W .

IRV ING CROW L E Y

h
S pan i s t
In t
e r pr e e r

Edi so n B i l di ng
u

U S
. . Ai d for I t
nf orm a i on CHICA GO
 ELEM ENTA RY

S WED IS H GRA M M A R

A . LOU IS ELM Q U IS T
Nor th w e ste r n U ni v e r si ty

C H I CA G O
TH E E NG B E R G-H O L M B E RG PU BL S H I I NG CO .

1914
C opy ri gh t 1 91 4 b y
A . L o ui s E l m q u is t
 PREF A C E .

U nd e r pre s e n t c ond i t i ons t h e c h i e f aim o f one w ri t i ng

a S w ed is h gramm ar f ro m t h e po i n t o f v i e w o f E ngl is h
s pe ak i ng pe rs o n s s h o u ld b e t o g i v e an a cc u ra t e and c l e ar

s t at e m e nt o f t h e fa ct s
. Th e q u e s t i on o f t h is o r t h a t
m od e rn m e t h od m u s t as y e t at l ea s t re m ain s e c o nd ar y
, , .

M ore o v e r t h e pre s e nt at i on a s w e l l a s t h e c ont e nt s m u s t

,

b e s u c h t h a t t h e g ramm ar can b e u s e d t o t h e f u l l e s t ad
v a n t a ge b y s t u d e n t s w i t h v er y d ifi e re nt q u al ific at i ons
'

Th is b oo k h as b ee n w ri t t e n t o m ee t t h e po i nt of V i e w
o f t h e s t u d e nt w h o k no ws not h i ng at a l l a b o u t Sw ed is h ,

n o pre v i o u s k no w l e d ge o f t h e l angu age b e i ng t ak e n fo r

g ran t e d . A s a m a tt er o f f ac t h o w e v er t h e b ook wi l l
, ,

b e u se d l ar ge l y b y s t u d e nt s a l read y a b l e t o u nd e rs t and
s i m pl e S w ed is h . It h as t h ere fore s ee m ed u nne c e ss ar y t o
l ay so m u c h s t r e ss o n t h e t rans l at i on e x e r cis e s as i t
w o u l d o t h e rwis e pe r h aps h av e b e e n w e l l t o d o . Th o s e
al re ad y a b l e t o re ad S w ed i s h w i l l nat u ral l y b e gi n at
o nc e re ad i ng t h e av ai l ab l e t e x t -e d i t i o n s in c onne c t i o n

w i t h t h e i r w o rk i n t h e gra m m a r . For t h e s e ,
a ls o re
,

p r o d u c t i o n i n c o nn e c t i o n w i t h th i s r e a d i ng and or i gi nal
,

c o m po si t i o n w i l l b e m o s t pr ofi t able
, .

Th e gram m at ic al m at e ri al h as w i t h fe w e xc e pt i ons
b e e n pre s e nt e d c o nne c t e d l y ( se e page Th i s w i l l
m ak e po ssi b l e t h e acq u isi t i on o f a c l e ar V i e w o f t h e e n
t i re s ub j e c t and w i l l f aci l i t at e r e f e re nc e
, . In m any c ase s
t h e l o ng l ess o ns w i l l h av e t o b e d i v i d ed ; i n c onne c t i o n
w i t h t h e re ad i ng i n t h e t e x t -e d i t i o ns t h i s w i l l pre s e n t
n o difli cul t y .
IV

I w ant to c al l s pe ci al at t e nt i o n t o t h e m at e ri al g i ve n
u nd e r t h e h e ad i ng s PRON U N C I ATION O RTHO GRA PHY
, ,

ACC EN T and C O LLO Q U I A LI S M S A consi d e rab l e par t of

.

t h i s wi l l i n pe rh aps m os t c ase s b e u s e d t o t h e g re at e s t
ad v an t age i n c o nne c t i o n w it h a re v i e w o r a m o re ad

v ance d s t u d y o f t h e g ramm ar Th e bo ok is so c ons t ru c t e d

.

t h a t t h e re i s no ne e d o f i nc l u d i ng any par t o f t h is in
t h e fi rs t s t u d y o f t h e b ook . It is m y h o pe h o we v e r
, ,

t h a t u se rs o f t h e b ook wi l l at al l t i m e s d raw ab und ant l y

f ro m t h e i m por tan t m at e r i al t h e r e i n c o nt ai ne d .

U nd e r t h e h e ad i ng PRON U N C I ATION in ea c h l e ss o n
are l is t e d t h e w o rd s f ro m t h a t l e ss o n t h a t are l i k e l y t o

g i v e d ifii c u l t y p
,
ar t ic u l ar l y t o no n S w e d e s
-
R
. e f e re nc e i s

u s u al l y m ad e t o t h e i n t ro d u c t i on o n pro nu nci at i o n o r t o ,

m y Ph onol ogy I t h i nk i t is d e si r ab l e fo r s t u d e n t s w h o
.

al re ad y s pe ak t h e l ang u age t o acq u i re a r e al k no w l e d ge

o f t h e r u l e s o f S w ed is h pro nu nci at i o n Th i s c o ul d no t
.

h av e b e e n acco mpl is h e d so w e l l b y t h e u se of ph one t i c

t ransc r i pt i o n w h ic h I m i gh t o t h e rwis e h av e e m pl o y e d
, ,

h ad t h e t y pe s b e e n av ai l ab l e Th e i nt r od u c t i on o n pro
.
m

n u nciat ion t o o h as b e e n s o c on s t r u c t e d t h a t i t s h o u l d
, ,

i nv i t e r e al acq u isi t i o n r at h e r t h an a pu re l y f orm al su r

My Pfimz ol ogy of [b e S w ed ish L ang u ag e , a bo o k of
'

v ey .

ab o u t fi f t y page s t h a t w i ll b e pu b l is h e d b e f ore J anu ar y ,

o e s i n t o t h e s u b j e c t in m o re d e t ai l s t i l l d e al i ng
1 91 5 g, ,

o n l y w i t h e ss e nt i al t h i ngs . I re t ai n i n t h e i n t rod u c t i o n
“ “
on s ou nd s t h e c u s t om ary t e rm s h ard and
”
sof t ”

v ow e l s no t w i t h s t and i n g t h e e x pre ss e d pre fe re nc e o n t h e

,

p a r t o f s o m e for t h e t e r m s
“
b ac k and
” “
f ro nt T ”
h e.

u se o f t h e s e l at t e r t e rm s i n t h e c o nne c t i on i n w h ic h
“
h ard and s o f t are u s e d w o u ld b e i nc orre c t in t re at
” ”

i ng o f t h e m od e rn l ang u age ( se e N o re e n Vd r t Spm/e

, ,

V ol I page
.
,
O w i ng t o a m is u nd e rs t and i ng i t be
 V

cam e i mpo ssi b l e t o u se anyw h e re t h e c u s t om ary m ark o f

t h e grave acc e nt i n m ark i ng t h e i r re gu l ar po si t i o n o f t h e
s t re ss My u se o f t h e si gn t h e re f o re d oe s no t ne ce ss ar i l y
.

si gn ify t h e ac u te acc e nt ; i t si mpl y m ark s t h e po si t i on o f

t h e s t re ss I h av e r e l e gat ed t o t h e Ph ono l og y al l me n
.

t i on o f t h e d i ffe re nce s be t w ee n t h e old e r and t h e ne w

o rt h o graph y .

In t h e at t e nt i o n g i v e n t o A CC E N T ( ac u t e and g rave )
i n e ac h l e sso n I h ope I h av e m ade t h i s d i ffi c u l t s u b j e c t
,

m ore acc e ssi b l e t h an h e re t o f ore In c o nne c t i o n w i t h th is

.

d e t ai l t h e b ri e f acco u nt g i v e n i n t h e i nt ro d u c t i on s h o u l d
b e t h oro u gh l y m as t e r e d A c o nsi d e rab l y m ore c o m pl e t e
.

t re at m e n t o f acc e nt wi l l b e f o u nd in m y Ph ono l ogy .

O wi ng t o t h e gre at l ack o f u n iform i t y i n acc e nt u al

m at t e rs i n S w e d e n t h e re wi l l i n s o me i ns t anc e s no d ou b t
, ,

I h av e in no c as e e i t h e r i n
'

b e d ifle re nce s o f o pi ni o n .

t h e m at t e r o f acc e n t o r pronu nci at i o n nor i nde e d any

, , ,

w h e re e l s e i n t h e gr amm ar gi v e n pre fe re nc e t o my ow n
l oc al i nc l i nat i o ns .

A not h e r r ad ic al d e par t ure f rom all o t h e r si m i l ar w o rk s

i s i n t h e at t e n t i o n I h av e g i ve n t o t h e Spok e n l angu age .

It c an no t b e e m ph asi z e d t o o s t ro ngl y t o pe rs on s al s o
s pe ak i ng E ngl is h t h a t i t i s i n a g re at m an y d e t ai l s i n
c or re c t i n s pe ak i ng S w e d is h t o u se t h e l angu age of t h e
b oo k s . On t h e o t h e r h and i t i s no t i nc orre c t t o u se t h e
c ol l oq u i al i sm s i n s pe ak i ng t o any b od y N o t wi t h s t and i ng
.

t h e u rge nt s u gge s t i o n o f e m i ne nt sc h ol ar s t h a t I u se t h e
“ “
t e rm s h i gh e r s t y l e and l ow e r s t y l e I h av e d e ci d e d
” ”
,

“ “
t o re t ai n t h e t e r m s s po k e n l angu age and w ri t t e n
l an gu age
”
Th i s I h av e d one b e c au s e I am c on v i nc e d
.

th a t t h e t e r m s c h o se n are pe d ago gic al l y b e t t e r u nde r e x

i st in g c o nd i t i o ns am o ng u s e r s o f t h e l angu age of o u r
c ou n t r y I h av e w ant e d t o say t o t h e s t u de nt : Th is
.
“
VI

is t h e l ang u age y o u w i ll fi nd i n t h e b o ok s , b u t t h a t is
t h e w ay y o u l l h av e t o t al k
’
Th e A m e r ic an w o u ld
.
”

h e si t at e t o u se a f o rm o f s pe e c h s ai d t o b e l ow e r s t y l is t
ical l y . T h e re is at pre s e nt i n S w e d e n a growi ng t e n
d e ne y t o u se m ore o f t h e c h ar ac t e r is t i cs o f t h e s pok e n
l ang u age i n t h e w r i t t e n . A m o ng t h e be s t w r i t e r s I
w o u l d c al l at t e nt i o n e s pe ci al l y t o S e l m a L age rl of in t h i s
c o nne c t i on part ic u l arl y in t h e re c e n t re v is e d e d i t i on o f
,

h e r w ork s ( for t e x t e d i t i o n s
- se e,
A ppe nd i x V ) No
.

s m al l amo u nt o f t h e m ate r i al m e nt i o ne d u nd e r c o ll oq u i al
i s m s i n t h is g ramm ar i s f re q u e nt l y f o u nd al s o i n b o ok s .

W h i l e I h av e i n m an y i ns t ance s c al l e d at t e nt i on t o t h is ,

m y f ai l u r e t o d o so m u s t not b e t ak e n t o m e an t h a t t h e
w ord f o r m o r c ons t r u c t i on i n q u e s t i o n d oe s no t o cc u r
,

al s o i n t h e w r i t t e n l angu age In t h e c as e of c o l l oq u i al
.

m at t e r s pe rt ai ni ng o nl y t o ce r t ai n s e c t i o ns o f t h e c o unt ry ,

I h av e no t ai m e d i n e ve r y c ase t o speci f y t h e loc al i t y . .

No t e ac he r wi l l w ant pe rh aps t o e m ph asi z e all t h e col l o

, ,

u i a l i s m s m e n t i o ne d ; t h is i s part ic u l arl y t r u e o f l oc al
q
m at t e rs o f t h e k i nd j u s t r e fe rre d t o n o ne o f w h ic h h o w
, ,

e ve r,
i s t o b e av o i d e d as d i al e c t ic al b y pe r s ons al re ad y
u si ng t h e m . Fo r pe r s ons no t u si ng t h e m I can o n t h e ,

o t h e r h and ,
see no re as on fo r s t r i v i ng t o ac q u i re t hem .

It s h o u l d b e f o u nd a v al u ab l e e x e r cise t o h av e s t u d e nt s
re c as t i nt o c o l l oq u i al f o r m S w e d is h o f a m ore l i t e r ar y s t y l e

o f c o m o si t i o n
p . In d e a l i ng wi t h m at t e r s s t y l is t ic I h ave

prac t ic all y i gnore d arc h aic poe t ic al and d i al e c t ic al d e t ai l s

,
.

One s h o ul d no t l o s e si gh t o f t h e f ac t t h e n th a t t h e
, ,

S we d is h -A m e r ic an h as no l i t t le d i ffi c u l t y in d is t i ngu is h
i ng b e t w e e n s pok e n and w r i t t e n S w e d is h In s pe ak i ng
.

S we d is h h e h as h o w e ve r t w o f u r t h e r d i ffi c u l t i e s : ( 1 ) In
, ,

m o s t c as e s h is pare n t s w h i l e i n S w e d e n u s e d a f or m o f
S w e d is h t h at w as r at h e r d i al e c t ic al and t h e S w ed is h
,
»
 V II

A me r ic an i s t h e re f o re li ke l y t o re v e al d i al e c t ic al t rai t s t o
-

an e x t e nt t o w h ic h pe rsons i n S w e d e n w h o ar e i n si m i
l ar ci rc u m s t ance s t o t h o s e t h at h e i s now in w ou l d no t
d o it . Bu t t h e re are ( I s t at e t h is e m ph at ic al l y ) no t a
fe w l oc al is m s -j- u s age s c ov e r i ng a l ar ge or i mpor t ant
are a — w h ic h are e n t i re l y pe rm issi b l e and i n no w ay ,

o b j ec t i onab l e . Mos t c u l t u re d S w e de s spe ak a f o rm o f

S w ed is h t h at is c ol ore d and e nr ic h e d wi t h s u c h l oc al
is ms and w h ic h u s u al l y re v e al s t h e l oc al i t y f rom w h ic h
,

t h e y c o me .
( 2 ) A m e r ic an S w e d e s h av e all o w e d t h e
l ang u age o f t h is c o unt ry t o infl u e nc e t h e i r S w e d is h in
t h ree l e ad i ng d i re c t i o ns : ( a ) pronu nci at i o n in t h at t h e y ,

t o a l arge e x t e nt s u b s t i t u t e A m e r ic an-E ngl is h s o u nd s fo r

t h e c orre s po nd i ng S we d is h o ne s and t e nd t o u se t h e ac u t e
,

acc e nt in al l w ord s ; ( b ) v oc ab u l ar y in t h at t h e y t o a
,

l arge e x t e nt s u b s t i t u t e A m e r ic an-E n gl is h w ord s fo r

S we d is h w ord s ; ( c ) i d i om in t h at t h e y t ransf e r or t rans
,

l at e A m e r ic an-E ngl is h i d i om s d i re c t l y i nt o S w e d is h In .

S we de n s u c h s pe e c h m u s t cl e arl y b e av o i de d Fo r a .

b i bl i ograph y o n t h is s u b j e c t see A ppe nd i x V , .

Th e f o l l o wi ng f ri e nd s I h e re wi t h t h an k h e art i l y for
t h e i r k i nd ne ss i n r e ad i ng t h e proo fs and o ffe r i ng m an y

v al u ab l e s u gge s t i on s : P r o f e ss or A d ol f N o re e n and D oc e n t

O lo f O s t e rgre n o f t h e U ni ve rsi t y o f U ps al a P ro fess o r ,

J ul e s Mau rit z son o f A u gu s t an a C ol l e ge P r o fe ss or Ge orge ,

T F l o m o f t h e U ni v e rsi t y o f I ll i nois D r Le e M Hol

.
, . .

l and er of t h e U ni v e rsi t y o f Wisc on sin P ro fe ss or L ou i s

,

B ak e r o f L aw re nce C o l l e ge P re si de nt D av i d N y val l o f
,

N o r t h P ark C o lle ge P ro fe ss o r Gu s t av A P e t e rson o f

,
.

B e t h any C ol l e ge P rofe ss or A l b e r t E E gge o f t h e S t at e

,
.

C ol le ge o f W as h i ng t on P ro fe sso r J o se ph A l e xis o f t h e
,

U n i ve rsi t y o f N e b ras k a Mr C arl 0 S u nd s t ro m o f t h e

,
. .

L ak e V i e w Hi g h S c h ool C h ic ago Mr E W O l s on o f
, , . . .
VI I I

R oc k I s l and Il l and m y c ol l e agu e s P ro fe sso r J am e s T af t

,
.
,

Hat fie l d D r F A Be r nst o rfi D r Ge o rge V McCau l e y

, . . .
, . .

and D r R o nal d S C rane V al u ab l e s u gge s t i o ns h av e

. . .

al s o c o m e f r o m M r J o h n F Hal l w ac h s and M iss E d i t h

. .

A Mo h ne y wi t h w h o m I h av e h ad t h e pl e as u re o f u si ng
.
,

t h e proo fs i n c l ass w o r k To m y c ol l e ag ue s P ro fe sso r s

- .

Ge o r ge 0 Cu r m e and W F B ry an I am gr at e f u l fo r
. .

t h e i r r e ad i ne ss t o d isc u ss w i t h m e at all t i me s m at t e r s
o f ge ne ral g ram m ar and E ngl is h g ramm ar I am u nd e r .

o bl i gat i o n s t o A l b e r t Bo n n i e r s F o r l ag o f S t oc k h o l m fo r
t h e i r good w i l l i n c o nne c t i o n w i t h m y r e pr i nt i ng se l e c
t i o ns f ro m S w e d is h l i t e rat u r e pu b l is h e d b y t h e m .

A L O UI S E L MQUIS T .

E v an t o n I l l ino is
s ,

J anu a y r , 1 91 4 .
 C ON T EN T S .

No t e .Be sid e s t h e u sual v ocab u l ari es and e x e cise s e ach l e sso n r ,

co nt ai ns i n ad d i t io n t o t h e co n t e n t s as gi v e n b e l o w
, a d iscu ssio n ,

o f OR T HO G RAP HY PRONUNCIA T I ON ACC EN T ( acu t e and

, ,

g rav e ) and CO LLOQ U IALIS MS b ase d o n t h e m at e ri al co ntai ned

, ,

in e ach l e sso n .

P RONUN CIA T ION

Al p h abe t .

St re ss .

A cce n t .

Q u ant it y .

So u nd s .

S Y LLA BICA T I ON
C API T ALI Z A T ION
PUNC T UA T ION
CONSPEC T US OF CON T EN T S O F L E SSONS
L ESSON
I G e nd e r
.

S i ng u l ar o f ad j e ct iv e s ( al so d e m z a d e l ta) , .

I nd e fi nit e art icl e ( al so m i n d i n e r ) , , .

P re se nt i nd icat i v e si ngu l ar o f fi av a v ar a , .

U se s o f pe rso nal p rono u ns d a m lz an 11 072 de n d e t

'

, , , , , .

I I D e fi nit e ar t icl e ( po st posit iv e )

.

P re se nt i nd icat iv e .

P os e i v e p ro no u n s v d r e r
s ss , .

U se o f pe so nal p o no u ns 1 and n z
’

r r .

I II D ec l e n io n
. s

G e ni t i v e .

F i rst D e cl e nsio n .

Pl u ral o f ad j ect i v e and po sse ssiv e p ro no u ns ( al so d essa )

s .

Ge ni t i v e s o f pe rso nal p o no u ns f t h e t h i d p e rso n

r o r .

I V S e co nd D e cl e nsio n
.

P a t t e n e o f h ar m v ar a
s s , .
 V . Th e ad j e ct i v e d e finite fo rm
,

P re po si t i v e d e fi ni te ar t icl e .

Past t e nse o f w e ak and st rong v e rb s .

VI . T h ird D e cl e nsio n
VI I . F o u rt h D ecl e nsio n
St ro ng v e b s p ast t e nse ; p i nci pal sy st e m s
r ,
r .

N e gat iv e s .

VI II . F ift h D e cl e nsio n
I rre gu l arit ie s i n d ecl e nsio n .

F or e ign fo rm s .

IX . S yntax o f t h e no u n ( geniti ve i nd e fi ni t e a t icl e ,

r , defi
n i t e fo rm )

X . F utu re t i me
O rd e r o f w ord s .

XI . A d j ect ive s
X II . C o m parison o f ad j ect iv e s
XIII . A d v e rb s
C om pari so n o f ad ver b s .

X IV Th e
. v e rb .

F irst We ak C o nj u gat io n .

Pe rso nal Pro nou ns .

R e fl e x i v e p ro no u ns ( p e rso nal and posse ssi ve ) .

X V Seco nd W e ak C o nj ugat io n
.

T h ird We ak Co nj ugat ion .

XVI St ro ng C o nj u gat io n
.

XVI I S ub j u nct ive

.

X VII I .

D e p o ne nt s .

XIX C o m po u nd v e rbs
.

R e fl e x iv e v e r b s .

I m pe so nal ve rb s
r .

P art icipl e s
Infi n it i v e s .

I m pe r at iv e .

S y nt act ical re m ark s ( p as t fo r p re se n t ; p rogre ssi ve ) .

XXI A u x il iarie s
.
 XI

XXI I P e rso n al p ro no u ns
.

Po sse ssi v e p ro nou ns .

D e m o ns t r at i v e p ro no u n s .

XXII I R e l at i ve p ro no u ns
.

I nte rrogat i v e p o no u ns r .

XXIV I nd e finit e p onou ns

. r

XX V N um e ral s
.

APPEN D IX
I D ist ri b u t io n o f v ario u s t y pe s
. of no u ns i n t h e d i ff e re nt
d e cl e nsi o ns
II . Th e po st po sit i v e ar t icl e
II I . U se o f -e as an e nd i ng . M al e se x

IV . L ist o f s tr ong an d i rr e gu l ar v e rb s

V .

VOCABU LARI ES ( S w e dish —

E ngl ish , E ngl ish S w ed ish )
-

IN D EX O F S UBJEC T S
IN D EX O F W OR D S
NO T ES A ND CORREC T IO NS
2 A CCE N T

( 5 ) S o me ad j e c t i ve s o f m o re t h an t w o sy l l abl e s e n d i ng
i n -l zg and m any e nd i ng in 4 19k
, s t re ss t h e sy l lab l e ,

'
i m m e d i at e l y pre ced i ng ; as eg en t/zg re al pol i tzs/e pol i t ic al ’ ’

, , ,
’
m ora l zs/e m or al
'

( 6 ) Many nat i ve c o m po u nd s s t re ss s om e sy l l abl e o t h e r

' '
t h an t h e fi rs t ; as de nsam m a t h e s am e kan/z an da pe rh aps
'

, , ,

a7zy o ane w f ar val f are w e l l t il /bd

’ ’ ’
v ar an d ra e ac h o t h e r , _ , ,

ka b ac k atm z n stone at l e as t
’ '
’
om z n te tg é r a d e f e at
’

, , fr u s ,

t rat e Gotebor g Go t h e nb u rg Kar l skro na

,
'
,
’
.

N o te — In t h is g ram m ar t h e po sit io n o f t h e st re ss is i n
d icat e d w h e ne v e r i t re st s o n so m e sy l l ab l e o t h e r t h an t h e fi rst ;
t h e st re ss m ark i s p l ace d aft e r t h e l o ng so u nd
- se e

A C C EN T .

3 . A cc e nt c o m b i nat i on of v ar i o u s ph ase s o f s t re ss
is a

and t o ne In pro no u nci n g an E ngl is h w o rd o f t w o

.

“
sy l l ab l e s l e t u s say,
h o u se s the s e c o nd sy l l ab l e
”
, ,

b e si d e s h av i ng m uc h w e ake r s t re ss h as e i t h er l ow e r or ,

h i gh e r t o ne t h an t h e fi rs t S i m i l arl y d u ri ng t h e pro
.
,

“
n u nciat io n o f a m o no sy l l ab ic w o r d h o u se the
”
as , ,

v o ic e e i t h e r si nk s o r r is e s S w e d is h w o rd s acce nt e d as
.

i n E ngl is h are s ai d t o h av e t h e acu te acce n t Bu t S w e d is h .

h as ano t h e r v e ry d i ffe re nt k i nd o f acc e nt c al l e d t h e

g r ave acce nt .

4 S we d is h e m pl oys t h re e d i ff e re nt t one s : h i gh m i dd l e
.
, ,

l ow . D issy l l ab ic w ord s h av i ng t h e ac u t e acc e nt h av e

h i gh t one o n t h e fi r s t sy l l ab l e and l ow t one o n t h e ,

s e c o nd ; t h e s e co nd sy l l ab l e h as t h e w e ake s t s t re ss po ssi bl e .

D issy l l ab ic w o rd s h av in g t h e g rav e acc e nt b e g i n wi t h

t h e m i dd l e t one and si nk t o t h e l ow t one o n t h e fi rs t
sy l l abl e r isi ng t o t h e h i gh t one on t h e s e cond sy l l abl e ;
,

t h e s e c ond sy l l abl e h as a d e gre e o f s t re ss no t ice ab l y

s t ronge r t h an t h at o f t h e c orre s po nd i ng sy l l ab l e o f w ords
w i t h t h e ac u t e acce nt .
 A CCEN T 3

T r isy ll abl e s wi t h t h e ac u t e acc e nt h av e h i gh t one o n t h e

fi rs t sy l l ab l e and l o w t o ne o n e ac h o f t h e o t h e r t w o ;
,

t r isy l l abl e s wi t h t h e grav e acce nt h av e m i dd l e t o ne o n t h e

fi rs t sy l l ab l e l o w t o ne o n t h e s e c ond and h i gh t o ne on
, ,

t h e t h i rd T r isy l l ab l e s w h e t h e r t h e y h av e t h e ac u t e
.
,

or t h e g r a v e a cc e n t h av e o n t h e ,
s e c o nd sy l l ab l e t h e

w e ake s t s t re ss po ssi b l e and o n t h e t h i rd sy l l ab l e a ,

d e gre e o f s t re ss not ice ab l y s t r onge r .

W o rd s no t s t re ss e d o n t h e fi rs t sy l l abl e h av e acc e nt u al
c ond i t i ons i d e n t ical w i t h t h os e d e sc r i b e d b e gi nni ng wi t h ,

t h e sy l l abl e t hat h as t h e m ai n s t re ss A ll sy ll ab l e s pre .

c e d i ng t h e m ai n s t re ss h av e l ow t o ne w h e t h e r t h e re s t ,

of t h e w o r d h as t h e ac u t e o r t h e g rav e acce nt ; i f t h e re

i s o nl y o ne sy l l ab l e pre ce d i ng i t h as t h e w e ake s t s t re ss ,

po ssi b l e ; if t h e re ar e t w o t h e sy l l ab l e i m m e d i at e l y pre
,

c e d i ng t h e m ai n s t re ss h as t h e w e ak e s t s t r e ss po ssi bl e ,

w h i l e t h e fi rs t sy ll ab l e h as a d e gre e o f s t r e ss n ot ic e ab l y
s t ro nge r .

5 S we d is h e mpl oys t h e ac u t e acc e nt i n m onosy l l ab l e s

.

c h i ) e gr av e acc e nt i n
'’

( a s sto l a r sj on t h e l
,
a k e a n d t h ,

w o rd s and f o r ms of t w o o r more sy l l ab l e s ( as stolar

c h ai r s tala spe ak tal ade s po k e )
, ,
How e v e r b y e x ce p .
,

t i on t h e ac u t e acc e n t is u s e d al so in a n u m b e r o f w ord s
,

and f o r m s o f t w o or more sy ll ab l e s ; nam e l y ,

( )
1 M o s t w o r d s o f f ore i gn o r i g i n w h e t h e r s t r e ss ed on ,

t h e fi rs t sy l l ab l e o r o n s o me o t h e r ; al s o m any n at i v e
w o rd s not s t re ss e d on t h e firs t sy l l ab l e E x am pl e s : jam .

J une g enus ge nde r kofi er t t ru nk tea ter t h eat er berat ta

, ,
’
,
'
,

'
r e l at e ,
’
stade r a s t u d y eg en tl zg re al ,
p ol i tisé pol i t ic al , ,

’
tz l l ba ka b ac k
’

( 2 ) M o s t w or d s e n d i n g i n -el -en -er a s a k er , fi e ld , ,

~

, ,

sz mpel m
'

a l b i rd e n w at e r wacker pre tt y si l
fg e a al t , , p e , ,

aver o ve r , el le r or .
4 QUAN T I T Y

( 3 ) Th e f oll owi ng in fle ct ional f orm s : ( a) Th e pre s .

si ng ind act e nd i ng i n er as [wiper b u ys

. . . b P
( ) l u rals -
,
°

, .

o f t h e T h i r d D e c l e nsi o n t h at h av e m o d ifi e d o r s h or t e ne d

t h e v ow e l ; as lz d nde r pl u r o f b and h and ; g ette r pl u r o f

, , .
,
.

g e t g o at c
( ) M o s t c o m p.ar at i v e s e nd i ng i n -r e
; as ,

lz ég r e h i gh e r Th e d e fi ni t e f o r m o f al l no u n s and
.

f or m s o f no uns h av i ng t h e ac u t e acce n t ; as stolen d e f , , .

o f slot ( ac u t e acc e n t ) ; lz d n der na d e f o f lz d nde r ( ac u t e ) , .

h and s ; kofi er ten d e f o f leofi er t ( ac u t e ) t runk , . .

Q U A N T I T Y .

6 S t re ss e d
. vo we l s
i f fi nal o r i f fo l l o w e d b y are l o ng
o nl y o ne c o n so nan t b u t s h o r t i f f o l l o w e d b y m o re t h an ,

o ne c o ns o nant A l l u ns t re sse d v ow e l s are s h or t E x . .

( L o n g ) se see t a ! s p e e c h ta l a ( fi rs t v o w e l ) s pe ak
, , .

( Sh o rt ) tal l pi ne f ast fi r m f al s é f al s e tallar pi ne s tala , ,

/
, ,

( s e c o nd v ow e l ) s pe ak g osse b o y , .

Note I A l l v o w e l s f o l l o w e d b y a singl e j o r x a e sh o t “
. . r r

and v e ry o ft e n v o w e l s fo l l o w e d b y fi nal m o r n ; z is sh o r t i n t h e
'

i te l m o e o v e r in a fe w i nd iv id ual w o rd s t h e
'

e ndi ngs -t ee l -i e l
p - '
, , , r ,

v ow e l i s sh ort t h o ugh fo l l o w e d b y o nl y o ne co nso nant E x : nef

, . .

( u su al l y a d ipth o ng ; cf 1 2 ) no se x s ix lz e m h o m e Iz an h e ar .
, , , ,

t z k e l a t icl e kapz t e l ch ap t e r t i te l t i t l e apr i l Ap ri l d o m a j u d ge

’
’ ' '
'
r , , , , ,

f r nkost b re ak fast lz ad e ( a u su al l y sh o rt ) h ad , .

2 . V o w e l s fol l ow e d b y r d r l r n and ( i n a fe w case s ) b y r t , ,

are l o ng ; fo r e x am p l e s se e 13 3 In case s l ik e br u nt n of br an , .
, .

b ro w n vag s ge n o f v ag ro ad and l e ete past t e nse o f l e ka pl ay

’ '

, , .
, , ,

w h e re t h e se co nd co nso nant b e l on gs t o an i nfl e ct ional e nd ing

ad d ed t o a w o rd w i th a l o ng v o w e l t h e v o w e l re m ain s l o ng u nl e ss , ,

t h e ad d i t io n o f t h e e nd i ng r e su l t s i n a d o u b l e co nso nant ( as o i l
w h it e 11 v i tt; m ot a m ee t p ast t e nse m d tte ; l e da l e ad past t e nse
’

, .
, ,

7 In S w e d is h co ns onan t s l i k e v o we l s m ay b e l o ng
.
, , ,

o r s h ort Th e l o ng c ons o nan t s o u nd is part ic u l ar l y not ice

.
-

abl e w h en o cc urr i ng b e t w ee n t w o vo we l s ; as, f all a f al l ,

m amma m am m a, nattar h at s .
 VO W E L S 5

Al l cons onant s no t f oll o wi ng i m me d i at e l y u po n t h e

s t re sse d v o we l are s h or t Th e c ons o nant ( i f t h e re i s .

o ne ) f ol l o wi ng i m m e d i at e l y u po n t h e s t re sse d v ow e l i s
l o ng i f t h e v ow e l is s h ort b u t s h or t i f t h e v ow e l is l o ng ,
.

V OW E LS .

N ot e — L o ng v ow e l s i n S w e d ish d o no t ha ve th e v anish so

co m m o n i n E ngl i sh M o eo v e r v ow e l s . r , re ai n t t h e ir na u r al t so un d

b e fo re r .

8 Th e
. vo h av e a d i ffe re nt q u al i t y of
wels a, n, a , 0

s o u nd w h e n l ong and w h e n s h o rt .

( )1 a L o ng a h as a s o u nd be t w e e n t h at of t h e
.

“
s t re ss e d v owe l s i n f at h e r and saw E x : av of off ”
. .
, ,

Iz at h at e br a w e l l ta/a ( fi rs t a ) s pe ak
, , .

“
Sh ort a t h e fi rs t a in ah a E x : a t t h at ” ”
. .
,

fiatt h at tala ( se c o nd a) s pe ak tacka t h ank

, , .

No t e . Sp e cial care sh ou l d b e t ak e n t o p ro nou nce cl e arl y un

s t re sse d a w h ich i s v e ry co m m o n i n e nd i n s
, g .

( 2 ) 11 L ong a h as 1 1 0 E n gl is h e q u i v ale n t P l aci ng

. .

“
t h e t o ngu e in po si t i o n fo r t h e b e gi nni ng o f in
”
a
“
ro u n d t h e l i ps ( wi t h o u t pr o t ru si on ) so t h at t h e y
”
at e ,

are al mo s t c l os e d E x : at o u t nu s h o u s e
. .
, .

“
Sh o r t n al m o s t t h e fi nal v o w e l in v al ue
2 m i nu s
t h e y s o und
-
E x : [ru ng k i ng lzon u ng h o ne y
. .
, .

N o t e —S w e dish u ne v e r b e gins w i t h t h e so u nd o f E ng co n .

so n ant al E l u n it e
“ “ “
’

i u nz v e r s i t e t u ni
’
g shi
” ” ”
y as n n , u e ; as s , ,

v e rsi t y
'
m ns i k m u si c m u se u m m u se u m
, ,
'
.

( 3 ) a L ong at al m o s t
“
t h e b e g i nn i ng of in
”
o

r o pe E x : g et go bat b o at .
, .

“
Sh or t a o in ob e y
”
E x : tang l ong g att gone ”
.
, .

(4 ) 6 . L o ng 5
“
o
”
in Ge rm an bose
”
. P l aci ng
the t o ngue in po si t i on for S w e d is h e ( se e 9 1 a)
, ,

“ ” “
r o u nd t h e l i ps as fo r in Ex : d ie ,
’

db
”
o ro pe . . sot

sw ee t a
ga , eye .
 6 VO W EL S

Sh or t 0
“
o
”
in Ge r m an Go tt e r P l aci n
g the
t o ngu e i n po si t i o n fo r S w e d is h d ( se e 9, rou nd
“ “
t h e l i ps as for in b ook Ex : da d ied ,
” ”
00 . . ft sé tt

( n ) sw e e t ripp en
.
,
o pe n .

9 Th e v o w e l s e a) y a h av e t h e
'

.
,
z, 0 ( w h e n not , ,

s am e q u al i t y s o u nd
of w h e n l ong as w h e n s h or t 0 is .

u se d al s o t o re pre s e nt t h e a s o u nd ; e al s o t o re pre se nt
-
,

t h e a s o u nd -
.

( ) 1 e. a)
s ou nd b e t w e e n t h at o f t h e v ow e l s
E h as a
“
of h it and o f
”
h at e E x : Iz el h o t se se e ; nett ( n ) ”
. .
, .

h o t se tt s ee n beg r z ipa u nde rs t and

'

, , .

i n Ge r m an
“
b ) U ns t re sse d ( s h or t ) e in e nd i ng s
”
e

Gabe E x : g osse b oy fl atte n w at e r vacker pre t t y

”
. .
, , ,

a
f g e l b i r d fi nn es is f o u nd , .

c ) Sh ort e v e ry o f t e n l ong e r are l y h as t h e s o u nd , ,

o f d ( see 9 E x : denna t h is elter o r sex six

, .
, , ,

sep te m ber ( t h e fi rs t
’
t w o e s ) S e pt e m b e r ; m ed wi t h
’
de t ,

t h at e rf ar a e x pe r i e nce
,
.

“
(2) i l i in po l ic e E x : z i n [to l if e f rz
’ ’
”
. .
, ,

f re e ; sz tta si t f r i tt ( n ) f re e i n i n jnl z J u l y
’ ’

. .
, , ,

“
( 3 ) o a) 0 al m os t in s h oo t E x : g od ” ”
. oo . .

good be l i v e ; badde l i v e d Iz on sh e
, ,
.

b ) Sh o r t 0 v e r y o f t e n l ong a f re q u e n t l y a Ex , , .

f t f en ott ( n ) ood d oktor d oc t or ; saw

‘

a a o t g g ,
son 5 0 11
.
, ,

’
s l e e p leatalo g c at al og
,
.

(4 ) y T h is al mos t
.
“
u in Ge rm an u b e r but i s
”

'

c l o s e r t o S we d is h z P l aci ng t h e t ongu e i n posi t i on for e e

.
‘ ”

“ “ “
ro u nd t h e l i ps as fo r in b ook E x : sy ” ”
i n se e
”
,
00 . .

se w ,
ny ne w f r y sa f re e z e ; ny tt , ( n ) n ew b fl a l i ft .
, ,

sy ster sis t e r .

“
a a
'

(5 ) T h is a l
. m o s t a i i n a i r E x : r is ”
.
,

l é sa re ad r ci t s t rai gh t ; sd tta pu t ratt ( n ) s t r ai gh t

' °

. .
, ,
 D IP HT HON G S C ONSONAN T S , 7

1 0 HAR D
. SO FT VO W ELS Th e v o w e l s are d i vi d e d
A ND .

i nt o : ( a) h ard v o w e l s : a 0 ( b ) s o f t v ow e l s : e z y a 5
’ '

.
, , , , , ,

1 1 VO W E L M O D IFICA T ION
.
- In a n u m b e r o f i ns t anc e s
.

w e fi nd re l at e d f orm s h av i ng in o ne c as e h ar d v o w e l s ,

i n t h e o t h e r s o f t v o w e l s ; t h is c h ange f ro m h ard t o
s o f t v ow e l s is k no w n as v owe l m od ificat ion ( or m u t at i on ) -
.

C o m pare Eng m an m e n ; m o u se m ic e
.
, , .

In S w e d is h a and a w h e n m od i fie d b e c om e a; 0 b e
, , ,

co m e s 5 ; n b e c o m e s y S u c h an i n t e rc h ange o f h ard and

.

s o f t v o w e l s o cc u rs : ( a) b e t w e e n t h e si ngu l ar and t h e
pl u ral o f s o m e no u ns ; as m an m an pl u r m an ; g as
'

.
,

g oo s e pl u r g ass; bola b ook

, .
pl u r bee/f e r ; ( b ) b e t w e e n
, .

t h e po si t i v e and t h e c o mpar at i v e and s upe r l at i v e i n a

fe w ad j e c t i v e s ; as star l arge sté r r e storst; zcng y o u ng
, , , ,

y gn re n
y g
,
st; ( c ) b e t w e e n t h e p a s t t e n s e a n d t h e i n

fi ni t i v e o f a fe w v e rb s ; as w ide pas t t e ns e o f valja

'

, ,

c h o os e ; sa l de pas t t e ns e o f scz lja s e l l

''

.
,

D I P HT HO N GS .

1 2 S we d is h h as fe w d i ph t h o ngs
.
,
and t h e s e pr i m ar i l y in
f ore i gn o r i gi n E x : ney ( pron n a m aj
'

w o rd s
'

of j) no . . .
,

M ay pojke b o y lz éjd h e i gh t aug ns tz ’ '

in
’
”
, ,
ou ,

“ ’
h o u se ) A u gu s t rem natzs m ( in t h is w ord en
'

éj)
”

r h e u m at is m .

C ON SON A N T S .

13 .Th e f o l l o wi ng c o ns o nant s d i ffe r in s ound f rom th e

c or re s po nd i ng E ngl is h s o u nd s :

“
( 1 ) S we d is h r i s v e r y u nl i ke o u r u s u al A m eric an r ;
”

“ “
i t is t r i l le d r e s e mb l i n g i n t h re e E x : fara ” ”
, r . .

g o er y ou r f or r b e f ore
, , .

