Macro-Perspective in Tourism and Hospitality Module 2

MACRO PERSPECTIVE IN
TOURISM AND
HOSPITALITY
BENJO MANZANO QUIDULIT
Course Instructor
Introduction
This course provides a comprehensive understanding of the tourism and
hospitality industry, going beyond the typical view of tourism. It covers
common concepts and terms used in various sectors and aims to enhance
local and industry knowledge. It explores the structure and impact of
tourism on the global economy and society, as well as its integration with
other local industries. The course also examines the factors influencing
the history and future of tourism worldwide and in the Philippines.
Additionally, it introduces the sustainable goals of tourism and addresses
topics such as child protection and risk mitigation in tourism destinations.
Students will also gain an appreciation for global organizations and their
influence on tourism trends.
2
Topics
Topic 1
THE MEANING Topic 7
AND
IMPORTANCE TRENDS IN
OF TOURISM TOURISM AND
AND HOSPITALITY
HOSPITALITY Topic 6
Topic 2 TOURISM AND Topic 8
HISTORY OF Topic 4 HOSPITALITY SUSTAINABLE
ORGANIZATION MANAGEMEN
TOURISM AND
IMPACT OF T IN TOURISM
HOSPITALITY
TOURISM AND AND
Topic 3 HOSPITALITY Topic 5 HOSPITALITY
SCOPE OF ECONOMICS
TOURISM OF TOURISM Topic 9
AND RISK
HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT
IN TOURISM
AND
HOSPITALITY
1ST TERM
3 TOURISM AND
HOSPITALITY 2023- 2024
Module 2:
HISTORY OF TOURISM AND
HOSPITALITY
1ST TERM
4 TOURISM AND
LEARNING Outcomes:
After studying this Chapter, you will be able to:

Discuss the history of travel, tourism, and hospitality.
Compare and contrast innovations that have
modernized the industry
1ST TERM
5 TOURISM AND
Instruction
In order to truly appreciate the tourism and hospitality
industry, it is important to understand its origin. A
person cannot project the future without understanding
the past. Philosophers say it another way: “Knowledge
is telling the past. Wisdom is predicting the future.”
(Cruz, 2019)
1ST TERM
6 TOURISM AND
HISTORY OF TOURISM
Travel and exploration are basic to human nature. Man
has travelled since the earliest times although the term
tourism was used only in the 19th century. “Tourism” is
derived from the Hebrew word TORAH which means
studying, learning, or searching.
1ST TERM
7 TOURISM AND
EARLY BEGINNINGS
TRAVEL FOR BUSINESS AND RELIGION
1ST TERM
8 TOURISM AND
EARLY BEGINNINGS
- First traveler in the world

- These people moved on foot from one place to another,
seeking food, shelter, and safety from wild beasts and hostile
tribes.
NOMADS
- Started farming, domesticating animals, and eventually
settled down.
1ST TERM
9 TOURISM AND
EARLY BEGINNINGS
- they invented money, plows, wheel, and cuneiform which

facilitated travel and exchange of goods.
plows Old money

SUMERIANS
Cuneiform
1ST TERM
10 TOURISM AND
EARLY BEGINNINGS
- first known creator of the Maritime Empire and Master of

Shipwrights
- Toured and mapped trade routes throughout the
Mediterranean sea as Merchants
- Known as “Traders in Purple: because they
PHOENICIANS use purple dye from the Murex snail to make
purple clothing and such.
1ST TERM
11 TOURISM AND
EARLY BEGINNINGS
- Were excellent canoe builders, sailors, and navigators.

- Navigation was accomplished by observing the position of
the sun and stars, ocean swells, clouds and bird flights.
POLYNESIANS
1ST TERM
12 TOURISM AND
EARLY BEGINNINGS
Probably credited with the first cruise operator, even though

most of the passengers were animals.
NOAH’S ARK
1ST TERM
13 TOURISM AND
THE EMPIRE ERA
(EGYPT, GREECE AND ROME)
TRAVEL FOR LEISURE, SPORTS, RECREATION AND EDUCATION
1ST TERM
14 TOURISM AND
THE EMPIRE ERA (EGYPT, GREECE AND ROME)
- The first cruises were organized and conducted in Egypt.

- The earliest recorded travel for the sake of Peace and Tourism was
made by Queen Hatshepsut to the land of Punt in 1480 BCE.
- They started the trait of purchasing souvenirs from the places they
visit and gave them to their loved ones.
- Pharaohs began to build interesting structures such as Pyramids,
Sphinx, Obelisks monuments, etc. that became popular tourist sites in
THE EGYPTIANS ancient times and continue to this day.
- Graffiti- evidence left by the tourist
- Egyptians were also the first ones to start celebrating festivals.
1ST TERM
15 TOURISM AND
Sphinx Obelisks
monuments
THE EGYPTIANS Graffiti
1ST TERM
16 TOURISM AND
-First one to shape the modern-day travel.

