Secondary, erty, et. ‘ > | consumers) consumers) | Dvomposers Food Web is a complex pattern of interconnected food cl ‘organisms are typically connected by arrows that show the ins in a community where the ction of energy flow. Components: ‘Trophic Level: A level of nutrition or “link” in a food chain. In accordance with the Second Law of Thermodynamics, food chains seldom have more the six links. Producers. The autotrophic photosynthetic plants that occupy the first trophic level of 2 food chain. Autotrophic. Mode of nutrition in which the organism is able to synthesize its own energy-rich carbohydrate molecules. Heterotrophic. Mode of nutrition in which an organism is unable to synthesize its own energy-rich carbohydrate molecules, and is parasitic or saprophytic on other organisms. Parasitic heterotrophs live on other living organisms, while saprophytic heterotrophs depend. on dead, decaying organic matter. Lichen. A symbiotic relationship between an alga (autotrophic phycobiont or photobiont) and a fungus (heterotrophic mycobiont). This type of symbiotic relationship is ‘mutually beneficial to both organisms. Primary Consume: food chain, ant eaters (herbivores) that occupy the second trophic level of a Herbivore. An animal the eats herbage or plant material. ‘The largest animals on land today are herbivores. The largest dinosaurs were also herbivores Granivore. A herbivore (such as a rodent) with a diet primarily of grains and seeds. Omnivore. An animal that eats both plant and animal material. There is some disagreement among biologists (especially vegetarians), but humans are probably omnivores rather than carnivores or herbivores. oe 17 animal (Such asa shrew or bai) with a diet consisting chiefly scarritore, AD anal tat feeds onthe flesh of other inimats, Secondary Consumers: Carnivorous animals that Seo ‘hat occupy the third trophic level and feed on nd trophic level Predator. An animal that t kills and feeds upon another animal. There are some rare cases where an animal act ine ae tually kills and eats its mate (after mating) Prey An animal that is hunted and killed for food by another animal. ‘smaller carnivores (and herbivores) of the third and second trophic levels. Decomposers: Organisms of the ith (or higher) trophiclevel (including fungi and bacteria that decompose the dead members oflower trophic levels, thus returning essential elements, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, to the ecosystem. These are the primary recyclers of the ecosystem. In some food chains, the decomposers occupy the sixth trophic level and are preceded by fifth trophic level occupied by scavengers (like insect larvae), The following illustration shows a simplified food web in an ecosystem. The red arrows show the direction of energy flow: | ~». — my, ae Ne - Food Web mont ans Pin Ae ly stored by the autotrophic plants is mabe ee is generally a 90 percent loss at each link of tl shee 8 Pyramid Mas & Number pate hv) ts yp ‘Fass (or numerous grass plan Percent Decrease at Each Trophic Level. To determine the decrease in kilocalories for trophic level #2, subtract 1000 kcal of grasshoppers from 10,000 kcal of grass in trophic level #1 = 9,000 kcal. This decrease in kilocalories is divided by the starting number of kilocalories of grass in trophic level #1 and the result or quotient is multiplied by 100 to obtain the percent decrease. [10,000 - 1000 = 9,000; 9,000/10,000 x 100 = 90%.] Repeat these calculations to obtain percent decreases for trophic levels #3, #4 and #5. Depending on the ecosystem, the percent decrease for each trophic level is typically 80% to 90%. ©em. cottine 2004 i) ass SA (4, Snake (10 kcal) Frog (100

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