( 2 ) Th e d e nt al s ( d t l n s) are m ade a l i t t l e, , , ,

f art h e r f o rw ard t ow ard t h e t ee t h t h an i n E n gl is h and ,

8 CONSONAN T S

s
u u al l y w ith t h e b l ad e of t h e t o n gu e ; i n t h e c as e of l,
m o reo v e r ,
the t ongu e is no t h ol l ow e d . Ex . : da y ou ,
tal a s pe ak ,
dal y n u now
v al l e , ,
set so .

( 3 ) Th e c o mb i nat i ons r d r t
rl r n r s re pre s e nt si m pl y , , , ,

ano t h e r k i nd o f d t l n s m ad e w i t h t h e t ip o f t h e , , , , ,

t ong ue f art h e r b ac k t h an Eng d t l n s ; no r is

, .
, , , ,

h e ard e xce pt f re q ue nt l y i n t h e c as e of r l T h e se s o und s

, , , .

“
are c al l e d suprad e nt al s be c au s e t h e y are m ad e ab ov e
”
,

( f art h e r b ack t h an) t h e d e nt al s E x : Iz ar d h ard n jar ta

'

,
. .

'

h e art lz ci rl zg gl o r i o us bar n c h i l d vers v e r s e

, , ,
.

“
( 4 ) Th e S w e d is h s o und c orre spo nd i ng t o Eng sh .

d i ffe r s f ro m t h is ; t h e re is a narro win g b e t w e e n t h e t ong ue

‘

and t h e roo f o f t h e m o u t h at t w o pl ac e s co mb i ni ng t h e ,

t o ngu e po si t i o ns o f S w e d is h s uprad e nt al s and o f a s pi r ant

-

l y i ng b e t w e e n
“
c h i n Ge rm an N ac h t e and i n ic h
“ ” “ ” ”
.

It is nor m al l y b u t no t u s u al l y w r i t t e n sj E x : sjcc
, , . .

s e v e n sf al s o ul skz lja ( h e re sk a
'

, j
s ),
s e pa r a t e s j
t r n a ,
' '
j) s t ar m u sta sc/z ( sc sf) m u s t ac h e pe nsz o n
'

( sti s 2
,
r .
,

m
’ ’
si m i
’ ’

( sz j p p gj ) (
’

s
2
; r:o n a n s o n p e n o n . i ss z o n ss z sj ) s ,

’ '
sf) pass e nge r [ektz o n ( h e re
'

si on passag e r ar e ( h e re g
, ,

s ) l e ss o n
ti j .

1 4 G I? and st w h e n f ol l ow ed b y a s t re ss e d s o f t
.
, ,

v o w e l or b y an u ns t re ss e d s o f t v ow e l pre c e d i ng t h e
m ai n s t re ss h av e t h e s o u nd s o f S w e d is h j
, E ng con .

“
s o nant al E ng ch ) and sj re s pe c t i v e l y
°
”
17 .
, .

E x : g éi r a d o g z va gi ve ; g zck pas t si ng of g et go ; kop a

’ ’ ''

. .
, ,

za
’
r d e ar ; ske h appe n ey nd a h u r ry ; g e ner a l ge ne ral
'

b uy A ,
s/ , ,

ke m z c h e m is t ry .

G k s/e ot h e rwis e h av e t h e s o u nd s o f E ng g ( as in
, ,
“
.
”

“ “ -
k sk re s pe c t i v e l y ; b u t se e f u r t h e r d e t ai l s i n
” ”
, ,

1 9 2 in t h e c as e o f g
,
E x : g d go ; g av pas t t e nse . .
,

o f g z va g i v e ; g las gl ass dag d ay ;

’

tag a t ak e eg en ow n , , ,

ko cow krypa c re e p r é /ea s mo ke

,
v aken aw ak e tale
, , ,
1o CONSONAN T S

1 9 A D D I T IONA L REMAR KS ON THE CONSONAN TS

.

( ) 1 c . a) S wed is h d o ub l e k is w r i t t e n ck; as , fake no t ,

ock al s o . But i n i s w r i t t e n c/z

o ne w ord ,
0 c and , it .

b ) A si d e f rom t h is u se c o cc u rs o nl y i n w o rd s o f ,

f ore i gn or i gi n : 1 ) S we d is h s w h e n f ol l ow e d b y t h e ,

' ' '

s o f t v ow e l s e z y ; as centra l c e nt r al cz r ka ab ou t
, , , , ,

cy kel cyc l e ; 2) k w h e n f ol l o w e d b y c ( z : s) ; as,

z
,
’ '
acce n t ( pro n aksen t ) acc e nt . .

c ) 671 S w ed is h sj i t o cc u rs onl y i n w ord s o f ,

'
f ore i gn or i gi n ; as ckokla a c h oco l at e C f al s o a ab o v e ,
’
. .
, .

( 2 ) g a) G . S we d is h j: 1 ) b e fo re s t re sse d so f t
v o w e l s and u ns t re ss e d s o f t v o w e l s pre c ed i ng t h e m ai n

s t re ss ( fo r e x am pl e s se e § 2 ) u s u al l y af t e r 1 and r ;

as berg m o u n t ai n
,
S ver ( i )g e ( i alw ays si l e nt ) S w ed e n
, ,

talg t al l ow .

b) G S w ed is h sj w h e n f oll owe d b y e or i in a ,

n umb e r o f wo rd s o f f o re i gn o ri g i n ; as passag e/ r ar e pas ,

se nge r g em ge ni u s
,
”
.

c ) G u s u al l y S wed is h ng ( se e g 1 9 5 b ) w h e n fol ,

l ow e d b y n; as vag n ( pro n vang n ) w ago n r eg na t o rai n

, .
, .

d ) G is si l e nt be fore j ( se e 1 5; al so i n morg

nar ( see 1 6 b) .

“
e ) O t h e r wise g h as t h e so u nd of in ”
g go
( for e x am pl e s se e 1 4)

“ y
(3 ) 5 J Y h as t h e so u n d o f E n l is h c onso nan t al
‘ ”
°
g
ag I skz lja s e parat e
’

3 5 j . , .

(4 ) k D o ub l e k is w r i t t e n ck; se e
. 19 1 a , .

( 5 ) n a) N S we d is h ng ( se e be l ow ) : 1 ) be f ore
. :

k as i n E ngl is h ; as td n ka t h i nk ;
,
2 ) o f t e n b e f o re o t h e r
,

co ns onant s ( e xce pt 72) i n w or d s o f f ore i g n ori gi n ; en

' '
ad v e r t i se m e n t
’ '

ang ; as annan s ( pr o n anong s)

, pensz o n .
,

( pron p ang s/an ) pe nsi on

. .
 CONSONAN T S 1 1

b) Ng Eng si nge r ( not ngg

. ng in
as i n
as s j g
nn a si n g fi g
,
n e r fi nger , .

( )6 s a) S w e d is h s ne v e r h as t h e s o und o f
. z
“
i n E ng
”
ros e s
. .

h ave t h e so u nd o f S w ed is h sj
’ ’

b) St ,
ssz

( f o r e x am p l e s se e 1 3 4) ,

( 7) t a) 77 ch i n c h u rc h ana s e rv e
’

. as tj , ,

ljng n t w e nt y .

b) 72 1 ) .s
j w h e n f ol low e d b y 0 and pre c e ded
,

' ’
b y a c on s onant ( e xc e pt r ) ; as l ektz o n l e sso n snbskr zptz o n
’ ’ ’

t l—
, ,

s u b sc r ipt i on ; 2 ) si w h e n f ol l o we d b y a and pre

-
,

’ '
’ '

c e de d b y a v ow e l o r r ; as statz o n s t at i on por tz o n por ,

t i on ; 3) s! i w h e n f o ll o we d b y a ,

'
i ni t i at i ve p atien t ( pron pasz en t )
’ '

or e; as , , .

ze ( u ze ) S h are
' '

p a t i e n t a
,
k t s u all y p ro n a k s . .

( )
8 w W h as t h e so und of v; as Waltz n
.
, .

( 9) x X ne v er h as t h e so u nd o f gz
“
. as Eng
x ”
, .
”

o f te n d oe s w h e n i t pre c e d e s t h e s t re sse d vow e l ; as ,

' “
ex a m en (x ks) e x am i nat i on ( x h e re ”

Z h as t h e s o u nd o f S w e d is h s; as z z nk z i n c
’

( )1 0 z .
, ,

z on z o ne .

20 THE NAM E S O F THE LE TT ER S OF THE A L P HABE T

.

ka, ti l l , amm , d nn ,
'

dfi , g e , b e i ,
‘ '

are : a , be ,
se , de , e, , jz ,

aks y ata a
“ ' '

o, pe ,
kn , d rr , ass , te n , we we ( z
, , w) , , ,
s , ,

a, o .

Th e s o u nd j is c al l e d
'

re pre e nt e d s by s / tz
se- ndet
; tj,
tje -{j
u det; ng ,
d ng -lju det .

Th e nam e
s o f t h e l e t t e rs o f t h e al ph ab e t as h e re gi v e n
are pro no u nce d l i ke re g ul ar S w e d is h w o rd s e xc e pt t h at ,

“ “
s l y h e s o u nd o f i e and 0
” ”

g i n g e u u al h as t g n go ;
h av e h e re t h e i r no rm al q u al i t y ( no t d a) ; t h e fi nal ,

( s t r e ss e d ) v ow e l s ar e l o ng .
I2 S Y LL ABICA T ION CA PI T ALI Z A T ION ,

SY LL A B I C AT ION .

21 .
C ompo u nd s i nt o t h e i r co m pone nt par t s
are d i v i d e d .

’
Ex : m . iss l ag m is t ak e - er -lz d l /a r e c e i v e be-r d t ta re l at e
, , ,

bak om be h i nd [l and -skrzf t man u sc r i pt

-
,
.

22 I n si mpl e w o rd s : ( a) af te r t h e v o w e l h av i ng t h e
.

m ai n s t re ss a c ons o nant s t and i ng be t w e e n t w o v o w e l s

, ,

or ,
if t h e re is more t h an one t h e l as t c onso nant o f a ,

c onsonant grou p s t and i ng be t w ee n t w o v owe l s go e s wi t h

-
,

t h e f ol l owi ng v o w e l ; as ta l a r e s pe ak e r z c ke no t soe ns
’

- - -
, , ,

kar S w e d e s stb r -r e l arge r lzbg s te h i gh e s t

,
ny tt —
j a u s e ; ,
-
,

( b ) befor e t h e v o we l h av i ng t h e m ai n s t re ss so m any ,

co ns onant s as are c apab l e of s t and i ng at t h e b e gi nni ng

o f a S w e d is h w o rd go wi t h t h e f oll o wi ng v ow el ; as , ,

’ '

a d r es s ad d re ss z n d a str z i nd u s t r y
"
- - -
.

N ote Sj sch and sk ( re p re se nt i ng t h e sj so u nd ) are no t

.
,
-

d i v id e d ; as m d nn i ska h u m an b e i ng vy s sf a l u l l g al o sc/z e r r u b be rs ’
‘

- - -
, , , .

Ng (w h e n e p e se nt i ng a singl e so u nd ) i u su al l y not d i v id e d
r r s ,

b u t go e s w i t h t h e p re ce d i ng v o w e l ; as m d ng a m any X u su al l y ,
-
.

goe s w i t h t h e p re ce d i ng v o w e l ; as l ax a l e sso n
-
, .

C A PI T A L I Z AT I ON .

23 . Th e pronou n I y ou , is al w ays wr i t t e n wi t h a
c api t al s o me t i m e s al s o n z ob j e ( de ) r y o u poss
letter ;
’

.
, , , .

e ( de ) r y o u r i n l e t t e r s as a S i gn o f re s pe c t ; m or e r are l y
,
,

d a ob j d ig y o u poss d l n y o u r
'

.
, , , .
.

24 O t h e rwis e c api t al s are e m pl oy ed l e ss i n S we d is h

.

t h an i n E ngl is h A s m al l i n i t i al l e t t e r i s e m pl oy e d i n :
.

( 1 ) t i t l e s ( e xce pt w h e n u se d in d i re c t ad d re ss ) ; as ker r ,

A nde r sson M r A nd e rs on p r ofes sor L u ndel l P ro fe ssor

'
.
,
’

L u nd e l l .

( 2 ) w ord s d e ri v e d f ro m pro pe r n ame s , b o t h ad j e c t i v e s

and no u ns ; as ,
’
am er z ka n ( an ) A m e r ic an am e rz ka nsk
’
’ ’

( a) L u t h e ran L ut h e r an
'
A m e r ic an ,
l ater a n ,
l nte r sk ,
stock

ko/m ar e i nh ab i t ant of S t o c k h ol m .
 P U NC T UA T I ON 1 3

(3 ) s o f d ays ( i nc l u d i ng h ol i days ) and mont h s ;

nam e

nl C h r is t m as
’
aprz l A pri l
'

as sbndag S u nd ay j
, , , .

fi s w -name s
(4 ) i n a l l b u t t h e r t or d i n p p
r o e r g r o u p ,

u nl e ss t h e po s t e r i o r w ord s i n q u e s t i o n are pro pe r nam e s

’
i n t h e m s e l v e s ; as fi b re n ta sta te r na ( s e c o nd ar y s t re ss o n
,

t h e s e c ond sy l l ab l e o f for enta) Th e U n i t e d S t at e s At ,

’ ' ’
l an tzska oce a nen t h e A t l an t ic O c e an S ve nska akade m i e n
'

t h e S we d is h A c ad e my Kar l de n sto r e C h arl e s t h e Gre at

’
.
,

P U N C T U A T ION .

25 A f t e r
. an ab b re v at o n i i c ont ai ni ng t h e l ast l e t t e r of

the w ord for w h ic h it is an ab b re v i at i on ,

no pe r i od i s
u s e d ; as lz r ,
lz er r ) Mr ; dr doktor ) . Dr ; j .
/r
'

jd rnjbr ) cf ; d so ( . d z to ) d i t t o
2 .

26 Th e s e m ic o l on is e m pl o y ed l e ss t h an in E ngl is h
.
,

t h e e xc l am at i o n po i nt m o re .

27 Th e c omm a i s e m pl oy e d m ore t h an in E n gl is h
. .

It i s ge ne ral l y u s e d b e t w e e n c l au s e s o f al l k i nd s t h at
c ont ai n b o t h a s ub j e c t and a pre d ic at e E x : Konz om . .
,

d a kan C o m e i f y o u can Han fick vad kan bekovde

. .
, .

He go t w h at h e ne e d e d jag vet att d a kan g é r a det

.
, ,

o m d a wi l l I k now t h at y o u can d o i t i f y o u w ant t o

. .

Boke n som d a kop te kostade t oa kr onor

, ,
Th e b ook t h at .

y o u b o u gh t c os t t w o c r ow ns .
 C ONS P E C T U S OF C ON T EN T S OF
THE LESS ONS .

Th e fo l l ow i ng su m m ary of t t
co n e n s sh o w s at a l
g an ce t h e
arrange m e n t of t op ics i n t h e l e sso ns ; t h o se d e si ri ng t o st u d y t h e g ram

m ar by t o p ics r at h e r t h an b y l e ss n s w i l l fi n d i n t h e co l u m n t o o

t h e r igh t re fe e nce s t o al l t h e e a l ie r d iscu ssio ns o f t h e t o p ics

r r

s t and i ng O pp osi t e L e sso n V co nt aini ng o nl y m at e ial t re ate d

.
,
r

m o re fu l l y i n l at e r l e s o ns i s o m i tt ed i n t h e co l u m n t o t h e l e ft
s , .

L E SS O N T OP IC S T R EA T E D E A RL I E R
1 G EN D ER AR T ICLES ( e x ( V p e po si t i v e art icl e )
.
, , r

ce p t p e po i t i v e )
r s

NOU N : d ec l e nsio n ; ge n i i e ; tv
1, 2, 3 , 4 , and 5 d e c e nsio n ; l
VII . i rre gu l ar n o u ns ; fo re ig n
VI II . form s ; sy nt a x .

OR D ER OF W OR D S .
( VI I po sit io n o f ne gat i v e s )
,

A D J EC T I VES A D VERBS ; , ( I sing i nd e f ; I II p l u r

, .
, .
, .
,

XII . co m p ar i so n o f ad j e ct i v e s i nd e f ; V d e fi n i t e ad jand
.
, .

XIII . and ad v e rb s .
pre po s . ar t . VI I , n e g at ive s )
XIV , V ERBS : l 2 and 3 We ak , ( I p re s
, . si ng . o f v ar a, [t at/ a;
C o nj u gat io ns; S t rong Co n I I p re se nt
, t e n se ; IV , p ast
XVI . j u gat io n ; su b j u nct iv e ; pas o f o ar a, h av a; V ,
p ast
XVI I . siv e ; d e po ne nt s co m po u nd
; t e nse ; VII p ast , t e nse of

XVII I ve rb s ; re fl e x i v e v e rb s ; i m s t ro n ve rb s , t
sy s e m s ; X
'

g ,

XIX . p e so nal v e rb s ; p a t icipl e s ;

r r fu t u re )
i nfi ni t i v e ; i m p e rat i v e ; sy n
XXI . t ax ; aux i l iar ie s .

XXIIq PRONOUNS : P e so nal po s r ,

~

Iz an , Iz on , d e n , d e t ;
XXIII F se si ve d e m o nst rat i e e l a
. s , v ,
r II , I, ni ; II I ge n it i v e ; X IV ,
,

XXIV ) t i v e i nt e rrog i n d e fi ni t e
.
, .
, . ob e c j tiv e and r e e i e ; 1 , fl xv
XXV NUME RA LS
. .
m in din , , er; I I nd r e r ; , ,

I II pl u , r .
; XIV r fl e x i v e ;
, e

I d e nna
, , d e tt a; I II d essa) ,
 LESS ON I .

GEN D ER .

28 . Th e S we d is h l angu age h as t w o ge nde r s , c o m m on

and ne u t e r .

) O f c m m o n ge nd e r are name s o f l i v i ng b e i n gs and

( 1 o

m os t nam e s o f i nani m at e o b j e c t s ; as g osse b oy fi icka , ,

g i r l l
,
am p a l am p sl ot c h ai r , .

( ) 2 N e u t e r a r e m a n y n am e s o f i n an i m at e o b j e c t s ; as ,

1 a h o us e bord t ab l e ,
.

N o te 1 A fe w nam e s o f l i v i ng b e i ngs are ne u t e r b y e xce p

. . ,

t io n ; as bar n ch il d f r nnt i m m e r w o m an f d r sh e e p bi b e e
, , , , .

2 O b se rv e t h at w h il e i n E ngl ish t h e nam es o f inanim at e ob

.

e ct s ar e re gu l ar l y ne u t e r h e y ar e i n S w e d ish p ar t l y o f co m m o n
j t ,

and p a t l y o f ne u t e r ge nd e r N o t e al so t h at c m m o n as u se d
“
r . o

of S w e d ish i n th i s b oo k , d o e s no t m e an t h at a w o rd m ay b e e it h e r
“
m ascu l ine o r fe m inine ( as i n E ng l i sh t e ach e r
”
,
b ut
si m pl y t h at i t i s no t ne u t e r ( no n-ne u t e r ge nd e r )
‘

3 . Th e d i st i nct io n b etw e e n ne u t e r and co mm o n ge nd e r h as

no t h i ng t o d o w ith se x , b u t is pu y g r am m at i cal ; ar
re l t l
ic e s and ad
e ct i v es
j h av e a d iffe re nt fo rm in t h e si ngu l ar w h e n co n ne c e d t
wi h t ne u t e r n o u ns t h an w h en co nne ct e d wi ht co mm o n-ge nd e r

no u ns .

4 . W o rd s m on ge nd e r t h at are name s o f l i v i ng b e i ngs ,

o f co m

are i n m o st gr am m ar s , acco rd i ng as t h e se x i s m al e o r fe m al e ,
said t o b e o f m ascu l i ne o r o f fe m i ni n e g e nd e r , o r t h e y ar e cal l e d

co m m o n-ge nd e r m ascu l i ne s and co m m o n -ge nd e r f e m i ni n e s T h i s .

so -ca l l e d natu r al ge nd e r i s , h ow e v e r o f ve ry l itt l e i m po rt an ce

, ,

e x ce p t as r e gard s t h e u se of t h e p e r so n al p ro no u n s co rre spo nd

“ “
and
”
i ng t o he sh e
”
. S ee 36 .
I6 A D J EC T IVE I N D EFI NI T E AR T ICLE ,

THE A D J E C T I V E .

29 . A 11 ad j e c t i v e m od ifyi ng a c o m m on -ge nd e r no u n in
t he si ngul ar i s c h ange d ; as br un stol b row n
lef t un ,
c h ai r ,

d e nna stol ci r br an t h is c h ai r is b row n .

A n ad j e c t i v e m od ifyi ng a ne u t e r nou n i n t h e S in
g u l a r add s -t
; as br u n t b u s b ro w n h o u s e detta lz us ci r
, ,

1
br u nt t h is h o u s e is b row n .

3 0 E s pe ci al l y i n t h e c ase o f t h e ar t ic l e s and m any

.

prono u ns co nt ai ni ng 72 t h e ne u t e r is f o r me d b y S u b st i ,

t u t i ng t for n; as de nna n detta t h is , , . .

THE I N D EFIN I T E A R T I C LE .

31 . Th e i nd e fini t e ar t ic l e is
C om m on ge nde r en
a, an
N e u te r
E x am pl e s : e n stot a c h ai r ,
e n oacke r l amp a a b e au t i f ul
l am p, e tt lz u s a h ou s e e tt z acke rt bora a b e au t i f u l
,
' ’
t ab l e .

32 . S i m i l ar l y posse ssi v e pronou ns e nd in g i n n

, su b s t i

t u t e t i n t h e ne u t er :

C o m m on m in 2
din Q
er
my m i ne
,

N eute r m 2”
.
,
d itt ,
,
en

Ex : . m in stol my
c h ai r m itt b u s m y h o us e , .

No te . O b se v e t h at S w e d ish m i n and d i n e r re p re se nt
r , bo th
e sp e ct i v e l y
“ “ “ “
my ”
and m i ne y u
”
and , y o u rs o r
” ”
,
r .

33 SU MMAR Y : In ad j e c t i v e s art ic l e s
.
, and pronou ns
t is t h e si g n o f t h e n e u t e r S i ngu l ar .

1 In Sw ed is h , as i n L a in t , p r e d ic a t e ad j tiv
ec es as w e ll as a tt ri b u t iv e

j tv
ad ec i es p di
a re i n fl e c e d a t m ai n n i n fl t d
. In Ge r m a n , re ca t dj t i v
e ec es re u ec e .

2 In m mi di th v w l i
n h t th gh f ll w d b y l y n
n e o en s s o r ou o o e on o e co

§ 6 n t 1 an d P h i g P h n l gy
, ,

so n an t ; se e l gy 1 8 h ( n
o e . o no o co ce r n n o o o se e

th e n t
o p d n g § 1 i th i b k ) Th
e re ce i b ti t ti n f xxf n i n t t d i ff
s oo . e su s u o o or n e , ,

m i t t i th
s f nl th g ap h i i n t h
e re o r e o m m n g nd
y or f m a o
p r c, s ce e co o - e er or s re ro

d a th gh w i tt n '
n n m
‘

ou ce s oud r e en ” , z nn . z nn .
1 8 I N D EFINI T E AR T ICLE

38 ACCEN T ( )
: .
S w e d is h w o r d s 1 of t wo or m o re sy l l a
b l e s h av e t h e gr av e acc e n t ( se e 4; as , den na ,

d etta fl i cka g ,
osse , S o m e w
It aio r d s r o f
a, oara , l i ten .

t w o or m o r e sy l l abl e s h o w e v e r h av e t h e ac u t e a cc
,
e n t ,
.

T h e se e xce pt i ons are i nd ic at e d i n t h e f o l l owi ng l e ss ons

u nd e r t h e h e ad i ng o f A C CEN T ‘
Th e d is t r i b u t i o n o f t h e .

a e a n d t h e a c u t e a cc e n t i n t h e v ar i o u s g r a mm a t ic a l
gr v
c at e gori e s as pre s e n t e d i n e ac h l e sso n i s al s o consid
, ,

e re d .

O f h w d s o cc u r r i n g i n t h is le ss on r o cker h as
( ) t2 e o r ,

t h e ac u t e acc e n t .

3 9 PRINCIPA L COLLOQUIALISMS : ( 1 ) In t h e s po ke n
.

l angu age de nna ( n detta ) i s f ol l ow e d b y t h e no u n i n t h e .

d e fi ni t e f orm ( se e 4 0 ; as d e n n a sto l en d e tta l i nse t

, ,
.

In pl ac e o f denna ( n detta ) t h e S po k e n l an g u age u s u al .

l y and t h e w r i t t e n l ang u age s om e t i m e s e m pl o ys d e n ,

,

’
l ui r ( n det w h ic h i s al s o f ol l ow e d b y t h e no u n i n
'

t h e d e fi n i t e f orm .

( )
2 I n t h e w r i t t e n l a n g u a ge u i ( a n d t h e c orr e s p o n d i n g
o ss e ssi v e er ) is r e g u l arl y u s e d as t h e f or m al p ro no u n
p
o f ad d re ss in t h e si n gu l ar In t h e Spoke n l angu age .
,

h owe v e r t h is i s v e ry o f te n no t c onsi de re d q u i t e po l i te
, ,

par t ic ul ar l y i n ad d r e ssi ng s u pe r i or s and m an y pe opl e ob ,

j e ct t o i t s u se t h o u gh m u c h l e ss no w t h an f o r m e rl y
, .

I ns t e ad o f u i t h e spok e n l angu age ge ne ral l y and t h e ,

w r i t t e n l angu age so me t i m e s e m pl oys t h e t i t l e of t h e ,

pe rs o n add re sse d w i t h or wi t h o u t t h e nam e , F or t h e .

po ss e ssi v e er t h e ge ni t i v e ( see 5 5 ) of t h e t i t l e or o f
t h e nam e is u s e d W h e n t h e n am e d oe s not f ol lo w t h e
.
,

d e fi ni t e f or m ( se e 4 O; 4 1 ) o f t h e t i t l e is u se d w h ic h ,

1 C n ni ng t h op i t i n f t h m ai n t
ce r e os in S w d i h o 5 2 an d n t
o e s r e ss e s , see o e.
Th q ti n f t
e u es i t o at d in n t
o s a nd f
r e ss t n t wh n v
s re em m nt o es oo - o e s, e e e r co e
i ns a y a nd n t u n d
e ce ss r A CC E N T
, o er .
 I N D EFINI T E AR T ICL E 1 9

m ay be pre ce d e d b y lzer r ( M r ) o r f r u ( Mrs ) Whe n 1

.
l
.

t h e nam e f o l l o ws t h e i nd e fi ni t e f o rm i s u s e d i n t h e c as e
,

o f m o s t t i t l e s ; s o me h o w e v e r m ay h ave e i t h e r t h e d e fi ni t e
, ,

or the i nd e fi ni t e f o rm w h i l e o t h e r s are al w ays pu t in t h e ,

d e fi ni t e for m E x : Var bor kerr ( M r ) A ndersson nu ?

. .
z .

” l ’
Vad sizg er pr ofes sor n ( pro
'

W h e re d o y ou l i v e now z

'
fe sso r ) ( o r lz e r r pro/es sor n o r p r of es sor Lju ng mar k) om
3 ’
,

saken j ? W h at d o y o u say ab o u t t h e mat t e r ? Hu r g am

m a! ar r edaktb r ens ( e d i t o r ) son
’
How o ld is y o u r 5 0 11 ?
'

W h e n ad d re ssi ng a pe rs on w h o s e name or t i t l e i s no t
k no w n f r aken is u s e d i n t h e c as e o f u nm arr i e d w om e n
4
''

, ,

and f re q u e nt l y m i n lzer re m i n f r u i n t h e c as e o f m e n ,

and m arr i e d w o m e n r e s pe c t i v e l y To u se S i mpl y li er r u, .

and f r u n i s c o nsi d e r e d s o me w h at v u l gar .

In ord e r t o av o i d t h e u se o f t h e s e c u m b e r s om e t i t l e s ,

i t is c us t o m ary e v e n fo r pe opl e o f b u t s l i g h t acq u ai n t anc e

t o ag re e t h at t h e y wi l l u se t h e f am i l i ar pro no u n d u ( and
t h e c o rre s po nd i ng po ss e ss i v e d i n ) i n ad d re ssi ng e ac h
5
other

(3 ) [ nte s po ke n l an gu age r e gul arl y u s e d i n

is in t h e
s t e ad o f i cke S ee f u r t h e r . 1 00 .

( 4 ) O f t h e f or m s kaoa and lza t h e s po k e n l angu age ,

u s e s o nl y t h e s h o r t e r w h i l e t h e w r i t t e n l ang u age u s e s ,

e i t h e r kaoa or lz a .

( 5 ) On a c o l l oq u i al u se o f t h e posse ssi ve prono u ns

8 6 6 S 67 4 ,

1 C ni n g t h m al l i n i t i al l tt
o n ce r
s2 4 1
e s e e r se e .

W h d y l i v n w M A n d n S i m i l a l y i n t h th
,

2 O
“ ? "
r, e re o ou e o , r. erso r e o er

c ase s .

3 A s in E n gl i h s , so in Sw e d is h , w o rd s u se d as t i tl es b e fo r e p p ro er

n am e s a r e r e a il t v ly e u ns t r e s se d ; acc o r d i n gl y , t he s t re ss o n t he s y ll ab l i nd i
e

c at e d i i n th i i n t an
s s s ce r e a l ti v l y e w e ak .

4 Cf 5 6 9 n t 4
.
, o e .

5 La gg a bar : t i t l a r na d i s p e n se wi th t i tl e s, a s i t i s ca ll ed . S ee p ag e 1 7,
foo tn t
- o e 3 .
20 IN D EFINI T E AR T ICLE

( )
6 In e asy s pe e c h th e co nso nan t s o u nd is d roppe d
fi nal -

w h ic h are t h e n pr onounc e d re
“

in j ag ,
det , ac]; an d ar ,
spe ct i v e l y j a, dd ( or de ) ,
a and ii

V O C A BU LA RY .

N o te —Ge nde r i s i nd icat e d i n t h e v o cab u ar i e s o nl yl in t h e case

o f n e u t e r n u ns o ,
w h ich are no t ne ar l y so n u m e r o u s as t h o se of

co m m o n ge nd e r . It i s i m p ortant to re m e m b e r w h i ch n o u ns ar e

ne u e r t .

b ord n . table ick e not

b ru n brow n j
ag I
de n ( n . d e t ) it l am pa l amp
l i ten sm all , l ittl e
d e nna ( n . d e t t a) tkis
d in ( n . d itt ) (fam il iar ) ,
m e n bu t

y ou r ,
y ou rs ( sing ) m i n ( n m i t t ) my
.
,
m i ne
du (f am il iar
) y ,
ou ui ( for m at) , y ou
en ( n e t t ) a an
.
,
o ch and

er ( for mal ) y ou r , , y ou rs pa on
fl ick a g i rl s t o l c/i air
go ss e bo
y s t or l arg e
h an lze v ack e r beaut if ul , p retty
h a( v a) ( si ng . h ar ) lz aoe v ar u lzere
'

h on siz e v ar a ( si ng . fi r ) be
h us n . lzou se

E XER C ISE I

A . 1 .
Jag h ar ett s t or t b o rd . 2 .
Jag h ar e n l am pa
pa m i t t b ord 3 . . Den a r v ack e r .
4 . M i t t h us ar s t or t ,

me n d e t ar i ck e v ack e r t .
5 . D e nna s t ol ar b r un . 6 . Hon
fir e n v ack e r fl ick a .
7 . Er go ss e ar s t or . 8 . Har ni e n
s t ol och e t t b or d ? 9 . Ar e rt bo r d b r u n t ? IO . De t t a h u s
ar ick e d i t t . 1 1 . Ar d in l am pa v ack e r ? 1 2 . V ar at
d in go ss e ? 1 3 . Har du ett h us ? 1 4 . Ar d e t v ack e r t ?
 IN D EFI NI T E AR T IC L E 2 I

1 . He y ou r (f am il
h as a t abl e and a c h ai r . 2 . IS
i ar ) c h ai r b row n ? 3 He i s a l arge b o y 4 Hav e y o u
. . .

( f or mal ) a l amp on y o u r t ab l e ? 5 My h o u se is b e au t i .

fu l b u t no t l arge
,
6 T h is g i r l is b e au t if ul
.
7 W h e re
. . .

is y ou r ( for m ) h ou se ? 8 T h is h o u s e i s m i ne 9 It . . .

i s no t y o u rs 10 I s y o u r ( fam ) l amp s m al l ? . .

1 1 . M i ne is l arge 1 2 Y o u ( f am ) are a l i t t l e g i rl
. . . .

13 . I s y ou r ( for m ) l amp b e au t i f u l ? 1 4 He h as a b e au
. .

t if u l h o u s e 1 5 It i s l arge
. . .

1 Th e o rd e r o f w o rd s in a Sw ed is h se t
n e n ce co r r e s p o nd s p tt y
re w e ll
w i th th a t o f E ngl i h s . A t t ti en o n w i ll b e ca ll ed t o de vi ti a o n s as th y e o ccu r .

L e sso n X d ea l s wi th ce r t ai n p s e ci a l d iff e r e n ce s in t h e o rd er o f w o r d s.

M A
d a m

bu
44 -
4 1 ;
22 D E F INI T E AR T I CL E

LE SS ON I I .

THE D EFIN I T E A R T I C LE .

40 .T h e d e fin i t e ar t ic l e is no t a s e p a r at e w ord as i n

E ngl is h b u t i s an e nd i ng add e d t o t h e no u n ; as stol c h ai r

, , ,

stole n t h e c h ai r ; lz as h o u s e lz use t t h e h o u s e It s f o rm s are

,
.

C O MM ON NEU T ER
S i ng e 7z 7z .
- €t ,
4 - -
,

P l ur . 7t a , -a
,
-e u

N o u ns w i t h t h e d e fi ni t e ar t ic l e t h u s affix e d are s ai d to

b e i n t h e def i ni te f or m . W hen n o ar t icl e i s ad d e d , t he

l
n ou n is s ai d t o b e in t h e f or m .

41 . Th e si ngu l ar f o r m s -e n
,
-c i ar e u se d ch iefly w i t h
w ord s e nd i ng i n a c ons onant ( se e e x am pl e s in n t -
,
-
,

c h i e fly wi t h w o rd s e nd i ng i n a v o w e l ; as fl zcka gi rl fl ic
’

, ,

kan t h e gi rl ; g osse b oy g osse n t h e b o y ; r z ke k i ngd om

’

, ,

f i kel t h e k i ngd om .

In t h e pl u r al t h e re is no s u c h d is t i nc t i o n o f ge nd e r ; i t is
l ar ge l y t h e nat u re o f t h e pre c e d i ng s ou nd t h at d e t e r m i ne s
w h ic h f or m o f t h e ar t icl e ( 4 2a a o r -m ) is t o b e u se d ,
-
.

N ot e F u rt h e r d e t ail s abo u t t h e u se and d ist rib u t io n of t h e

.

v ario u s e ndi ngs ar e gi v e n i n su b seq u e n t l e sso ns .

V ER B S .

42 . Th e pre se nt i nd ic at i v e of

INFINI T IVE vara t o be fia ( va) t o h av e

S i ng jag e t c fi r
.
,
.
, jag , etc .
, lzar
P l u r v i Zi ro
. we are vi lz a ( 1 mm ) w e h av e
I d ren y o u are I lzan ( lzaven) y o u h av e
de d ro t h e y are (1 3 12a ( b ava) t h e y h av e
1 Ca re s h ou l d b t ak e en n o t t o co n fu se the t er m i nd e fi it n e fo rm wi th
i nd e fi it n e ar ti l
c e.
II VERBS— PRESEN T T ENS E 23

43 Th e pre s e nt i nd ic at i v e
. c i
a t ve of al l
1
oth er S w e d is h
v e rb s i s c o nj u gat e d in o ne o f th e f oll owi ng t h re e w ays :
.

INF . fal a t o spe ak sleri va t o w ri t e 60 t o l i v e

'

S i ng jag e t c
.
, .
, {al ar j ag ,
etc .
,
skr z ver j ag ,
etc .
,
bar
P l u r v i tal c; 60
’

. v i skrz va vi

I s/eri ve n (ion
’ ’
a
’

(16 tal c: d e skrz va ae o

44 . O nl y a y t h o s e w h os e i nfinit iv e s
fe w v e rb s ,
n am e l

d o no t e nd in -a ar e c o nj u gat e d l i ke bo ,
E xce pt w h e n .

c o mpo u nd e d t h e s e are al l m on osy l l ab ic

,
C o mpare t h e .

f or m s o f (50 wi t h t h e s h or t e r f o rm s o f

45 In al l m o od s and t e ns e s ( no t o nl y i n t h e pre s e n t i n
.

d icat iv e ) t h e s e c ond pe rs on pl u ral o f al l v e rb s e nd s i n -en o r

-
7z . How e v e r t h is f orm is of v e r y l i m i t e d u se ( se e 4 9)
,

4 6 In t h e pre s e nt i nd ic at i v e ac t i v e ob s e r v e t h at ( I )
.
,

t h e si ngu l ar e nd s i n -r w h ic h i s pre c e de d b y -a o r -e , ,

e xc e pt i n v e rb s o f t h e t y pe o f 50; ( 2 ) i n al l v e rb s e xce pt
t h os e o f t h e t y pe o f 50 t h e fi r s t and t h i rd pe r s ons pl ural
,

e nd i n -a; ( 3 ) i n al l v e rb s i nc l u d i ng t h o se o f t h e t y pe ,

o f 50 t h e fi r s t and t h i rd pe r s o n s pl u ral are i d e n t ical

,

i n f or m w i t h t h e i nfi ni t i v e Bu t n o t ic e var a pre s pl u r .
, . .

d ro w h ic h is an e xce pt i on
, .

4 7 Th e progre ssi v e and e m ph at ic ve rb-form s of Eng

.

l is h are i n S w e d is h re nd e re d b y t h e si m pl e v erb

h e is w ri t i ng
h e d oe s w ri t e kan skrz ver
'

h e w ri t e s
L i ke wis e in ne gat i v e se n t enc e s and q u e s t i o ns
h e is not wri t i 2
flan skn ver {5 156
’

h e d oe s not wr
1 Ex p t m t f th a x il i a i
ce os o e u r e s.

2 Ob v th a t t h n g at i v f ll w t h fi ni t f m f t h v b i n b th
se r e e e e o o s e e or o e er o
l an g agu e s.
24 PRONOUN S 11

is w r i t i ng ?
he 1
skrz ve r
’

kan ?
d oe s h e w r i t e ?

PRON O U N S .

48 . P oss e ssi ve pro no u n s d e no t i ng m o re t h an o ne pos

se sso r : v or , s ; er n e rt y o u r y o u rs
n . vd rl ,
o ur , our , .
, , .

4 9 Th e pl u r pro no un [ i s u se d o nl y i n t h e m o re
. .

e l e v at e d s t y l e In o t h e r f o r m s o f s t y l e and i n c on v e rs a
.

t i o n m ( i d e n t ic al wi t h t h e f or m al si ng m )
’ ’

ro no u n
, p .

'

i s u s e d i n pl ace o f 1 A cc o rd i ngl y tal e n I sler z ve n .

, , ,

Th e pl ur 721 h as
“

6072 are u s e d o nl y i n t h e e l e v at e d s t y l e . .

g
i t s v e rb i n t h e si ng u l ar ( m l al ar t h o ug h t h e pl u r
’

.
,

Q
v e rb ( m tal a e t c ) o f t e n o cc u r s i n t h e w r i t t e n l an g u age
’

. .
,

Note I In t h e p l u ral p ro no u ns o f t h e se co nd p e r so n ( I ni
. .
, , .

po sse ssi v e e r ) t h e e i s no d ist i nct io n b e t w e e n fam i l iar and fo m al

r r

ad d re ss .

2 . O b se r v e al so t h at t h e pl u ral p o s e ssiv e e r i s id e n t ical w i th

s

th e fo r m al s i ngu l ar p o se ssi v e e r S im i l ar l y i n E ngl i h yo u

s .
“
s ,
”
,
“
y ou r
”
t o f o ne and o f m o re t h an o ne
are u se d bo h .

50 OR T HO G RAP HY Th e pr ono u n 1 y o u i s c api t al

.
.
,

iz e d T h is d is t i ngu is h e s i t f rom t h e pre posi t i o n i ( se e

.

t h e v o c ab ul ar y ) .