-They were also the first ones to organize, promote, and
accommodate large numbers of visitors for sporting events.
- OLYMPIC GAMES- was held every four years in honor of Zeus of
Olympus, the Greek king of the gods. 776 BCE
-The games created festivals, and attractions were born out of it.
Thus, some Greeks visited the sanctuaries of the healing Gods and
THE GREEKS oracles to seek advice from them
- HERODOTUS- known as the father of history and 1st travel writer.
1ST TERM
17 TOURISM AND
-The prosperity of the Roman Empire was reflected in the

development of travel.
-They built excellent roads, transportation, and communication
systems. Therefore, there’s a saying that “Every Road leads to Rome”
- Mainly travel was done by military groups, government officials, and
caravans.
- Employed relay horses which can cover 100 miles or more in a day in
THE ROMANS between distances of 6 miles were mutations and stables where
horses could be changed. They are the equivalent of the present
gasoline stations.
1ST TERM
18 TOURISM AND
ENTERTAINMENT:
a. GLADIATORS most often came from a slave or criminal background
but also many prisoners of war were forced to perform in the arenas.
There were also cases of bankrupt aristocrats forced to earn a living
by the sword, for example, Sempronius, a descendent of the powerful
Gracchi clan.
THE ROMANS b. CHARIOT RACES commonly took place in a circus. The main center
of chariot racing was the Circus Maximus in the valley between
Palatine Hill and Aventine Hill, which could seat 250,000 people.
1ST TERM
19 TOURISM AND
ENTERTAINMENT:
c. SATURNALIA was an ancient Roman festival in honor of the god
Saturn, held on 17 December of the Julian calendar and later
expanded with festivities through to 23 December. A festival in which
slaves and their masters would switch places.
THE ROMANS
d. With these events and festivals they built rest houses (forerunners
of hotels and inns) center
1ST TERM
20 TOURISM AND
- Travel was derived from the word Travail which means Burdensome
and dangerous
- CRUSADES AND PILGRIMS were the only ones who travelled
- KING RICHARD II OF ENGLAND (1388) decreed that pilgrims must
carry permits if they wished to visit religious sites. These permits can
be seen as the forerunner of the modern passport.
- MARCO POLO (1254-1324), is probably the most famous Westerner
THE MEDIEVAL ERA travelled on the Silk Road. He became a confidant of Kublai Khan. He
(5TH TO 14TH travelled the whole of China and returned to tell the tale, which
CENTURIES)
became the greatest travelogue. (Silk Road from Venice to Beijing)
1ST TERM
21 TOURISM AND
- THE SILK ROAD – the fabled road where the East met the West.
- Some sections were directions across trackless steppe or desert
- Silk was not the only thing traded there.
THE MEDIEVAL ERA
(5TH TO 14TH
CENTURIES)
1ST TERM
22 TOURISM AND
-With the Universities built under Queen Elizabeth, Travel for

education became a trend for the young aristocrats and in order for
them to complete the formal education they must travel the continent
to widen their wisdom.
THE RENAISSANCE -GRAND TOUR (1670) -2 to 5 years travel experience for the sons of
ERA & ELIZABETHAN the wealthy to study language, culture, and history.
ERA (14TH – 16TH
CENTURIES)
1ST TERM
23 TOURISM AND
- As young men sought intellectual improvement in the Continent, the

sick sought a remedy for their illnesses in “spas” or medicinal baths.
•The term “SPA” is derived from the word Walloon word “espa”
meaning fountain.
THE RENAISSANCE •Travelers immersed themselves in healing waters, soon,
ERA & ELIZABETHAN entertainment was added, and dozens of watering places became
ERA (14TH – 16TH
CENTURIES) resort hotels (wellness Tourism)
1ST TERM
24 TOURISM AND
- CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS- He discovered the West Indies and

routes to America were established.
- DYREHAVSBAKKEN ("The Animal Park's Hill"), commonly referred to
as Bakken ("The Hill"), opened in 1583 and is the world's oldest
THE RENAISSANCE operating amusement park.
ERA & ELIZABETHAN - Increased interest in travel for education and wellness tourism
ERA (14TH – 16TH
CENTURIES)
1ST TERM
25 TOURISM AND
- CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS- He discovered the West Indies and

