SP6: GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

MODULE 1: PLANT ORGAN SYSTEM AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

CYCLE 3 | S.Y. 2022-2023 TRANSCRIBED BY: Jannie Tolentino | 12-OLF
LECTURER: MELVIN AGUILAR
photosynthesis, and transport the sap.
LESSON/TOPIC
SUBTOPIC  Root system – absorbs water and nutrients from
SUB-SUBTOPIC the soil and transports them to the shoot system.

INTRODUCTION

 There are more than 350 thousand species of known

plants and more is to be discovered and named in the
next years. Their fascinating morphology and their
ability to regulate and maintain homeostasis is studied
by botanists. In this module, you will learn the different
plant systems that function together to maintain the
plant's internal conditions.

 Plants are the main support for the food webs.

 Many medications are derived from plants.
 They produce oxygen for us to breathe by the
photosynthesis that they do.

 Two types of major plant categories:

 Vascular: has Xylem (H2O) and Phloem (Food)
 Nonvascular: No vessels (Xylem and Phloem),
can’t carry water upwards in the xylem since it
doesn’t have one. They are limited in size. They get
their water by Osmosis (EX. Moss) ROOTS

 Photosynthesis needs three major reactants to work:  Absorb water and nutrients
water, light, and carbon dioxide.  Anchor the plant and support the above ground part of
 Plant cells have organelles called “chloroplasts.” the plant.
They are the site of photosynthesis (help capture  Store food
light).
 Plants do cellular respiration, they need CO2.  Root System
 Fibrous root (parallel venation) – a system that has
 Plant structure adaptations examples include: no primary dominant root
 Water deprivation: Plants have to conserve water,
hence they have very thin leaves so they don’t  Tap root (neted venation) – a system composed of
have much surface area (Cactus). one primary root and many secondary roots that
 Lack of Light: Plants that have a lot of access to branch off.
water, but maybe shaded by lots of taller plants
tend to have broader and wider leaves.
 Carnivorous plants: Ex. Venus fly trap. They have
the ability to digest insects using special enzymes
they excrete. They are usually located in areas
where the soil is low in nitrogen.

MAJOR PLANT PARTS

1. ROOTS
2. STEMS
3. LEAVES
4. FLOWERS

 System – a group of tissues and

organs that perform specific
functions
 Shoot System – supports
the plant, performs
  Primary Root – the first root to emerge at germination, PICTURE SPECIALIZED STEM
May become the main tap root  Bulbs- Short flattened
stems which has several
 Secondary Roots – roots that branched out from the fleshy leaves. Bulbs are
primary root
found beneath the soil.
 EX. Onions
 Apical meristem – area at the tip of the root where new
cells develop.
 Corm- Spherical
structure similar to a
bulb.
 EX. Gladiolus

 Rhizomes- Thick
underground stem
which lies horizontally
 EX. Ginger

STEMS  Stolon- Horizontal

stems which lies above
 Support the leaves and the ground, often called
position them so they can runners.
receive as much sunlight as  EX. Strawberry
possible Runner
 Responsible for the size and
shape of the plant.  Tuber- Rhizome that is
 Move water, minerals, and swollen with stored
manufactured food food.
throughout the plants.  EX. Potatoes
 Green stems produce food
through photosynthesis.

 Internal Structure LEAVES

 Xylem – Tissue responsible for carrying water and
nutrients from the roots to leaves. It is located  Produce food for the plants. They are designed to efficiently
near the center of the stem. collect light and use that light to make energy.
 MOVEMENT IS UPWARDS

 Phloem- Tissue responsible for carrying food produced in

the leaf to the rest of the plant. The phloem is usually
located near the outside of the stem.
 MOVEMENT IS MULTIDIRECTIONAL
 Cambium- responsible for the production of new xylem
and phloem. It is found between the xylem and phloem.
LEAF PARTS
 Leaf Blade - Large, broad, flat surface whose job is to
collect sunlight
 Petiole - Supports the leaf and holds it away from the
stem
 Midrib - Main vein running down the center of the leaf.
It helps hold the leaf so it is always facing the sun.