51 PRONUNCIA T ION : Mom m a

.
9 3 a) ; g i m 1 4) ,

S ver zge ( i si l e nt ) s pe l l e d al s o S ve rg e 1 9 2 a , , ,

5 2 ACCEN T : ( I ) A l l d issy l l ab ic f o r m s t h at ar e t h e
.

re s u l t o f t h e add i t i o n o f t h e d e fi ni t e ar t ic l e t o m o no

sy l l ab ic nou ns h av e t h e ac u t e acc e n t ; as lz dsl e n ( f ro m

, ,

lz li st ) stol en ( s
,
tol ) brevet ( br ev ) b u set ( lz u s) On t h e
, ,
.

o t h e r h and ob s e r v e t h e gr av e acc e nt i n g ossen ( f r o m

,

g osse ) olomman ( bl om m a) r z leet T h at is t h e ad

'

, , ,

1 Ob v t h i n v t d d f t h q t i n a i n E n gl h
se r e e er e or er o e ues o s, s is .

2 F th ak
or f n v ni n th f m a n t i l d d i n t h v b
e s e o co e e ce e se or s re o nc u e e er

p a ad ig m Th t d n t h l d n t a n tl y b a i n m i n d th a t th a t h
r s. e s u e s ou co s e r e se re e

u su al f m f th
or nd p s n pl
or al P n n f th e nd p
s e co n e rs o ur . ro ou s o e se co e r so

p l a h w v b y t h n at
u r. re , o f th i n g
e n t
er, ff q nt cc n e u re o s, o o re ue o u rr e ce .
26 D EFINI T E A R T I C LE II

( 6 ) In sy s pe e c h ea rod is ro no u n e d c ro , and t il l is
p
f re q u e nt l y pro no u nc e d te .

V O C A BU L A RY .

No te . It l b e f o u nd
wi l m o st co n v e ni e n t t o l e ar n t h e g e nd e r
of no u n s by re p e at i ng and m e m or iz i ng t h e d e fi n i t e fo rm o f t h e
s i ngul ar .

b l o m m a fl ow e r k v i nna w oman
b l a bl ue lang l ong

bo ( si ng .
-r
) l i ve ( z
’
az vell ) m y ck e t ad v .
,
ve ry

b re v ) ick , g ai n -ar ‘
72 . l e tte r pl o ck a ( g
si n p er .

de (pl nr .
f
o h an , h o n , d e n , ri ke n ki ng dom .

d e t ) i ll ey r od r ed

d ar t/ze re si t t a ( si ng .
-e r
) sit

e l l er or sk ri v a ( si ng .
-e r
) w r ite

gat a st r eet S v e r i ge n . S w ede n

g i v a ( si ng .
-
er
l
) g i ve t al a ( si ng .
-ar
) tat/e , p
s eak

h ar lze re t i ll to
h as t lz arse vi we
i i n i nto , v ar ou r , ou rs

I y ou (pl u r )
E XER C ISE I I .

A . 1 . Var h as t ar m y ck e t v ack e r . 2 . Har ar e n bla

b l o mma .
3 . Bl o m m an ar ick e b l a . D e n ii r r od .
4 . Go s
se n b or i e tt Kv innan si t t e r pa
m y cke t s t o rt h us .
5 .

s e n och sk r iv e r e t t l angt b re v 6 S ve ri ge ar e t t s t o rt
t o l 2
. .

r i ke 7 Go sse n och fl ick an aro pa gat an

. . 8 S i t t er . .

i ck e go ss e n pa s t ol e n ? 9 F l ic k an g i ve r k v innan b re ve t . .

B0 d e b ar e ll e r d a D e h a e n b r u n h as t
'

10 . r ? 1 1 . .

1 2 .V ar a re n I ? 1 3 Goss e n pl ock ar e n vack e r b l omm a . .

14 .D e nn a gat a fir 15 mg 1 5 D e gi v a b re v e t t i l l k v i nnan . . .

1 Th t a is. g
'

z v -e r plock-a r
E ngl i h j
, .

2 In ca s e s o f t h i s k i nd , s u su ll
a y o mi t s t h e co n u n c i o n a n d t u se s a.

p a ti i p l
r c e fo r t h e se co n d v e rb .
 D E F INI T E A R TIC L E 27

B . 1 w r i t i ng a l o ng l e t t e r 2 He is si t t i ng
. I am
1
. .

on m y c h ai r 3 I s t h e fl o w e r b l u e o r re d ? 4
. . Th e .

b oy i s g i v i ng t h e fl ow e r t o t h e w o m an 5 T h is k i ng . .

d o m i s v e r y l ar ge 6 I s t h is s t re e t v e r y l ong ? 7 He re
. . .

is a l e t t e r 8 W h e re d o y ou (pl an ) l i ve — We l i ve in
. .

t h is h o u s e 9 I s t h e h. o r s.e t h e re ? 10 Th e bo y and .

t h e gi rl l i ve i n S w e d e n I I T h is h ors e i s o u r s W h e re
. . .

is y o u rs (plan ) 1 2 Th e l am p and t h e l e t t e r ar e o n t h e
.

t abl e .1 3 A re y o u w r i t i ng a l e t t e r t o t h e b oy ? 1 4 Hav e
. .

t h e y a l ar ge h o u s e ? 1 5 T h e y ar e not t al k i ng . .

I See § 4 7 .
28 D EC L ENSION III

LESS ON I I I .

D E C L EN SION .

54 S we d is h n ou ns are
. d i v i de d i nt o fi v e d e c l e nsi ons
acco rd in g t o t h e f o rm at i on of t h e pl u r al : (1 ) -ar
, ( )
2 -ar
,

( )
3 -er
( 5 ) pl ural wi t h o u t e nd i ng
, ( )
4 -n
,
.

N o t e — Th e d e fi nit e form o f t h e p l u ral is m ad e b y fdrt h e r

.

ad di ng t h e p ro p e r pl u r d e fi n i t e ar t i cl e ( see 4 1 e nd ) ; as fl i eka
.
, , ,

p l u r fl i ekor d e f pl u r fl iekor na t h e girl s

.
, . . .

55 THE G ENI T IVE

. S w e d is h h as t h e s am e c ase s as .

E ngl is h Th e ge ni t i v e o f al l no u ns is m ade b y ad d i ng
.

-s t o t h e b ase f orm i nde fini t e or d e fi ni t e bo t h si ngu l ar

-
, ,

and pl u ral No apo s t roph e is u s e d S ee e x am pl e s i n

. .

t h e f ol l owi ng n o t e and i n 59 .

No t e In S w e dish as in E ngl ish ad j e ct i v al w o rd s ( e g ad j

. ec , . .
,

t iv e s ad j e ct i v e p ro no u n s i nd e fi ni t e ar t icl e ) h av e no g e ni t i v e e nd
, ,

i ng ; as e n l i te n fl i ekas d oel m a l i t t l e g i r l s d o l l m i n l ci r ar i n nas

’ '
'
, ,

stol m y t e ach e r s ch ai r d e nna fl i ckas sy ste r t h is gi r l s sis t e r

’ ’
, .

5 6 In E ngl is h t h e ge ni t i ve c as e is n or m al l y u se d
.

t o e x pre ss po ss e ssi on o r c o nne c t i o n o nl y in t h e c ase o f

l i v i ng b e i ngs In S w e d is h i t is f ree l y u s e d al s o of i n
.

ani m at e ob j e c t s ; as ,

A ni m at e : t h e g i rl s h at l ’

fl iekans ti att r

I nani m at e : t h e c ol o r o f t h e b ook bane ns f d rg

FI RS T D E C L EN SI ON .

57 . Th e F i rs t D e c l ensi on ( pl u r ) c o n t ai n s o nl y
.
-or

n ou ns of c o mm o n ge nd e r To . t h i s d e c l e ns i o n b e l ong

al m o s t al l n o u ns t h at e nd in Th e pl u r al is f o r m e d
1 N v e er l tt n fi f /
za e t h g ni t i v ta d
e va n s : e e e s n s fi t Th f ll w i n g n n h a
rs . e o o ou s

i nd fi ni t
e e f m th
or gh d fi n t i n m a i g
, ou e i e e n n .

2 Th e p i n i p al w d n d in g i n th at d n t b l n g t t h F i t
r c or s e -a o o e o o e rs

D l e c e n si o n a th ren t y e (i a (
eu 1 1 0 ) a d l jii t
e r s og a. e h a t( e. n; e r se e n z r a e r s ee

5 94 , al a f w n
so n fe m m n g nd ; a
ou [i t
s o i t y w hi h b
co o e er s, g s o r
’
a s or , c e

l on g s to t h T hi d D
e l n i n ( p g 4-7 f t n t
r ec e s o se e a e , oo - o e
 F IRS T D E CL EN S ION 29

by d r o i
pp gn -a
and a dd i ng
-
ar; as , fl i eka gi rl , pl u r .
f ”
l i ck ;

l amp a l amp, pl u r l amp or . .

N ot e . Th is d e cl e nsio n co nt ains al so a fe w no u ns no t e nd ing

pl u r a v e pl u r l ippe r
'
’
in -a ' . r os rose , . r osor ; v g wa , . vdg or ; t of el s ,

pl u r . tofil or l .

58 EFINI T E FOR M Th e de fi ni t e si ng
. D . . ad d s -n
; t he

d e f pl u r add s -na; as l ampan l ampor na

. . , , .

N ot e Ros and vdg add -e n i n t h e d e f si ng

. . .
, r ose n , v dg e n

t ofi e l ad d s -n taf e l n In t h e p l u ral -na is ad d e d

'
2
, .
, , r osor n a, v i g or
n a, to fi or na.

59 . E x ampl e s of the F i rs t D e c l e nsi on are : g ata s t re e t ,

kv i nna w om an .

I N D EFINI T E D E F INITE IN D E F INI T E

S IN G g ata .
g atan kvi nna
Gen g atas .
g atans kvi nnas

P LUR .
g ator g ator na kvi nnor
Ge n .
g ators g ator nas kv i nnors

A D J E C T I V ES A ND P RON O U NS .

60 . An ad j e c t i v e
ge nd e r mod i fyi ng a no un o f e i t h e r

i n t h e pl u r al add s -a t o t h e u ni nfle ct e d f orm ; as, l ang a

or l o n g s t r ee t s , g ator na aro l a
' '

at ng a t h e s t re e t s are l on ,
g g
bor det oeli stol e n aro br nna the t ab l e and th e c h ai r are
b row n .

61 . T h is is s o t h e c ase w i t h poss e ss ive pronou ns

al

w hen d e no t i ng po ss e ssi o n o f m or e t h an o ne ob j e c t : pl u r .

di na, ( de not i ng e i t h e r o ne o r m ore t h an one

’

nz z na , e ra

po ss e ss or ) v ar a .

62 . For t h e t h i rd pe rs on , t h e ge ni t i v e s li ans h is fi e n
n es h er ,
h e r s dess ( ge n o f de n de t ) i t s, deras t h e i r ,
,
.
,

t h e i rs , are u s e d i n pl ac e of poss e ssi v e prono u ns . T h e se

1 Cf $ 6 8 . . no t e 2 .

2 Cf 5 6 9 . ,
no t e 1 b .
30 F IRS T D EC LENSION 1 11

g e n i t i ve s ,
no t f or m s are i nvari abl e and
b e i ng ad j e c t i v al , ,

h av e n o e nd i ng w h e n u s e d wi t h ne u t e r o r pl u ral no u ns .

Note T h e se ge ni t i v e s are no t u se d i n t h e p re dicat e w h e n t h e

.

w o rd fo r w h i ch t h e y st an d i s t h e su b j e ct o f t h e cl au se Kar l pl ockar .

l i ans bl om m a can n ot r e fe r t o C a l s fl o w er as is po ss ib l e i n t h e
’
r ,

E ngl ish : “ C arl i s p ick i ng h is fl o w e r On t h e co nt rary t h e .

”
,

p osse ssi v e p o no u ns m ay al so re fe r t o t h e su b j e ct E x : Han

r . .

l ka m i n b l m m a H e i s p i ck i ng m y fl o w e r j ag pl ockar m i n
p oc r o . .

bl om m a I am p ick ing m y fl ow e r T h is sub j e ct is t reat e d m ore

. .

fu l l y i n 1 8 8 .

63 Th e pl u ral o f denna detta i s de ssa t h e se

.
,
.

64 A d j e c t i ve i n fl e c t i o n s u mm ar i z e d
.

COM MON NEU T ER CO M MON NE U T E R

S i ng u nc h ange d
. t stor l ar ge stor t -

Pl ur .
-a

65 PRONUNC IA T ION : f arg

. 1 9 2 a j g
s un a ,

1 9 5 b ) ; m dfl
ga 1 9 5 b) ; m
, 6 no t e 1 ; , .

Ph o nol o g y 1 8 a) Fdr t h e q u ant i t y i n stol s e t c se e

.
, .
,

6 no t e 2
,
O b s e r v e t h e ch ange o f q uant i t y in m in
.

( m i t t ) : m i na ; d i n ( ditt ) : di na .

66 ACCEN T : ( I ) A l l f or m s o f al l w or d s i n t h e F i rs t
.

D e c l e nsi o n h av e t h e gr av e acc e nt e xc e pt t h e m ono sy l l ab l e s ,

ros an d v a
g w h ic h h av e t h e ac u t e acc e nt i n t h e d e f
, .

si ng ( rosen vag en ) and tofi el w h ic h h as t h e ac u t e acc e n t

'
1
.
, , ,

in t h e i nd e f and d e f si ngu l ar S e e .
5 3 d; 5 2 . .
, , .

Th e pl ur al s rosor ( na) vag or ( na) h o w e v e r h av e t h e g rav e , , ,

acc e n t ; tofitor ( na) h as e i t h e r t h e gr av e o r t h e ac u t e .

( 2 ) Th e pl u ral o f ad j e c t i v e s and po sse ssi v e s h as t h e

r e g u l ar g rav e acc e nt ; as l ang a m ang a m i na T h is i s , , , .

al s o t h e c as e wi t h ad j e c t i v e s o f m o re t h an o ne sy l l ab l e
s t re ss e d o n t h e fi r s t sy l l ab l e and w h ic h h ave t h e ac u t e ac
1 Th e m o no s y ll ab i c ind ef . si n g . r os an d w ig a l so h av e t he acu t e a cce n t
N ti
.

o ce is t ak e n o n ly o fw o rd s a n d fo r m s o f m o re th a n o ne s v l l ab le h av i n g
t h e a cu t e acce n t .
 111 FIRS T D EC LENSIO N 3 1

ce nt in t h e si ngu l ar ; as vac/ee r ( ac u t e ) b u t vaekr a ( grav e )

, ,

'
(3 ) V e r b s wi t h t h e fi rs t sy l l ab l e u n s t re ss e d ( as be r al ta )

h av e t h e ac u t e acc e nt in al l f o r m s i n t h e g re at e r par t of
S we de n .

m
’

(4 ) O f t h e w o r d s e n t i o n e d i n t h is l e ss o n ber at ta , ,

a d u nder h av e t h e ac u t e acc e nt
f g e l,
t fi
o e l a n .

G 7 CO L LOQUIA L ISM S : ( I ) D essa as t h e si ng ul ar de nna

.
,

( n . d e tt a ) is
,
i n t h e s p o k e n l an g u a g e f oll o w e d b y t h e no u n

i n t h e d e fi ni t e f o rm I ns t e ad o f dessa t h e s poke n l an
.

u a u s u a l l y a n d t h e w r i t t e n l angu age s om e t i m e s em
g g e , ,

p l o ys d e i
’
z d r ( v e r y o f t e n pro n d i l i
zc r)
. C f 3 9
’
1 . .
, .

( 2 ) T h e s p o k e n l a n g u a g e a l m o s t al w ays s u b s t i t u t e s a

pre po si t i o nal ph r as e for t h e ge ni t i v e i n t h e c as e of i nani

‘

m at e o b j e c t s S e e . 1 1 9; 1 3 4 2 , .

( 3 ) In t h e s pok e n l angu age t h e u se o f t h e ge ni t i ve

dess i s av o i d e d E i t h er t h e g e ni t i v e of t h e d e f f or m o f
. .

t h e no u n fo r w h ic h dess w o ul d s t and i s u s e d i ns t e ad or , ,

t h e e x pre ssi o n is c h ange d so t h at t h e u se o f a ge ni t i v e

i s not n e c e ss ary C f al so 6 7 2 E v e n i n t h e w r i t t e n
. .
, .

“
l angu age dess i s o f l e ss f re q u e nt occ u rre n ce t h an it s in
E ngl is h ; cf § 62 not e .
, .

( 4 ) In t h e s pok e n l anguage ( pr i m ar i l y i n e asy s pe e c h )

t h e po ss e ssi v e pro no u ns and t h e ge n i t i v e s o f t h e t h i rd

pe rs on pe rs o nal pro no u n s ar e s om e t i m e s pl ac e d af t e r t h e
n o u n w h ic h i s t h e n pu t i n t h e d e fi ni t e f o r m e xc e pt i n t h e
, ,

c as e of w ord s i nd icat i ng re l at i ons h i p and f re q ue nt l y lz u str n ,

wi f e W h e n u s e d in t h e ge ni t i v e c as e t h e po ss e ssi ve
.
,

p r o n o u n ,
a n d n o t t h e n o u n h a s t h e ,
e n d i n g
-s E x : g os . .

sen m i n m y b oy m n m y f at h e r br or m i ns ba
f a r
,
i cke r
,

m y b ro t h e r s b ook s Iz u st r n ( n ) li ans h is wi fe
’
, .
 V O C A BU L A RY .

N ot e — Th e fo l l o w ing w o rd s b e l o nging t o t h e F i rst D e cl e nsio n

.

h av e b e e n gi v e n i n p e v io u s v ocab u l ar ie s : bl o m m a fl i ck a gat a
r , , ,

k v i n na l am p a , .

In t h e fo l l o w i ng v o cab u l ar ie s t h e d e cl e n sio n i s i ndicat e d b y

A rab ic n u m e ral s W ord s b e l o ngi ng t oa d e cl e nsio n no t ye t t re at e d
.

a e l e ft u nd e sig nat e d
r Th e d e cl e nsio n o f t h e se i s i ndicat e d i n t h e
.

no t e s p re ce d i ng t h e v o cab u l ar ie s i n L e sso ns I V VI VI I and VIII , , .

tell , te aen
’
b e rat t a
’
( si ng .
-ar
) rel ate l arar in na er

b ok book m anga p l an ,
m any ( m i t e/z )
d e r as t/z e i r , tnei rs om aoont , i n , d u r i ng
'
d e ss i ts prinse s sa ( 1 ) p r i ncess
d ock a ( l ) dol l r os ( 1 ) rose
d uv a (1 ) dove , p ig eon s aga ( 1 ) tale ,
story , f ai ry -tal e

fl y ga ( g si n .
-e r
) fly sj u nga ( si ng .
-e r
) si ng

f u ra ( fi
l ) r - t ree s kog f orest w oods ,

fage l oi rd s kol a ( l ) se/zool

farg col or sy st e r sister

g re n branefi t ofle l (1) sl i pp er

h ans lz z s
'

u nd e r u nder

h at t b at vag ( 1 ) w ave
va
'

h e nn e s lz e r ,
li e rs x a ( si ng -e r ) g row .

E XER C ISE I I I .

E n l i t e n fage l pa g re ne n och
l
A . 1 . si t t e r j
s u n ge r .

F u ro rn a aro s t o ra sk o ge n
'

2 . .
3 . D u v an fl y ge r t il l .

Lar ari nn an
Q
Ho n be rat t ar
'

4 . ar i sk o l an .
5 . en s aga
o m en v ack e r pr i nse ssa . 6 . Bl o mm or v axa i s ko ge n .

7 . La rar i nnans sy st e r an i s k o ge n o ch pl ock ar

1
b l o mm o r .

He nne s fage l h ar e n y ac k e r f arg ar b l a

'

8 . D en . .

9 Go ss e n sk r iv e r i e n s t o r b o k
. I O Han sk ri v e r o m . .

S v e r i ge 1 1 D e ss a r oso r ar o rod a
. . 1 2 Ar d in d ock as . .

1 S p ag 2 6 f tn t 2
ee e oo - o e .

2 Ob
,

v t h d f f m f t h n n Cf 5 1 2 5
se r e e e . or o e ou . . .
 SE C ON D D E C L ENS I ON

68 Th e Se co nd
. D e c l e nsi on ( pl u r .
-ar
) co nt a n i s onl y
n ou n com m on ge nd e r To t h is d e c l e nsi o n b e l o ng
s of .

( )I A l a r g e n u m b e r of m o n o sy l l ab ic n o u n s e nd i ng

i n a c onsonant ; as stol c h ai r nast h ors e

'

.
, ,

( )2 A f e w m o n o sy ll ab ic n o u n s e nd i ng i n a v o w el ;

as sj ,
o l ak e a r i v e r ,
.

(3 ) M o s t n o u n s o f c o mm o n g e n d e r e nd i n g i n u n

s t re sse d -e el -en -er; as g osse b oy jag el b i rd socke n

,
-
, , , , ,

p a r is h sy s t er sis t e r
,
.

zm
'

N s d i i -dom d i
(4) o u n e n ng n -i n
g i ng w ng g , , , ,
-

and a fe w o t h e r s u fli x e s ; as s ju kdom sic k ne ss konu ng , ,

k i ng morg on m o r ni ng sommar s u m m e r fjar il b u t t e rfly

'

.
, , ,

Not e 1 N o u ns e nd ing i n u nst resse d -e d ro p t h is be fo re ad d

. .

i ng -ar ; as g osse p l u r g assar , , . .

2 N o u ns e nd ing i n u nst re sse d al -e n -e r d o p t h e v o w e l o f

.
~
, ,
r

t h e su ffi x b e fo re add i ng -ar ; as f dg e l p l u r f dg l ar ; socke n pl u r , , .

, .

soeknar ; sy st e r p l u r sy str ar , . .

3 A l so i n a fe w o t h e r case s t h e vo w e l o f a su ffix i s d ro ppe d

.

b e fo re -ar : som m ar su mm e r pl u r som r ar ; m o rg o n m o nin g pl u r , . r , .

m org nar ; af ton e v e ni ng p l u r af t nar ; djav u l d e v il p l u r djav l ar

' ‘

.
, .
,
.

4 M od er m o t h e r and d ot te r d au gh t e r be sid e s d ro pp i ng t h e v o w e l
.
, ,

o f t h e su ffix al so m od i fy ( see , 1 1 ) t h e roo t -vo w e l pl ur m dd r ar , .

,

d ott r ar .

5 . M od e r is ge ne ral l y co nt rac ed t t o m ar i n t h e i nd e ni fi te si ngu

— He r r e ge n t l e m an
l ar1 .
, b e co m e s ke r r ( Mr ) . w h en u sed be fore
a p ro pe r no u n” o r b e fo re ano h e r t t i tl e ; as , lz e r r jolz ansson M r .

— Konan pl u r ku ng ar
j o h nso n . g k ing , h as al so t h e form ku ng , . .

1 Bu t t h e d e f . si n g . an d t h e pl u ra l ( i nd ef . a nd d e f .
) ar e n v e er nt a tso co r c

e d ( cf .
5 6 9, n o t e 1 b , an d p ag e 3 5 . fo o t -n o t e S ee t h p a ad i g m S 7 0
e r , .

On t h e co n t r ar y , no t e k ( o u ) an g
e n. k to n h mg a r k ton ) u ng a r na
Ob
.

Bi
.

2 se r v e a l so f u r st e p r i nce , b ut f u r st m a r ck :
s cf .
5 1 06 , n o t e 2 .
IV SECON D D ECLENSION 35

69 EFINI T
. E FORMD T h e d e fi n i t e si ng a d d s -e n
. or .

-n ,t h e d e f pl u r add s na
~
. .
-
.

Not e I Th e e nd ing n is u se d : ( a) aft e r vo w e l s ; as g osse

. .
-
, ,

g osse n ; d a n ; ( )
b aft e r u,ns t re
°

sse d e l l -e r 2
; as f dg e l n sy st e r n -
, , , .

A fe w su ffi x e s ad d e ith e r -e n o r -n as som m ar ( e )n jja

'
'
2 .
, , ,

ril e n ( ) .

3 . He r r e h as d e f . He r r e n ( lz e r r e n ) w h e n i t m e an s “
th e L o rd
“
b u t lz e r r n w h e n i t m e ans t h e ge n l e m an t ”

4 S om e . n o u ns e nd i ng in -e n d ro p t h e v ow e l of th e su fli x and
ad d -e n; as, socke n p arish , def . soek ne n . Bu t of f r o/z e n y o u ng
l ad y , and a fe w o t h e r w o rd s , th e d e fi ni t e fo r m in t h e si ngu l ar i s

the s am e as t h e i nd e fi ni t e .

5 . In t h e w rit t e n l angu age -ne is fre qu e ntl y m e t w it h as t h e d e f .

e ndi ng ofW h i l e m o st
th e p l u ral . w ri t e rs o f t h e p re se n t d ay al
w ay s u se 5n a so m e e m p l o y ne w i t h no u ns
,
- of t h is d e cl e nsio n re

fe ri ng t o p e rso ns o f t h e m al e s e x ; o t h e rs
r , wi h t al l no u ns w h o se

p l u ral s e nd i n -ar i rre sp e ct i v e o f se x ; cf , . 1 0 7 , no e t 5 . Form e rl y

th e e nd i ng -ne w as u se d m u ch m o re t h an n o w , and i n t h e w o rk s
of th e o l der w ri t e rs , i t w as r e g u l arl y e m pl o y e d wi h t a ce r t ai n

cl ass 3 o f no u ns .

70 E x am pl e s
. of t h is d e c l e nsi o n are : lz att h at , a i
r ve r ,

g osse b oy , f a g el b i r d , socke n par is h , f ro/ze n y o u ng l ad y ,

m o ( de ) r m o t h e r , m org on m o rni ng , somm ar s u mm e r , fi d r il
'

b u t t e r fly .

IN D E FINI T E D EFINI T E IN D EFINI T E D EFINI T E

S i ng natt . Izatte n a an
P l u r Izattar . lz attar na aar aar na

S i ng .
g osse g osse n
P lur .
g assar g ossar na
f ag l ar
S i ng . soc/ken soekne n
f rone n
P lur . soeknar soe/enar n
a
f ro/ ma r
f roknarna
1 t i m m el h av
e en. t h e d e f fo r m i s I nm m e l n
.
’

Iz i m le n or
'

Iz z m m ele n
I t
. .

2 n s e ad o f m od e r n . d ot t e r n . t h e fo r m s m od r e n . d ot t r m t
a r e s o m e i m e s u se d .

Cf S 1 0 7
.
, no et t t 1 an d fo o -n o e .

3 N o u ns th a t a d i ng t an l d ( n w nl y
cco r o o er o o d i al ect ical ) g e n d e r -s y s t e rn
w e re m asc u li n th gh n t n am f l i i ng b i n g
e, ou o es o v e s.
36 SECON D D ECLENSION Iv

IN D EFINI T E D EFINI T E IN D EFINI T E D EFINI T E

S i ng mo ( de ) r
. m ode r n m org on m org one n
P l u r m od rar
.
ni od rar na morg na r m org nar na

a
'

r il ( e ) n
S i ng ( e ) n fi d rzl
somm ar fj
’

. so mm ar
a
'

fj r il a r na
'

P l ur. som r ar som r ar na fi d r i/ar

No te — Th e
.
g e n i t
‘

i v e w h i c h i s al w ay s re g u l ar ( e x ce p t as s t at e d
,

1 1 2 ; 1 1 9 e nd ) i s o m i tt e d h e re and i n s u b seq u e n t p arad igm s

, ,
.

V E RBS .

71 . P as t t e ns e o f v a r a and Iz a ( va )
S i ng jag e tc .
,
.
,
v ar jag ,
e tc .
,
li ade
'

P l u r v i voro .
vi / ade
z
I vore n I Iz ade n
de voro d e b ade

72 OR T HO G RAP HY: SOIIU IZ C soni r ar ( se e Ph o nol o gy ’

. U ,

1 8 a) C o nce rn i ng t i t l e s se e
. 24 I , .

73 PRONUNCIA T ION : konnng

.
9 3 b ) ; soeken ( u su ,

al l y t h e 0 of 9 3 a); m o r
g on (g h e r e n
,
o t = S w e d ish j) ;
m org nar 1 6 b) ; a yd v nl s n/e
j sjo 1 3 , ,

Th e a o f li ade is u s u al l y s h or t 6 no t e I ) For t h e ,
.
.

q u an t i t y i n fag l ar f r olenar m odr ar e t c se e Ph onol og y

''

.
, , , ,

14 B 2
''

b Sjon d e f of sjo i s pron o u nc e d wi t h a

'’

. .
, ,

s h or t v ow e l ; cf 6 no t e 1 .
,
.

74 ACCEN T : ( 1 ) O b s e r ve t h at t h e d e f si ng o f
. . .

m ono sy ll ab l e s e nd i ng in a c ons o nant ( as stol en Iz asten ) ,

h as t h e ac u t e acc e nt w h i l e t h e pl u r al b o t h i nde fi n i t e
, ,

and d e fi ni t e h as t h e grav e acce nt ( as stol ar

,
lz ci star; ,

Iz astar na)
'

stol ar na , .

( 2 ) S o me no uns o f t h e S ec o nd D e cl e nsi on wi t h t h e su f
fi x -el h av e t h e ac u t e acce n t in t h e si ngu l ar b o t h i nd e fi ni t e ,

and d e fi ni t e ( as j a g el f a g el n ) ; o t h e r s h av e t h e grav e ,

acce nt — A l l no u ns wi t h t h e su fli x -e n h ave t h e ac ut e
.
Iv SECON D D EC L ENSION 37

cc
a e nt i n t h e i nd e f an d d e f si ngu l a r —.S o al s o h av e . .

t h o s e e nd i ng i n er wi t h t h e e xce pt i o n o f m oder dot

~

, ,

ter and sy ste r w h ic h h av e t h e grave acc e nt

,
.

Th e no u ns t h at h av e t h e ac u t e acc e nt in t h e si ngu l ar ,

h av e h o w e ve r t h e gr av e acc ent i n t h e pl u ral acc ord i ng

, , ,

to th e r ul e .

(3 ) Fo r t h e acc e n t o f v e rb s se e 5 2, 2 .

(4 ) O f th e w ord s m e nt i o ne d in t h is l e ss on soelcen f ro t en , ,
/
,

ng ar ( na ) and B or /cm an h av e t h e ac u t e acc e nt

'’

over , p e j .

S toele/z ol m h as e i t h e r t h e ac u t e o r t h e gr av e acce nt Bade .

u s u al l y h as t h e g rav e b u t s om e t i m e s t h e ac u t e acc e nt
, ,
.

75 . CO LL OQUIA L ISMS : ( 1 ) Ku ng is m ore c o m m on i n

t h e s pok e n t h an i n t h e w r i t t e n l angu age .

O f mm r ( e) n d h l f o rm s
( )
2 so a a n t e o n g er

are u s e d i n t h e w r i t t e n l angu age t h e s h or t e r in al l f o rm s ,

o f s ty le ,
i nc l ud i ng t h e s pok e n l ang uage .

( 3 ) Th e f o rm m or i s m ore c o mmo n i n t h e s pok e n

t h an i n t h e w r i t t e n l ang uage .

( 4 ) In t h e s pok en l an gu age t h e i nd e fini t e f orm o f

socken m ay b e u s e d al s o as t h e d e fi n i t e .

(5) I n t h e s p o k e n l a n g u a g e -ne d oe s no t occ u r i n t h e

u se m e n t i o ne d i n 6 9 no t e 5 ,
.

( 6 ) R e m e mb e r t h at t h e s pok e n l angu age h as vi e t c , .

,

var . See 5 3 I ,
T h is .h o l d s g o o d for a l l t e n se s .

( 7) I n C e n t ra l S w e d e n d r ott n i ng i s ge ne ral l y pro

no u nce d dr onni ng .

(8 ) In sy spe e c h var w as w e re is pronou nce d va

ea , , ,

and aldmg al dr i ,
—I n s t e ad o f dag dag e n dag ar e asy
.
, , ,

1 —
s pee c h e mpl o ys da dan dar In t h e pl u ral m org nar g
, ,
.
,

i s u s u al l y no t h e ard ( see § 1 6 b ) ; i n e asy s pee c h g m ay ,

b e o m i t t e d i n t h e si ngu l ar al so ( pro n mor ron ) . .

1 I n t h w i t t n l an g ag d
e r e i n a h i gh
u l v l t y l i t i all y th an d ( )
e ar so er e e ,
s s c , a n .
 V O C A BU LA RY .

N ot e Th e fo l l o w i ng w o rd s b e l o ngi ng t o t h e S e co nd D ecl e nsio n

.

h av e b e e n gi v e n i n p e vio u v o cab u l ari e : fage l g o e g e n h att

r s s ,
ss ,
r , ,

ha st sk o g
,
st ol sy st e r
, ,
.

af t o n i af t o n h e rre ( 2 ) e ntl e man m aster

( )
2 e ve ni ng ; g ,

t/z is e ve ni ng ; o m aft o ne n h o s w i tk , by ,
at tlz e b onse f
o

i n tb e eve ni ng k om m a () come
si ng .
-e r

ald ri g ne ve r k o nu ng k u ng ( 2 ) ki ng
,

b ad e o ch bot/i and m od e r In o r ( 2) mot/z e r

,

d ag ( 2) day ; i d ag to-d ay ; m or go n ( 2 ) mo r ni ng ; pam or

o m d age n i n til e d ay ti me -
gone n i n the t /z is

av u l
dj ( )
2 dev il o m in ,
d u r i ng , abo u t

d o t te r ( )
2 d ang /z ter pe ngar ( 2
) pl a n ,
money
d ro t t ning ( ) qu ee n
2 j
s uk sick , ill
ar il u k d o m ( 2 ) sickness
'

fj ( )
2 bu tte ifiy sj

fr u ( 2) w ife , l ady ,
M rs .
s ( ) l ake sea
2 ,

f r an f rom s oc k e n ( 2 ) par is/i

frO k e n ( 2) m i ss , ( y ou ng ) s om m ar ( 2 ) su mme r ; i
l ady , M iss i lt is o m -
en i n tbe
h e m m a at Ii am e a ( 2) r iver

h e rr Ai r . Ove r ove r , across

E XER C ISE IV .

A Ko nu nge n o ch
. 1 d ro t t ninge n bo i S t o c k h ol m .

V ar ar S t o c k h o l m ? 3 M in h o s frO
'

2 . . sy s t e r v ar ke n
BjOrk m an i d ag 4 Har . f r an h e r r o ch fr u
. ar e t t b re v
Joh ansso n
l
5 F rOk e n v ar i ck e h e m m a
. . 6 Hade d e . .

ni a nga pe ngar ? 7 D e ss a sock nar h a m anga s ar

. .

8 Fa
.
gl ar na si t t a pa g re n ar na och sj u nga 9 Pe n gar na . .

aro h e m m a I O Had e h on m ang a d Ot t r ar ? 1 1 F j

. . ar il e n .

si t t e r pab l o mm an 1 2 F agl arna fl y ga Ov e r an 1 3 B ad e

. . . .

h e r r n o ch f r u n v o r o h e m m a i d ag pa m o rgo ne n ?

1 1 1 0 1 11 5 0 " 2 I d ag p 2 m i g
'

g n n tl m 1 or o e i zs or n n .
 S ECON D D ECLEN S ION

B . S we de n h as m any l arge l ake s and m an y r i v e rs

1 . .

2 Y o u r m ot h e r w as no t at h o m e 3 W h e re are t h e
. . .

b ut t e rfli e s ? 4 A re t h e d ov e s flyi ng ac ross t h e l ak e ?

.

5 M r and M rs L i nd d o no t l i v e t h e re
. . . 6 Th e h ors e s . .

are c o m i ng f ro m t h e r i v e r 7 Th e l ak e is b e au t i f u l in
. .

t h e s u m me r 8 Th e g i rl s m o t h e r w as sic k
’
9 D oe s
‘

. . . .

M iss Bj Ork m an l i v e wi t h Mrs L i nd ? I O Th e ge n t l e . .

m an s sis t e r i s c o mi ng t h is e v e ni ng
’ 1
I I W h e re d oe s . .

t h e Ki ng o f S w e d e n l i v e ? 1 2 Th e b oy h ad m an y .

b u t t e r fli e s 13 Th e par is h i s no t l ar ge
. . 14 Mrs L in d s . . .
’

d au gh t e rs w e re ne v e r at h o m e i n t h e e v e ni ng .

1 B th E ngl i h an d S w d i h
o m t im
s th p n t t n t i n d ica t
e s so e e s u se e re se e se o e

f t
u t im a h
u re e, s e re .
 LESS ON V .

THE A D J E C T I V E .

7G IN D E F INI T E FORM
. Th e f or m s o f t h e ad j e ct i v e
.

i n i n t h e i u s l e ss o ns 2 9; 6 0 ) ar e u s e d w h e n t h e
g v e e pr v o

acco m panyi ng no u n h as i nd e fi ni t e m e ani ng o r w h e n t h e

ad j e c t i v e i s a pr e d ic at e ad j e c t i v e T h is i s c al l e d t h e i n .

defini te f or m o f t h e ad j e c t i v e .

77 . EFINI T E FORM A n ad j e c t i v e m od i fyi ng a no u n

D .

1
w i t h t h e d e fi ni t e art ic l e h as t h e e nd i ng a for b o t h -

g e n d e r s si n g u,
l ar an d pl u r al ; as stor a T h is is c al l e d ,
.

t h e defi nite f or m o f t h e ad j e c t i v e .

78 THE PREPO S I T IVE

. EFI NI T E AR T ICLE Th e d e fi ni t e D .

f orm o f t h e ad j e c t i v e ( f ol l ow e d b y a no u n wi t h t h e d e fi ni t e
2
art ic l e ) is re gu l arl y pre c e d e d b y ano t h e r d e fini t e ar t ic l e ,

w h ic h is c all e d t h e p repositive defi nite ar ticle Th e ar t ic l e .

appe nd e d t o t h e no u n ( se e 4 0 ) i s k no wn as t h e post
positi ve definite article Th e fo r m s o f t h e pre posi t i v e d e f
.

3
i nit e ar t ic l e are
CO M MON
S i ng de n .

P l ur de .

79 SUMMAR Y W h e n u s e d wi t h a no u n t h at h as t h e
. .

d e fi ni t e f or m t h e ad j e c t i v e m u s t b e pu t i n t h e d e fi n i t e
,

f or m a) and is pr e c e d e d b y t h e pr e po si t i v e d e fi ni t e
-
,

ar t icl e ; as d e n v i ta lz ii st e n t h e w h i t e h o r s e de t kb a li nset
,
g ,

t h e h i g h h o u s e d e l an a
g g ator na t h e l o ng s t re e t s
, .

N o te F u r t h e r d e tai l s ab o u t t h e form at ion and u se o f t h e

.

d e fi ni t e and i nd e fi ni t e ad j e ct i v e are
gi v e n i n L e sso n XI .

1 I d n t i a l w i th t h
e c p l al f t h i n d fi n i t f m
e ur o e e e or

2 Ex p t a
.

ce t at d i n 1 4 9
s s e .

3 Ob v th at t h p p i t i v d fi ni t a t i l i id n t i a l i n f m w i th
se r e e re os e e e r c e s e c or
th e pe r son al p n n d n d t d
ro ou e , e . e.
 VERBS — PAS T T EN S E

8 2 V e rb s
. e nd i ng in
-r i n pre s si ng i nd
. . . act . h av e s
pa t t e n e s in dde ,
-

-ar in res si ng i nd act h av e pas t t e ns e in -a de ,

p . . . .

-er i n pre s . si ng . i nd act . . h av e pas t in no t e nse -si gn , b u t

v o w e l ch an ge
~

E x am pl e s are
PRES SIN G . .

bor
tal ar
W e ak

kbper
1
S t ro ng skr i ver skre v

83 . ORT HO G RAP HY C o nc e rni ng svensk . ,

ty sk see 24 , 2 .

84 . PRONUNCIATIONz
'

ne f Iz ); sve nsk 9, I c) ;
9, 3 b ) ; Gote bor g pa
’
son 9 1 ,
2 a) ; ko lzbg t
Th e pre pos d e f c. l i ke t h e . ar t ic l e is pro no u n e d
r s o nal p o
r n o u n ( se e — F o r t h e q u ant i t y i n va n vem
p e ,

see § 6 no t e 1
,
C o nc e rni ng t h e q uant i t y of t h e v o w e l i n
.

ko p te see 6 no t e 2 ,
O b se rve t h e c h ange i n t h e q u an
.

t i t y o f t h e v ow e l in v erb s o f t h e t y pe o f bo badde ,
.

85 ACCEN T For t h e acce nt o f t h e d e f f or m o f ad j

. . ec .

t iv e s cf
,
66 2
. F o r t h e acc e nt o f v e rb s se e § 5 2 2
,
.
, .