routes to America were established.
- DYREHAVSBAKKEN ("The Animal Park's Hill"), commonly referred to
as Bakken ("The Hill"), opened in 1583 and is the world's oldest
THE RENAISSANCE operating amusement park.
ERA & ELIZABETHAN - Increased interest in travel for education and wellness tourism
ERA (14TH – 16TH
CENTURIES)
1ST TERM
26 TOURISM AND
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
(18TH – 19TH CENTURIES)
TRAVEL FOR LEISURE, EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE
1ST TERM
27 TOURISM AND
- The first product to affect tourism was the development of the steam
engine.
- Steam-powered ships and railways hastened the speed of travel
- Factories emerged (Increased regular employment)
- Rapid growth of the wealth and education level of the middle class
- Increase leisure time and two days rest (birth of weekends)
- Increase of holiday tourism activities.
-To escape from their responsibilities and the crowded city environment,
18th CENTURY
they traveled to the countryside or seashore for their holidays which led
to the creation of working-class resorts near major industrial centers.
-COX & KINGS – considered as the oldest travel company (1758)
Mumbai, India
1ST TERM
28 TOURISM AND
- As tourism became organized in the later years of the 19th century, the
organization of travel became an established institution. Travel
organizers emerged.
- Introduction of the railway. The railways created not only more
business by providing reliable and cheap transportation but also more
competition as various private companies invested heavily in hotels,
resorts, and entertainment facilities.
- Development of steam power. Steam power provided increased
19TH CENTURY
mobility needed by the tourism business.
- Steamers on the major rivers provided reliable and inexpensive
transportation that led to the popular day DAY-TRIP CRUISES and the
growth of coastal resorts near large industrial towns.
1ST TERM
29 TOURISM AND
- Cruise ships - Led by growth in worldwide trade.
- Establishment of P & O shipping line (1822) 1815: Before it was P&O
Cruises (which is still running today), founded by Brodie McGhie Wilcox
and Arthur Anderson for trading between England and the Iberian
Peninsular countries of Spain and Portugal.
- Opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 enabled routes to India and beyond
- THOMAS COOK – known as the Father of Tourism. He developed tour
packages for mass travel. His first excursion train trip was between
19TH CENTURY
Leicester and Loughborough in 1841 with 570 passengers at a round-trip
fare of one shilling.
- Karl Baedeker - published the most popular guidebooks
1ST TERM
30 TOURISM AND
- Cruise ships - Led by growth in worldwide trade.
- Establishment of P & O shipping line (1822) 1815: Before it was P&O
Cruises (which is still running today), founded by Brodie McGhie Wilcox
and Arthur Anderson for trading between England and the Iberian
Peninsular countries of Spain and Portugal.
- Opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 enabled routes to India and beyond
- THOMAS COOK – known as the Father of Tourism. He developed tour
packages for mass travel. His first excursion train trip was between
19TH CENTURY
Leicester and Loughborough in 1841 with 570 passengers at a round-trip
fare of one shilling.
- Karl Baedeker - published the most popular guidebooks
1ST TERM
31 TOURISM AND
MODERN ERA (20TH CENTURY)
TRAVEL FOR LEISURE

DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY FOR COMMUNICATION, TRANSPORATION
SUCH AS AIRLINES AND CRUISE SHIPS
1ST TERM
32 TOURISM AND
-In the opening years of the 20th Century, travel for pleasure
continued to grow.
-Leisure traveling is a trend
-Travel was safer and more comfortable and a general with the
increased wealth, curiosity, and outgoing attitudes of people
MODERN ERA
urged them to see the world. However, this was to change
(20TH CENTURY) with the outbreak of the first world war in 1914First World
War
1ST TERM
33 TOURISM AND
-(1914) WORLD WAR 1 - led to the introduction of passports

and all production of cruising came to a halt.
-POST WW1 led to large-scale migration boosting
international travel.
-New forms of mass communication (Radio, TV and Cinema)
MODERN ERA
-Increased use of private cars for travel led to a decline in rail
(20TH CENTURY) travel.
1ST TERM
34 TOURISM AND
CRUISE SHIPS
- Prinzessin Victoria Luise (1900) The first ship that was built
exclusively for luxury cruising.
- Titanic sank (1912) Titanic sank which stimulated the
improvement of safety on cruise ships.
- In 1914: otherwise the beginning of WWI, all production of
MODERN ERA cruising came to a halt.
(20TH CENTURY)
- Laconia (1922): The first world cruise was made by Laconia, a
British Conard Line which lasted six months.
1ST TERM
35 TOURISM AND
- 1939 to 1945: During World War II, many cruise ships were
used to transport troops including the Queen Mary, Aquitania,
Cap Arcona, Laconia, Queen Elizabeth, and the Orontes. Many
ocean liners were destroyed during the war.
MODERN ERA
(20TH CENTURY)
1ST TERM
36 TOURISM AND
MOTOR CAR
Karl Benz – designed and built the