Under the Microscope

 LEAF TYPE FLOWERS

VEIN PATTERN

 Flowers are used to attract pollinators.

 Pollen contains amino acids that some pollinators
feed on.
 Flowers are “immature fruits.”
 Fruits are “mature flowers.”

Stamen - Male part of a Pistil - Female part of a

LEAF LAYERS flower flower

 Filament - stalk like in  Stigma - sticky part of

the stamen that holds the pistil that is
up the anther receptive to the pollen.

 Anther - sack-like  Style - Rod shaped

structures that middle part (stalk) that
contain/produces the has a swollen base
pollen (ovary) containing eggs
(where fertilization will
 Pollen grains are occur and devolops into
released from the fruit) and supports the
anther that contains the stigma.
 Cuticle - The top waxy, non-cellular part of the leaf. Its
sperm
job is to prevent water from escaping.
 Petals - colorful leaf life
 Staminate - Flowers structure
 Epidermis - Skin layer of cells found on both top and
that have only male
bottom of the leaf. Its job is to protect the leaf.
parts  Corolla - When all the
petals are fused
 Palisade mesophyll- a layer of cells standing on end
together
directly below the upper epidermis. This area is
responsible for photosynthesis.
 Sepals - green leaves
that protect the flower
 Spongy Mesophyll- Loosely packed cells located
before it opens.
beneath the palisade mesophyll. This area is
responsible for holding the products of Photosynthesis.
 Calyx - when all the

sepals are fused
 Stomata - Holes in the lower epidermis, responsible for
together
gas exchange.

 Guard cells - Surround the stomata which open and

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
close them (they close their stomata at night).
 Stamen releases pollens.
 Pollens are carried by winds, gravity, animals or insects
to the stigma of another flower.
 The pollen moves from the stigma down to the pollen
tube
 The style deposits the sperm to the ovary
 Fertilization occurs
 The ovary and the surrounding part will become fruit
 The fertilized eggs become seeds
 Mature pollen grains consists of two types of cells:
 Tube cell
 Generative cell
 Once the pollen grain lands on the sticky stigma, it
uses the tube cell to burrow down a pollen tube
from the stigma through the style to the inside
area of the ovary. The generative cell will divide to
form two sperm cells. Sperm cells will target an
ovule (inside an ovary, which has the potential to
develop into a seed if fertilized).
 Ovule has 2 major players:
 Egg cell
 2 polar nuclei
 One of the sperm cells will fertilize the egg which
forms a zygote (diploid cell = fertilized egg). The
second sperm cell joins with the two polar nuclei
which will develop into endosperm (full of
nutrients for a developing baby plant).
 The fertizilation process involves sperm cells
joining two different things (egg and polar nuclei) it
is called Double Fertilization. This fertilization is
crucial in angiosperms.
GROWTH REGULATORS
 Growth Regulators - Plant hormones
 Naturally produced by the plants
 Auxins - Growth hormones produced by the
apical meristem. They encourage height
growth and discourage lateral growth.
 Cytokinins - produced in roots and seeds.
Responsible for cell division and
differentiation.
 Ethylene - Produced by ripening fruits, it
stimulates ripening and flowering.
 Gibberellins - produced in stem, roots and
young leaves. They are responsible for
intermodal elongation.
 Abscisic Acid - Found in seeds. A hormone
that inhibits growth.

 Growth Regulators - Commercial Uses

 A-rest, B-Nine, Cycocel, Florel - Used on
poinsettias, easter lilies, and Chrysanthemums to
reduce size, to make a shorter bushier, and more
attractive plant
 Rootone and Hormodine - Use to help plants root
FLOWER TYPES more quickly

 Perfect flowers - Has both male and female parts

 Imperfect flower - A flower that is missing either the
male or female part.
 Complete Flower - Flowers that have sepals, petals,
pistil and stamen
 Incomplete flower - When flower is missing sepals,
petals, pistil or stamen

 Complete flowers are perfect, but not all perfect

flowers are complete.
 Imperfect flowers are always incomplete, Incomplete \
flowers may or may not be imperfect.

PLANT NUTRITION

 Light
 Water
 Air
 Temperature