8 6 COLLOQUIALISMS : ( I ) Th e s pok e n l angu age ge ne r

.

al l y av o i d s t h e u se o f endast e m pl oy i n g in pl ac e o f i t bar a , ,

w h ic h is al s o f r e q u e n t l y u s e d i n t h e w ri t t e n l angu age .

A no t h e r l i t e r ar y w or d wi t h t h e s am e m e an i ng i s bl ott ,

t h is is no t u s e d i n s pe ak i ng .

( 2 ) Th e c ol l oq u i al f or m s o f t h e pre po si t i v e ar t ic l e det ,

de c o rre s po nd t o t h os e of t h e pe r s onal pro no u n ; see 39 6; ,

1 Ob v th a t al l t ng v b h av
se r e in t h p
s ro ing b t th a t n ter s e -e r e r e s. s , u o
al l v er b w i th
s in t h p
-e r i g a t ng e re s . s n . re s ro .
 THE A D JEC T IVE 43

53 , 5
— W h en
. u ed s as th e S i gn of t he i nfi ni t i v e att ,

is ge ne ral l y pronou nc e d a t O b s e rv e t h e . si m i l ar pronu n

ci at io n o f av i n ( 5 ) b e l o w , and o f 0c]: 3 9,

(3 ) In a l arge par t S w e de n
of t h e pas t t e ns e e nd n gi in
-a de d rops -de i n e asy s pe e c h ; as ,
s pok e fo r tal ade
tal a , .

( 4 ) Th e d e fi ni t e staden is in t h e s pok e n l angu age

u s u all y s h or t ene d t o stan , and i n e asy s pe e c h stad i s

p r o n o u nc e d sta .

(5 ) sy S pe e c h kop te ( pas t of kop a) is o f t e n pro

In ea

no u nce d wi t h s h o r t 5 ; o b s e r v e t h at t h e re is i n t h is c as e

c h ange i n t h e q u al i t y as w e l l as i n t h e q u ant i t y o f t h e
b — . In e asy s pe e c h av is in s om e part s o f S w e d e n pro
no u n c e d a ; i n o t h e r s , d v — In e asy s pe e c h t h e k i s not .

o n o u n c e d i n t h e ne u t er f or m s sv enskt t kt — In Ce n
p r y s , .

t ral S we d e n t h e v o w e l o f son i s f re q u e nt l y pro no unc e d

s h or t .

V O C A BU L A R Y .

N ot e — Th e fol l o w ing w e ak v e rb s h av e o ccu rre d in p re v iou s

.

v ocab u l arie s : b e rat t a ad e ) pl o ck a ad e ) t al a ad e ) b o -dd e )

’
-
,
-
,
-
, ,

h av a ( h ad e ) v éi xa te ) In t h e case o f v e rb s fo m i ng t h e i r p ast
l
,
-
. r

t e nse i n a w ay al re ad y d iscu sse d z t h e p ast t e n se w i l l b e i ndicat e d ,

i nst e ad o f t h e p re s si ng ; se e 8 2 . . .

3
at t con j .
, ( also u sed
t/z at; e nd ast on ly
befor e i nfi ni ti ves) to flagga ( 1 ) fl ag
av o
f f ,
ro m g u l y el l ow
b ro ( )
2 br idg e hO g b igli , tal l
b y gga -d e ) bu il d j
a y es

d en ( n . det , pl u r . d e ) tke kOpa

-
t e ) buy

1 I
g la r re u r.

2 T h at i f th i l n w ak v
s, b an d t n g v b w i th t h v w l
or s e ss o , e er s, s ro er s e o e

ch an g e z : e.
'

w i th i n fi n i t i i i n S w d i h m i tt d m hm ft n th a n t i n
“
3 At t ve s s e s o e uc o re o e o

E ngl i h ; 2 4 2 1 —A i E ngl i h a t t q n tl y m i tt d “ ”
s se e th t ) i f
. . s n s , a s re ue o e ,

p a t i l a ] v i n t h p k n l an g ag
r cu r e s o e u e.
 THE A D JEC T IVE

l i da s v ar bard , d ifi cu l t
'

( le d ) su fi er ,
se ve re

l i gga ( si ng .
-e r
) l ie , be t ro -d d e ) t/z i nk ,
bel ie ve
si tu ated t y ck a ) -t e t/z i nk ( z be o
f tb e
op i nion ) f anc t y ck a o m
’l
ne jno y; ,
l i ke

r i d a ( re d ) ri de t y sk Ge r m an; -
a til e Ger m an
son son l ang u ag e; pa -a in Ge r m an ,

s t ad ci ty ,
tow n en t y sk ( )a
2 Ger man
’
s v ar t bl ack ve m w /zot ,
w /zom ?
sv e n s k S wed is/z ; -
a tke vit w b ite

S w edish l ang u ag e; pa Van f r ie nd

van in na ( 1 ) ( w om an ) f r ie nd
’
-a in S w edis/z ; en

s v e ns k ( 2) a S wede

E XER C IS E V .

A 1 A
. s t or
. a b u s e t d irtt ?— Ja d e t ar m i t t
de t ,
.

2 .S ve r i ge s flagga ar b l a och gul 3 Jag t yck e r o m . .

d e n sv e nsk a fl aggan 4 Ty ck e r ni ick e at t d e n ar . .

,

m yck e t v ack e r ? 5 M i n v an b y ggd e d e t h O

'

g a h u se t
. .

6 T ro r d u at t din v a ni nn as m o r k o mm e r i d ag ? 7 GO
2
.
,
te .

b o rg ar e n s t or s t ad
3
V ar l i gge r GO t e b o rg ? 8 S k re v . .

d u e t t b re v pa t ys k a? 9 Ty cke n I o m at t b o i s t ad e n ? .

Io V ar h ar d u d e n g u l a ro s e n ?
. D e n l i gge r pa d e t
v i t a b ord e t I I V i t y ck t e at t d e t al ad e sv e nsk a 1 2 V e m
.
, . .

b y ggd e b ro n o ver an ? 1 3 . Ty ck e r ni ick e , at t d e nn a

b lom m a ar v ack er ? I4 . De n s t o ra fl aggan l i g ge r pa d in
l arar i nn as b o rd .
5 Ty ck t e mi ,
1 . at t s t ad e n v ar v ack e r ?
I6 .
Jag t r o dd e , at t h an v ar v ar v an . 1 7 . Mod e r n t r o dd e ,
at t h e nne s so n v ar s u k j . 1 8 V i k opt e d e v i t a d u v o r na
.

pa m o rgone n ar il ar na si t t a pa
'

i d ag . 1 9 . D e v i t a fj
b l omm o r na 20 D e ras . . so n l e d av en m y ck e t s v ar sj
uk

d om . 21 . Gossarna re d o pa d e n s v ar t a h as t e n .

1 Ob s e rv e the o rder i n:
"

f ag t r oke r i cke o m g ula bl om m or . Ty cke r d u om

g al a bl om m or ?”

2 Cf p ag e 3 9 fo o t -n o t e
.
, .

3 GOt e b o r ’g t h e ci t y o f Go th e n b u r g
, .
 THE A D J E CT IV E 45

B . 1 . His mot h e r w as no t t h e re . 2 . D id t h e b o ys no t
w r i t e a l ong l e t t e r ? 3 D id y ou l i v e in t h e ci t y ? 4 Th e . .

r e d fl o w e r s g re w i n t h e w ood s 5 I pic k e d t h e r e d ro e . .
s

t h is m o rni ng
‘
6 D o y o u no t t h i nk t h at t h e S w e d is h
. .

fl ag i s b e au t i f u l ? 7 Th e b i rd s are fl yi ng u nd e r t h e .

b r i d ge 8 Wh o b o u g h t t h e re d s l i ppe r s ? 9 Th e gi rl s
. . .

w e re w r i t i ng a l e t t e r t o t h e S w e d is h pr i nc e ss 10 Do . .

y o u l i k e t h e w h i t e fl ow e rs ?— No b u t I l i ke t h e re d ,

ros es . 1 1 D o y o u t h i nk t h at t h e i r m o t h e r i s at h om e
.

t o d ay ?
-
1 2 Th e l am p is o n t h e y e l l o w t ab l e
- . 13 My . .

s is t e r s f r i e nd d oes no t s pe ak S w e d is h S h e s pe ak s o nl y
’
.

Ge r m an 1 4 Th e b l ue flag is o n t h e b r i d ge
. . 1 5 I s the . .

l arge l ak e be au t if ul ? Th e Ge rm an ge nt l em an w ro t e
a l e t t er i n S w e d is h 1 7 Wh o b u i l t t h e l ar ge y e l l o w
. .

h ou s e ? 1 8 T h e y l i v e d i n t h is par is h
. 1 9 W e re y o u . .

s pe ak i ng Ge rman? — No w e w e re s pe ak i ng S w e d i sh , .

20 . We b o u gh t t h e y e l l o w b i rd s in t h e ci t y 2 1 Th e . .

h i gh h o u s e is h e rs D o y ou t h i nk t h at h e r h ous e .

i s pre t t y ?
1 Cf . 1 8 in Ex e r ci se A .
 LESS ON V I .

T HI RD D E C L E N S ION .

8 7 Th e T h i.r d D e c l e n si o n (pl u r -er

) c ont ai ns no u ns o f .

b o t h ge nd e rs b u t pri m ar i l y no u n s o f c o mm o n ge nd e r
,
.

A l m os t all ne u t e r no u ns o f t h is d e c l e nsi o n are o f f o re i g n

1

o r i gi n as are al s o v e r y m any o f t h e no un s o f c om m o n
,

g e n d er T o t h is d e c l e nsi o n b e l on g :
.
2

( )
1 M a n y m o n o sy ll ab ic no u n s ( al m o s t al l o f c o m m o n

ok b o o k f a
'

e n d e r ) e nd i n g i n a c o ns on ant ; as b r
g c ol o r
g , , ,

stad ci t y v ii n f r i e n d v i n ( n ) wi ne
, ,
. .

( )
2 M a n y n o u n s o f m o re t h an o ne sy ll a b l e e n d i n g i n

v ar i o u s s u fli x e s ; as lui ndel se o cc u r re nc e konstnar ar t i t 4

'
3 s
, , ,

'
m anad m o n t h bag er i ( n ) b ak e r y m u se
’
sol da t s o l d i e r
’
.
, , ,

u m ( n ) m useum . .

No t e I N ou ns e nd ing i n u nst re sse d e d rop t h is v w e l

. .
- o

b e fo re add i ng e r ; as bi bl i ot e a r i e
- k l i b a r i an pl u r ,
'
b i bl i o te ka r i e r ;
’
r , .

h and e l se o ccu r re nce p l u r li and el se r ; fi e nd e e ne m y pl u r ji e nd e r

'

. .
, , .

2 Th e fe w no u ns o f t h is d e cl e nsio n t h at e nd i n u nst re sse d -cl

.
,

-e r d ro p t h e v o w e l o f t h e su ffi x u p o n add in
g e r ; as m u ske t m u s
-
,

cl e pl u r m u skl e r ; neg e r ne gro p l u r neg r e r

, .
, . .

3 N o u n.s e n d i n g i n -i u m and e am d ro p u m b e f o r e a d d i n g
-e r
;
- -

as l abor ato r i u m l ab o rat o ry p l u r l abor at o r i e r ; m u se u m m u se u m

' ’ ’
.
, , ,

p l u r m u se e r'
. .

1 Of t h e ne u t ers th a t d o no t b e l on g t th i o s d ec l e n si o n th o se e n d i n gi n a

v o w l b l ng t
e e o o th e F our th D l e c e nsi o n a n d th , o se e n d i n g In a co n s o n a n t , t o

t he F i fth .

2 S o me n o u ns o th erw i seh av i n g n p l o u ra l , or ,
i n a fe w i n s a n ce s , t ha v in g
a pl u ra la cco r d i n gt o an o th d l n i er ec e s o n, fo r m a p l u r al end in g in .
” d e no ti n g
an t il
“ “
in t h m
” ”
k ind s of , b r an d s of e e rc e se n s e ; a s , v i n ( n ) w i ne
.
, {e ( n ) t e a,
.

f r o ( n ; a s o 4 ) se e d
‘

. l .

3 T h e co m m o n e s x a ( 1 ) m m n g nd - 1 t s u ffi es re : co o - e er. e se , J z et , ka15

-s
,
-a d
,

-na d ma b id, a l a g v a i ty
r, f fli x in wes d ef r e r e o su
‘
es or s o f o re i gn gi ;
o ri n
t ( f i g n i gi n ) i m N d i ng i n pa t ly
’ ’
( 2) n m -e r - ’
-z" a re
‘

eu er n
o re or -z ou s en
, , e u , n ,
.
g r

n eut p a tl y Of m m n g n d
er, r co o e er.

4 K t m ay th gh l
on s f q n tl
na r al b p n , ou ess re ue y , so e ro o u nce d wi th the
s t n th
r e ss o fi n al y ll ab l e s e.
VI T HIR D D ECLENSION 47

4 . A nu m b e r of w o rd s1 ( ch i e fly m o nosy l l ab ic ) of t h i s d e cl e n i o n s

m o d ify ( se e tv II)
l ; as b and h and the roo - o w e , , p l u r lz and e r ; .
'

son so n pl u r sb ne r ; bo nd e p e asan t p l u r bond e r

,
.
, . .

5 In a fe w w o d s a l o ng v o w e l o f t h e si ngu l ar i s h rt e ne d i n
. r s o

t h e pl u al ; as g e t go at pl u
r g e tte r ; not nu t pl u
, nott e r Som e,
r .
,
r . .

h av e b o t h sh o t e ni ng and m o d i fi cat io n o f t h e ro o t v o w e l ; as bok

r -
,

boo k p l u r backe r ; f ot fo o t pl u r f ot te r
’

. . .
, ,

6 A fe w l o an w o d s e sp e cial l y al l t h at e nd i n o r sh ift t h e
.
- r ,
-
,

s t ess i n t h e p l u ral ; as d o k tor d o cto r pl u r d okto r e r ; pr of es so r

' ' ’
r , , .

p ro fe s o r pl u r pr of esso r e r
s , .
'
.

7 Sp e cial att e n t io n i s cal l e d t o t h e fact t h at t h e T h i rd D e cl e n

.

sio n co nt ai ns a v e ry l a g e nu m b e r o f l o an w o r d s M ost co m m o nr - .

ge nd e r no u ns o f fo re ign o r igi n i n S w e d ish and so m e n e u t e s form , r ,

t h e ir p l u al w i t h e r If o f m o re t h an o ne syl l ab l e and m o st o f t h e
r - .

no u ns o f fo e ign o rigi n h av e m o re t h an o ne sy l l ab l e — t h e y are

r

ge ne ral l y st re sse d o n so m e sy ll abl e o t h e r t h an t h e fi rst ; as ar m e

'
,

a m y bibl i ote ka r i e l ib r a ian pr of es sor p o fesso r

' ' '
r , sold a t so l d ie r r , r , ,

' '
bag e r i ( n ) b ak e ry m use u m ( n ) m u se u m
. A cco rd ingl y m o st
, . .
,

co m m o n ge n d e r no u n s t h at d o n o t st re ss t h e fi rst sy l l ab l e
-
b e l o ng ,

t o t h e T h i rd D e cl e nsio n .

8 8 D EFINI T E F OR M Th e d e fi ni t e si ng u l ar add s e n
. .
-

- n) or et t ) acc o rd i ng t o t h e ge nd e r ; t h e d e fi n i t e
- -

pl u ral add s na
-
.

No t e I N ou ns e nd ing i n -e l -e r ar ad d —
. . n ; as m u ske l n t h e , ,
-
,

mu scl e neg e r n t h e neg ro pr of es sor n t h e p ofe sso r

,
'
,
r .

2 C o m m o n ge nd e r no u ns e nd ing i n u nst e sse d -e 2 add n; as

.
- r -
,

' '
b i bl i ote ka r i e , def b i bl i oteka r i e n; Iz and e l se , def Iz and e tse n
‘ '

. . .

C o m m o n ge nd e r nou ns o f m ore t h an o ne sy l l ab l e e nd ing i n a

-

s t re s se d v o w e l ad d e i t h e r en o r n; as ar m e‘ a m y d e f - -
, r , .

f otog r af i p h o tograph d e f
'
See 93 1 , .
, .

3 Th e v e ry fe w ne u t e s o f t h i s d e cl e nsio n t h at h av e an u n
. r

st re sse d fi nal v o w e l add t ; as f it ng e l se3 p r iso n d e f f ang e l se t

,
-
, , . .

—N e u t e r no u ns e ndi n i n a st re sse d v o w e l ad d e t ; a bag e r i -

'
g s,

b ak e ry , d e f bag e r i .
’
et .

1 pl t l i t
For a P h n l gy
co m e e s se e o o o 3 3
2 N t al
.

th i g l a hi t i h i t
o e so e r re u r
’
s o r a s o ry , s t o ry , d e f k z st o 'r i e n
.
'

3 W i th v
,

y f w x p ti w d er e e ce o ns ,
or s t
w i h the s u ffi x «gl se h v
a e co mm on

g d
en S p ag 4 6 f t n t 3
e r. ee e , oo - o e .
 T HIR D D EC LENSION

4 .
N ou ns e nd i ng in - ium and -e mn d ro p m b e fo re add ing
-u

m use u m , d e f m u se e t
' ’ ’
def . l abor ato rie t ; . .

E x m l s f h is d c l si re : f ci c ol or van
89 .a p e o t e e n o n a rg ,

fr i e nd bok b o ok v i n ( n ) wi ne m anad m o nt h lui nd el se

, ,
.
,

o cc u rre nc e m uskel m u sc l e sol da t s o ld i e r doktor d oc t o r

, , , ,

' '
m u se u m ( n )
'
f g f p
oto ra i h o t o graph b ag e r i ( )
n b ak e r y ,
.
,
.

m u se u m .

I N D E F INI T E D EFINI T E IN D EFINI T E D EFINI T E

S i ng farg vii n vii u ne n
2
"

P l ur vii nne r
f a rg er na vanne r n a

S ing bok boke n

PIu r bocke r na

S ing . m anad m anade n lui ndel se 12d ndel se n

Iz and el se r na
'

Plur . m anad e r m anade r a

n lui nd el se r
’ ’
S i ng m u skel m uskel n sold a t sol da te n
' ’
Pl u r m u skl er m uskl e r na sol da ter sol d a te r na
' ’
S ing doktor n foto
g ra
fi fotog rafi (e ) n
’ ' ’ '
Pl u r d okto rer dokto re r na fotog r af i e r f otog raf i er na
' ’ '
S i ng . bag e r i (n bag er i e t m u se e t
’ ’ ' '
PI11 r bag e ri er bag e r i e r na m u se er m u se er a
n

90 ORTHOGRA PHY z
. vei n , wi nne r , van ne n 6 , no t e I;
“
Ph o nol ogy 1 8 b) . U ps al a ”
is in S we de n u s u al l y
s pe ll ed Uppsala b u t s o m e t i m e s Up sala —In w o rd s o f
, .

f ore i gn o r i gi n e nd i ng in s t re s se d fi nal e and in i n fle c ,

t io nal f or m s o f s u c h w or d s t h e po si t i o n o f t h e s t re ss i s ,

al w ays i nd ic at e d t h e m ar k b e i ng d i r e c t l y ab o v e t h e e ;
,

as ar me ar m e( e ) n
’

,
ar meer
, S i m i l arl y i n s om e pro pe r
,
’
.
,

n am e s ; as Teg ner L i nne

‘

, , .

1 O th ma m ai n n h a n g d ; t m k / m t h an a t m ’ ' ’

r ey t y re m u c e 8 5 . ae a na o zs a us u e o
i al m
c mu seu .

2 A t h v w l Of “ i
s e h t t h h an g t a d b l n n a n t i n ii n
o e f/ fl s s or . e c e o ou e co so v n er
i n t p a al l l t
s o th a t f b é ba k
r e S 90o o o ; c er ,
ee .
 T HIR D D ECLENSION '

' ’
(4 ) Pr ofes sor h as t h e grav e acce nt , b ut professo r e r , t h e
ac u t e . D oktor m ay h av e e i t h e r t h e ac u t e o r t h e g r av e
acc e nt in t h e si ngul ar ; in t h e pl u ral it h as t h e ac u t e
’
( dokto re r )
5 ) O f t h e w o r d s m e n t i o ne d i n t h is l e ss o n n e er
g m u skel , ,

’
and A m e r i ka h av e t h e ac u t e acc e n t — D oktor and l abor ato
'
.

r i am m ay h av e e i t h e r t h e ac u t e or t h e g rav e acce n t M u se .
’

u m u s u al l y h as t h e ac u t e acc e n t b u t s o m e t i m e s t h e gr av e ,
.

'
93 COLLOQUIALISMS : ( 1 ) F or m s l i ke fotog r af
. cc u r i en o
'
p r i m ar i l y i n t h e w r i t t e n l ang u a g e ; t
-
h o s e l i k e f otog r a f i n ,

pr i m ar i l y i n t h e s pok e n l angu age E xc e pt i n t h e c ase .

o f t h o s e e nd i ng i n -i t h e s h or t e r f o r m is f r e q u e n t l y u s e d
,

al s o in t h e w r i t t e n l an gu age .

( 2 ) N e u t e rs e nd i ng in a s t re sse d v o w e l f re q u e nt l y
h av e o nl y -t in t h e d e f f orm . .

( 3 ) In e asy S pe e c h brod is pro no u nc e d bro Hand i s .

i n e asy s pe e c h pro no u nc e d b ann w h ic h i s u s e d al so as ,

t h e d ef for b ande n
.
, Th e d e f si ng o f m anad i s no t
. . .

i n f re q u e nt l y s h or t e ne d t o m anan and t h e pl u r al t o ’

m anar b u t t h is l e ss o f t e n
’

, .

V O C A BU L A RY

N o t e Th e. fo l l o w i ng n o u ns b e l o ngi ng t o t h e T h ird D e cl e n sio n

h av e o ccu rre d in p re v io u s v o cab u l ari e s: bo k , farg , so n , s t ad , v an .

1
ar m é ( 3 ) ar my fie nd e ( 3 ) e nemy
’
h age r i n .
(3 ) bake ry fo t ( 3 ) f oot
' '
b i b l io t e k 72 . l ibr a ry f ot ogr afi ( 3 ) pkotog r ap/i
fa p
’
b i b l io t e k a r ie ( 3 ) l ibrar i an nge l se n ( 3 ) r ison .

( 3 ) p easant
'

b o nde for f or to ,

b rOd n . bre ad ge t ( 3 ) g oat

d ok t o r ( 3 ) d octor h and ( 3 ) Iz and
d r ic k a
-

( si ng .
-e r
) d r i nk h ande l se ( 3 ) occu r re nce

1 S e e (5 so .
VI T HIR D D EC LENSI ON 51

k onst nar 1
( 3 ) ar tist nOt ) nu t ( 3

( 3 ) (personal )
'
2
l ab o rat o
’
r um n
i .
( 3 ) l abor a o v zi n e ne my
'
p ro f e s s or ( ) p rof essor
3

m u se u m n ( 3 ) m u seu m pa on i n
’
.
, ‘

m u s ke l ( 3 ) m u scl e sak ( 3 ) tki ng m atter , ,

a fl az r

m anad ( 3 ) m ont/i
’
s old a t ( ) soldie r
3

so m
3
n e ge r ( 3 ) neg ro w ko , w kom , t/z at , w /i zc/i
n u now v in n .
( 3 ) w i ne

E XER C IS E VI .

A . 1 . Ko nu nge n h ar m anga so l d at e r i ar mé n . 2 . De
s v e nsk a bOnd e rna h a i ck e m anga ge t t e r .
3 . D o k t or n
k o nst na m d u t al a
'

o ch re n d rick a v in .
4 Pro fe ssor n ,
. so

de om , ar pa l ab o rat or i e t .
5 . Bibliot e k ar ie n o ch pro

anne r m en aro d e anne r Ne

'

fe sso re rn a v o ro v ,
nu ov . 6 .

ge r n b e rat t ade h and e l se n fo r fie nd e rna 7 . . S o l d at e rna

kO rO nO
'

pt e b d i b age rie t . 8 . V ar v o ro t t e r na ? 9 . S t o ck
h ol m GOt e b org o ch Mal mOaro sve nsk a s t ad e r
,
Io Bi . .

b l io t e ke t i U pps al a ar s t o rt 1 1 D e n t ys k a h e rr n h ar . .

b ade sv e nsk a o ch t ys k a b O ck e r 1 2 Fie nd e rna r e d o t i l l . .

s t ad e n pa b O n d e r nas h a st ar 1 3 D o k t orn a ir pam u se e t . . .

14 F o t ografie n l i g ge r pab ord e t 1 5 Fie nd e rna v oro i st a

. . .

d en e u ma n ad 16 M u skl e rna i h and e rna aro ick e s t o ra

. . .

1 7 D e n sj
. u k a k v innan a r h o s d ok t o r n 1 8 BO nd e r na .
.

h a ick e m a 1 9 Ne gre r na i A m e r i k a b o i
'
4
nga b oc k e r . .

st a d e rna 20 Gossar o ch fl ick or t y ck a o m fot ografier

. . .

2 1 Pro fe sso rns b O

. ck e r a ro h o s b ib l io t e k ar ie n .

1 S p ag 4 6 f t n t 4
ee e , oo - o e .

2 Th p fix ( t g th w i th i in S w d i h p nd t “
e re im o o e er h e s co r r e s o s o

t h eE ngl i h (i im sTh p fi x na i t d
n F th x am p l e re
“
o s s re s se . ur er e es

ar e : u na ccu st o m e d , Ob e b o d d
’

u n z n ka b z t e d ,
'

Od e l b a r om Ojl ig
i m possi ble
I It
.

3 nd e c l i n ab l e re l at i v p e r o no u n. ca n be u se d on ly as a su b s t an t i v e

p ro no u n , b i t m ay
ut re fe r th g nd a nd n m b
t o n o u ns o f e i er e er u er, and m av
b e u se d a s t h e sub ec j t a t h bj t W h n a p p iti n i
or s e o ec . e re os o s u se d , it re g u

l ar l y fo ll o w s the rel a t i v ( a g n all y i n p k n E n gl i h )

e s e er s o e s .

'
4 Am e r i k a.
 T HIR D D EC L ENSI ON

Th e 2 Th e
B . 1 .
pri s on In t h is ci t y is no t b e au t if u l . .

pe as an t s pic k e d n u t s i n t h e w oo d s 3 T h e pr o f e ss o r
. .

w as in t h e l i b rar y and t h e d o c t or w as i n t h e l ab o rat o r y .

4 Th e k i ng h as a h or s e w h ic h is v e r y b e au t if u l
.
5 Th e . .

b i rd s are si t t i ng o n t h e gi r l s h and 6 Th e s o l d i e r s are

’
. .

d ri nk i ng wi ne 7 Th e pe as an t s are g i v i ng t h e e ne m i e s
. .

b re ad . 8 . Th e
s h and s and f e e t are no t l arge 9 Th e
b oy
’
. .

pro fe ss or s are no t i n t h e ci t y i n t h e s u mme r 10 Th e . .

e ne m y d o e s no t l i k e o u r arm i e s I I Th e l i b rar i an and

. .

t h e d oc t or ar e e ne m i e s 1 2 Th e ne groe s are gi v i ng t h e
. .

b o ys n u t s 13 D o t h e w o me n b u y b re ad i n t h e b ak
. .

e ri e s ? 14 S we de n d oe s no t h av e m an y l arge ci t i e s
. .

1 5 . Th e art is t and h is f ri e nd s w e re in t h e m u s e um .

16 . I s t h e ph ot ograph b e au t i f ul ? 1 7 W h e re are t h e .

l ab o r at or i e s ? 1 8 Th e b ak e r i e s i n t h is ci t y ar e no t l ar ge
. .
VII FOUR T H D EC L EN S ION 53

LE SS ON V I I .

FO U R T H D E C LEN SION .

94 Th e F o ur t h . D e c l e nsi o n ( pl u r .
-n
c on t ai ns on l y
)
ne u t e r no u ns To . t h is d e c l e nsi o n b e l o ng m o s t n e u t e r s
e nd ng i in a v o w e l ; n am e l y ,

(1) A fe w m ono sy l l ab ic ne u t e r s e nd ng i in a vo wel ;

as , bi b e e , f r o se e d ,
knd k nee .

( 2 ) Ne u t e r S o f m o re t h an o ne sy l l ab l e e nd i ng i n an
u n s t r e ss e d v o w e l l ( c h i e fl y e) ; r i ke k i ngd o m tip l e
as p
-
, ,

appl e fi rb al l ande ci rc um s t ance kjd rta h e ar t p ia no pi ano

'
,
'
, , .

95 D E FINI.T E FORM T h e d e f si n g a d d s e t o r -t
; . . .
-

2
t h e d e f pl u r add s a . .
-
.

No t e — 1 N o u ns e ndi ng i n an u nst re sse d v ow e l ad d -t ; as

. .
,

, .
'
appl e d e f appl e t ; Izjar t a d e f lzjar tat ; pi a no d e f pi a not T h o se , .
'

, .
'
.

e nd i ng i n a st r e sse d v o w e l ad d ci o r t ; as kna d e f knd ( e )t '

- - .
, , .

Se e
2 . M o no s
y l l ab l e s m ay al so ,th ou gh l e ss o ft e n no w t h an b e fo e r ,

fo rm th e d ef . pl u r b y . d ropp ing3 n and ad d i ng e n ; as bi e n

- -
,

b i na ) .

3Of kjar t a h e ar t t h e re is no d e f pl u r form i n co m m o n u se

.
, . . .

As far as po ssi b l e t h e w ri tt e n l ang u age av o id s e x p re ss i ng t h e

,

d e fi ni t e m e an i ng o f t h e pl u al o f t h is w o rd b u t i t e m pl o y s Izjar tana
'

r ,

2 ) if t h e d e f p l u r m u st b e e xp re sse d
( se e 1 05 , . . .

96 E x am pl e s of t h is d e cl e nsi o n are : bi b ee dpple

.
,

d r ta h e ar t p ia no pi ano
’
appl e lij , ,
.

1 Th a f w x e rep t i n t h l ad i n g n b i n g
re e e ce (5 fio f s, e e o es e or a , 03 4 flge .

a: (3 ki l ( 5 an d a f w f ign w
o d nd i n g i n m —N t e o re or s e - a .
eu e rs

o f m th an n y ll ab l th at h a v a t
o re o d fi n al v w l b l n g t
e s th
e e s re sse o e , e o o e

T h i d D l n i n ; p ag 4 6 f t n t 3
r ec e s o se e e , oo - o e .

2 Ob v th a t t h se r l t i ng e w h il h m b a i ng al e th p l al
r e su -n a
,
e e re e r c so e ur

end i n g i i d n t i a l i n f m w i th t h
, s d f a ti l
e cf th p l al i n t h fi t
or e e . r c e o e ur e rs .

th d l n i n
re e ec e s o s.

3 In al i t y i n t d
re pp d ; t h d f f m i n q t i n i b a d n a n
or s o ro e e e . or ues o s se o

o l d p l al f m bi ( id n t i al w i th t h i n g l a ) t w h i h
er ur or ew a ad d d ; c e s u r , o c 4 1: s e

cf .
55 1 06 , 1 07 .
 S T RON G VERBS

I N D EFINI T E D EFINI T E IN D EFINI T E D EFINI T E

S i ng bi . biet
P l u r bi n . bi na ( bie n ) a
pp/e n
'
lijar tat
'

S i ng . kjd r ta pi a no

bjar tan
’
P l ur r tana]
.
[j
k d pia non

S T RON G V E R B S .

97 In S w e d is h as i n E ngl ish t h e re is a g re at v ar i e t y
.
, ,

o f v o w e l c h ange i n t h e f ormat i o n o f t h e pas t t e ns e o f

-

l
s t r ong v e rb s ( cf 8 1 and not e ) Th e m o s t n ume ro u s l y
. .

r e pre s e nt e d sys t e m s o f v o w e l c h ange i n

2
S w e d is h are : -

PRE S EN T PAS T
( 1 ) l ong i l on g e

( 2 ) s h or t i s h o rt a; pl u r .
,
s h ort u

( 3 ) my 5

E x am pl e s
( 1 ) skri va w ri t e skre v

( 2 ) fi nna fi nd f an n , pl u r .
f u nno
( 3 ) bju da ofl e r bjod
sj u ng a si ng

fi rs t! fl y

98 . Al l s t rong v e rb s t h at h avewe l i, u or
y as t h e roo t -v o
3
i n t h e i nfinit i v e ( and i n t h e pre s f or m t h e pas t .

t e nse acc ord i ng t o t h e sys t e m s g i v e n i n 97 To t h is .

t h e r e are onl y t w o e xc e pt i o ns : g i va g i v e pas t g av pas t , ,

p l u r g avo
.
; a n d l igg a l i e p a s t l ag T h e s e t w o v e
, rb s .
,

an d t h o s e h av i ng i n t h e i nfi n i t i v e s om e o t h e r r o o t v ow e l -

t h an i u o r y ,
f orm t h e pas t t e ns e acc or d i ng t o v ari ou s
,

1 E g i n E n gl i h
. .
, n an ; sat at ; fall
: f ll ;
ru ,h t h t ; b ak
r e , e , e s oo , s o re
,

b ro k ; t a
e t ; b i t b i t ; d i v d v ; b i nd b nd ; i ng ang ; g i v
e r, ore e, r e, ro e , ou s , s e ,

g av e .

2 A m m pl t a
o r e co nt i gi v n i n L
e e n X VI
cco u s e ess o .

3 F f th i ll t a t i n
or ur er th
us t p d i n g t h v ab l a y f t h i
r o s se e e no e r e ce e oc u r o s

le ss on .
V II FO UR T H D ECLENSIO N 55

s ys t e m s . As ea ch of t h e l as t n am e d sys t e m s i s re pre se nt
ed b y o nl y f ro m o ne t o t h re e or f ou r v e rb s t h e s e can ,

b e s t b e l e arne d i nd i v i d u al l y ,

99 Th e pas t
. s t rong v e rb s i s c onj u gat e d
t e ns e of al l

l i ke skrev i n 81 N o t ic e h ow e v e r t h at i n sys t e m ( 2 )
.
, ,

t h e roo t v o w e l o f t h e pas t pl u r d i ff e rs f r o m t h at o f t h e
-
.

p a s t si n g T h is is .t h e c as e al s o w i t h a few of t h e

i nd i v i d u al v e r b s re f erre d t o in 98 e nd ; as g i va pas t , , ,

g av ,p a s t p l u r
g avo C f v ar p l ur
. voro i n 7 1 . .
, .
,
.

''

S i ng .
j ag , e tc .
,
skrev f ann bjod jbng
s
fl bg
Pl u r . vi skrevo
''

I skre ven f u nne n bjode n j

s ong e n
''
l
f go e n
'

de skrevo f u nno bjodo jong o

s
fi o
g o

N E GA T I V ES .

1 00 S we d is h h as t h re e w ord s m e ani ng j i cke ,

”
. not : e

and i nte Th e w r i t t e n l ang u age e m pl oys i cke f re q ue n t l y

.
,

i nt e rs pe r si ng ej 1
Th e s po k e n l angu age r e gu l ar l y u s e s
.

i nte w h ic h al s o occ u r s i n t h e w r i t t e n l angu age par t icu

, ,

l arl y i n d i al og .

1 01 POSI T ION OIKNEGATIV E S In pr i nci pal c l au s e s t h e

.

'
.

ne g at i v e is pl ac e d af ter t h e fi n i t e f o rm o f t h e v e rb as ,

i n E ngl is h b u t i n s u b ord i nat e c l au s e s i t is pl ac e d bef ore

,

t h e fi ni t e f o r m E x : Han ar icke b em ma He i s no t
'

. . .

at h ome Hon sag er att Iz an icke ii r kemma S h e s ays

'

. .
,

t h at h e i s no t at h o me .

1 02 OR T HO G RAP HY : komma kom kom m o

. 6 not e I ; , , ,

P h o nol o gy 1 8 a) Teg nér 90 e nd ) .

, .

1 03 PRONUNCIA T ION : l ova sova 9 3 b ) ; Izjar ta

'

.
, ,

k na Teg ner 1 9 2 c ) ; li e m
’
S ve n 6 n o te I ) , , , .

1 N t i nf q
o n tl y b th i d
re an d j
ue in t h am nt n Ex D tt
o ea e o ccu r e s e se e ce . . : e a
'
m a r ker Ia t t d e n so m f ke r a t t f o r a sa m t a l m e d n ei g on . m k a n i cke se r och
’ ’

or sa et t
'
. so ,

s om ej se r Iz o n o m ,
Thi s w i ll re ad l
i y be o b se r v ed b y o ne w h o tri e s t o c a r r y on

a co n v e r sa ti on wi th so m e o ne w h o m h e d oes n o t se e a n d w h o d o e s n o t se e h im .
 FOUR T H D EC LE NSI ON

In ig a,
sc g u u al ls y z
j
; in Holg ersson g j or g ( as in
,
z

g et ) .
O b se r v e t h e c h ange i n t h e i ni t i al c o ns onan t -s o un d
i n g i va, g av .

1 04 ACCEN T : ( I ) Mo nosy ll ab l e s o f t h e F o u rt h D e cl e n
.

si on h av e t h e ac u t e acc e nt b o t h i n t h e d e f si ng and d e f . . .

l u r ; as bi e t bi na ( bie n ) —W ord s o f m ore t h an o ne

p .
, ,
.

sy ll ab l e h av e t h e g rav e acc e nt i n al l f or m s ( as r i ke r iket , ,

r i ke n r i kena)
,
wi t h t h e e xc e pt i o n o f a fe w w ord s ( as
,

'
ande p ia no w h ic h l att e r m ay al s o h av e t h e g rav e
’
rb a
f o l l , ,

acc e n t ; o b s e rv e t h at b o t h o f t h e s e w ord s are s t re ss e d o n

s ome sy l l ab l e o t h e r t h an t h e firs t ) .

( 2 ) O f t h e w o rd s m e nt i o ne d in t h is l e ss o n vatten f or , ,

li al l ande Holg e rsson and F r i tiof h av e t h e ac u t e acc e nt ;

’
,

p ia no h as e i t h e r t h e ac u t e o r t h e grav e acc e nt
’
.

105 COL L OQU IALI S M S : ( 1 ) F o r m s l i ke knii et o cc u r pri

.

m ar i l y i n t h e w r i t t e n l angu age ; t h o s e l i k e knat pr i m ar i l y ,

i n t h e s po k e n l ang u age .

( 2 ) In t h e S po k e n l angu age lzjii r tana i s u s e d as t h e ,

lzjar ta
'

def .
pl u r . of .

( 3 ) Th e s pok e n l angu age no t e m pl oyi ng pl u r al v e rb ,

f or m s ( cf § 5 3 1 ) h as no v ow e l c h ange s u c h as t h at of
.
,
-

fan n pl u r f u nno
, . .

( 4 ) In t h e s poke n l angu age sa m ay b e u s e d fo r sade , .

( 5 ) Aven b e l o ngs t o t h e w r i tt e n l angu age ; l i k e wise

ock w h ic h i s sy no ny m o u s wi t h i t I n pl ac e o f t h e se ock
, .
,

d
sa w h ic h al s o o cc u rs i n t h e w r i t t e n l angu age i s u s e d in
, ,

s pe ak i ng In e asy s pe e c h m ed ( prono u n ce d end ) is e m

.
,

pl o y e d b e si d e ocksa W h e n t h e s e ad v e rb s m od i fy ano t h e r
.

w o rd ei ven is pl ac e d b e f o re t h e w o rd ; ocksa b e fo re o r
, ,

af t e r ( t h e l at t e r pri m ar i l y in t h e s po k e n l an u a e ; out:
g g )
an d m ed af t e r , .

1 Ac t g av ac n t
u e or r e ce .
 FOUR T H D EC LENSION

nast e n .
(4 ) nest s aga ( i r r eg ul ar ; -
er, past s ad e )
o ck also say

a al so t ra
'

o ck s d n . t ree

p i a
'
no n ( 4 ) p
. i ano v at t e n n . w ater
re s a -t e
) t ravel g o ,
appl e n ( 4 ) . a ppl e
s ov a ( so v ) sl eep
l
av e n also

E XER C I SE V II .

A . 1 Han l o v ade at t sk r i v a m e n h an h o l l ick e

.
,

l o ft e t . 2 Han ar b e t ad e o m n at t e n och so v o m d age n

. .

3 . K o n s t n a r e n s ad e a t t h a n i c k,
e arb e t ad e i d ag p a
m o rgo ne n 4 F rO .na Ia .
go i j o rd e n 5 D uv orna flo go . .

h e m o m aft o ne n 6 F agl arna h a néist e n i s k oge n

. . .