first practical car powered by
an internal-combustion engine.
MODERN ERA
(20TH CENTURY) Henry Ford – mass production of
Model T Car (1914)
1ST TERM
37 TOURISM AND
- Increased car ownership, better more efficient air travel, the

invention of the first camper van
- Before WWII: Air travel was expensive, unreliable and
uncomfortable
MODERN ERA
(20TH CENTURY)
1ST TERM
38 TOURISM AND
- After WWII: Leftover aircraft from WWII was used for people
to start small-scale airlines.
-Advances in Aircraft technology
-BOEING 707 JETS (1958) The age of air travel for the
masses arrived.
-Golden Age of Mass Tourism
MODERN ERA
(20TH CENTURY)
1ST TERM
39 TOURISM AND
After WWII
- Decline of sea travel
- The government created more vacation time that led to
holidays and long weekends. They also issued Paid leave for
MODERN ERA employees
(20TH CENTURY) - Beginning of Sun, Sea, and Sand Tourism
1ST TERM
40 TOURISM AND
POSTMODERN ERA (21ST CENTURY)
1ST TERM
41 TOURISM AND
POST MODERN ERA (21ST CENTURY)
• TERRORIST ATTACKS - such as 911 or the bombings in Bali.

• DISEASE OUTBREAKS - SARS, Meningococcemia, Bird Flu, H1N1 virus, Zika
Virus, COVID-19
• NATURAL DISASTERS - such as tsunamis in the Indian Ocean and Japan,
massive earthquakes in China, Japan, and New Zealand, and hurricanes in
East Asia and the United States
• ECONOMIC EVENTS – (Great Recession 2008-2009) global economic and
financial crisis from 2008 on.
POST MODERN • POLITICAL EVENTS – such as the ‘Arab Spring’ in North Africa and the
ERA (21ST
CENTURY) Middle East, or regulatory changes in boarding and passport requirements for
travelers as a result of increased concerns over security. This also includes
sudden changes in terms of what you can take onto aircraft as hand luggage
1ST TERM
42 TOURISM AND
HISTORY OF HOSPITALITY
Hospitality Industry Began with the Sumerians 5000
Years Ago in 3000 BC.
1ST TERM
43 TOURISM AND
ANCIENT PERIOD
1ST TERM
44 TOURISM AND
ANCIENT PERIOD
- First to develop TRADE in modern sense of the word.

- Converted grains into alcoholic beverages or beers
- Taverns were established (1st hospitality business) an
SUMERIANS establishment where alcoholic beverages are sold to be
drunk on the premises.
1ST TERM
45 TOURISM AND
ANCIENT PERIOD
- Required the owner to report customers who planned

crimes in these taverns.
- Death penalty was also imposed for diluted drinks with
CODE OF water.
HAMMURABI
1ST TERM
46 TOURISM AND
ANCIENT PERIOD
• CARAVANSERAI – roadside inn where travelers could rest

and recover from the day’s journey. It is often dirty and
infected with bugs that travelers tried to avoid whenever
EARLY TRADERS possible
1ST TERM
47 TOURISM AND
THE EMPIRE ERA
1ST TERM
48 TOURISM AND
THE EMPIRE ERA
• EGYPTIAN EMPIRE – first to begin the activity of tourism

and hospitality.
- Egyptians were also the first ones to start celebrating
festivals. During these times, there were no food and lodging
establishments, travelers slept in the open area or in tents
THE EMPIRE ERA
and ate whatever they had.
1ST TERM
49 TOURISM AND
THE EMPIRE ERA
• GREEK EMPIRE
- Restaurants in ancient Greece were respected and serve
fine food.
THE EMPIRE ERA
1ST TERM
50 TOURISM AND
THE EMPIRE ERA
• ROMAN EMPIRE
- the rich Romans built elaborate inns and taverns that
according to Marco Polo it is fit for a king (managed by
household slaves)
- The Romans also built Bathhouses, believed to be curative
and medicinal, and held meetings and other events.
THE EMPIRE ERA Khans – a combination of stables, sleeping accommodations,
and fortresses that provided shelter from sandstorms and
enemies who attacked caravans
1ST TERM
51 TOURISM AND
MEDIEVAL ERA
1ST TERM
52 TOURISM AND
MEDIEVAL ERA
- It was considered the duty of the Christians to offer

hospitality to travelers and pilgrims.
- MONASTERIES functioned as inns, providing
accommodations and food for the weary traveler.
- Providing services to travelers became a burden to the
religious houses due to the influx of Crusaders thus
MEDIEVAL ERA “Overbooking” was observed during this era.
- HOSPICE OF ST. BERNARD – famous Monastery shelter.
1ST TERM
53 TOURISM AND
RENAISSANCE ERA and
(16th-17th CENTURIES)
1ST TERM
54 TOURISM AND
RENAISSANCE ERA and (16th-17th CENTURIES)
- Demand for inns and taverns increased multiple fold.