7 . K a r l o ch J o h an
?
f u n no n as t e na 8 F O rh al l an d e na i . .

S ve r i ge v oro s v ara d a J oh anss on re s t e t i l l A me r i ka

,
.

9 BO
. nd e rna b d o so ld at e rna b rO d och v at t e n Io D e ss a . .

gossar t y ck a o m pianon 1 1 BOck e r na Iago pad i t t b ord

. . .

1 2 . Gossarna och flick o rna s u t t o i sk ol an och l éiste o m

N i l s Hol ge r ss on 1 3 F ie nde r na Iago i sk o ge n och s o v o
. . .

I4 . S k re v ick e professo rn e t t s t ort ar b e t e o m S v e r i ge ?

1 5 . V i t y ck a at t piano t ar v acke rt
,
1 6 Han sad e at t . .
,

fa ge l n i ck e v ar i na st e t 1 7 S ade goss e n at t h an icke

. .
,

t y ck er o m at t re s a? 1 8 Go ss arna d r uck o v at t e n De . .

ga vo l i v e n h éist ar na v at t e n at t d r i e k a 1 9 S v e n s ad e . .
,

at t h an icke t y ck e r o m at t pl o ck a nOtter

B . 1 . He s ays t h at
w ork is not d ifli cul t 2 He the . .

l i k ed t o re ad good b ook s w h e n h e w as s m al l 3 D id . .

t h e s e go od appl e s g ro w o n t h is t re e ? 4 Th e ni gh t s .

w e re v e r y l o ng t h e n 5 W h e re did t h e b o ys find t h e. .

n u t s ? 6 Th e b e e s w e r e si t t i n g o n t h e fl o w e r s
.
7 Th e . .

c h i l d w as si t t i ng o n t h e d oc t or s kne e s 8 D o b u t t e r ’
. .

fl i e s h av e h e art s ? 9 Hav e y ou m an y b ook s on y ou r .

1 S p ag 5 7 f t n t 2
ee e , oo2 J h - o e .
o n .
V II FOUR T H D ECLENSION 9

t ab l e ? Th e pi ano is b o t h l arge and b e au t i f u l 1 1 I

10 . . .

t h o u gh t t h at h e c am e h o me t h is m orn i ng 1 2 Do . .

p i ge o n s h a v e n e s t s i n t h e w oo d s ? 1 3 T h e appl e.s a re

good . 14 Th e b o ys w e re re ad i ng Te gné r s w or k s in
.
’

sch ool
l
.T h e y l i ke t o re ad “
F r i t iofs S aga 1 5 He ”
. .

h ad m an y r e m i n isc e nc e s o f S w e d e n t o t al k ab o u t
2
.

16 . Are t h e appl e s o n t h is t re e y o u rs ? 1 7 T h e y pro m .

i s e d t o w o r k t o d ay D id t h e y k e e p t h is pro m is e ?
-
.

1 8 . Th e s ee d i s v e r y l ar ge 1 9 B i rd s l i k e s e e d s
. . .

20 . Th e b oy h as a ne s t w h ic h h e f o u nd i n t h e w oo d s .

21 . His h o me i s al s o y ou rs .

1 Se e l 2 in Ex e r ci se A . 2 U se fr an
 FI F T H D E C L EN S ION .

1 06 I n t h e . F i ft h l u r al
D e c l e nsi o n
(p w i t h o u t e nd i ng) t h e

i nde f pl ur . . is i de nt ic al i n f orm w i t h t h e i nd e f si ng , e xc e pt . .

i n t h e c as e w ord s in ( 3 ) b e l ow w h ic h m od i fy t h e
of the ,

“ “ “
r oo t v o we l
- C o mpare E ngl is h s h ee p. swi ne de e r ”
,
”
,
”
.

To t h is d e c l e nsi o n w h ic h c o nt ai ns n ou ns o f b o t h ge nd e r s
'

(p r i m ar i l y n e u t er s ) b e l o n g: ,

( )1 A l m o s t a ll 1
ne u t e r s e nd i ng i n a c o n so n an t ; a s ,

bord t ab l e lz u s h ou se f b nste r wi nd ow
,
sm u l tron w i l d , ,

st raw b e rr y g e nu s ge nd e r ,
.

( )2 N o u n s o f c o mm o n g e nd e r e nd i ng i n -are and -ande

;
“

as l ar are t e ac h e r resand e t rav e l e r oraybrand e c h ai r m an

'

.
, , ,

( 3 ) A fe w n o u ns o f c o mmon ge nd e r t h at h av e v ow e l
m od ificat io n ( se e § 1 1 ) i n t h e pl u ral : broder b ro t h e r
Q
,

f ader f at h e r m an m an g ets goo s e m u s m o u se [as l o u se

, , , , ,

p u r brbder fii der m an g ei ss moss l oss ( t h e l as t t w o

l
'

.
, , , , ,

w i t h i rregul ar v o w e l m od ificat ion) -

.

( 4 ) N ou n s ( c h i e fly o f c o mmon ge nde r ) i nd ic at i ng
m e as u re ; as m il m i l e f ot 4 f oo t tu m 5 i nc h m ete r m e t e r
”
, , , , ,

kil o ( n ) k i l ogr am . Man h as pl u r m an w h e n d e no t i ng

6
. .

a gro u p o f pe r s o ns ( pr i m ar i l y s o ld i e r s
) t h o u gh t o f as a
w h ol e ; as f e m tu sen m an fi ve t h ou s an d m e n e n b ar pa
, ,

( r e ad t io t usen ) m an an ar m y o f men .

1 Th e Thi d D l
t ai n a m al l m b
r t nding in a
e c e n s i o n co n
f n s s nu er o eu ers e
co n n n t p a tl y m
so a n y ll ab l
, a n d p a tl y w
r d f m th an n y l
o os es, r or s o o re o e s ~

l ab l ; e 8 7 1 an d p ag 4 6 f
se e t n t 3 S i n ad d i t i n 1 1 1
, e , oo - o e . ee, o , .

2 Cf E n g b . th b th n ; m an m n ; g : ro g e r, re re e o o se , e e se .

I p t i n t n t n f al l a t m th
,

3 Cf E n g . . :
“
u e o o co s on
”

4 Wh n f t d
.

t i n d i at m a
e o i t b l ng t
oes no th Thi d D l n i n c e e su r e , e o s o e r ec e s o ,

pl u r.f et t er ,

5 T m m ay b u i th f mm n fn t g nd
e e er o co o or o eu er e er
6 W h n i n d i v i d al a
.

e th ght f t h p l m i i ud s re ou o , e u r. ni s u se .
V II I FIF T H D ECLENSION 6I

(5 ) F o r e i gn n o u n s i nc l ud i n g n am e s o f peopl e s e nd i ng , ,

' ’
i n e r ( c o m m o n ge nd e r ) ; as bota nike r b ot an is t egyp ti e r
-
, ,

E gy pt i an .

N ote 1 . . Th e l o ng v ow el of th e slu g , b e sid e s b e i ng m od i fie d ,

i s sh o r t e ned in t h e pl ur of g ds , pl u r g ass; m u s, pl u r m oss; l u s
'

. . .
,

l oss
'

pl u r . .

2 . B r od e r and f ade r are ge ne ral l y co nt ract e d t o br or and f ar i n

t h e i nd e f . si ng 1 .
—\Vo rd s i n -ar e , w h e n u se d b e fo re a r o e r no u n , p p
u su al l y d ro p t h e -e
; as , skom akar sh o e - m ak e r ) Kar l sson ( so me
t i m e s, skom akar e Kar l sson ) M r C a l so n Bu t i n t h e case o f . r .

k ejsar e em p e ror ,
t h e e is al w ay s d ro pp e d b e fo re a no u n ; as kej
-
sar ,

Wi lh e l m . Cf . 68 , no t e 5 .

107 . D E FINI T E F OR M . Th e d e fini t e si ngul ar e nd s in

-et -
t) or -e n -n
) ,
acc ord i ng t o t h e ge nd e r . Th e def
i ni te p l u r al —na Th e pl u ral f o rm e n is
e nd s in -
en or .
-

u s e d fo r b o t h ge nd e rs w h e n a c ons o nant pre c e d e s e xc e pt ,

t h at c o m mon ge nd e r n ou ns e nd i ng i n e r add - na Al - -
.

so t h e n o u ns e nd i n g i n a v ow e l ad d -na E x : b u sen . .
,

m annen a ’
' '

s m u l trone n , , g sse n ,
brbder na , bota n ike r na , ord

f or ande na
’

N o te . 1 . C o m m on ge nd e r - n o u n s e nd i ng in -
e and -e r z ad d -n

; as , l ar ar e n , br od e r n , m e t e r n ,
’
i n th e def si n g bo ta n i ke r n
’

. . .

2 . Th e fe w ne u t e rs e n d i ng in an t
u ns r e sse d v ow e l ad d -t
; as ,

k i l ot t h e k il o gr am .

3 . N e u t e rs e nd ing i n -as e m pl oy t h e i nd e f . si n g. and pl u r . a so as l

the d e f si ng and pl u r ;
. . . as , g e n u s ge nd e r , i nd e f and d e f . . si n
gu ar and l
p l u ral 3 .

4 A
. l m o st al l 4 n e u t e r s e n di n
g i n e l e n e r d op t h e v o w e l o f t h e
-
,
-
,
- r

su ffi x b e fo re ad d i ng t h e si n g cl o r t h e p l u r e u ; as li ag e l h ai l d e f .
- .
-
, , , .

1 B t th d fu i n g an d t h p l
e e al ( i n d f a n d d f ) a
. s . n v t a t e ur e . e . re e e r so co n r c

e d n t 1 nd f t t 2 n th i p ag ) S t h p a a d ig m § 1 0 8
o e , a oo -n o e o s e . ee e r , .

Cf 6 8
. t 5 and p g 3 4 f t n t 1
, no e ,
a e . oo - o e .

2 I t ad f f
ns e b d
o th f m f d ’
aa e r n ,b d a m t im
r a er d n ,
e or s a r e n. ro r en re so e e s u se

c f p ag 3 5 f e t t 2 , oo -n o
e .

3 G m tim
e nus so h a t h L ati n pl e g esw hi h i d p h ap m
s e ur . e ne r a , c s u se er s o re

o f t n w i th d f th a n w i th i d f m a n i g
e e . n e . e n .

4 NOt h w v il k b a in b k
' '

. o d ed t bd k
e r , si t
en b k S r pp , sz e ne : c en s , ac e n e , uc e ne n : a er

p ap p pp t p pp
e r, o er e . u er e n.
 FIF T H D ECLENSION VII I

s i ng . Iz ag l e t , d e f . pl u r . h ag l e n ; va pe n wea on, p v p
a ne t , z apne n ;
'

f onste r w ind o w , f o nst r e t , f onst r e n l

"

5 . ‘ V
or d s e nd i ng in -ar e d ro p t h e e o f -ar e na ; as , [d r am a fo r l ei
r ar e no tt e n l angu age b u t no t i n t h e spo k e n l anguage
. In t h e w ri , ,

m e i s i n t h is case f e q u e nt l y u se d t o fo rm t h e d e f pl u al o f no u ns
r . r

r e fe rri ng t o pe rso ns o f t h e m al e se x T h is w as t h e p ract ice fo r .

m e rl y m o re t h an n o w Cf 6 9 no t e 5 . .
, .

6 F o r t h e d e f pl u r
. m o t nou ns end ing i n and e sub s t it u t e t h e
. .
,
s -

p re po si t i v e d e fi nit e a t icl e fo l l o w e d b y t h e co e po nd ing p e se nt

r rr s r

p art icipl e w h ich i s id e n ti cal w i t h t h e no u n ( cf

, as de r e .
,

sand e ( fo r r e sande na ) .

1 08 . E x am pl e s
F if t h D e c l e nsi on are : bord ( n ) of the .

t ab l e sm u l t ron , W i l d s t r aw be rr y f auste r ( n ) w in , .

d ow g e nu s ( n ) ge nd e r l arare t e ac h e r ord/b rande c h ai r

'

, .
, ,

m an
’
bota nike r b ot an is t
, bro ( de ) r b rot h e r man m an , , ,

g as goos e .

IN D EFINI T E D EFINI T E IN D EFINI T E D EFINI T E

S i ng bor d ( n ) . . sm u l t ron ( n ) . sm u l t ronet

P l u r bord . borden sm u l t ron sm ul tr one n

S i ng f bnste r ( n ) f onstret
. .
g e nu s (n ) .

P l u r f onster f.onst re n
l
g e n us

S i ng . l d rare l ei rar e n or a
y or a nde
l arar na
'

P l ur l ci r are
'

.
-
ne ) or d
f or and e

’ '
S i ng . bota n ike r bota nike r n bro ( de ) r
’ '
Pl ur . bota nike r bota n iker na brode r

S i ng . m an m anne n 4
g as
’

P lur . m ii n 3
m ii u ne n ’
g d ss

1 F o nst e r
‘

so me imes t u se s a s t h e def . pl ur .
, f aw n
-
m ,
S i m il a r l y , / r u nt i m m r
w o m an , h as f r u nt z m r e n
’

0 1
”
f r u nt z m m e r n a
’

t i l le r p lli . h as fi z ll r e n Ot pz l le r n a
’
' '

2 S e e fo o tn t
- o e 2 o n t he p r e ce d in g p ag e.

3 Or man : see 1 06 , 4 .

4 Th e c h an g e fr o m n t o mg is on ly o rt h g aph i
o r c ( se e Ph ono o l g S y

On t h e co nt a y
r r , t he c h an g e fr o m s t o s: in g a
s , g ii ss is d ue to a ha g c n e in
q u an tit y .
VII I IRR E G U LARI T I ES I N D EC L ENSIO N 63

I R RE GU L A R I T I ES I N D E C L EN S I ON .

1 09 A fe w
. com mon ge nd e r no u ns ( c h i e fly m onosy l l ab -

ic) e nd ng i i n v ari o u s v ow e l s f or m t h e i r pl u ral b y ad d ,

i ng -r
; as , ko cow pl u r kor; sko s h oe ,
skor; ta t oe .
, ,

tar; ku str u wi f e lz ustr u r ,

.

Th e d e f . si ng ad d s -n; t h e d e f pl ur add s -na; as

. . .
,

kon , kor na; b u st r un , Iz u str u r na .

1 1 0 Th e
. t w o n e u t e rs og a e ye , and bra e ar , f o rm t h e i r
pl u r al b y d roppi n g
-a and ad d i ng -ou
, pl u r . og on , bron .

Th e d e f si ng . . ad d s -
t; th e def . l
p ru . ad d s -e n
; as,
’

o
g at ,
o
g one n .

111 S ome nou ns f orm t h e i r pl u ral i n s e v e ral ( u s u al l y

.

t w o ) d i ffe re n t w ays : ( I ) A l ar ge n u m b e r o f n e u t e r s o f
f ore i gn or i gi n e nd i ng in a cons o nant ( c h i e fl y no u n s of
m o re t h an o ne sy l l abl e ) m ay b e l ong e i t h e r t o t h e F if t h
'
or t h e T h i r d D e c l e nsi on E x : adjekti v ad j e c t i v e d istr ik t . .
,

'
ele m en t e l e m e nt kap ita l c api t al palat s pal ac e
’ ’
d is t r ic t , , , ,

p oe m poem p robl e m probl e m ver b v e rb lzotel l h o t e l bi

’ ’
, , ,
’
,

'
bl iote k l i b rary ( 2 ) V ar i o u s o t h e r i ns t anc e s of t w o d i ffe re n t
.

p l u r a l f o r m s 1
f o r t h e s am e no u n are : lz u v u d h e ad
pl ur , .

lz u v u d ( d e f b u v u den ) o r Iz u v u den ( d e f lz u vu de na) ; li am

.
, .

m ar e h am m e r pl u r Iz amm ar e o r kam r ar ; lui rad d ist r ic t

,
.
,

t o w ns h i p pl u r lui r ad o r Izarader
,
. .

1 12 P rope r nam e s e nd i ng i n an s so u nd d o no t add -s

.

2
i n t h e ge ni t i v e In w r i t i ng h ow e v e r an apo s t ro ph e i s
.
, ,

1 In m i n t an
so ea d iff sn i n m an i n g i
ce s nn t d w i th t h d iff ere ce e s co ec e e er

e n ce in f m in t h pl
or al T h i i t h a w i th f r
e ur .
f t m s s e c se o ,
or a ; a n,

pl m a
ur m
n or f o d pl m an: a d ) f e
'

k i nd
se e f d ; u f se e s or s o se e s
—N t al g g w al k p l
. r , / r y; r er

se e p ag 4 6 f t n t
e , oo - o e é i tim o e so an
°
, u r. g ng a r : g e ng e,

p l gi g b k b k p l bo k b k b h p l b k
u r. n er : o oo , t n t ur pl
.
'

e er : o e ec , ur . o ar ; no o e, u r. no

te r : not inse pl te, b k b an k pl

u r . no a r ;b k b k ( a nd ) b a k an pl , u r. an er : an s n , ur .

b ank k ii k g i ft p l
ar : s n ku k kd k id b a d p l
, ur kii k
. s a d n in
er : s n s e o r . ur . s n ar : n so o n .

th e ca f a f w
se o th e o e rs .

2 C ni ng t h
o n ce r g n i t i v f m m n n n n d in g i n a n
e e nd
e o co o ou s e s -s o u , se e

g1 1 9, e nd .
64 IRRE G U L ARI T I ES I N D ECLEN S ION VI I I

ver y f re q ue nt l y ( b u t l e ss now t h an f ormerl y ) u se d t o in

d icat e t h e c as e ; as 7 oban nes ( o l d e r and b i bl i cal f or m
’
,

o f 7alz an) J o h n 3 vang e l z u m Th e Go s pe l A C

’ ’ ’
'

7 ob a n 2es e ,

c o rd i ng t o S t J oh n ; Pari s bel d fi ’ ’ '

gr z ng t h e S i e ge o f P ar is
. .

1 1 3 F OREI GN N OU N S
. S om e l oan w ord s re t ai n t h e i r .
-

fo re i gn pl u ral ; as f ez /al u m f ac t pl ur f akm; ex a me n e x am

’
.
, ,

ne u t r u m
’
m z na; pl ur
’

i nat ion , pl u r . ex a ne u t e r , . ne u l r e r o r
' '
p rono men p rono m e n prono m z ner
'
’ ‘
ne u t ra; pronou n , pl u r .
,

'
or p rono m i na .

Of i nde fi ni t e f orm is u se d al so as t h e d e fi
t h e se , t h e
n i t e b o t h in t h e si ng u l ar and ( f ore i gn) pl u ral
,
Ex : D e . .

z na t h e per s o n
'
u m ms
’ ’
m l ns F
'

er so n l z a
p g p r ono a p ro nou u t .

'’
be y ael se
é lean oe/e u mjyekas g enom Izjdlpver bet s/eol a oe/z p res .

i nf .
( re ad presens m ed aft Th e f u t u re i d e a .

“
( l i t e r a l l y t h e m e an i,
n g o f t h e f u t u re t e nse m ay al so
b e e x pre ss e d b y t h e au xi l i ar y skola and t h e pre se nt i n
fi nit i v e wi t h ai d — Bu t t h o s e t h at al so h av e S w e d is h
p l u r al s i e a r,e n at .u r al i
. z ed
,
m a y h av e t h e d e fi ni t e ar ,

l ’
t i e l e ; as ne u tret prono m z net
'

.
, ,

S o m e f ore i g n no u ns e s pe ci all y b i b l ic al n am e s re t ai n , ,

t h e i r f o re i gn ge ni t i v e ; as M al l e u s M at t h e w M atte z eva n
’ ’'
, ,

g e l z u m Th e Gos pe l A cc o rd i ng t o S t Mat t h e w ; Pew /u s

’ '

P au l Pau l i bre v Th e E pis t l e o f P au l ; [0 219q C h r is t

, ,

ge n Kr isti; yesu s J e s u s ge n yew ; Natz ona l m use u m Na

' '

. .
,

t io nal Mu s e u m Nai zo na l m u se i sam l z ng ar t h e c o l l e c t i ons

’
’ '

o f t h e N at i o n al M u s e u m ;
2 ’
efor D oc t or o f Ph i
f i l osofi e d o l
l oso ph y ; m edz ei ne doktor D o c t o r of Me d ici ne
’ 2
'

1 1 4 OR T HO G RAP HY : m an m annen m an
. m anne n; , , ,

Iz em Ize mm ez lzemm en; fiammar e ll a m r ar 6 no t e I ;

‘
, , , ,

Ph onol ogy z ss o n acc o u nt

''

g et s b u t i n t h e p l u r al g c ,

o f t h e s h o r t e ne d v ow e l .

1 N ti th h an g f m t in da w i th L a t i n ; f ’
'

o ce e c e ro m n g o z a cco r n ce c ex a e

R n t S w d i h t x t b k f q n tl y t ai n t h p m t
, .
,

’ '
’
ex a m z na ,
e ce e s e - oo s re ue re e e , r o no e ne .

2 T hi L atin
s a - e" .
66 FIF T H D EC L ENSI ON VI I I

leer and ne u tr u m y h av e t h e ac u t e acc e nt b u t

s
u u al l ,

s ome t i me s t h e g rave — ( b ) yo/ mn nes Matte u s Panl ns .

' ’
, , ,

Karlsson belii g r i ng éety de l se per sa nl zg pr esens

’ ’ ’
.
, , , ,

117 C.O L L OQUIALISMS : ( 1 ) O b s e r v e t h a t -ne is n ot

u s e d fo r t h e d e f pl u r i n t h e s po k e n l angu age ( see § 1 0 7

. . ,

n o te 5 )
d d -ar e d ro
( 2 ) In t h e p s o k e n l a n g u ag e w or s e n i n g i n p ,

e in t h e d e f si ng ; as skom akarn I n S o u t h e rn S w e d e n
.
,
.
,

h ow e ve r t h e u nco n t r ac te d f o rm is m o re us u al
,
.

(3 ) I n a l a r g p
e a r t o f S w e de n n e u t e rs d ro p t h e t in ,
-

t h e d e f f or m ; as. h u set p ro n o u n c e d ,
li nse; cf § 5 3 3,
.
, .

Bu t i n t h e ge ni t i v e t h e t i s al w ays prono u nc e d ( see ,

h ow e v e r 1 34 ,
as l msets , ,
.

(4 ) I n a l a r e
g p a r t o f S w e d e n a is a d d e d t o t h e d ef ,
-
.

p l u r e
. nd i n g as li ns d e f p l u r n n se na;
,
bom d or
,
. .
’
,

aena; bar n bar nena; Iz ag el

’
,
lz ag l e naf so al s o g d s de f , , .

p l u r g. d sse n a S i m i l a rl y i n t h e c as e
. of eg a e ra d e f , , .

pl u r . bg ona , 5 7 07261 .

( 5 ) N e u t e rs i ng i n er al m os t al w ays ad d -na i n
e nd -

t h e d e f pl u r i n t h e s pok e n l an gu age ; as m ensl e r na ( fo r

. .
,

m é nsl ren f ro m 7nonsl er pat t e r n ) ; pappe r na ( fo r puppe r e n

''

, ,

f ro m p apper pape r ) ; p u l ver nd ( for pul vr en f r o m pnl ver ,

p o w d e r ) S o m e o
. f t h e s e f r e q u e nt l y ad d -na al s o i n t h e

w r i t t e n l anguage ; se e page 6 2 f o ot -no t e 1 , .

( 6 ) In t h e c as e o f m any ne u t e rs ( par t ic u l ar l y f ore i gn

w ord s ) e nd i ng in a co ns onant w h ic h h ave d o ub l e pl ural
f o r ms wi t h o u t d i ffe re nc e i n m e ani ng b e l ongi ng e i t h e r t o ,

t h e T h i rd or t h e F if t h D e c l e nsi o n ( se e § 1 1 1 t h e s po k e n ,

l angu age pr e f e r s t h e pl u ral s e nd i ng i n -er w h i le t h e ,

w r i t te n l an gu age pre fe rs t h e pl u ral s wi t h o u t e nd i ng .

1 I n th pa t f Sw d n W h
o se r i ad d d t h d f p l
s o f al l n
e e n e re -a s e . e e . ur . o ou s
e nd s in m fi
’

as , z ekor g ossa r n a . sake r na . k n a na h u se na f on st e r na as se na

’ ’

a: n a. , . . g .

bg o na kor na
’

. .
VI I I FI F T H D EC LENSION

( 7) c o m mon in t h e spoke n l an
F ar and bror are m o re

g u age t h an i n t h e w r i t t e n C f
’

75 3 . .
, .

( 8 ) In pl ace o f m an pl u r m an t h e s pok e n l ang u age , .

,

‘
g e ne ral l y u se s lear l .

( 9) In t h e s pok e n l ang u age b nond h as t h e f o rm s Iz nve , ,

def . d u vet; pl u r . b u r/ en , d e f . b nvena .

( 1 0) In spo ke n l angu age Gottl and and L app l and

the ,

are u s u al l y pr ono u nc e d Gottl an and L appl an re s pe c t i v e l y ,

.

V O C A BU L A RY .

N ot e Th e fol l owi ng nou ns b e l o ngi ng t o t h e F ifth D e cl e nsio n

.

h av e o ccu rre d i n p re v io u s v o cab u l ari e s : b ar n

'
b ib l i o t e k b o rd , , ,

b re v b rod h e m h u
, t rad v at t e n ; al so fo t ( w i t h t h e pl u ral e r
, ,
s, ,
-

ef . p age 60 foo t no t e ,
-

No d e cl e nsio n i s i ndicat e d fo r nou ns t h at canno t re ad il y b e u se d

i n t h e p l u ral .

( ) emperor Kaise r
'
b o t a n i ke r ( 5 ) botanist ke j sar e 5 ,

b rod er b ro r ( 5 ) brot/z e r
,
k i l o n ( 5 ) kil og ram l bs ) . .

e gy p t ie r ( 5 ) Egyp t i a n
’
k o ( pl nr -r ) eow .

'
e vange l i u m n ( ) g
3 osp el l a r ar e ( ) teaclze r
5.

e x a me n ( pl n r e x a m i n a) m an ( 5 ) m an b nsband
’ ’
.
,

ex am i nation m e t e r ( 5 ) m e ter (3 9 i nd i es)

f ad e r far ( 5 ) f atb e r
,
m il ( 5 ) m il e E ng m iles) .

f ak t u m nam n n ( 5 ) nam e .

'

f al l a ( f ol l ) f al l ne u t ru m n ( 3 or ne u t r a) .

fe m fi ve ne u ter

fonst e r n ( 5 ) w i ndow . ord forand e ( 5 ) e/z ai r m an

’ '
ge nu s n ( 5 ) g e nde r .
p ro no m e n n ( 3 5 or pro no .
,

g a s ( ) g oose
5 m i na) p ronou n
'

h age l n ( 5 ) b ail lzazl stone resand e ( 5 ) travel e r

'
.
,

h u st ru (pl n r -r ) w if e sk o (pl nr
.
-r
) s/zoe .

2
j o r d gu b b e ( 2) ( en/ti vate d ) s k o m ak are 5 ) shoe m ake r
str aw ber ry

1 Th e [ i s si e n l t , and t h e v o w e li ls on g; se e 5 1 6 a .

“
2 Gub b e
”
m e an s o ld m an
"
.
 FIF T H D EC LENSI ON V II I

sm u l t r o n n .
( )
5 ( w ild ) st r aw t yg n .
( 5 or 3 ) cl ot/i

be r ry ta ( bl u r .
)
-r toe

sm or n . bu tte r v ape n n .
( )
5 weapon

tum ( som e ti m es n .
) ( 5 ) i nc/z 6 ( )
9 i sl and
t u s e n t/zonsand oga n .
(pl u r o go n ) . e
ye
t v a t wo b ra n .
(pl u r oro n) . e ar

E XER C ISE VIII .

A . 1 . B ot ani k e rn
h ans b rode r v oro i s koge n och o ch

p l o ck a d e sm u l t ro n 2 N i l s H o l ge rss o n s at t
.
p a en .

g a s o c h r e d ov e r S v e r i ge G a ss e n r e st e m a n g a m il om .

d age n l
D e flb go f r an S k ane t i l l L appl an d
. Gass e n v o .

ro a ve n pa Go t t l and 3 Go t t l and a r e n s t or a .V ar . .

l i gge r d e nna 6 ?
4 E gy p t ie r na b o i E y
g p t e n
Q
.
5 B o r . .

sar Wi l h e l m i B e r l i n 6 S ol d at e r na fu n no fie n
3?
icke k e j
d e rnas v ape n u nd e r t ra den Mi t t ar ne u t r u m av ”
7 . .

prono m i ne t m in 8 Hagl e n f o l lo t i l l j o rd e n o m nat

”
. .

t e n m e n d e v o ro ick e k v ar d a m o rgo ne n k o m 9 Ha
‘
. .
, ,

ga ss e n t ar ? I O B arne n t y ck t e at t e x am i na v o ro s v ar a
.
,
.

1 1 F ad e rn k b pt e sk or na av sko m ak are n 1 2 Ko r h a
. . .

s t ora 6 go n 1 3 Larar na su t t o i s h ol an och t al ad e om

. .

b ar ne n 14 Ko ns nam n ar ic h e v ack e rt
. . 1 5 Not t e rna . .

f ol l o f r an t rad e n 1 6 Tv a re sande k o ni m o t i l l U pps al a

’

. .

i d ag pa m o rgo ne n 1 7 S ko m ak are ns h u st ru k opt e fe m . .

k i l o s m dr av e n b ond e so m h ar t v a k o r Go sse ns
'
5
1 8 , . .

n amn ar J o h an 1 9 Ty ck e r n i o m b ru na 6gon ? . .

2o Gre ne n ar fe m t u m ki ng 2 1
.
S v e nsk an h ar t v a . .

ge nu s 2 2
“
Oga och o ra aro ne u t ra
.
“
.
” ”
.

B . 1 . Th e ex am i nat i on w as no t d i ffi c u l t 2 Th e pe as . .

“
ant s h av e c ows and h or s e s 3 De tta is ne u t e r o f . .

1 M a ny m i le s a d ay . 5 Ob v th a t S w d i h d n t se r e e s o es o u se
2 E gy p t ’
en Egy fl , th g ni t iv a p p i ti n i n h e e e or re os o su c

3 B e r i ’n l . xp i n e r e ss o s.

4 K v a r lef t , re m a i ni n g . t h er e .
vnr FI F T H D EC L ENSION 69

d e nn a S t raw b e rr i e s are re d
4 .
5 Bot an is t s l i ke . .

fl ow e rs and t re e s 6 Th e c h i l d re n s e y e s are b row n

. .
’
.

“
7 . S w e d is h c h i l d re n d o n o t h a v e b r o w n e yes 8 Jag . .
”

“
and du are prono u ns 9 T ree s fl ow e r s and s t raw
”
. .
,

b e rr i e s grow in t h e w ood s in s u m mer ]

10 Th e b i rd s . .

fle w f ro m t re e t o t re e 1 1 Th e m e n fou nd t h e w e apon s
. .

in t h e h o u s e 1 2. Th e c o ws d rank t h e w at er
. 13 Th e . .

l ak e is a m i l e l ong 14 Th e e mpe ror d oe s not l i v e i n

. .

t h is ci t y d u r i ng t h e s u m me r 15 Th e w o m an b o u gh t . .

fi v e m e t e rs of c l o t h
2
1 6 P e asant s d o no t b uy b u t t e r
. . .

17 .Th e ge e s e d rank t h e w at e r w h ic h t h e pe asan t gave

t h e c ows 1 8
. Th e pro no uns b an an d h on are no t
.
“ “ ” ”

1 9 Th e c h ai r m an s b rot h e r s are l i brar i ans ’

n e u te rs . . .

20 .D o c h i l d re n l i k e ( c u l t i v at e d ) s t raw b e rr i e s ? .

1 U se t h e d e f fo r m
. of the w o rd fo r su mm er
Ex
.

2 S e e 1 7 in e r ci se A ,
an d fo o tn t- o e.
 LESS ON I X .

SYN T A X or THE N O U N .

1 18 . THE G ENI T I VE . A fe w
f u rt h e r i ll u s t rat i o ns o f t h e
m o re t h e ge n i t i v e i n S w e d is h ( se e
e x t e nsi v e u se o f 5 6)
'
are : b asel s t ab t h e roo f o f t h e h o u se di /el e ns f ozf at tare
'’

1
,

t h e au t h or o f t h e po e m [i nse ts iig ar e t h e o w ne r o f t h e
,

h o u s e ber iit tel se ns sl u t t h e e nd o f t h e s t o r y bob ens p ai r

,
’
,

m ar t h e c ov e rs o f t h e b oo k Ry ssl ands kejsar e t h e C z ar ,

ju t/on [t u nd ra sju t ti tva ) ar s revo

’
o f R u ssi a 1 7 72 ( re ad s ,

l u tio n t h e re v ol u t i o n o f t h e y e ar 1 77 2 paf e m m il s a o
’
,

stand at a d is t anc e o f fi v e m i l e s en b r ans m an a m an ,

’ '
o f h onor F i nl ands f br /u s t t h e l o ss o f F i nl and A m e r i kas
, ,

a e/et t h e d isc ov e r y o f A m e r ic a a K rl Xl l ss ( re ad
'

up p t p a ,

tolftes) tid i n t h e t i m e o f C h arl e s X I I uar t m ode r sm als ,

st u d i u m t h e s t u d y o f o u r nat i v e t o ngu e e tt fy r d wan i ng ,

ar s b u s a f o u r s t o ry h o u s e borde ts be n t h e l e gs o f t h e
-
,

t ab l e , aid b r zge ts sl u t e nd of
jarnans
'

at the t he w ar , st

f all t h e f al l of the s t ar ,
lel asse ns l ii rare t h e t e ac h e r of

th e c l ass ,
lel asse ns bd sta g osse t h e b e s t b oy i n th e c l ass ,

v id borja n at t h e b e g i nn i ng o f t h e y e ar , m d rs
d re ts en
f e

fl ieba a g i rl o f fi ve y e ars ,
aid t oa ars al de r at the age
A ronobe i g s [an t h e d is t r ic t
2
Kro nob e rg
’
of tw o y e ars , of ,

S tock/1 011 725 stad t he ci t y of S t oc k h o l m , S ve r ig es r i fee t he

Ki ngd o m of S w e de n ,
L u nds u n i ve rsite
’
t the U ni ve rsi t y of

L u nd .

In p l ac e -
n am e s , in t h e
pre ssi o ns ( cf t h e e x am ple s
c ase o f c e r t ai n c o m m o n e x
i m me d i at e l y pre ce d i ng ) no
.
,

ge ni t i v e e nd i n g i s add e d i f t h e prope r no u n e nd s in a
v o w e l o r i n c e r t ai n c o n s o nan t s
( i nc l u d i ng s; see
1 N t al l t h
o g n i t i v i n t h f ll w i g x am p l d n t p
e e es e i no o n e es e o e o s se s s o or
co nn ti
ec on .

2 K b g m ay b t d K b g g ' '
K
’
r on o e r e sb re s se ro aa e r or r o no er ,
i x S YN T AX o r THE NOLN
’

71

as , Orebro l an t h e d is t r ic t o f Ore b r o fll or a socke n t h e

’
,

M pp u ni versi te t t h e U n i v e rsi t y o f U
’

p a r is h o f ora U . sal a , p
s al a Kal m ar [an t h e D i st ric t o f Kal mar Vd ste rd s stad
,
'
,

t h e t o w n o f V as t e ra s — Fal u g r u va t h e m i ne of F al un .
,

f ro m F al u n and Troll/zatte kana l ( canal ) f rom Troll

,
’
z
,

l z ci ttan are i r re gu l ar
, .

1 1 9 S w ed is h m ay
. h o w e v e r al s o u se a prepo si t i o nal , ,

p h ras e i ns t e ad o f t h e ge n i t i v e e s pe ci al l y w h e n t h e w o rd ,

d e no t i ng po ss e ssi on o r c onne c t i o n i s t h e n am e o f an i n
an i m at e o b j e c t b u t s o m e o t h e r pre po si t i o n t h an av o f is
, ,

g e n e r al l y u s e d E x :
l
ta k e t p a l
. z u set t h e ro o f
. of t h e
’
h ou s e f brfat tare n av ( o r till ) d ikte n t h e au t h o r o f t h e
,

poe m iig ar e n av ( ti ll ) b u set t h e o w ne r of t h e h o u s e sl u te t

, ,

'
a v (pa) be rd t tel se n t h e e nd o f t h e s t o ry pa r m ar na
pa bo ,

ken t h e c o v e r s o f t h e b oo k kejsar e n bver ( av ) Ry ssl and t h e ,

C z ar o f R u ssi a r evol u tio nen ( av ) 1 772 t h e re v ol u t i o n o f

,
’

t h e y e ar 1 7 7 2 pa e tt avstand av fe m m i l at a d is t anc e o f
,

f i v e m i l e s en m an av am a m an o f h o no r
,
Viktor d r ,
’
k u si n til l A dolf V ic t or is A d o l ph s c o u si n e n g od van
’ "

t il l m i n f ar a goo d f r i e nd of m y f at h e r s
’
.

T h i s s u bst i t u t i o n is e s pe ci al l y c ommo n i n t h e e as e o f
2

c o m mo n nou ns e nd i ng in an s o r st -s o u nd ; as taket pa ,

e tt b u s t h e roo f o f a h o u s e dof ten av e n ros t h e f ragr anc e ,

o f a r o se Cf 1 1 2. . .

1 20 In s o m e e x pre ssi o ns w h e re E ngl is h h as t h e pre p

.

o si t io nal ph r ase S w ed is h u s e s m e re l y t h e b as e f orm

,
-
,

e s pe ci al l y af t e r no u n s o f w e i g h t me as u re nu m b e r and , ,

k i nd ; as e tt g l as kall t vatte n a gl ass of c ol d w at e r

,
t va ,

kappa r kafi e t w o c ups o f co fl ee

'

tre par v i ta skor t h re e ,

1 Th f ll w i ng x am p l
e o o i n l d ca e f anim at b in g
es Th fi t 9
c u e se s o e e s . e rs

e x am pl p nd t t h fi t 9 f 5 1 1 8
e s co r r e s o o e rs o .

2 T h g n i t i v m a y al
e e b a v id d b y t h
e f th d f f
so m Ex E k
e o e e u se o e e . or . . : or

f en j f
ag a s pii l k ll ( i
or t ad Of f
se n s s i ri l u k ll ) Sq i l a h n t d
ns e or s n as s u . u r re s re u e

Of th i f Bl i x t bbh t ( f bb/ t ) t h a p id i t y
'

f ort h ake s e e r bl
u r. t e ns s n a e o r en zx s s na ze e r

o f l ig h t n i ng .
 S YN TAX THE NOL N 1x
'

72 or

pa r i of w h i t e s h oe s ,
e tt p r
a v ita skor a pai r o f w h i t e
s h oe s c o u pl e b oo k s e n bo m a iskor
‘

e tt bbeke r a of p nn
, par ,

ander d uc k s fl aska
'

a l ot of l e n skoek a fl ock of en
p p e,
e o ,

blii ek a bot tle of i nk , en tu nna r ag a m e as u re 4 b u sh

e ls) o f ry e .

W h e n t h e f ollowi ng nou n h as d e fini t e m e ani ng a pre p ,

v o f) m s b s ed ; va kop ar av d e tta
o si t io n ( a u t e u as t p ,
''

kaje t wo c u ps o f t h is c offe e e tt par av boeke rna a c o upl e

'

o f t h e b oo k s e n t u nna av m in basta ra a m e as u re o f
, g
m y b e s t ry e .

O b se rv e al so ju ni m anad t h e m o nt h o f J u ne den f e m ,

'
te ap r il t h e fi f t h o f A pr i l ( cf de n f e m te de nnes .
,

stade n Ber l i n t h e ci t y o f B e r l i n
’
.

E spe ci al l y in t h e s po ke n l angu age b u t s o m e t i me s

1 21 .
,

al s o i n t h e w r i t t e n a f o r m r e s e mb l i ng t h e ge n i t i v e is u se d
,

t o si gnify s o m e o ne s f am i l y h o u s e o r b u si ne ss m u c h
’
, ,

as i n E ngl is h E x : yag kbpte sm ore t li os Mel t ns I

. . .

b o u gh t t h e b u t t er at M e l in s Hon ar li os A nde rssons ’ '

. .

S h e is at t h e A nd e r s o n h o m e S ka/l d a g o til l Be rg .

str o ms ? A re y o u go i ng t o B e rgs t ro m s ? Nar m an g ar ’

’
m A
’'

f or bi
fi skar ns s e r an e n v i k av j
s
, on s y o u pass t h e .

fish e rm an s c o t t age y ou can se e a b ay o f t h e l ak e

’
, yo .

li anssons vor o icke dci r Th e J o h ns o ns w e re no t t h e re

’

. .

1 22 U nt i l and d u r i ng t h e e arl i e r par t of t h e Old S w e d is h

.

P e ri od ( Old S w e d is h ab o u t 1 2 2 5 — 1 5 2 6 ) t h e pre po si t i o n
2

t il l t o w as r e gu l ar l y f o l l o w e d b y t h e ge ni t i ve c as e and no t
, ,

b y t h e b ase f o r m as n ow I n a f ai rl y l arge n u m b e r o f
-
, .

ph ras e s t h is ol d u se o f t h e ge n i t i ve s t i l l o b t ai ns b ut ,
.

n ow o nl y c e r t ai n n o u n s can b e u s e d i n t h e
ge n i t i v e w i t h
t il l T h e s e ph r as e s u s ual l y h av e a s pe ci al i z e d m e ani ng
.
,

and t h e pre po si t i o n i s i n m o s t c as e s no t t o b e t r an s l at e d
“ l
t ill l ands b y l and , t il l g a til l
to
’

as , g bss by se a, jbss
s

1 S ee 1 3 2, a .
 S Y N TAX OF THE NO U N

Th e
i d fi i r t ic l e i s al s o o m i t t ed i n v ar i ous
1 24 . n e n t e a
b ( ) fran Karl i do
h
ot e r p h r a s e s E x : 7 gfi
a.
e k .
re v sva r
g .

I re c e i v e d a l e t t e r ( an answ e r ) f ro m C arl t o d ay Pr é -
.

'
d i r e k t f r ag a A q u e s t i on m ark i s
' ’
-
e teeke n sd ttes eyte r
g
.

l r lz u vu d vark
p l ac e d a f t e r a d i r e c t q u e s t i o n ya g i a I . .

h av e a h e ad ac h e Han dog d r 1 8 70 ( re ad ader /on l mnd r a

.

sf u t ti o) .H e d i e d i n t h e y e ar 1 8 70 F all a of e r fi r fall .

a v ic t i m t o f a anstd l l ni ng ge t a po si t i o n
,
.

On t h e o t h e r h and S we d is h s o m e t i m e s u se s t h e i nd e f
, .

ar t icl e w h e re E ngl is h d oe s no t ; as ti ll e n del i n par t , .

THE D EFI N I T E FOR M O F N O U N S .

12 5 Th
. e d e fi n i t e f o r m i s f r e q u e n t l y u se d i n t h e c ase of
‘
ab s t rac t no u n s and of no u n s d e no t i ng m at e ri al o r a c l ass ,

in i t s e nt re t i E x : L i ve t d r kor t Li fe is
y ( ge ne r ic u se ) . . .

s h or t fl/d nniskan d r db dl ig Man i s m ort al

.
Cu l d ( e t) . .

d r dy rbarare d n jd r n ( et ) Go l d i s m ore v al u ab l e t h an i ro n
'

. .

’
F brsik tig /z et d r av nbde n C au t i on i s ne ce ssary Han ta . .

l ar i sbmne n He t al ks i n h is s l ee p l l/d ly ekan f olja er !

’

. .

M ay good f or t une at t e nd y o u Nb den Iz ar i ng en l ag . .

N e c e ssi t y h as no l aw F attzgdom ( en ) d r e n b ar d lott . .

P ov e r t y is a h ard l ot Lju set d r sno bbare d n ljud et . .

L i gh t t r av e l s f as t e r t h an so u nd Vano u s makt t h e f o rc e .

o f h ab i t e te r dode n af t e r d h av n at u r e n b y n at u re
f ,
e at , ,

' 2
al l t if r d n u n dom en f rom y o u t h s r d ke ts u r sp r u n
g p g the ,

or i gi n o f l ang u age .

N ot e al so t h e f ol l owi ng e x pre ssi ons i n w h ic h t h e nou n ,

i n t h e d e f f o r m i s u s e d in a ge ne r al s e ns e : Han g ar i
.

ky r kan v arje sbndag He goe s t o c h u rc h e ve r y S u nd ay

. .

Gd i skolan go t o sc h oo l D et d r i nte t r e vl zgt att bo i .

s tad e n d som m are n It is no t pl e as an t t o l i v e i n t h e

p .

'
ci t y i n s u mm e r Bru kar d u i nte g d pd tea ter n ? A re y o u
.

1 IV i t h n d t in g m at i l t h i d f f m i t h m
nou s en o mm n
er a e n e . or s e o r e co o .

2 If n z m ay h av t h v w l i th
n l ng
e h t f
e o if d
e e er o or s or ,
’

z
"
r a n or r n
'
.
 sv xr ax o n THE s o ns 75

no t in th e h ab i t of go ng i t o the t h eat e r ? J/ot f

a tone n

t o ward even i ng . D et d r kl art so m dag en .It is pl ai n as

fem
'
d ay l i g h t cl o c k
’
fiv e
'

. [f loeka n o . l ddag e n d r fi r d zg .

D i nne r is re ad y .

1 26 Th e defi ni t e fo rm is
. x pr e ss i o ns wi t h d is use d in e

t ri bu t iv e m ean i ng ; as mang a m il o m d ag e n m an y m i l e s ,

a d ay t va kronor i w ekan t w o c ro w n s a w ee k f e m kr o
, ,

no r me te m fi v e cro wns a m e t er e n krona sg eke t o ne c row n

'
,

eac h ( api e ce ) .

1 27 In t h e e ase of nou n s referri n g t o par ts o f t h e

.

b od y or t o w e ari ng appare l S we d is h may w he n t h e con , ,

t e x t m ake s c l e ar t h e m ean in g u se m e re l y t h e d e fi n i t e ,

for m o f a no u n w h e re E ngl is h h as a po ss es si v e pro nou n

,

and a no u n
1
E x : Vad ba r d a i fieka n ? Wh at h av e y ou
. .

in o y u r po c k e t ?
H an stad dd r me d ba tt e n i dande r:
( or
i hand ) He s t ood t h e re wi t h h is h at in h is h and
. .

Han U ekte pd axl ar na Of lt d r ack u nde r {ystnad si lt If

'
.

He shr ugge d h is s h o ulde r s and d ran k h is t ea in si l e n ce .

So al so wi t h n o u ns d e not in g re l at io ns hi p w h e n t h e ,

r e l at i v e s ar e no t t h ose o f t h e pe r so n s pe ak i ng no r o f t h e

pe rso n spo k e n t o E x : H n g v brode m e n r aekz r bok

a a .
-
. .

He g ave h is b rot h e r a b e au t i f u l b oo k Vad fade m pa .

[e sb ne m a Th e so n s co n t i n u e d w h at t h e i r
.

'

f at her h ad s t ar t ed S t i na ar Ii ka vacke r som sy ste m

. .

S ti na i s j u s t as pre t t y as h e r sis t e r Han Izar tag att som .

de la g a re i
f a d e r ns a
f d
'
r He h as b e come a par t ne r i n .

' ’ ' '

h is f at h e r s b u si ness S ve n reste till A nn ri ka F b rdl arar
. .

' '
na sb tj ae my cke t me n sone n kom al d rig Ite m rge n
,
S ve n .

w en t t o A me r ic a His pare nt s gr i e v e d m u c h b u t t h e i r
.
,

so n nev e r r e t u rne d h ome -Bu t ob se r v e : J/or (i f feke .

de mma Mo t h e r i s no t at h ome M i n bror d r sjak My

. . .

1 O r S w d i h m ay
e s th p s si v ( g ni ti v ) a E ng li h B t
u se e o ses e or e e . s s . u

se e 5 62 n t
. o e.
76 S Y N T AX o r THE NOUN 1X

b ro t h e r is sick D i n bror d r e n d u kt ig l d rare Y o u r

. .

b ro t h e r i s a go od t e ac h e r Hu r star de t till m ed f ar ? .

How i s m y ( o r y o u r ) f at h e r ? ,

1 28 S w e d is h e mpl o ys t h e d e fi ni te f or m in t h e c as e o f
.

m any ge o graph ic al n am e s ; as é stersjon t h e B al t ic ( l i t e r

1
,

al l y ,
“
t h e E as t M d l are n Hfd l m are n Vd ne r n t , , ,

te r n t h e nam e s o f t h e f o u r l ar ge l ake s i n C e nt r al S w e d e n
,

D al ar na o ne o f t h e 2 5 pro v i nc e s o f S w e d e n ; Kol m ar
,

de n a l ar ge f ore s t o n t h e b o u nd ar y o f t h e pro v i nc e s
,

Os t e rgo t l and and d e rm anl and N o t ice al s o Tu rki e t .

’

T u rk e y — S we d is h re gu l arl y u s e s t h e d e fi ni t e ar t ic l e w i t h
.

“
n am e s o f s t r e e t s ; as D r ottni ngg atan Q ue e n S t re e t
”
,

1 29 W h e n u se d wi t h a pro pe r no u n t i t l e s are s o me
.
,

t i me s pu t i n t h e d e fi n i t e f o r m ; i n t h e c as e o f s o me t i t l e s ,

h ow ev e r e i t h e r t h e de fi ni t e or t h e i nde fi ni te f o rm m ay be
,

e m pl o y e d w h i l e o t h e rs are al w ays l e f t in t h e i nd e fi ni t e
,

f or m ( e s peci al l y t h os e e nd i ng i n -al or br ) ; as p r i n ,
-
,
-
,

'
ses san Ing eborg P r i nce ss I nge bo rg p roste n L u ndel l Re v '
,

e re nd L u nd e ll
2 2 ’ ’
l e c t u re r ) S u nde n
’
doce n t ( o r doee n te n
, ,

M r S u nden p r ofes sor Cedersekiol d P ro fe ss or Ce d e rsch icild ’ '

2
''

.
, ,

It err 7 o b ansson M r J oh ns o n Cf 39 2 . . .
, .

1 3 0 In s o me i ns t anc e s S w e d is h h as t h e i nde fi ni t e f o rm
.
,

w h e re E ngl is h e mpl oys t h e d e fi ni t e art ic l e ; as i jani m a ,

nad in t h e m o nt h o f J u ne d r 1 91 2 ( re ad ni tton b u nd r a ,

tol v ) ( in ) t h e y e ar 1 91 2 tala sanni ng s pe ak t h e t r u t h , ,

i n ar var ande stu nd at t h e pre s e n t m o m e n t g d d t r d tt li d /l ,

go i n t h e r i gh t d i re c t i o n f i r d u sd ker a
'

p d a tt d et r r d tt .
,
'
ad r es s? A re y o u s u re i t is t h e r i gh t add re ss ? Ti ll n u
'
be/zan dl ade g r upp lzbr a de esta av dessa or d
fl Mo s t o f t h e se .

w ord s b e l ong t o t h e gro u p j u s t t re at e d F br e ni ng e n .

’

sam m ant r a
'
'
de r pd v an/1g l oka l m d ndag kl 8 ( re ad klocka u .

1 E gl i h
n t h d f a ti l
s i m il a l
u se s eB t b v th a t m f t h
e . r c e s r v u o se r e so e o e
x am p l d ff f m E g l i h ag
.

e es i er ro n s us e .

2 S p ag 1 9 f t n t 3
ee e , oo - o e .
1X S Y N T AX o r THE NOUN 77

atta ) . Th e S oci e t y wi l l m e e t in t h e u u al s pl ac e , Mo n
d ay at 8 .

13 1 . ORTHOGRA PHY z ju ni 24 ,
e ng e l snz an 24 ,

Teg ne r
’
t i tle s 24 , L i n nég atan ,

1 3 2 PRONUNCIA T ION : ( a) ky r ka ( § 1 4 ; Ph o no l ogy § 2 4 2

. , ,

Teg ne r 2 c) ; f ijd l m ar e n
’ ’

n o t e ) ; E sai as 19 ,

e ng el sk ( Ph o nol ogy1 9, 5 b ) ; L ag e r l o
42 f ,

n o t e ) — O b s e r v e t h e s h o rt e ne d v o w e l i n till sj
. bss as co m

p a re d wi t h t h e n o r m al ge n i t i v e ( en ) s fb s; si m i l arl y i n ti ll

m e ) ; st a
'

f ots .
( )
b d n n iska 1 4 n o t j r na 1 9 6 b ) ; do , ,

'
Cederselz iol d
''

ce n t 1 1 b 1 9, 1 b 1 se/z i se/z
9, ;
1 9 6 b) ;
,
Karl 1 6 a) ; d u ka gen a du , i

6 , no t e p rost 9 3 a) ; revol u t io n ( Ph onol og y

,
’

’
5 4 , 4 b ) ; l/u s, lju d u n i ve r si te t 8 2 n ote ) ; , ,

ap r il
’
6 no t e ,
dodl zg v anl z
g ( Ph o no l ogy
, 14 ,

B 2 c) .

13 3 . ACCEN T Th e f ol lo wi ng w ord s h av e t h e ac u t e ac
.

'
c e nt : ( a) f b rfat tar e feber l i ter dd rf b r varf or eng el sk
’

manl and
, , , , , ,

S m d l and ,
Nd r ke , d er , S br m l and , S ve nsson , L o n
E ng elsm an Vd r m l and , Vatter n h av e
'

d on .
-
,
Vd ne r n and

i h er t h e ac u t e — ’
the g rav e acc e nt ( b ) f or dl d r ar ,
’

e t or .

’ ' ' ’ ’
be r d t tel se , be/zan dl a , v d r de r a , sbn
'

f b r e n i ng f or si k tzglzet , ,

dag , m d ndag m iddag st u d i u m ,

, , ju ni , fi
a er , sii ke r , e
f ter ,

Ry ssl and ,
Fi n land , Viktor ,
Kal m ar ,
Tu r ki '
et .
— H u nd ra
an d sju tt i ( o) y h av e s
u u all acc e nt A dolf and t h e ac u t e .

t ea ter m ay h av e e i t h e r t h e grav e or t h e ac u t e acc e n t

’
.

1 34 COLLOQUIALISMS : ( I ) In t h e s po ke n l angu age

.
,

op p i s i n t h e g re at e r par t o f S w e de n u s e d i n pl ac e o f upp .

( 2 ) Th e s po ke n l angu age al mo s t al w ays e m pl oys a pre p

o si t io nal ph r as e i n s t e ad o f t h e ge n i t i v e t o e x pre ss
po ss e s
]
si o n o r c o nne c t i o n i n t h e c as e o f i nan i m at e ob j e c t s F re .

q u e n t l y a c o m po u nd no u n i s u s e d i n pl ac e o f t h e ge ni
1 A p p i t i n al p h a i ft n d al i n t h a f l i i ng b i n g
re os o r se s o e u se so e c se o v e s.
78 S YN T AX o r THE NOLN
’

t i ve ——
i n ou n ( as bor dsjb tte r na , bokpd r me n ) , or an ad e t v e j c i
is s
u ed fo r t h e ge n i t i v e .

( 3 ) Th e u se o f t h e s- o r m o f no u n f s t re at e d i n 1 21 be
l o n g s pr i m ar i l y t o t h e s po k e n l angu age .

(4 ) V a d i s ge n e r al l y pro n o u n ce d v a; t h e l o ng a o f va

i s f re q u e nt l y s h o r t e n e d and par t ic u l ar l y w h e n t h e w ord ,

1
i s u se d as an i nt e rr o gat i v e pro no u n al s o c h anged in ,

q ual i t y ( cf Ph on o l ogy . I n t h e spo ke n l angu age ,

part ic u l arl y in e asy s peech vid i s prono u nc ed ve ( s h o r t ,

v ow e l u ns t r e sse d )
,
.

(5 ) O sterg btl and Vd r m land and S m aland are i n t h e

,

s o k e n l angu age
p u s u a l l y pr o no u nce d wi t h o u t t h e final
d . fi der manl and i s i n t h e s po k e n l angu age ge ne ral l y
s h o r t e ne d t o S br ml and w h e re as i n t h e case o f t he , ,

w ord s j u s t m e n t i on e d t h e fi nal d i s u su all y si l e nt

“

.
,

( 6 ) On t h e pro nu nci at i on of D rottn i ngg atan cf .

75 , 7 .

V O C A BU LA RY .

be n 72 .
(5) leg ,
bone fe be r ( 2) fi ver
b i sk op ( )
2 bis/top fick a ( ) pocke t
1

d nk t ig g ood fa ( i rreg u l ar; si ng .

-r
; past
dar t/ze re , e re fick ,
pl u r . fi ngo ) rece i ve ,

dar fd r tlze r fore ,

e for tli at g et
’
forfat t are ( )
5 a nt/f or
2
en (n . e tt ) one gl as n ( 5 ) g l ass
.

e nge l sk E ng l is/z ; -a t/ze k afi e n coje e .

E ng l isli l ang u ag e ; pa k opp ( 2 ) c up

k o sta ( ad e ) cost ~

e n ge l s m an (5 ; pl u r . m ii n)
- kr on a ( 1 ) crow n ( 2 2 7 cen ts ) ,

E ng /is]:m an cr ow n

1
’

i ad m ay b e ei th er an i n t er r o g a ti v e or a re l a ti v p e ro no u n; se e L e s so n
XXIII .

2 Th e fo r m s ar e t
id e n i c a l w i th th o se o f t h e i nd e fi it
n e a r t ic e l . b u t t he
l a tt er is un s t r e ss e d , w hi l e t h e n u mera l m is s t r e ss e d .
ix S Y N TAX on THE NOUN 79

k y rk a ( ) l c/z u rc/i s ang ( ) bed 2

l i t e r ( 5 ) l i te r ( 1 7 b pi nts) : . t i l l to of by, ,

Ian n ( 5 ) d istr ict

. t r appzt ( 1 ) stai r; en t rappa
/

m e l l an be tw ee n u pp on Me second
fl oor ; t v a

1
o rd n .
(5 ) w or d -
or u pp on tlze t/z i rd fl oor
par n . co u pl e; ( 5 ) p u pp u p
pa of ,
to , on v ad w /z at fi
fl w /z at
ri k r i c/z ; ri k
pa melt i n , v ar fo r w /zy
abo u ndi ng in v id at , by ,
in
so m as y r ke n .
( )
4 t r ade , occu p ation
E XER C IS E I X .

A . 1 . D e ras b ro r ar b ib l io t e k arie . Ar h an en d u k t ig
b i bl io te k ar ie ? 2 . Han b or ett par e nge l sk a m il f ran
Lo nd on .
3 . M al are n ar pa o ar rik Ty ck e r u i icke , at t .

M al are n ar e n s to r 0?— Jo , o ch d e n a
sj r a ve n m y ck e t

4 M in v a 5 S ve nss on ar sko m a
'

va cke r . . n h ar f e b e r . .

k are t i l l y rke t 6 He nne s far fa

. r fe m k ro nor o m d age n
.
,

da Br6 d e r na b o d d e
'
2
r h an arb e t ar .
7 . v id Li nné gat an fe m ,

t v a t rappor u pp . 8 . En l i t e r j
o r d g u b b ar k o s t ar en k ro na .

9 V arfor h ar d u
. i nt e sko r na pa f0t t e rna ? 10 .S t oc k
h o l m l i gge r m e l l an M al are n och Oste rs j
0n 3
. 1 1 . Manne n
k opt e ett ar t o fli or av sk o m ak are n D e k ost ad e e nd as t
. p .

fe m k ro no r pare t 1 . 2 . Hust r u n och b ar ne n sut to t ill

b o rd s , d a v i ko mm o 3 S m b re t k ost ad e e n k ron a k i l o t . 1 . .

14 M or a s oc k e n far i D al ar na 1 5 J o h an l ag t i l l s ti ng s
. . .

t v a d agar 1 6 Forfat t are n fa r e n k ro na o rd e t

. .1 7 S v e r i ge . .

“
ar r i k t pa sj oar 1 8 J oh an gav m ode r n t v a k ro no r o m
'

. .

d age n . D ar for t y ck t e h o n o m sone n . 1 9. V ad ar o rd e t s

ge n u s?
1 On the fi r st
“
fl oo r i s p a n e d r a ( o r n e d r e ) b o e n o r 1 b o t t e n v an i n g e n , tt
2 Li n n / g a t a ) : f e m 5 L i n né b se r e t h e o r d e r St . O v .

3 T h e B a ic lt
N
.

4 am e s o f c o u n r i e s ro i nce s t p v
o w ns a n d e s a e s a r e ne u e r
, Ar r i k , t t t t . t
p 51 a bou nd s in .
 S Y N T AX O F THE NO I N '

B . 1 . Th e l e gs of t h e t abl e are h i gh ‘
. 2 . Th e s h oe
m ake r s wi fe b o u gh t t w o k i l ogr am s
P al m er s of b u t t e r at
’ ’
.

3 . T h e b o ys a re i n sc h oo l n ow 4 H jal m are n i
. s t h e .

n am e o f
2
a l arge l ak e t h at l i e s be t w e e n V a s t m anl and ,

Narke and d e rmanl and 5 S e l m a Lage r10f l i v e s i n

. .

F al u n in D al arna He r h om e w as in V arm l and w h e n

.

sh e w as a c h i l d 6 I b o u gh t fi v e m e t e r s o f t h e red
. .

c l ot h T h is co s t t w o crow ns a m e t e r 7 E sai as T e gner

.
8
. .
,

“
w h o is t h e au t h or o f F ri t io fs S aga w as b is h op o f
”
,

V ai a l i t t l e t ow n i n t h e d is t r ic t o f Kr o no be rg i n
,

S m al and 8 Th e s t raw b e r r i e s c os t t w o c row ns a l i t e r

. . .

9 Th e b o ys f o u nd a c o u pl e o f goo d appl e s o n t h e t re e
. .

1 0 . I s t h e d oc t or an E ngl is h m an ? 1 1 He h as t w o .

'

c row ns in h is poc ke t 1 2 D id y o u d r i nk a cu p o f co fl e e
. .

S t oc kh o l m i s b e au t i f u l “
or a gl ass of w at e r ? 1 3 . .

1 4 . Was sh e pre t t y as a c h i ld ? 1 5 We l i v e d o n t h e .

s e c o nd fl oo r .

1 U se l ang 3 E s ai a s .
'

2 Pa . 4 S ee p ag e 7 9 fo o, t -n o t e 4 .
82 FU T URE T I ME

S i ng jag e t c
.
,
.
,
kom me r all fal a ( ygg
b a k ap a bo , , ,
skr i va )
P l u r v i komm a
.
al l tal a ( bygg a ,
képa a o , skri va) ,

I kom me n al l t al a b
( ygg a ,
ka
pa ,
a
o , ) skr i v a

ae
’
kom ma al l tal a ( bygg a ,
ka
pa , bo skr iva )
,

Han He i s go i n g1
'

Ex . : kom me r al l r esa z m org on . to

l e ave t o -mo rr o w . D el ko m m er al l r eg na sn ar l . It is
i
g o ng i s oo n to Sjnkdome n kom me r 71 0g al l var a
ra n .

l ang e Th e sic k ne ss w i ll no d o u b t l as t l ong

.
Han kom .

m e r al l a l l val d mea sl or m aj
’
He wi l l b e e l e c t e d
'
’
on te l .

b y a l ar ge m aj o ri t y .

( )
2 C o m pa r at i v e l y s e ld o m b y t h e f orm s o f skol a fo l

l ow e d b y t h e pre se n t i nfi ni t i v e ( wi t h o u t al l ) :
S i ng jag e t c skal l tal a ( bygg a ka
.
,
.
,
p a bo skr i va ) , , ,

P l u r v i skol a tal a ( byg ga képa bo skr i va)

.
, , ,

I skol e n tal a ( bygg a ,

képa, ao ,
skri va )
'
ae skol a tal a ( by gg a ,
ka
pa , a
o ,
skr i v a)

N ot e 1 O b se r v e t h e v ow e l ch ange i n sleal l skol a Cf 1 3 8

. .
-
, . .
,

no t e 2 Al so t h e q u ant i t y o f t h e v o w e l i s ch ange d
. .

2 .N o t ice th at st al l d oe s no t e nd i n r ( see 4 6 I Th e sam e i s -

, .

t ru e o f wi l l i n § 1 3 7 and o f kan i n 1 3 8 C o re spo nding t o t h is no t i ce . r ,

i n E ngl ish t h e ab se nce o f s i n t h e t h i rd pe rso n si ngu l a o f sh al l - “ ”

r ,

as co m p ar e d w i t h
“ “ “
and ( h e ) run ( h e ) cal l s
” ”
w il l
”
can s , .

3 S t al l w i t h t h e p rese nt i n fi ni t i v e i s o f v e ry freq u e n t o ccu r

.

r e nce b u t i t co m p ar at i v e l y r a e l y e x p e sse s p u r e fu t u r i ty
,
It r r .

u su al l y e x p re sse s d e cisio n d e t e rm i n at io n o r co m m and , T h e se .

i d e as ne ce ssar il y po i nt t o fu t u re t i m e b u t t h e fu t u r i t y i s s e co nd ary , .

1 3 7 T h e re i s i n S w e d is h not h i ng c or re s po nd i ng t o t h e
.

“ “
E ngl is h d is t i nc t i on b e t w e e n s h all and wi ll i n t h e ” ”

d i ffe re nt pe r s ons Th e S w e d is h v e rb c or re s po nd i ng i n
.

“ “
f or m t o Eng wi ll is allja b u t t h i s al w ays m e ans w ant
.
”
,

“ “
to
”
wis h t o or wi l l ( w h e n t h is i m pl i e s v ol i t i o n)
,
” ”

and i t is n e ve r u s e d t o e x pre ss f u t u r i t y It is f ol l o w e d b y .

t h e pre s e n t i nfi n i t i v e wi t h o u t al l t o It s f o r m s are .

1 N t th a a n a xi l i a y t th f t i n E n gl i h
“ " '

o f g e e u se o o s u r o e u u re s .
 OR D ER or W OR D S 83

PR E S E N T PA S T
S i ng .
jag e t c ,
.
,
v il l

Pl u r . v i vilja

I vilje n

13 8 . Th e f o r m s of the v e rb s bli ( va) b e c ome , be , and

lemm a can , be ab l e , are :

PRESEN T PAS T PRE S EN T PA S T

S i ng .
jg
a e t c ,
.
,
bli r a
l ev jag e t c , .
,
kan ku nae
’

’
Pl ur . v i bl i ( v a) bl evo vi ku m z a ku nae
I bl i ven él even I amm en s ’
aei l

kmz ae
’
ae ku m z a
’ ’
ae bli ( va) bl evo
No te 1 Cf t h e p e se nt o f bl i ( v a ) w i t h t h at o f h a( va) i n 4 2
. . . r .

2 O b se v e t h at t h e re i s v o w e l ch ange i n t h e p e se nt of ku mz a
. r - r ,

s i m il ar t o t h at i n t h e p as t t e nse o f fi nna i n 99 .

OR D E R OF W OR D S .

1 3 9 INVERSION . N o rm al l y t h e s u bj e c t pre c e de s t h e .
,

v e r b i n d e c l ar at i v e s e n t e nc e s j u s t as i n E ngl is h Bu t , .

?
i n pr i nci pal c l au s e sl t h is o rd e r is in ve r t e d t h e v e r b ,

be i ng pl ace d b e f ore t h e s u b j e c t i n t h e f o l l o wi ng c as e s :

( 1 ) I f any w ord o r w o rd s b e l ongi ng t o t h e pre d ic at e

( as ad ve rb s ad v er b i al ph ras e s t h e o b j ec t a pre d ic at e
, , ,

3
ad j e c t i v e o a p e d ic at e no u ) pre c e de t h e s u b j e c t
r r n Ex : .

1 In d i t q t i n i nv i n t a k p l a ( p a g 2 4 f t n t
re c ues o s, n ers o es ce se e e , oo - o e u

l th b j t i an i n t g at i v w d i m d ifi d b y an i nt g at i
‘

e ss e su ec s e rro e or , or s o e e rro vc

w ord F th q t i n i n t d d b y m d m
. ur er, n t ai ni n g t h
ues ad v
o b j
s ro u ce r e o r co e er u

d o n t h av o i nv i n Ex V m d d tt ? W h
e ers o a id th i V lk d
. . : e sa e e a o s s ? z
’

en er a

wil g i
en k zr t ? VVh iCh w a y i t h
v ac p tt i t M a l
r as k mm W il l s e re es ?
ri n e zan o er ?

m H H w ll a g ai n i n t h
’ ’
h
' ’
e co ii
e j k an r u ry z g en ? e s e , s e

C n ni ng i n v i n i n n t i n w i th t h i m p at i v
o ce r ers o 24 3 n t 3 co n ec o e er e se e , o e .

2 T h at i t h fi ni t f m f th v bs, e e or o e er .

3 N t th a t th i m h m
o e f d m in th e re d f w
s d in uc o re re e o e or er o or s

S w d i h th a n i n E ngl i h In p i n i p l l a
e s w d b l ng i n g t s th . r c a c u se s , or s e o o e

p d i at a v
re c e ft n p l ac d fire t an d a a ery l t i nv i n i v y
o e e rs , , s re su , e rs o s er

co mm n Alm o t a ny w d an b p l a d at t h b gi nn i n g f a p in
. os or c e ce e e o r

ci p al la t
c i n d i at t an i t i n f m w h a t h a g n b f
u se , o c ef r s o ro s o e e o re , or or

e m pha i s s .
84 OR D ER OF W OR D S

S e d an Skrev lzan el l bre v . A f t e rw ard s h e w ro t e a l e t t er .

'
I S tockhol m l ea e l l bor a I b o u g h t a t ab l e i n S t o c k
/fil e jg
a .

h o lm Gl ad var lzan i nte He w as no t gl ad Peng ar

.
. .

lz ar b an 71 0g Y o u m ay b e s u r e h e h as m o ne y
.
Bro .

ae m
’
ar b an He is angry w i t h h is b ro t h e r [ 72
and pa
’

. .

I m s u re I d o n t k no w
’ ’ ’
te ve t jag ael . .

( )
2 I f a s u b o r d i n at e c l a u s e p r e c e d e s t h e pr i nci pa l
cl au s e E x : Om lz an icke ar sju k ( sé ) kom m e r lzan
'

.
. .
,

I f h e is no t il l h e wi l l c o m e Nd r klockan var al l a t om ,
.
,

lz an lz em igen
’
He c am e h o me agai n w h e n i t w as e i gh t
.

O c l oc k
’
.

N ot e 1 Wh e n i nv e rsion h as t ak e n pl ace t h e ne gat i v e i f

. . , ,

t h e re i s o ne fo l l o w s i m m e d i at e l y u po n t h e s u b j e ct E x : 0 m
,
. .

Iz an ar sju k ( sri ) ko m m e r b an i cac If h e is il l h e w i l l no t co m e

'
.
, .
,

( Cf H an . kom m e r i cke . He w il l n o t co m e .
)
2 . D d t h e n , w h e n , d ar t h i t h e r w h it h e are th e re , w h e re , d i l ,
r,

u se d b o t h as ad v e b s an d as r e l at i v e co nj u nct io ns r Wh e n th e a e . y r

co nj u nct io ns t h e n o rm al o d e r fo l l o w
, u se d as ad v e r b s r s .
,

t h e y cau e i nv e sio n w h e n t h e y st and fi st i n t h e cl au

s r Ex r se .

D a ko m b an T h e n h e cam e D d Iz an ko m var jag i cke Iz e m m a

’
. . , .

W h e n h e cam e I w as no t at h o m e , .

3 N.V h e n a su bo r d i nat e c l au se p r e ce d e s t h e p r i nci p al cl au se t h e ,

l att e r i s v e y o ft e n i nt od u ce d b y 5 12 t h e n e sp e cial l y aft e r a co n

r r ,

d it io nal cl au se S e e 1 46 1 T h is sé is i n m o st case s l e ft u nt ans

.
, . r

l ate d i n re nd e ri ng i nt o E ng l ish S ee t h e e x am pl e s i n 1 3 9 2 ; 1 4 0 .
, .

14 0 In t h e c o nd i t i o n o f a c o nd i t i o nal s e nt e n ce t h e
.
,

c onj unc t i on am if m ay be o m i t t e d In t h is c as e i nv e r , .

si on t ak e s pl ac e E x : 0m lz an lem mer sa ar ae l br a ’
'

. . .
,

Kom me r lz an sé a r ae l bra I f h e c om e s i t wi l l be w e l l
l
,
’
.
,
.

In ot h e r c as e s i nv e r si on d oe s no t t ak e pl ac e i n s u b o r ,

2
dinat e c l au s e s E x : [ fi l e kan jag vel a vil ke n bok au vi l l
. .
,
’

1 Ob v th a t th i
se r nd i t i n al
e l a i i n f m t h am a a q t i s co o c u se s or e s e s ues on .

2 Ex pt f q n tl
ce in la , re in t due d b a w hi h h a y in
, i nj t
c u se s ro u ce v a ,
c ve v e rs o us

a d
s p i n i p al l a
o r w h n a
c i hc p m i i b l a w d b l n gi n g t
u se s e , s s ere er ss e , or e o o

th ep d i at re a n th c b d i na t
e, or la i in t d i m m d i a t l y aft
o e r su or e c u se . s se r e e e er

th nj n t i n
e co Ex H u c o
d l l pd t d g I d I :i k f l t mi
an a sa e, a re a ar za e ra n c e a
'
. .
ev
86 OR D ER OF

koni He f o r t u nat e l y c am e in t i m e
i l id .
971g .

lzar i ng e n n nde r r ii l l el se lz af l I h av e h ad no i n fo r m at i on
. .

borde z ng e n m al f a Y o u o u gh t no t t o ge t any f ood

’

Du . .

1 1 2 S w e d is h
.
x te n t pl ac e s t h e m od ifi e r s of
t o a l ar ge e

a no u n b e t w e e n an ar t ic l e ( o r ad j e c t i v e pro no u n ) and t h e

no u n w h e re a si m i l ar o rd e r i s n o t po s i b l e i n E ngl is h
,
s
.

E x : e n fi re n ing e ns m ed/e m a m e m b e r O f t h e s oci e t y

'
. ,

var/ e dess del e v e r y par t O f i t de nna d e ras eg e nslcap t h is ,

q u al i t y o f t h e i rs nag r a m i na v anne r s o m e f r i e nd s O f m i ne
, ,

de nna m i n am nd r leni ng t h is re m ar k o f m i ne e n m i n J ng ,
i

7 e sy sl e r a y o u nge r sis t e r o f m i ne
'

del efl e r m i n me n i ng ,

aasl a sly clee l t h e pi e c e t h at in m y O pi ni o n is b e st sy ssel ,

'
sal l m ed u l a r o e l ande l av e n d nnu l a ng l if z an avsl u l ad
’ ‘

sz e nsk g r am mal i k e n gage d i n

’

f
v i dly l zg n y
'
t h e w r i t i ng o f

a l arge M o d e rn S w e d i s h g ram m ar t h at is as y e t far f ro m

'
fi nis h e d e n g r npp a v med varan d r a efle r vi ssa pr i nci pe r
'

i nl i m l assoa e r aae or d a g ro up O f w o rd s c l os e l y ass oci at e d

’ ’
' ’

wi t h e ac h o t h e r accord i ng t o ce r t ai n pr i nci pl e s .

S i m i l arl y i t i s q u i t e re gu l ar t o pl ace w o rd s b e t wee n

,

all and t h e i nfi ni t i v e E x : Vanan al l al l l asning av

. .

g o d l i l l
'
e r al n r so lea v il a oe/z vede r kv ieleel se t h e p r ac t ic e O f
s ee k i ng re s t and re c re at i on i n t h e re ad i ng o f g oo d l i t e r
at u re .

No te —Ne gat i v e
v i ng e nl i ng no t h i ng and t h e O b j ec t w h e n
ad e r b s , ’

m od i fi e d b y a ne gat i v e w o rd are r e gu l ar l y pl aced b e t w e e n al l and

,

t h e i nfi ni t i v e E x : A l l al d r ig l al a osanni ng ne v e r t o t e l l a l ie
. . .

A l l i ng e nl i ng ag a ar bal l r e an al l sag a ndg ol d u m l

’ ' '

s . It i s b e t
t er t o say no t h i ng t h an t o s ay so m e t h i ng l
foo is h . A l l i ng a v an
‘

ne r h a ar
’

e n sl or aly eka . It is ve ry f t
u n o r u na e t no t t o h av e any
fri e nd s D e l ar br a al l i ot e
'

. v ar a s ak j . It is w e l l no t t o be s ick .

143 OR T HO G RAP HY : lem ma kan

.
, ,
ku nde ( Ph o nol o gy
1 8 b ) ; v il l vilia ( Ph onol o y
g §
,

1 44 PRONUNCIA T ION : ( a) reg na

. 1 9, 2 c ) ; ilgen ’

om 6 , no t e snar l 6 , no t e — O b se rv e
 F LTL RE
’ ’

T I ME OR D ER OF WOR D S
,
87

the c h ange in the i ni t i al c o ns o n an t s o u nd -

g ist
in g el ,
.

( b ) p a nap associe ra
' ’
1 9 1 b , ,
l iisning ( Ph o no l o g y
1 4 B 2 c) .

1 45 ACCEN T. Th e f o l l o wi ng w ord s h av e t h e
.
c
a u te

acc e nt : ( a) f or si lz l ig L i nde r — 0slear h as e i t he r

’ '

vii de r
’

.
, ,

c cc — '
’
h
t e a u t e o r t h e g r av e a e n t ( b ) assoa e r a .
,

y ng re . Vil/ee n m ay h av e e i th e r t he c
a ute or th e grav e
acc e nt .

1 46 CO LLOQUIALISMS :
.
( 1 ) P ar t ic u l arl y af t e r c l au s e s
o t h e r t h an c o nd i t i o nal c l au se s ( see 1 3 9 no t e sé i s ,

m u c h m o re f re q ue nt l y u s e d in t h e s pok e n t h an i n t h e
’
w ri t t e n l ang u age E x : Efl e rso m au i nl e vil l f blja m ed
'

. .
,

s af ar j ag v a l g o e nsam S ee i ng t h at y o u d on t w ant
'
’
.

t o go al o ng I s u ppo s e I l l h av e t o go al o ne
’
.
,

( 2 ) S t al l i s i n t h e s poke n l angu age pro nou nce d ska

( v o w e l s h o r t w h e n no t s t re ss e d ) w h ic h is t h e n ,
al o s
u se d for t h e pl u r skol a . .

( 3 ) In t h e w r i t te n l angu age b ot h the l o nge r and

t h e s h o r t e r f orm s O f ol i ( va) ar e sed ; i n t h e s pok e n u

l ang uage o nl y t h e s h or t e r f o rm s
,
Cf g 3 9 4 . .
, .

( 4 ) O f sedan af t e rw ard s t h e re is al s o a s h or te r for m , ,

se n ( v ow e l u s u al l y s h o r t ) In t h e w r i t t e n l ang u age se .
,

d an i s o f m ore f re q u e nt occ u rre nc e ; i n t h e s po k e n l an

g u age , sen .

( 5 ) Th e w o rd or d e r
-
d e sc r i be d in 1 4 2 , b e gi nni ng , b e
l ongs t o t h e w ri t t e n l angu age o nl y .

( 6 ) In t h e s po k e n l angu age kvd ll n is i n m any part s O f ,

S w e d en u se d as t h e d e f f o rm O f avall . .

( 7 ) In t h e s po ke n l angu age ( pr i mar i l y in e asy s pe e ch ) ,

’ ' ’
a l l l ia ,f orsik l zg and f or si k l igl are prono unce d all l i f or ,

s i al i Knnde i s i n e asy s pe ec h pronou nced

’
' '
’
,f o r sz k l i l .

k u nne .
 F U T URE T I M E OR D ER O F ,
\VORD S

V O C A BU L A RY .

al l t id al w ay s k vall ( 2) e ve n i ng ; i k v al l
h l iv a ( h l e v ) becom e be g el , ,
l lz is e v en i ng
‘
b ra adj and ad v . w el l , .
,
no g e n on
g /z ; no dou bl ,
su r e ly
g ood ,
f i ne o ft a o fl en

om i w /z e l /zer
2
d e t il
f r is k w el l ( z nol sick ) re gn a -a de ) r ai n

fO s e d an a l e r w ar ds,
’
rsik t ig care f ul ,
se n f l lz e n ,

gl ad g l ad ,
b appy

g a ( i rr e
g u l ar
3
; si ng .
-r
; s kol a slz al l
pasl sing .
g ic k , pl u r . s h ar t soon
g i ng0 ) g 0 so m na ad e ) g o l o sl eep -

'
i ge n ag ain s var n ( 5 ) answ e r reply
.
,

rep
'
i gar y esl erday s v ar a ad e ) an sw e r
-
ly ,

’
i m or gon l o nz or row - 3 51 so , l lze n

kl o c k a ( l ) cl ock; kl o c v il a j ( v i lle ) w an l l o , wi s/z l o ,

k an e t t ( al ) o ne o cl ock w il l
’

kl oc k au t v a ( al ) l w o v ad e r n .
(5 ) w eal be r
val w ell ; no do u bt , I su ppose
k u nna ( k u nd e ) can , be abl e at t a e ig lz l
O b s erv e t h e f ol l owi ng s e r i e s : ( 1 ) ad ve r b ( 2 ) ad ve rb ,

o r re l at i v e
“
c o nj u nc t i on ( 3 ) i nt e rrog at i v e ( u s e d al so in ,

i n d i r e c t q u e s t i ons ) .