- Table manners became a trend
- HOTEL DE HENRY/ HOTEL DE SALM – first establishment
The hotel was built around 1788 (names have changed over
RENAISSANCE ERA
the years)
and (16th-17th
CENTURIES)
1ST TERM
55 TOURISM AND
EARLY MODERN PERIOD (18th CENTURY)
1ST TERM
56 TOURISM AND
- COFFEE AND TEA – began to influence the culinary habits

of Western Europe.
- COFFEE HOUSES – the forerunner of cafes and coffee shops
- ST. MICHAEL’S ALLEY, LONDON - (1st English Coffee
House)
- COACHING INNS AND STAGECOACH – tired horses were
EARLY MODERN exchanged with fresh horses and guests were fed and given
PERIOD (18th
CENTURY)
an overnight stay
- QUALITY OF INNS IMPROVED - “The inn-keeper should
insure the guests’ property and provide guests’ safety.”
1ST TERM
57 TOURISM AND
- BOULANGER – he opened the very first restaurant in Paris

(RESTORATIVE, which means restore/restaurant). Which
served a single dish - sheep’s feet simmered in a white sauce
- ECOLE HOTELIERE DE LAUSANNE – in Switzerland, the first
EARLY MODERN school for hoteliers was established. (1893)
PERIOD (18th
CENTURY)
1ST TERM
58 TOURISM AND
MODERN ERA (20TH CENTURY )
1ST TERM
59 TOURISM AND
- BROWN’S HOTEL 1837 – dining facility was opened (1882)

by Henry Ford. *Restaurant – referred to the dining room of a
hotel.
- SAVOY - first luxury hotel in Britain
- CESAR RITZ – general manager
- AUGUST ESCOFFIER – chef des cuisines
MODERN ERA (20TH
CENTURY) *Le guide culinaire
* Installed the Kitchen Brigade System
1ST TERM
60 TOURISM AND
- DELMONICO’S – the only expensive and aristocratic

restaurant in the us
*First American restaurant that serves Swiss-French
cuisines
- WHITE CASTLE - first fast-food chain
- MARRIOTT - hDRIVE-IN AND FAST-FOOD RESTAURANTS ot
MODERN ERA (20TH
CENTURY) shoppe and root beer stands
-– sprang up in
America
1ST TERM
61 TOURISM AND
Thank you
BENJO MANZANO QUIDULIT

Course Instructor

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MACRO PERSPECTIVE IN

After studying this Chapter, you will be able to:

- First traveler in the world

- they invented money, plows, wheel, and cuneiform which

plows Old money

- first known creator of the Maritime Empire and Master of

- Were excellent canoe builders, sailors, and navigators.

Probably credited with the first cruise operator, even though

- The first cruises were organized and conducted in Egypt.

THE EGYPTIANS Graffiti

-First one to shape the modern-day travel.

-The prosperity of the Roman Empire was reflected in the

-With the Universities built under Queen Elizabeth, Travel for

- As young men sought intellectual improvement in the Continent, the

- CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS- He discovered the West Indies and

- CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS- He discovered the West Indies and

TRAVEL FOR LEISURE

-(1914) WORLD WAR 1 - led to the introduction of passports

Karl Benz – designed and built the

- Increased car ownership, better more efficient air travel, the

• TERRORIST ATTACKS - such as 911 or the bombings in Bali.

- First to develop TRADE in modern sense of the word.

- Required the owner to report customers who planned

• CARAVANSERAI – roadside inn where travelers could rest

• EGYPTIAN EMPIRE – first to begin the activity of tourism

THE EMPIRE ERA

- It was considered the duty of the Christians to offer

- Demand for inns and taverns increased multiple fold.

- COFFEE AND TEA – began to influence the culinary habits

- BOULANGER – he opened the very first restaurant in Paris

- BROWN’S HOTEL 1837 – dining facility was opened (1882)

- DELMONICO’S – the only expensive and aristocratic

BENJO MANZANO QUIDULIT

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