T IME \VHEN PLAC E \V HE RE PLACE \V HITHE R

ha
'

(1) n u n ow r l ze r e h i t lze r e b i l /ze r )

d a l /z en 5
dar l /z er e , w b e re
'

(2) ,
w /z e n d it l /ze r e ( z : l b il b e r ) ,
w lze r e w b i l lze r )

(3 )
’
n ar w /z e n? A l so v ar w /ze r e ? v ar t w lz e r e ?
w lz i l lz e r ? )
1 Sw ed is h b ra l i k E gl i h w
e n s el l , is a l so fr e q uen tl y u se d in t h e s e n se of
"
fr i S k ( not s i ck )
U
.

2 se d , e .
g .
, in se n t e n ce s suc h as : it is r a i ni n gd et r e g n ar .

3 Cf .
“
fa .
"
in t h e v o c ab u a r y l of L e s so n IX .

4 See § 1 3 9, n o t e 2 .

5
“
Da
”
a l so fr e q ue n tl y h as t h e m e an i n g si nce .
90 F U T URE T IME OR D ER OF ,
\VORD S

t h is h ouse 9 Y o u r m o t h e r gav e m y b ro t h e r t h e s e nu t s
. . .

1 0 . I f h e is no t c are f u l h e wi l l ge t sic k ,
1 1 I f you . .

1
i v e y o u r sis t e r y o u r appl e y ou s h all h av e a c row n
g ,
.

T h e n I can b u y m any appl e s 1 2 T h e n t h e s h oe make r s . .

’

wife w e nt t o L u nd gre n s and b o u g h t a k i l o gram of ’

b ut ter .13 Th e b oy h as t w o pai r o f s h oe s

. His .

f at h e r b o ugh t t h is pai r y e s t e r d ay 1 4 A re y o u c om i ng
2
. .

h e re t h is e v e ni ng ? 1 5 Th e d o c t or s si s t e r i s go i ng t o
.
‘

si ng t o m orrow e ve ni ng 1 6 W h e n i s t h e pro fe sso r

- . .

c omi ng h e re agai n ? 1 7 It i s w e l l t h at s u m m er is h e re
. .

1 8 . W h y d id t h e b oys go h o m e agai n ? 1 9 We c oul d n t .

’

c om e y e s t e rd ay e v e ni ng b u t i f t h e w e at h er is fine ,

w e s h al l c o m e t o m orr o w e v e n i ng 2 0 T h e y -
. .

w ant e d t o fly b u t t h e y c ou ld n t 2 1 B i rd s can fly
,
’
. . .

22 . Th e c h i e n w e e al ways h appy in sc h oo l
ld r r
s
23 Sh e . .

s ai d t h at h e r b r ot h e r is no t sick no w b u t t h at h e wi l l ,

ge t sic k i f h e is no t c are f u l .

1 Ha v e :
r ece i v e

Pl Sw
.

2 a ce t h e ed ishf or t /z z s pa i r
’

fi ti rs n t h e se n e n ce t
Pl
.

3 ace t h e Sw e di h f
s or in sch oo l fi ti rs n t h e se nt e n ce .
x1 THE A D JEC T IVE 91

LESS ON X I .

THE A D J E C T I V E .

1 4 7 It h as b e e n s e e n
.
77; 79) t h at ad j e c t i v e s

u ed s wi t h no u ns j c i s ) h av e t h e d e fi ni t e
( at t r i b u t i v e ad e t v e

f orm a ) w h e n t h e no u n h as d e fi ni t e f o r m
-
Th e d e f .

i nit e f or m O f t h e ad j e c t i v e is al s o u se d w h e n t h e n ou n
h as d e fi ni t e m e ani ng wi t h o u t b e i ng d e fi ni t e i n f orm ;
1
n am e l y ,

( 1 ) af t e r ge n i t i v e s and poss e ssi v e pro no uns ; as g ossens ,

m b o y s ( h is m y ) b ig b ro t h e r ;
’

( b a n s i n ),
s l o r a b r or t h e ,

?
( 2 ) af t e r d e m o ns t rat i v e pro no u ns ; as denna l ang a dag ,

t h is l on g d ay ;
'
( 3 ) b e fo r e pro pe r n am e s ; as den lz e/zga Bng il l a S ai nt
’

“
( l i t e ra ll y t h e h o l y ) ,
B i r i t t a d e l r i ba A nz e r ib a w e al t h y
g
”
,
’

A me r ic a;

( 4 ) i n d i re c t ad d re ss ; as kara sy sl er d e ar sis t e r , .

N o t e E g e n w h e n it m e ans
.
“
wn
,
n e v e r h as t h e d e fi ni t e o

f r m ; as g osse ns eg e n br or t h e b o y s o w n b ro t h e r d i l l eg e l it e m
3 ’ 4
o , ,

1 A n th ao f th f t h d f ad i w i th a n
er c se o n th a t h a d f
e u se o m an e e . . ou s e . e

i n g th gh i nd f i n f m i p
ou e t d b x m pl
. or h a t h f ll w i n g
, s re r e se n e y e a e s su c s e o o ,

a dj k j
,

w h t i v i a p a t i i pl m t it d - '
th th w
’

e re e ec l e d b l s r c e: ss cz e r a e ar o e e o r us c e ,

ov a n a ngpl th
zv
'

p l a n t a t d ab v
na an l l s f e d i l l a sd ing e o e , e n zg
'

og a e c r
'
u u
'
r cco r

t o th n l e e d l a — Si m i l a l i n t h a f h
c o se ci r cu rp .l at i v E I “ r y , e c se o t e su er e . x :
. .

na s e l mm nu S l k/ l m Der bl d i n t h
av l a t m b Of S D H
oc zo s k i
ag a e s nu er . . an g zc
'

l a m l k fl
nu r as e H nt d tha n a "
,
t a fe F f th e e x am p l
e re e e re s c . or ur er e es se e

L esso n X II .

2 l\l ost d em ons t a tiv r es a re fo ll o w ed b y a no u n i n t he de fi it n e fo r m as

If dj
,

is a l so d e nna in t h p k e s o en l ang ag u e . tv
an a ec i e m od i fi es t h e no u n, the
ad e c ij tv e is o f co u r se pu t i n t h e e d fi it mn e fo r ; no p p re o si ti v e de fi it n e

ar ti l c e is u se d in th i s c as e ( c f 7 7; 78 ; S ee 3 S) 1 and L e s so n XXII
—Th j ti v
. .
, ,

e d ef . fo r m o f t h e ad ec e is u se d a l so af t e r re l at iv e a nd p e r so na l
p r o no u n s, b ut th e se ca s e s are o f i n fr e q uen t o c c u r r e n ce ; as, ju g
'
aly e l
- ’

l zg a
m an m sl
'

a I un h a pp y b e in g ; z w h mi d / m f d
’

en
'

I ar de e) d c’l fd g o i n w hi h c pe r i l o us

j o u r ne y th ey d id not t a k ep t ar .

3 In t h e p l u ra l th e re is n od i t in t i b tw
s c on e ee n t h e d e f a n d t h e i n d e f fo r m .

C
. .

4, o nce r n i n g th e fo r m se e 1 5 1 , 1 .
92 THE A D JE CT IVE x1

“ “
you r o w n h om e . Bu t w h e n eg e n m e ans pe cu l iar ”
, st range it
d e fi ni t e fo r m r e gu l ar w ay ; del ar eg e l
’

h as t h e in t h e as , , al l

kan i cke kom m e r it i s st range t h at h e d oe sn t co m e , e l l eg e l sal t a

’

p e cu l iar m anne r , lz ans eg nal sal l h is pe cul iar m anne r , Iz ans eg na ‘

sl i l h is p e cu l iar t
h and w ri ing , b u t b ans eg e n sl i l h is o wn h and
w ri t i ng .

1 48 . h e r c as e s t h e i nde fini t e f orm i s u s e d

In all ot

w i t h at t r i b u t i v e ad j e c t i v e s P re d ic at e ad j e c t i v e s are .

al w ays pu t i n t h e i nd e fini t e f orm .

1 4 9 We h av e s ee n
.
78 ; 79) t h at w h e n an ad j ec

t i v e is u s e d wi t h a n o un i n t h e d e fi ni t e f orm t h e pre ,

p o si t i v e a r t ic l e is u se d wi t h i t C ont rar y t o t h is r ul e .
,

h ow eve r t h e pre posi t i ve art ic l e is in a l ar ge n u m b er O f

,

2
p h r a s e s o m i t t e d b e f ore t h e d e fi ni t e ad j e c t i v e fo l l o w e d b y
a n o u n i n t h e d e fini t e f or m par t ic u l ar l y i n c e rt ai n co m ,

m on ph ras e s and w h e n t h e ad j e c t i ve e x pre ss e s l oc at i o n;

,

as svensbo sp r akel t h e S w e d is h l angu age

,
i norra d el en ,

' ’
i n t h e no rt h e rn part A l l an l iska ocea nen t h e A t l ant ic ,

O ce an F orenla sl a l er na Th e U ni t e d S t at e s M i nd re A si
3 ’ ’

, ,

en A si a M i nor
'
besl am da ar tik el n t h e d e fin i t e ar t ic l e
’ '

, ,

“
l r eaye g ang en t h e t h i rd t i m e fem l e nppl ag an t h e fi f t h ,

e d i t i on i f r ia l af l en i n t h e ope n air g nl a f ebe r n t h e y e l

, ,

l ow f e v e r i sisl a ni i nic l en i n t h e l as t m i nu t e
'
, se s o
p ken ,

m i l l pa lju sa dag en se e gh o s t s i n b ro ad d ay l i gh t re na ,

sanni ng e n t h e pl ai n t r u t h l igg a pa bar a g ol v el l ie o n t h e ,

b are fl oor i ovr e v an ing e n i n t h e u ppe r s t o ry b og r a si

''

, ,

’
dan t h e r i gh t si d e S venst a akadem i e n t h e S w e d is h A c ad ,

e my sve nska fl agg an t h e S w e d is h fl ag

,
.

1 C in g t h f
o n ce r n m e or se e

2 O i nd r l i ab l a d j t i v (
ec 1 5 3 )
n d w i th d f m a i n g
e ec e se e u se e . e n .

3 Th d y ll a b l f Fo ha m t th a i th f h th
'

e s e co n t s e o f an a s o re s re s s n e er o t e o er

tw o,b t t h m ai n t
u ie th g p m p nd i s h
re s s fi t l l ab l f
n e ro u -co ou s on t e rs sv e o

sl a ter u n .

4 On th h and a a d i n al n m al w h n
the o er , c r u er , e u se d wi th a n oun i n t h e d ef .

fo r m , m t b p d d b t h p p ti v a t i l
us e r e ce e y e re o si e r c e Ex : Ja g
“
k bpt g do l o d
Gt b g I b
. .
.

bor de n z
’

o e gh t t h t w t a b l i n G th
or
’
,
ou e o es o e nb u r g .
94 THE A D JEC T IVE x1

4 .
A d j ect iv e s e nd i ng in - l p re ce d e d by a co nso n an t d o no t add

l, but re m ai n u nch anged ; as , s var t b l ack ,

11 . s v ar t ; sl o l l p ro u d ,

; i nl r essan l i nt e re s t i ng , t i re d
'
i nl r essan l ; tr ol l t r ol l
’
'
’

n . sl o l l n . , n . .

W h e n t h e ad j e ct i v e e nd s i n a si ngl e l p re ce d e d b y a v o w e l ,

ano t h e r l i s add e d ; as v i l w h i t e 11 v il l ; sol s w ee t sb l l In

’

11 . , . .
, ,

a fe w ad j e ct i v e s o f fo e i g n o i g i n h o w e v e n o l i s ad d e d ; as
r r ,
r, ,

'
aku l acu t e n aku l ; konkr e t co ncre t e n ko nkr e l
' ’ ’
.
.
, . ,

5 A d
.
j e ct i v e s e n d i n g i n a s t r e se d v owel d oub l e t h e l of th e s

ne u t e r e n di ng ; as bl d b l u e 11 bl d l l ; ny ne w 11 ny l l ; f r i f ee 11 f r i l l
, , .
,
. r , . .

6 A d j e ct i v e s e nd ing i n u nst re sse d d l cl e n e r d ro p t h e

.
-
,
-
,
-
,
-

v ow e l Of t h e su ffi x b e fo re ad d i ng t h e a o f t h e i nd e fi ni t e p l u ral -

and Of t h e d e fi n i t e fo rm ; as g anz m al o l d i nd e f pl u r and d e f , , . . .

g am l a ; a d e l n o b l e
'

a d l a ; opp e n O p en o ppn a
, ; v ac ke r b e au ti f u l ,
'

v ac r a a .

7 F o r t h e i nd ef
. l u r and t h e d e f . p . . of bl d b l u e , and g r d gray ,
e i t h e r bl d a o r bl d , g r é a o r g r d m ay b e u se d .

8 . I nst e ad of the e ndi ng -a Of t h e i nd e fi ni t e p l ur al and o f th e

d e fi ni t e fo rm , -
e is u se d

( a) For eu ph ony , af e r t -a d (in ad j ec t i v e s and p as t p ar t p

i ci l es ’
)
d e l g od /zjar l ad e bar ne l t h e ki nd
'

an d -asl ( in su pe rl at i ve sz );
’

as ,
h e ar te d ch i ld; d e n bar /z u v ad e fl i ck an t h e b are h ead e d g ir l , de br u
nasl e og one n t h e b ro w ne s
'

t e ye s .

( b ) XVh e n ad e c j t ive s i n t h e d e f si ng u se d . . as no u ns re fe r to
pe r so ns o f th e m al e se x ; as d e n sju ke t h e s ick ,
m an , b u t d e n sju
ka t h e w o m an ; d e n g am l e t h e Ol d m an ,
s ick b u t d e n g am l a t h e
o l d w o m an ; d e n
g am l e s [ ms t h e o l d m an s h o u se
’
. S o al so w h e n t h e
j t ve fo l l o w s
ad e c i t h e w o rd i t m od ifie s ; as , Kar l den stor e C h arl es
t h e G e at Kar l r , p i re Of C h ar l e s
de n sl o r e s3 r i ke t h e em t h e G re at ;
Ol ov d e n h e l ig e S aint Ol o f ( l i t e al l y “ O l o f t h e Ho l y Oskar r ,

d e n and r e O scar II Kat ar i na d n and r a C at h e ri ne I I S ig r i d den

,
'
e ,

f ag r a S igri d t h e F ai r .

( c ) In t h e w itt e n l ang uage b u t r a e l y i n t h e S po k e n l angu age

r , r ,

i t m ay al so b e u se d w i t h ad j e ct i v e s w h e n e v e r t h e no u n m od ifi ed
re fe r t o a pe r so n o f t h e m al e se x
s T h i s su bs t i t u t ion is m o e co m . r

m o n i n t h e d e f si ng t h an i n t h e d e f pl u Wh i l e i n t h e i nd e f
. . . r .
, .

pl u i t o ccu rs o nl y r ar e l y i n t h e m re e l e v at ed s ty l e E x : d e n
r .
, o . .

1 Th f th F i t W ak C nj g a t i n
o se o e L n XIV rs e o u o : se e e s so .

2 M t p l at i vos d in su
t m h w v in 1
er es ent h n xt l n -a s so e, o e e r, 4 ; se e e e e s so

3 Ob
, .

v t h g ni ti v ; f 5 1 5 0 nd a n d S 6 7 4
se r e e e e c .
, e , , .
 THE A D JEC T I VE 95

g od e kejsar e n t h e goo d em pe ro r , m i n g od e v an, lz e r r Pe l l e r sson

m y goo d f ri e nd , M r. Pe te
J ng l i ng e n t h e b e au i fu l
rso n , de n sl o ne
' '
t
t
y o u h , d e n ly cl l ig e m anne n t h e h a
'
y m an d e n ad l e l zjal l e n t h e pp ,
' '

l
n o b e h e ro b a r e br od e r d e ar b ro h e r ; b u t l ar a m od e r d e ar m o h
,
t ‘
t
s i st e r S ai nt
'
lz e l zg a B i rg i t t a
'

e r, m i n g od a sy ste r m y goo d , Bir

gi tt a .

1 52 Th e f or m s
. of s mall l i t t l e
t h e ad j e c t i v e l ile n , ,
are

i rre g u l ar ; fo r t h e pl u r al a d iff e re n t r oo t is u s e d :
,

IN D EFINI T E D EFINI T E

S i ng . li l e n ,
n . l il e l

Pl ur .

15 3 . S o me i nd e c l i nab l e e s pe ci al l y t h os e
ad j e c t i ve s are ,

e nd i ng i n -a as bra g o o d w e ll ci l l a ge nu i ne
’

- - ‘
e os; , , , , , ,

ode d e sol at e f riz nz nz ande s t r ange f o re i gn n l var l es e x t e r

' '

, , ,

nal ; al s o al l pre s e nt par t ici pl e s and al l c o m par at i v e s ,

\

w h ic h e nd in -e ( se e 1 63 ; S o m e i nd ec l i nab l e
ad j e c t i ve s can b e u s e d o nl y i n t h e pre d ic at e ; as de aro
'

sl a kl t h e y are re l at e d .

1 5 4 OR T HO G RAP HY : g amnz al g am la ( Ph ono lo g y

.
,

l lf z nd r e A sie n Kar l de n slore e t c ( se e

'

,
15 1 8 b) 24 ,
.
, ,

1 5 5 PRONUNC IA T ION : ( a) lzar d

. 6 no t e sj ii l v ,

13 bo gl,
lzal vl lz el zgl and Ph ono l o ,

'
u dd ( c o m o u nd
’

g y b b l
gj p i n l r essan l l o n/c re l , ,
’

Ph y ) — Fo r t h e q u an t i t y i n eg na ci dl a
( o n o l o g 49 3 b , .
, ,

see P h o no l o gy § 1 4 B 2 b
1
e tc .
,
O b se rv e t h e c h ange in .

t h e q u an t i t y o f t h e v o we l i n : v i l v i l l ; ny ny l l ; f r i f r il l , , , .

O b s e rv e t h e c h ange O f t h e v ow e l i n q ual i t y as w e l l as
1

i n q uan t i t y i n : g od g al l ; g lad g l al l ; bo g l zog l :

,
rod , , ,
'
'
roll; sb l , sol l ; bl d , bl d l l .
( b) Dz i j
gi l l a (g no t 2
j ) ; ar
’ ’
l z k el
‘

b sko n
'’

6 , no t e ocea n 1 9, 1

1 5 6 ACC EN T : ( 1 ) A dj e c t i v e s e nd i ng i n u ns t re ss e d
.
-
cl

and er ( as adel vacke r ) h av e t h e ac u t e acc e nt i n

-
, the

1 C o nce r n i n g th h t n d v w l
e s or e e o e b e fo r e t h e doub l e co n s o n a n t s ee § 6
Ob
,

no e 2 t . se rv th a t la w i g l a l
e r re u r y h as a s h tv
o r o w e l .
96 THE A D JEC T IVE . xr

i nd e f si ng .
w h i l e t h os e e nd i ng in u ns t re sse d en ( as
,
-

appen l il en ) h ave t h e grave A l l ad j e c t i v e s i ncl ud i ng

,
. ,

t h o s e t h at h av e t h e ac u t e acc e n t i n t h e in d e f si ng . .
,

h av e t h e g rav e acce nt i n t h e a form ; as ddl a vackra

l -
, , ,

bppna , g aml a , br u na
'

How ev e r ,
ad j e c t i v e s of m o re t h an o ne sy ll ab l e t h at in
t h e u n in fie ct e d f orm are s t re sse d o n t h e l as t sy l l ab l e ,

’
h av e the c
a ute acc e nt i n t h e a f o r m ; - as , ka n/er e l a ,
be
' ’ '
bod da , akn l a , i nl r essan l a .

( ) Th e2 f o l l o wi n g w o rd s h av e t h e ac u t e a cc e nt : ( a)
Norg e Ryssl and — ' ' '

adel , ( )
b ar l z b el
,
.
,
sand e r , al l an l z sk ,

Pe l le rsso n, Al z nd re A si e n , S g ri d — Ovr e
i . m ay h av e e i t h e r
t h e ac u t e or t h e gr av e acc e n t .

1 5 7 COLLOQUIA L ISMS : ( 1 )
. B e ar i n m i nd t h at in t h e
s po ke n l ang u age -e r ar e l y o cc u r s in the u se m e n t i one d
in 1 5 1 , 8 c .

( 2 ) Th e u se o f t h e d e f f o r m o f t h e ad j ec t i v e al o ne .

w i t h t h e pre po si t i v e ar t icl e 1 50 e nd ) i s i n ge ne ral ,

l e ss c o m m o n i n t h e s po k e n t h an i n t h e w r i t t e n l an g u age .

D en v ise f r nlelar ey doden t h e wis e m an d oe s no t f e ar

'

d e at h is u s u al l y c h ange d t o de n som d r vi s or en vis

, , , ,

m ci nni sb a ( ear l )
’

In t h e s po k e n l angu age , l i l e l ( n O f l i l e n ) is pr o
(3 ) .

n o u nce d l i l e — In s o m e par t s o f S w e d e n , final l o f -cl is

.

n o t pro no u nc e d i n t h e n e u t e r O f ad j e c t i v e s ; as , e e(l)
g
o w n, pe c u l i ar , z
n al e l ( ) cl oud y .

(4 ) s poke n l ang u age l and e spe ci al l y i n com

In t h e , ,

po u nd s u s u al l y h as t h e fi nal d si l e nt ( cf
, 134 as .
, ,

Ry ssl and Vii sl erg bl l and — In e asy s pe e c h t h e fi n al d i s

, .

n ot pro no u n c e d i n bl i n d — P r i m ar i l y i n e asy s e e c h lz el z
p g .
, ,

l zel zgl are pro no u nc e d be l l b el i l , .

1 T h at i i n t h i nd f pl an d i n t h
s, d f f me Th eb ti t ti n
.
f -
ur . e e . or . e su s u o o e
for d t ha g t h a t o es no c n e e cce n .
98 THE A D JEC T IVE x1

fe sso rn ar fOr fat t are t ill e tt n y t t ar b e t e , so m ar m ycke t

i nt re ssant . 1 1 . L and e t l ag Ode . 1 2 . V at t ne t ar go t t .

1 E t t b arn so m ar t rOt t s o v e r b ra 14 D aso mm are n

3 . .
.
, ,

k om m e r t r O t t na b ar ne n pa b O Nar jag
'

ck e r na 1 5 . .
,

k o m d it v ar d e n gam l e ick e h e mm a
,
1 6 D e n na l i l l a . .

fl ick a a r e n d ast t v a a r gamm a] 1 7 Om d u k o mm e r . .

,

sé b l i b arne n m y ck e t gl ad a 1 8 Karl . . o ch h ans sy st e r

s u t t o v id b o rd e t o ch l as t e h al v a d age n . 1 9 . D e t t a t rad
ar i ck e m ang a m e t e r b ogt . 20 . D a go ssar n a bl e v o s t o ra ,

re s t e d e t i l l fram m and e l and o ch k o m m o al d r ig h e m i ge n .

21 . E t t kart b ar n h ar m anga S i t t e r fage l n n am n . 22 .

v id d i t t Oppn a fOns t e r ? 2 3 D e t t a s t o r a r i ke so m l i g ge r .
,

m e l l an N o r ge o ch Ry ssl and
1 Q
ar S v e r i ge 24 F l ick an ,
. .

ar t rot t pa sys t e m s l i l l a d ock a 2 5 V ar icke pro fe ssor ns . .

n ya b ok i nt r e ssan t ? — JO m e n ick e d e n gam l a 2 6 Li l l a , . .

S t i na h l ev gl ad d a h o n fick d e n v ack ra h at t e n 2 7 Om
, . .

d e n na k l oc k a i cke ar b ra nog sé fa r d u e n ny , .

B . 1 . Th e
h o u s e i s v e r y Ol d now It w as ne w
g ray .

w h e n I w as 2 His l i t t l e gi rl s are k i nd h e art e d

a b oy . . .

3 T h is h at is t oo l arge
.
4 W h e n t h e y w e re s m al l t h e y . .
,

l ived in V a st er gO 5 J o h n and C arl are not r e l at e d

' '

t l and . .
,

are t h e y ? - N O J o h n i s no t re l at e d t o C arl 6 Th e
3
.
, .

s old i e rs are pro u d O f t h e nob l e k i ng 7 D O y o u no t . .

t h i nk t h at S we d is h bo o k s are i n t e re s t i ng ? 8 Mr L un d . .

g re n i s a t r u e S w e d e 9 Th e pr of e ss or fo u nd t h e l and . .

u ni nh ab i t e d IO He al w ays t h o u gh t t h at h is ow n w ork
. .

w as n ot good e nou gh 1 1 I h av e a d e ar f r i e n d w h o i s . .

v e ry sic k 1 2 Th e k i nd h e ar t e d l i t t l e b oy w ant ed t o
. .

gi v e t h e Ol d w om an a c ro w n 1 3 Hav e y o u y o u r b l ue . .

b ook i n sc h ool ? 1 4 T h is l arge ci t y h as many l o ng s t re e t s .

.

’
1 5 I s y o u r f r i e nd s ne w h o u s e h i gh ? 1 6 D o y ou t h i nk
.
.

1 Nor w ay .

2 Ru ssi a
R
.

3 e nd e r a r e l lz ey by “
v al ”
,
Th e w o r d -o r d e r i s “
ar o v al l eke
x1 THE A DJ EC T I VE 99

t h at i t is go i ng t o i
ra n al l
]
d ay ? 1 7 . Th e ch e r s
ne w t e a
’

o ld b ook s w e re i nt e r e s t i ng 1 8 He al w ays h as o ne
. .

wi nd o w ope n 1 9 W h e re
. . d id y o u fi nd t h e s e pre t t y
fl o w e rs ? 2 0 A f t e r w ard s t h e is l and l ay d e s e r t e d 2 1 Th e
. . .

o ld m an s h o u s e i s s m al l
’
22 L i t t l e C arl h as b e au
. .

t i f ul e y e s . 23 I s i t not s t range t h at h e t h i nk s t h at h is
.

o w n n am e i s not pre t t y ? 2 4 I re c e i ve d an in t e r e s t i ng
.

l e t t e r t h is m orni ng .

1 U se a fo r m of h el
 LESS ON X I I .

C O M P A R ISON OF A D J E C T I V ES .

1 58 T h e c.o m p a r a t i v e i s m ad e b y a dd i ng
-are and t h e ,

s upe rl at i v e b y ad d i ng -asl t o t h e u ninfle ct e d f o r m O f ,

t h e posi t i v e ; as r i le r ic h c o m p mleare s u pe r] r i basl

’

. . .
, , ,

N ot e 1 A d j e ct i v e s e nd ing i n u nst re sse d cl e u -ar d ro p

. .
-
,
-
,

t h e v o w el o f t h e su ffi x b e fo re ad d i ng ar e o r asl ; as ad e l no b l e
‘

- -
, ,

ad l ar e ad l asl ; oppe n o p e n oppnar e oppnasl ; v acke r b e au t ifu l

' ’ ‘

, , , ,

v ackr ar e , v ackr asl .

2 . Al so a fe w i nd e cl i nab l e ad e c j tiv es e ndi ng in u ns re sse d t -a

m av b e co m pa re d . Th ey d ro p -a b e fo r e ad d i ng -ar e , -asl ; as , n og a
p a t icu l ar nog ar e nog asl ; d ata ge nu i ne d atar e d lel asl — Nar a
‘

r , , , , .

ne a r,c l o se i s i re gu l a h av i ng t h e fo rm s co m p
,
r r, , .

s u p e r] nor m ( a)st 1 o r nd sl
‘

. .

15 9 In t h e f ol l o wi ng ad j e c t i v e s t h e c o mpar at i v e i s
.

m ad e b y ad d i ng re an d t h e s u pe rl at i ve b y ad d i ng sl -
,
-
.

A l l t h e se m od ify ( se e 1 1 ) t h e r o o t v ow e l o f t h e
po si
-

t i v e i f t h is is h ard .

g rov c oars e t h ic k g r ov r e , g ravsl

bo g h i gh t al l ,

l d ng l ong
sl ar l arge , gre at
l r d ng t i gh t , narro w l i an re l r a ng sl
l u ng h e av y ly ng r e ly ng sl
un
g y o u ng y ng sl
N o t e W h e n l dg.s ig fie s
n i “
l ow i n a m o al se nse r ,

p are d re gu l a l y l dg ar e l dg asl Al o g r ov and l r d ng

r , , . s

h av e are -asl ,
- .

1 60 Tw o ad j e c t i ve s i n f o r m i ng t h e i r c o m parat i v e add
.

-r re b e f ore w h ic h t h e l o ng v o w e l o f t h e posi t i v e i s
,

s h or t e ne d and mod ifi e d
1 Th f m n m e m l a
or l m m n th an
s ar m m “
r e, na r s re e ss co o na r a r e, na n .
 COMPARISON OF A DJ EC T IVES
1
Al so t h e c o m par at i v e se ( d ) nar e l at t e r ,
l at e r , and th e
s uperl at i v e se ( d ) nasl l ate st o r sist l as t l ate s t e m pl oyi ng , , ,

t h e e nd i ngs are asl are d e r i v e d f ro m a ro o t no t u se d as

-
,
-
,

an ad j e c t i v e sedan se n ( v o w e l u s u al l y s h o r t ) af t e rw ard s
, ,
.

1 63 Th e c o m parat i v e is i nd e c l i nab l e ( se e
.
as ,

en bd l l r e stol , el l bd l l re lz u s bd l l r e ,
stol ar , de bal l r e sl al ar na .

When u ed s as a si t i ve ar t ic l e
. no u n f
a te r the p p
r e o

( cf . t h e c o m par at i v e add s -s i n t h c ge ni t i v e Ex .

D en y ng res ar be te d r bd sl Th e w or k o f t h e y o unge r is b e s t . .

1 04 W h e n u s e d as a pre d ic at e ad j e c t i v e ( no t pre
.

c e de d b y t h e pre posi t i ve ar t ic l e ) t h e s u pe rl at i v e h as it s ,

o ri g i nal f o rm -asl sl ) and i s i nv ar i ab l e ,

E x : D enna
- . .

bl omm a ( de l ta bar n ) d r vackr asl T h is fl o w e r ( t h is c h i l d ) .

is t h e pre t t i e s t D essa bl onz m or d r o vackr asl T h e s e fl ow e r s

. .

are t h e pre t t i e s t .

In al l o t h e r c as e s i e w h e n u s e d at t r i b u t i v e l y or al one
, . .
, ,

2
af te r t h e pr e po si t i v e ar t ic l e s u pe r l at i v e s i n asl ad d e ,
- -

2
( s e e § 1 5 1 8 a ) t h o,
s e i n sl ad d a
, ( o r e; se e 1 5 1 8 b - - -
'

and c ) W h e n u s e d s u b s t ant i v e l y i t h as t h e r e gu l ar
.
,

e nd i n g -s i n t h e ge ni t i v e E x : D en v il asl e bl omm an d r . .

den vaclerasl e Th e w h i t e s t fl o w e r is t h e pre t t i e s t

. D el .

sl or sl a lz u sel d r iclee all ti d d e l bd sla Th e l arge s t h o u s e i s no t .

al w ays t h e b e s t S ve ns y ng sl a sysl er ii r l r e d r S ve n s ’
. .

y ou nge s t sis t e r is t h ree y e ar s o ld Han d r den d ldsle av .

oss He is t h e O l d e s t o f u s D el d l dsl a av bar ne n d r

. .

en
g osse
:

Th e O ld e s t o f t h e c h i ld re n i s a b oy
. Nd rmasl e .

g r an ne bodde
pd e n m il s avsl d nd Th e ne are s t n e i gh b or .

l i v e d a m i l e aw ay [ senasl e nu mm er a v S l oclelz ol m s D og
.

1 Th is w o rd , w h h ic is O pp o si t e g t Of
i n m e an i n
'

or r e , f ar “ ,
s h ldou b e ca r e

fu l l v d i s i n t g uis h ed fr o m se n ( v o w e l l ng ) l at t a
o e, rd y, s o l w , co mp . s e na r e ,

s u pe r] . s e n asl .

2 Th e se fo r m s of the sup l ati v er e ar e re a ll y t he de fi itn e fo r m o f t h e adje c

tiv e. b ut o b se r v e the xt nd d
e e e u se of the de fi it n e fo r m of the su l tv
pe r a i e
as i ll t at
us r ed in t h e e xa m p l e s.
XII C O M P A RISON O F A D J EC T IVE S O3

bl ad . In t h e l as t n u mb e r of S . D . Nasl a m anaa ’
ne xt
'
m o nt h , r sak a
fi nal t r i al In c as e s s uc h as t h e
f
’

ell sz sl a b .

l as t t h e pre posi t i v e ar t ic l e i s u s u al l y i ns e r t e d b e t w ee n
,

t h e i nd e f ar t ic l e and t h e ad j e c t i v e ; as
. e n den ské nasl e ,

n l sz lel a m o s t be au t i f ul v i e w
’

1 65 Th e c o m parat i ve and s u pe r l at i v e i d e as m ay b e b u t
.
,

u s u al l y are no t e x pre ss e d b y u si ng m er a and m esl w i t h

,
'

t h e posi t i v e i n t h e c ase o f al l ad j e c t i ve s t h o u gh l e ss ,

f re q ue ntl y t h os e W h os e c om parat i ve e nd s i n -r e .

S ome adj e c t i ve s e spe ci al l y t h o s e o f m ore t h an one sy l

1
,

l ab l e e nd i ng i n ad -e se -es 4 st and al l par t ici pl e s b o t h

-
, ,
-
, , , ,

p r e s e n t and pas t n e v er h a v e t h e e nd i n g s o f c o m p
,
a r is o n ,

b u t u se o nl y m er ( a ) m esl ; as g od/zjar l ad k i nd h e ar t e d
'

, , ,

m esl g oalzjei r l ad; par l zsk par t i al m er ( a)

'
’
m er ( a )
’

m s m m esl 5 de
'

r l zsk esl r l is/e; 5 d d l r ( a ) fide

p a p a ,
e e o at e e , ,
.

1 66 Th e s u pe rl at i v e is o f t e n u s e d o f t w o ob j e c t s com
.

pare d E x : Hans lzog r a b and it? sl ar/easl His r i gh t

'‘

. . .

h and i s t h e s t ro nge r Vz lke n a v d z na l v a sane r ar y ng sl ?

' '

W h ic h o f y ou r t w o s ons i s t h e y o u nge r ? D en m esl l ovan

d e sa kande n av de l va ( bl and ae l r e ) t h e m o s t pro m isi ng
’

o f t h e t w o ( t h ree ) appl ic an t s ; de n sl orsl a del e n av dp l

''

el
p
( al s o w h e n cu t i nt o t w o pi e ce s ) t h e l arge r h al f of t h e .

appl e .

1 67 Th e c o m parat i v e
. and the s upe rl at i ve are s om e
t i me s u ed s wi t h o ut s
ab o l u t e l re al co m y 2
, any i d e a o f

par is on t o d e no t e a r at h e r h i g h d e gree and a v e r y h i gh

,

d e gr e e re s pe c t i ve l y , S upe rl at i v e s f orme d w i t h m est can .

al s o b e so u s e d b u t r are l y c om parat i ve s wi t h m er ( a)
, .

S u pe r l at i v e s u s e d ab s ol u t e l y m ay or m ay not b e pre
1 A l l i nd l i n ab l adj t i v w i th t h x p t i n f th
ec e th a t n d i n -
ec es, e e ce o o o se e a

( f 158 n t
c . b l g h ; a l m a y th a t a n b d l i n d
, o e e on e re so n c e ec e .

2 Thi i f n h l
s u se f q nt s o n i n E ngl i h
i uc Ex t h l w e ss re ue o cc u r r e ce s . . : e o er

cla h i gh d a t i n G at N w Y k Y
s se s . er e uc ta k i a m t a d
o , re er e or . our s s os r uo u s

o n Se. al th t a n l a t i n f t h S w d i h x am p l
ee so e r s o o e e s e e s.
 C O M PA RISON OF A D JEC T IVE S

c e de d b y t h e pre posi t i v e d e fi ni t e ar t ic l e b u t t h e acco m ,

a n yi n n o u n a l m o s t a l w a ys h a s the i nd e fi n i t e fo r m
p g .

E x : E n l ang re prom ena a a ( rat h e r ) l o ng w al k e n alare

' ’ '
’
. ,

lz erre an e l d e rl y ge nt l e m an de nyare sp r ake n m o d e rn ,

D e nna sanni ng ar accepl e r aa av de fl esl a m era

’ ’
l angu age s .

'
r am sl a T h is h i s cc e pt e d b y m o s t
’
f e nae ps y k ol o
g e r t r u t a .

Med slar sl a néje wi t h t h e

''

o f t h e l e ad i ng psyc h ol og is t s .

s s d b othe r ( f r i e nd )
'

g r e a t e t p l e a u r e é ci sl e é roder ,
e ar r .

It d i d n t d o t h e l e as t
’ '
’
D el gjor ae z nl e de n m z nsl a ny l l a
'

good D e ar o de a asl a vanne r T h e y are t h e b e s t o f

’

. .

f ri e nd s D el l a gjorae Iz an z sl é rsl a vd l m enz ng He d id

' '
’
. .

t h is w i t h t h e b e s t o f i n t e nt i o ns Han sade ne nne nag r a .

ae u l szi /el asl e afl zgn

’
He pai d h e r s o me v e r y fi ne com
’

el er .

m e n mesl n a r d nackaae ka mp m ’
p l i e n t s E n .d a os t s t u b

b orn fi gh t .

1 68 PRONUNCIA T ION : ( a) ovan

.
l
9 3 b ) ; f ram ,

al dsl 1 6 c ) ; lzog sl
'' ''

6 no t e
, g r avl
g r ovsl , ,

Za g l , l a g sl 1 8 a n d Ph o n o l o
, g y — O b s e rv e t h e
s h or t ene d v ow e l i n sl or r e slb r sl far re sw ar re; al s o i nfi rr e
'' ’ '

, , , ,

y ll re flesl mest
, ,
In n ég sl ( and fi n e ) t h e re i s a c h an ge
.

b ot h i n t h e q u an t i t y and t h e q u al i t y o f t h e 5 ( b ) gjor ae .
’

'
1 5; accefife m 1 9, I b 9 3 b.
,

na
'
and Ph onol ogy 5 0 no t e je 6 no t e , ,

1 69 ACCEN T : ( 1 ) D issy l l ab ic c o mparat i ve s f or m e d w i t h

.

-re or -r r e h av e t h e ac t e
u acc e nt e xc e pt t h at fi r r e h as ,

t h e grav e acc e n t and ned r e a ndr e and ovr e m ay h av e

, ,

e i t h e r t h e ac u t e o r t h e g r av e a cc e n t — F le w and m er a
r ar e l y h av e t h e ac u t e acc e n t —S u pe rl at i v e s e n d i n
g in .

-er sl
h ave e i t h e r t h e ac u t e o r t h e grave acc e nt .

( 2 ) Th e f ol l owi ng w or d s h av e t h e ac u t e acc e n t : ( a) f ar
'
so lea, mene '
Ol ana
'

p ro ra ,
par l zs/e , D anm ar k , F i nland ,
’
.

— (b ) accepl e r a ,
’
nu m m er .

1 I l nc u d i n gw o rd s p ro m i ne n t in t h l e e ss o n .
 EXE R C IS E X I I .
1

A . 1 . Ol and o ch Go t t l and aro S v e r i ge s st o rst a o ar .

2 . Ar d u icke s to l t 2
ove r at t v ar a s v e ns k ? 3 . D e n l i ll e

go ss e n p a b ro d e rn
b le v 4 V a ra t ra
ondd a ro g r ov re a n . .

e ra 5 D e t ar b a
. t t r e at t v ara d e n f or s t e a
. n d e n s is t e .

6 S t oc kh ol m a 7 V at
' '

r d e n s t 0rs t a av S v e r i ge s s t a
’

. id e r . .

t e r n l i ar e nd ast e n s t or r e 6 na m l i ge n V isi ngso 3

8 Nu ar ,
. .

Da rfor a r h an a
'

h an fors ik t igare v e n fr i sk are 9. Sven . .

n ar m ast e
4
gic k m ed O lo v t i ll s t ad for at t k o pa
'

en

b at t re h as t . 10 . B ad e S ve ri ge o ch F i nl and a ro r ik are pa
an D anm ark
5
N o rg “ S k o mak are n b o r i
sj
oar o ch e . 1 1 .

fir s a m re i d ag an
'

d e t b o r t e rst a b us e t . 1 2 . Den j
s uka

h on ga v ar
r 1 3 D a S t r i nd b e r g d o g v ar l i an S v e r i ges
i . .
,

s t drs t e fo r fat t are 14 Kar l s al d st a sy st e r och h ans y n gs t a

. .

b ro r a ro u t e o ch g a 1 5 D e t r 6 d a b u s e t éi r l ags t 16 De . . . .

fle st a gossarna ar o b ade aild re och s t o rre a

sk o l an n

J oh an 1 7 S k ol a v i icke gau t och g a? 1 8 D e n fram st e

. .

goss e n ar s t 6 rst . 1 9 To g d u ick e e n l angre pro m e nad i

.

d ag an i g ar? 20 . Han ar e l ak m o t sy st e rn m e n annu ,

varr e m o t d e n fram m ande go s se n 21 . . S e d an h an k o m

h it a r h an b a
, d e fr isk are o ch g l ad are . 22 . De v o ro u te

o ch prom e ne rad e h el a k v al l e n . 23 .
Jag v i ll h a den
6 v e rs t a b ok e n .

B .Y ou r n am e is s t i l l l onge r t h an m i ne 2 Th e
1 . . .

h i gh e s t t re e s are no t al w ays t h e t h ic ke s t 3 Gl ass i s . .

h e av i e r t h an w at e r 4 In o l d ci t i e s t h e s t re e t s are o f t e n . .

n ar ro w 5 Th e b e s t b u t t e r is no t t oo g ood
. .
6 Th e . .

1 Thi x i n t ai n
s e m w d giv
e r c s e co i th di i n f th g ams so e or s en n e s cu s s o o e r
m a b t n t in l d d in t h v
r, u o ab l a y c u e e oc u r .

2 Wh n Sw d i h e a p p i i n f ll w d b
e s tt and t h
u se s i fi ni t i v re os t o o o e v
“
a e n e

E gl i h
,

n sall y h a a p
u su p i ti w i th h g d b t
s m tim re
an os on t e e run u so e es
i n fi i t iv
,
‘
n e.

3 P n n d
ro V i i ng o
ou Vi i g o
ce
“
s s
'”
or
'
s n s

FG at t w i th t h infi it v d t p p
”
4 ~
r e n i e e no es ur o se .
5 D enm a r k .

6 Nor w ay .
xi 1 CO MPARISON on A D JEC T IV ES 1 07

w h i t e d ove s are t h e pre t t i e s t 7 T h is c h ai r i s t h e

. .

h e av i e s t t h at I h ave 8 D o y o u t h i nk t h at y o u r o l d
. .

h ou s e is m o re b e au t if ul t h an m y ne w o ne ? 9 S w e d e n .

i s l ar ge r t h an N orw ay b u t N o rw ay i s more b e au t if ul
, .

10 . No w t h e d ays are l onge r t h an t h e n i gh t s b u t s oo n ,

t h e n i gh t s wi l l b e t h e l o nge r
~

1 1 T h e s e t w o appl e s
. .

are t h e re d d e s t . 1 2 How m an y nam e s h av e y o u ?

.

O nl y t w o — T h e n I h av e m o re nam e s t h an y o u
. 13 His . .

f e ve r is w ors e agai n t o d ay 14-

T h e s e t re e s are t h e
. .

s m al l e s t
. 1 5
. I s h al l go i f t h e w e at h e r b e c o me s b e t t e r .

16 . E ngl is h h as mo re n e ut e r s t h an S we d is h 1 7 D o y ou . .

wis h t o go o u t fo r a w al k ? 1 8 Th e b l ac k t ab l e i s .

l o w e r t h an t h e b r ow n o ne 1 9 T h is au t h o r t h i nk s
. . t h at
h is ow n b o ok s ar e t h e m o s t i nt e re s t i ng 2 0 T h e i r o ld e s t . .

d au gh t e r is o nl y fi v e y e ar s ol d 21 Wh y is t h e s h oe
. .

m ake r m o re part ic u l ar w i t h y o u r s h oe s t h an wi t h m i ne ?
22 . Th e l ak e b e c am e m ore q u i e t i n t h e e v e ni ng 2 3 I . .

t h o u gh t I w as o l d t h e n b u t no w I am s t i l l o ld e r
, .
 LESS ON X I I I
AD V ER B S
1 71 O f m o s t.
f or m i n -l m ay b e u s e d as
ad j e c t i v e s ,
the

an ad v e r b ; as a de l nob l e ri de /l nob l y ; vacker b e au t if u l vac

'

, , ,

ker l b e au t if u l l y ; sol sw ee t so l l sw e e t l y ; my oke n m uc h , ,

my cket m u c h v e ry ; l i le n s m al l l i le l a l i t t l e
, ,
.

1 72 B e si de s t h e s e ad ve rb s t h e re are a gre at m any

.

o t h e rs for me d v ar i o us l y
,

1 P ri m i t i ve adv e rb s and t h e i r c o m po u nd s ; as nej no

. , ,

li ar h e re oor l aw ay o fl Iz d r i h e re i n A d v e rb s
'

n u no w , , , ,
.

c ompound e d wi t h li ar dar var are v e ry n u m e ro u s

’ '

.
, ,

Not e 1 In ge ne al
. co m po u nd ad v e rb s o f t h e k i nd m e nt io ne d
. r ,

in 1 72 1 h av e t h e m ai n s t re ss o n t h e l ast syl l ab l e w h e n t h e y
, ,

s tand at t h e e nd o f a d e cl arat i v e se n t e nce ; as Ot h e r

' '
b d r i dé f i , , .

w ise t h e fi rst syl l ab l e i s st re sse d .

2 P ro no m i nal ad ve rb s co m p o u nd ed w ith a p re posit io n a e o ft e n

. r

u se d i n p l ace o f a p ro no u n g o v e r ne d b y a p re po si t io n T h e se co m .

p ou nd s a e h o w e v e no t u se d i n r e fe ring t o p e so ns and are

r ,
r, r r ,

u se d l e ss fre e l y i n re fe rr i ng t o a p l u r al t h an t o a singu l a n o u ri r .

E x : ( P e rso nal ) jag li ar ej Iz or l u i g ol d d r om I h av e n ot h e ard

.
"

any th i ng ab o u t i t ( D e m o nst at i v e ) D ar e m ol ar i nl e t al l i n vd n
' ‘

. r

d a T h e re i no t h i ng t o say agai nst t h at H ar av f olje r al l t r i

' ’

. s .
,

ang l ar na m dsl e v ar a ko ng r u e n l a F ro m t h i i t fo l l o w s t h at t h e '

. s

t ri angl e s m u st b e co ngru e nt D ari li ar b an wi l l He i r igh t i n .

'

. s

th at ( I nt e rr gat i v e d i re ct and i nd i e ct ) Varpd be r or d e l l a ?

. o , r

W e o t i ( L i t e al l y On w h at d o e s t h i s d e pe n d )
“
h at i s t h e ca u s f h ? s r ,
P”

D e l (1? i cke ki l l al l sag a v ar i d e n na ski l l nad be sl d r , I t i s no t '

.

e asy t o say w h at t h i s d i fl e e n ce co n si st
( R e l at i v e ) D e l l a d r
’
of r s .

e n f r dg a u nr o w i se n o r e l i d m y cke t l al al s
, T h i i s a q u e st i o n . s

ab o u t w h ich m u ch h a re ce n tl y b e e n sai d E g i l l ar ae s i na sOne r

' ’ ’

s .

m d ng a i d r ol l e r v ar i Iz an sjal v v ar m asl ar e E g i l t au gh t h i so n' '

, . s s

m any sp ort s i n w h i ch h e h i m se l f e x ce l l ed .

2 Ad v e rb s f o rm e d wi t h v ar i o u s s u ffi x e s ; as a ( as ne m
.
,
-

m a at h o m e ) ; e ( u le o u t ) ; an ( r edan al re ad y ) ; om
- - -
 COMPARI S ON O F A D VERBS XI I I

c orre s pond i ng adj ec t i ve s ; as ade l l nob l y d dlar e m ore , ,

no bl y li dl asl m o s t no bl y ; sol l sw e e t l y sol ar e sol asl ; Izo

'' '

, gl , ,

h i gh l ou d l y kog r e kog sl ; l ang l far l ang re l l ang sl ;

'‘ '' '

, , , , ,

my ekel m uc h v e r y m er a mesl ; g ol l w e ll bd l l r e od sl
, , , , , .

Mos t o f t h e i nde c l i n ab l e ad j e c t i v e s e nd i ng i n u ns t re ss e d
-a and h av i ng f o r m s
,
o f c o m par is o n are al s o u s e d as ,

ad v erb s T h e i r c om parat i v e s and s upe rl at i v e s are t h e

.

s ame as t h os e o f t h e c or re s po nd i ng ad j e c t i v e s ; as nog a ,

acc u r at e l y na
2
n ar m ( a ) r e
'

n og are nog asl ;

, ra ne ar , , ,

sakl a s l ow l y sakl ar e sakl asl , , .

1 74 O f o t h e r ad ve rb s o nl y a fe w can b e c o mpare d
.
,

1
for l f as t q u ic kl y
.
, for l asl
l ang e l ong a l ong t i m e l ang r e 1
'

j
o l a o ft e n
f
o l asl

2 Th e f o l l owi ng e m pl o y a d ifl e re n t r oo t 8 for t h e co m
.

par at iv e and s u pe r l at i v e
4
6m
vd l

g ar na gl ad l y
'

i l l a b ad l y ar r e
°

vd r sl
‘
v

3 Th e s u pe rl at i ve f o rm s g i ve n in
. 1 62 are in t h e
u n in fle ct e d f o r m u s e d al s o as ad v e r b s O f sedan b o t h
.
,

th e c o m parat i v e and t h e s upe rl at i v e f or m s are u se d as

ad v e rb s 6 Th e s am e i s t r u e o f f orsl
.
,
o f w h ic h t h e ad
v e r b i al c o m ar at i v e is d f
'

p f orr a n n o t orr e ,
.

1 L g i t h m p a at i v b th f t h adj t i v [d ( 5
an re s e co r a nd e f o o e ec e ug se e o

th ead v b h i g: fa
er
(
s 5 1 7 8 ) a nd [ g l n g
n r se e an e o

2 S p ag 1 0 0 f t n t
ee e oo - o e.

3 Ad v b nd
er g i n 4 th a t m p l y a d i ff n t
s e i n t f th m p a a ti v e o ere roo or e co r e
a nd sup l at i v a i l d d nd § 1 7 3
er e re nc u e u er .

al v y a th p tt th i “
“
4 B i ra s d in t h n
so f u se I e se se o er
”
, r er
”
,
re y n s
m a i ng i t an n t b
e n m pa d
c o e co re .

5 B ll a i th re m p a a t i v b th
s e f th
co a dj tiv d r 5m an d f the o o e ec es go , , o e

ad v b
er ll b s ga al . 1 6 1 ; 1 73
r a, v : se e ,

6 Cf p ag 1 0 2 f
. t n t 1 Th ad v b
e . oo p n d i ng t
- o l at t a d y
e . e er c o r re s o o s e t: e, r ,

Sl w i
o . t s se n t , se n a r e , son n s .
XII I COMPARISON O F A D VERBS III
N o t e — Th e o th e r ad v e rb s cap ab l e o f t h e id e a o f co m p ari so n
h av e m e r a m est E x : D e fl esl a l al a my oke l m e r a ol og i skl (i n
, . .

d e sjal va l r o
'

M ost p e opl e t al k m u ch m ore i ll ogical l y t h an t h e y

.

t h e m se l v e s b e l ie v e .

1 75 EXPRES S ION S U S E D IN CONNEC T ION W I T H THE

.

COMPARA T IVE A ND SUPER L A T IVE OF A D J EC T IVES A ND

A D V E Rg s A l l l f o l lo w e d b y a re pe at e d ( o r si ng l e ) co m
,

a r at i ve i s e q u i v al e n t t o t h e d o u b le d c o mparat i v e of
p
E ngl is h d e no t i ng an i nc re asi ng d e gree E x : Han bl i r
,
. .

al l l f o rsl an d ig ar e med l iden

’
He is b e c o m i ng m ore and
’

m o re s e nsi b l e as t i me pass e s D e n bl e v al l l m i nd re oe/z .

m indr e It b e c ame s mal l e r and s m al l e r

.

“
Th e ad ve rb i al th e u s e d wi t h c o mparat i v e s
”
,
is r e n ,

“
d e re d b y desl o o r dess; t h e c or re l at i ve s th e the
”
,

b y ju dess desl o o r ( m ore rare l y ) ju

, Th e fi rs t .

c l au s e ( i nt rod uc e d b y t h e adv e rb ju ) b e i ng t h e s ub or ,

d i nat e c l au s e d oe s no t h av e i nve r t e d o rd e r ; t h e s e c ond

,

c l au se ( i ntrod uce d b y o ne o f t h e ad ve rb s dess deslo ju ) i s , ,

t h e m ai n cl au s e and h as i nv er t e d o rde r E x : ju l ang re

'

. .

de bet rak l ade fal l en desl o slor r e sy nl es li an f or d e ras o

’ '

, g on ,

f l losare f oref ol lo de sig sjdl va Th e

'

oelz d esl o m i nd r e oe/z kr a

'

l onge r t h e y l ooke d at t h e gi ant t h e l ar ge r h e appe are d ,

t o t h e i r e y e s and t h e s m al l e r and w e ak e r t h e y f e l t ju
, .

ess ke ll re t h e s oone r t h e b e t t e r ess ba r e so m u c h

'

f or r d,
d l l ,

t h e b e t ter O b s e r v e al so icke desl o m i ndre ne ve r t h e l e ss

. .

A ll r a f ol l o w e d b y t h e s u pe rl at i v e is e q u i v al e nt t o t h e
“ “
s upe rl at i v e wi t h o f al l to v e ry f o l l ow e d b y t h e
”
,
”

s upe r l at i ve and t o t h e si mpl e s u pe rl at i v e in E ngl is h ;

, ,

as den al l ra sl or sl a boke n t h e l arge s t b ook o f al l

,
min ,

al l r a basta lz a sl m y v e r y b e s t h ors e all ra f or sl fi r s t o f

'

de l al l r a basta t h e v e r y b e s t
'

al l ,
de n all r a lzel ig asl e ,

t h e m o s t h o l y d e al l r a fl esl a m o s t o f t h e m
, .

E q u al i t y i s e x pre sse d b y l i ka ( l ikasa)

as o r pr i m ar i l y af t e r a ne g at i v e sci
, , ,
 CO MPARISON OF A D VERBS XI II

as . Ex . : f oli an l ika g am m al som Kar l

ar . J oh n i s as

o ld as C arl . Han d r icke sa sl or som Kar l

He is not .

so l arge a s C a r l E n sl e n sa sl or s
.
om e l l lz u s a s t o ne as

l arge as a h o u s e O b s e rve t h e ph r as e sé snar l som ma

. j
l zgl as s oo n as possi bl e S am m ay b e o m i t t e d in a nu m .

b e r o f c ase s E x : 5 aforl d a kan as s oon as y ou can sa

. .
,

my rkel lz an vil l as m u c h as h e w ant s t o D u f d r l ag a sa .

m ang a d a Y o u m ay t ake as m any as y o u ne e d .

A l ow e r d e gre e is e x pre ss e d b y m i ndre l e ss and m insl ,

l e as t wi t h t h e posi t i v e as i n E ngl is h
, ,
.

1 76 OR T HO GRAP HY : f ram f r amme; lze m lze m m a; i n

.
, , ,

“
i nne dli r i nne
, ( Ph o no l o g 3y C o n c e rn i n g j u l son ,

d ag , m andag ,
e tc .
,
se e 24 , 3 .

1 77 PRONUNCIA T ION : ( a) f or l
.
9 , 3 a) ; lyekl z l v zs,
g
'
li u r dag s l igg dag s lz al v va ( mai n son dag s
'

,g s l il l , ,

-Th e
d g s e tc )
a ,
1 8 a n.d P h o no l o g y ,
v ow e l in

dag s) -va i s s h i n h s x ssi s

''

d ag s -
g s d o d s ,
o r t t e e
,
e pr e o n ,

t h ou gh l o ng i n d ag — '
e tc ( b ) kong r u e n t ( Ph ono l ogy
,
.

4 9 3 b ) ; ol og iskl ( s e c ond 0
, 9 3 b) , ,
.

1 78 ACCEN T : ( 1 ) Th e acc e nt o f d issy l l ab ic c o mpara

.

t i v e s e nd ing i n r e and s u pe rl at i v e s in -er sl i s t h e s am e

-

i n t h e c ase o f ad ve rb s as i n ad j ec t i v e s Se e 1 69 1 .
, .

( 2 ) Th e ad v e rb i al c o m po u nd s r e f e rre d t o in 1 72 1 , ,

and n o te s h av e t h e ac u t e acce nt
, .

( 3 ) Th e f o l l o wi ng w ord s h av e t h e ac u t e acce nt : ( a) v in
l er and t h e nam e s o f t h e d ays o f t h e w e e k ( sondag son ,

d ag s ,
— D esl o al l r a and sal edes u s u al l y h av e t h e
,

cc — b ’
( ) be l r ak l a f or sl an dzg oe/zo va
’ ’
g r a v e a e n t .
, , .

1 79 CO L LOQUIALISMS : ( 1 ) In t h e s pok e n l ang u age

.

opp e i s i n t h e
gr e at e r par t of S we d e n al m os t al w ays u s e d
i n pl ac e o f upp e as opp for upp S o ne r w h ic h i s s o m e
, .
,

t i m e s f o u nd al s o i n t h e w r i t t e n l an u a e a t ic u l a l y in
g g p r r ,

d i al og i s u s e d fo r ned; b u t ne r e h as no al t e rnat i v e f orm

, .
 A D VERBS xm
1 1 4

l /z us
l ange l ong fi ,
r g l im e
a lo n 5 51 so ,

m o rse ; i m ors e l /z is ( pasl ) sal e d e s l /z u s aerordi ng ly ,

m or ning sal u nd a l /z u s i n l /z is m anner ,

m y ck e t m i t e/z u ppe u p
mOj
l ig p ossible v aro m abou t w lz ie/z ,
aoou t

n e d , ne r dow n w izat
nere dow n ve c ka ( 1 ) week

r e d an al ready i
v nt e r ( )
2 w i nter ; i l lz is

r at t ri g/l l; h a( v a) r at t be w inte r ; i v in t ras l ast w in te r

ri
g/zl v ar ( 2 ) p
s r i ng ; i v ar t h is

s ak t a ( i ndecl ) . sl ow ; ad v .
,
s p r ing ; i as
-
l ast p r i ng
s

v al w ell

s t u nd o m al l i m es

Th e n am e s of th e of th e week are

s ond ag S u nday t orsd ag T/z u r sday

m and ag l l/ onday fre d ag F r iday
t isd ag Tu esday lOr d ag S at u r day
o nsd ag lVed nesday

E XER C IS E XI II .

A . 1 . B ort a h e m ma b as t
b ra ,
m en
2 Fa gl ar na . .

s g u o v ack e r t 3 S v e n o ch h an s far g i ngo b o r t

. . M O .

d e rn och sy st e rn v oro h e m m a h e l a d age n 4 Det b lir . .

s h art h Ost 5 I sOnd ags re s t e j

. . ag t i l l M al m o Jag k o m .

f ram k l oc k au at t a pam orgo ne n S é s nar t j ag k o m f r am .

,

g ic k jag t i l l m i n g a m l e V an N y b l o m L y c k l i gt v i s v ar .

h an h e m m a m e n h an v ar a ,
nn u ick e u ppe 6 Sj uk . .

domen a a
'

r i ck e t i l l d od s
7 D r b o r t a i d e t g u l.a b u s et
.

b od d e v i i so m r as — Ne j ar d e t m Oj
2
.ligt ! 8 V i v o ro , .

u t e o ch pro m e ne r ad e i o nsd ags k v a ll 9 D e n sj u ke fir . .

b at t re n u a n h an v ar i m o r s e 10 Ju m e ra go ss e n fick . .
,

d e s s m e r a v i ll e h an h a 1 1 Om d u t al ar sak t are sé . .
,

1 Th b l ng t
e se th S nd D l n i n
e o o e e co ec e s o .

2 Nj h
“
m an
e
”
all y
e re Th i a f q nt
e s
"
re
"
. is s re ue u se .
xi 1 1 A D VERBS 1 1 5

—
s ak t a som fO 1
'' '

b l i r d e t b at t re .
]a j
ag ,
s k al l rso k a t al a sé

mO l
jg i t 1 2 I .d a g I Otl i m o r
go n d o d . 13 Hu r d ag s , . .

?? — 3 —
g ic k d u h e m ifran Kl oc k au v ar fe m t ro r j ag Oc h ,
.

d u v ar r e d an fram me kl o c k au at ta? 1 4 S i gt una ar e n .

i nt re ssant l i t e n s t ad som l i gge r v i d M a l are n h al v y ags ,

m e l l an S t oc k h o l m och U pps al a I5 D ii r i nne s u t t o k v i n . .

n or na o ch d r ucko k afi e 1 6 Gam l e BjOrk l u nd d og i . .

m ors e k l oc k au fe m Han h ade l id i t l ange av e n sv ar

4
.

sj u kd o m S t u nd o m b l e v d e n sj
. u k e m y cke t gl ad Da .

V i l le h an h e l st si t t a u ppe o ch b er at t a s agor for b arne n .

S al u nd a s at t h an i gar k v all l a nge u ppe o ch t al ad e m e d

d e sm a Ti ll sis t b l e v h an t r O
. tt D e t v ar d are d an l i g g .

d ags och av e n b ar ne n gi ngo d a r fo r t i l l sa Me n pa

'

,
ng s .

m orgo ne n v o r o b arne n annu ick e u ppe d a d e ras m o r ,

k o m i n och s ad e at t d e n gam l e v ar d O d ,
.

B. 1 . We w e nt
w ood s l as t T u e sd ay and pic ke d to t he 5

fl ow e rs 2 It w as al re ad y fi v e o c l oc k 3 Th e b oys
. .
’
. .

t r i e d t o w al k f as t e r b u t t h e y b e c am e m ore and m o re ,

t i re d 4 I d id n t b e l ie v e m y f r i e nd w h e n h e s ai d i t b u t
’
. .
,

h e w as r i gh t 5 Th e w e at h e r w as not at al l b e au t if u l
. .

l as t s u mm e r It r ai ne d e nt i re l y t o o m u c h
. 6 Th e b i rd . .

fl e w d o w n f ro m t h e t re e 7 W h e n t h e y arr i v e d at t h e i r . .

“
d e s t i nat i on t h e y w e re no d o u b t s t i ll m o re t i re d t h an w e .
,

8 . M y h o us e i s j u s t as l arge as y o u r s b u t i t is no t so ,

b e au t if u l 9 Th e s oo ne r y o u b e l i e v e t h at I am r i gh t
. .
,

7
t h e be t t e r 10 I s h a l b e g ad t o go wi t h y o u r f ri e nd s
l . l . .

F o r t u nat e l y I am no t at al l t i re d y e t A t w h at t i m e .

are t h e y c o m i ng ? 1 1 Y o u r sis t e r si ngs b e t t e r no w t h an .

b e f o re 1 2 .Th e b oys sat i n t h e h o u se all d ay b e c aus e

.
8

1 S ee 5 24 2 1 6 A r r i ve d esl i na l i o n k o m m a
’
, . at o ne s

2 F r om h o m e fr a m .

N t
.

3 o e t h e in v e r sio n . 7 T r an s l at e I sl ml l be gl ad to g o b y
41 Ha d d jag g ar g ar n a
"
'
su fi ere .

Pl B
.

5 a ce t h e S w e d i S h fo r l a st Tucs 8 eca u s e d fi l rO I a t t
‘ '
.

d ay fi tirs n t he se n t e n ce .
 A D VERBS X II I

it ra I c am e as s oon as possi bl e
i ne d . 1 3 . 14 D id y o u . .

ar r i v e at y o u r d e s t i nat i o n y e s t erd ay m o rni ng

1?
15 Ol d .

J oh ns on w as t h e v e ry b e s t f r i e nd of t h e c h i l d re n .

1 6 Th e c h ai rm an s pok e l o u de r and l o ud e r I 7 T h e y
. . .

w al ke d f art h e r t o d ay t h an y e s te r d ay b u t i t d i d n t t ak e ,
’

s o l o ng 1 8 W h e n i t rai ne d t h e b o ys w e nt i nt o t h e
. .
,

h o use 1 9 Th e w o m an w e nt u
. .
p t o t h e t ab l e and t oo k
t h e m o ne y 20 It is r ai ni ng t o o m u c h t h is s pri ng L as t
. . .

s pri ng i t d i d n t r ain at al l ’
.

1 l
’
e sl e r d ay m or n i n g i ga
r m o r se .
 CONJI GA TION .

t he c om m o n ge n d e r f o r
- m t o t T h o s e e n d i n g i n -l -

are no t c h ange d i n t h e ne u t e r
Q
Th e e nd i ngs o f t h e pas t .

r t ici pl e h are : ( I ) ad n ai ( l al ad n l al al ) ; ( I I ) - -
p a t en , , ,
.
,
.

— d or - t n ,
l ( ygg
b . d - n b
y gg t ; k p
o t n k op l )
, ; ( I I
. I ) -d d 1 1 , .
, .

-
l l ( l rodd n t r ol l ) ,
Th e S t ro ng C o nj u gat i o n h as i n t h e
. .

3
p a s t pa r t ici pl e t h e e nd i ng eu 11 -el w h ic h is ad d ed -
,
.
,

4
d i re c t l y t o t h e s t e m ( skr i ven n skr i vel ) , . .

Th e n e u t e r o f t h e pas t par t ici pl e o f al l v e rb s is u sed

5
af t e r t h e pre s e nt and pas t t e ns e o f li a ( va) h av e t o f o r m ,

t h e pre s e nt pe rf e c t and t h e pas t pe r f e c t re s pe c t i v e l y ; as , ,

li ar l al al I h av e spok e n j ag b ade l al al I h ad s po k e n
jga , .

O b s e rv e t h at E ngl is h si m i l arl y e m pl o ys t h e pas t par t ici

l e i n t h e f o r m at i o n o f t h e s e t e n s e s In b o t h l an u a e s
g g
p .

i t h as i n t h is c as e ac t i v e and no t passi v e m e an i ng , , .

Wh e n so e m pl oy e d i n S w e d is h t h e ne u t e r o f t h e past
-
,

a r t ici l e is c a ll e d t h e S up i ne In t h e S t ro n C o n j u a t i on
p p g g .
,

i i s s u b s t i t u t e d fo r e in t h e n e u t e r o f t h e pas t par t ic i pl e
w h e n u se d i n t h is w ay Th e e nd i n gs o f t h e s u pi ne are .

acc o rd i ngl y i n w e ak v e rb s ( I ) ai ( I I ) t ( I I I ) l l and -

,
-
,
-
,

i n t h e S t rong C onj u gat i o n -i t .

1 8 2 OMISSION O F THE AUXI L IAR Y In d e pe nd e n t c l au s

. .

es t h e au xi l i ar y i s v e r y o f t e n om i t t e d in t h e pre se nt pe r
fe ct and pas t per f e c t t h e s u pi ne al o ne b e i ng u s e d 6 ( se e ,

1 91 ,I ) Th e c ont e x t s h ows w h e t h e r t h e s upi ne

.

h as pre se nt pe r f e c t o r pas t pe r f e c t m e an i n g E x : Hei r . .

He re i s a
“

( t r en l i ten bok som jag skr i vi l i som m ar , .

l i t t l e b oo k t h at I h ave w r i t t e n t h is s u m m e r Yag tr odde .

,

al l kan tr ottnal I t h o ugh t h e h ad grow n t i re d Nar

'’
'

.
.

1 A i n adj
s tiv ; 5 1 5 1 2 a an d 3
ec es se e

2 A i n ad j
, .
,

s tiv ; 1 5 1 4
ec es se e

3 A i n ad j
, .

s tiv ; 5151 1
ec es se e , .

4 C i ng t v w l f p a t p a ti i p l an d pi n
o n ce r n
5 2 01 n t 1
roo - o e o s r c e su e s ee o e
5 A i n E n gl i h th i i
, .

s d b th a a n a x i l i a y a n d a an i n d
s s s u se o s u
,
p nd r s e e
e nt v er b .

6 B t
u v i n n d i t i n al l a
ne er w i th m
co m i tt d ; f 5 1 4 0
o c u se s o o e c . .
X IV FIRS T WEA K CONJ U G A T ION 1 1 9

d el statal r eg na , skol a vi
g d ul oe/z g d . W h en i t h as
s t oppe d i i
r a n ng , we s h al l
go out fo r a w al k . S l r id en
r asade , d u da l ill s sol en g al l ned . Th e b at t l e r age d u nt il
0m
’
t he s un h ad se t . vi var i t
f or sik tzgar e , sku ll e det ta

j lzu lui nl I f w e h ad b ee n m o re c are f ul t h is w ou l d

’

e .
,

no t h ave h appe ne d Vad flz der n paborjal f or l satl e sé ner na

.
, .

Th e s ons c o nt i nue d w h at t h e i r f at h e r h ad s t art e d .

1 83 . S UM MAR Y ( A ) W e ak C onj u gat i o ns :

.

I NF . PRES PAS T PA S T PAR T

. . S UP .

tal ar tal ade l al ad , n . l al al l al al

II . a) bygg a bygg er bygg de bygg d , n bygg l . bygg l
pa
b) ka kope r kop te kop t n kep t kep t
'’

.
,

III . tr o tr or l r odde t rodd , n . tr ol l

( B ) S t rong C o nj u gat i on
skr i va skr i ver skr ev skr i ven n . skr i ve l skr i v i l

Not e .
- To facil i t at e th e fo rm at i on of th e v ari o u s t e nse s , it is
d e si rab l e t o k no w i n t h e case o f al l v e rb s : (1 ) th e p re se nt i nfi ni
v
ti e, ( )
2 th e p ast si n g . i nd .
( and t h e p ast p l u r . if i t s st e m -v o w e l
d i ffe rs f ro m t h at of th e si ng u l ar ) , an d (3 ) th e su pi n e . T h e se ar e

cal l e d t h e pr i ncipal par ts o f a v e rb E x : l al a l al aae l al al ; . .

,
'
,

by gg a, bygg de bygg l ; kopa kopte kopl ; t r o t r odd e t r ol l ; skr i va

'

, , , , , ,

s kr e v , skr i v i l ; fi nna f ann f u nno f u nn i l

, , , .

FIRS T W E A K C ON J U GAT I ON .

1 84 . F i rs t We ak C o nj u gat i on c ont ai ns ab ou t
Th e
fi v e -six t h s of all S w e d is h v e rb s t h o u gh m any o f t h e ,

v e rb s t h at are m o s t c o m mo nl y u s e d b e l o ng t o o t h e r co n

jugat ions To t h e F i r s t W e ak C onj u gat i on be l o ng

.

( )
1 A l m o s t al l w e ak v e rb s t h a t b e f o r e t h e -a o f t h e

1
i nfi ni t iv e h av e a c ons onant pre ce de d b y a h ard v owe l ;
as kal l a c al l br u ka u se f r a
, , g a ask ,
.

( )
2 A l l v e rb s h av i n g a v o w e l b e f or e t h e -a o f t h e
’
i nfi ni t i ve ; as r oa am u s e f or ny a r e ne w
'

.
, ,

1 S ee 5 1 0 .
 FI R S T W EA K CONJ U G A T ION .

A l mos t s d e ri ve d f ro mal l o t h e r w o rd s
v e rb by
(3 )
m e ans o f a sufli x c ont ai ni ng a c o nso nan t ; as g u l na t ur n ,

y e llow f ro m g u l y e l lo w ; vi dg a w i d e n f ro m vi d wi de
, ,
.

No t e M ost v e rb s o f fore ign o rigi n b e l o ng t o t h is co nj u gat io n

.
.

'
O b se rve e spe cial l y t h e v e rb s e ndi ng i n e r a; as st ade r a st udy
- '
, ,

t e l ef o ne r a t e l e p h o ne
'
.

1 8 5 E x ampl e of t h e ac t i ve i nd ic at i v e o f t h e F i r s t
.

W e ak C o nj u gat i on : kall a c all .

PRESEN T PAS T F uTURE l

k l l k ll ade k omm er al l kall a

jga e t,
c a ar a.
,

kal l ade kom m a al l kall a

I kal l e n kom men al l kal l a
de kall a kall ade kom ma al t kall a

PR ES . PE R PAS T PERF . F U T URE PERFEC T 3

2
jag li ar kall al lzade kall al kom me r al l li ava kall al

vi kava kal l al 2
Il ade kall al kom ma al l kava kal l al
I b aven kal l al lz aden kal l al kom m e n att li a va kal l al
de li ava kall al b ade kall al komm a al l lz ava kall al

INFINI T IVES ‘
: P re s e n t ,
kall a; pre se n t pe r f e c t , h a ( va) kall al

SUPINE : kall al
N o te — 1 Th e fu t ure pe rfe ct i s form ed b y t h e au x il iary v e rb
. .
-

ko m m a fo l l o w e d b y t h e p e rfe ct i nfi n i t i v e w i t h at l
, Th e fu t u r e 3
.

p e rfe ct is a e l y u sed t h e p re se nt pe r fe ct be i ng e m pl o ye d i nst e ad

r r ,
.

E x : I m org on 12a v i bol l lz ar jam l e l l d r By t o m o rr o w w e sh al l

.
' '

.
-

h av e l i v e d h e re e x actl y a y e ar jag li ar sl r ax sl u t al I sh al l b e . .

t h ou gh v e ry sh o tl y Nar jag Iz ar l d sl boke n skal l d a f é de n

r r .
‘

W h e n I h av e re ad t h e b oo k y o u may h av e i t , .

2 C once rni ng i rr e gul ari t ie s in co nj u gat i on se e 1 91 3 Cf al

.
, . .

so 1 94 3 and 4 ; 2 3 3 and 4 ; p age 1 3 1 foo t n o t e

, 0 I and 3
, ,
- s .

1 S m t m o k ll k ll et ; i 1 3 6 2
es s a a a ,
e c . see . .

2 Or t h e s h o r t e r fo rm s Of /z a v a m a y b e u se d : m ka kal la t j ag ‘

kom me r att h a ka l l a l
S o m e t i m e s ska ll h a (v a ) ka l l a l e t c ; c f 5 1 3 6 2
.

3 ,
. .
, .

4 Th e se fo rm s o f th e in fi i ti v
n e are g iv en h e re b e c au se th ey ar e u s e d i n t h e
t
fo r m a i o n Of t h e co m p o u nd t e n se s . In fi n i t i v e s a r e t r e at e d ll
m o r e fu y i n
L es so n XX .
A lm u s t in t h e fi rst pl ace b e ab l e t h im se l f Su m
”

ru e ? to co n ro l .

“
bar n br u ka i cke kal l a sig sjci l va jag L i ttl e ch il d re n are no t ”
.

“
i n t h e h ab i t o f spe ak in g o f t h e m se l v e s I ”
as .

1 8 8 REFLEXIVE POSSES S IVE PRONOUNS Th e po sse ss

. .

i v e prono u ns o f t h e fi rs t and s e c ond pe r s ons m ay al s o b e

u s e d re fle x i ve l y as i n E ngl is h Fo r t h e t h i rd pe r s o n h o w
,
.
,

e ve r S we d is h d oe s no t e m pl o y Ii ans lzennes dess de ras

, , ,

( c f.
§ 6 2 n o t e ) c,
o rre s po nd i ng t o ,
t h e E ng l is h h is ”
,

“ “ “ 1
t he i r b u t u s e s fo r al l t h e s e a spe ci al re
”
it s
”
her
”
, , ,

fle x iv e po sse ssi v e pro no u n d e no t i ng e i t h e r o ne o r m ore

t h an o ne poss e ss o r si n n si l t pl u r w h e n d e no t i ng pos
, , .
, .
,

s e ssi on of mo re t h an o ne ob j e c t si na It t h u s c orre spond s

2
, .

i n u se t o t h e L at i n s u u s b u t no t t o t h e Ge r m an se i n
“ “ ”
,

“ “
w h ic h is e q u i v al e nt t o t h e E ng h is and it s and .
” ”
,

w h ic h is u s e d as t h e s e b o t h re fle x i ve l y and no n-re fle x ,

iv e l y E x : Gossen skadade si n band ( si na lui nder )

. . Th e .

b oy h u r t h is h and ( s ) D e képl e si n lzii st i staden T h e y . .

b o u g h t t h e i r h o r s e i n t ow n Bu t Ob s e rv e : Gossen skado .

de li ans [l and ( lui nde r ) Th e b o y h u r t h is ( so m e o ne . 2

e l se s ) h and ( s ) D e képl e de ras Iz asl

’
T h e y bo u gh t t h e i r
'

. .

s o m e o t h e r pe o ple s ) h o rse O b se r ve t h at in t h e fo l ’
.

l owi ng s e nt e nc e s E ng h is i s am b i gu o u s : yokan lzar sin .

”

bok J o h n h as h is
. h is ow n) b ook 7 okan li ar kans bok . .

J o h n h as h is ( so m e one e l se s ) b oo k 2
’
.

1 8 9 PRONUNCIAT ION : ( a) si n de m
.
3
6 no t e 1 ) ; konom , ,

( Ph o nol o gy 1 4 A 3 ; 22 072 ” (
S berg ( S 9 1 o ) ; . .

fal l ig t bygg t sjal vl Ob

'

, 1 8 and Ph o no l o g y
, ,
-

s e rve t h e l o ng q u an t i t y o f t h e v ow e l i n : l ekte pas t ,

t e nse o f l eka 6 no te g u l na b ar dna ( Ph o no l o g y

, ,

1 4 B 2 c) In vi l l n o f vi d t h e v ow e l is s h or t e ne d
. .
, ,

1 Al h th i “ “
’ ”
f son or o e s ers
”
, e rs

2 Ob v th a t t h i ng i n il t m ay d n t i th n m th an n
se r e e s s n, s e o e e er o e or o re
. .
o e
bj
,

p o sse sso r
,b t nl y n u tp o d Th p l
o al i
e o m ay d n tec o s s e s se . e ur s na e o e o ne o r
m o re th an n p o b t l w ay t h p
e i n fm
o s se s s o r , th an n b j t
u a s e o s se s s o o o re o e o ec
3 D Ex i Ca n d D
.

n t in l d w
oes o d c u i g i e or s o cc u r r n n e r c se s ,
X IV FIRS T W EA K C ONJ U G A T IO N 1 23

( b ) S tjar nlzok b ) ; tjug u

'

6 , not e 1 9, 7 a) .

1 90 A CCEN T : ( I ) In t h e g re at e r par t
. S we d e n v e r b s of ,

i n e r a h av e t h e ac u t e acc e nt i n al l f or m s ( cf
’
- 66 3 ) .
,

( 2 ) T h e f o l l o w i n g w o rd s h av e t h e a c u t e a cc e n t : ( a)
' ’
aker var if r an ( cf page 1 2 5 f oo t no t e
,
.
f or ny a stade ra ,
-
, ,

l el efone r a F r idolf
’
—F r amf or w h e n s t re ss e d o n t h e fi rs t
, .
'

sy l l ab l e ( see page 1 2 4 f oo t not e u s u al l y h as t h e

,
-

g rav e acc e n t Th e o b j e c t i v e ede r u s u al l y h as t h e ac u t e

.

acc e nt — ( b ) ll i slo r i a be/z ii / ska kel l er

. Henr ik ’
, , , .

1 91 COLLOQUIA L ISM S : ( 1 ) Th e o m issi o n o f t h e

.

au xi l i ar y i n t h e pre s e n t pe r f e c t and pas t pe r f e c t b e l ong s

al m o s t e xc l usi ve l y t o t h e w r i t t e n l ang u age .

( 2 ) In t h e s p o k e n l an g u a ge t h e f u t p e rf is no t u s e d . . .

( 3 ) A n umb e r o f v e rb s o f t h e F i rs t W e ak C onj u ga
t i o n m o s t o f w h ic h h av e 1 o r n b e f o re t h e -a o f t h e
,

i nfi ni t i ve m ay i n t h e s poke n l ang uage h av e t h e e nd i ngs

,

te ,
l and -l o f t h e S e c ond W e ak C o nj ugat i o n ( cf
-
.

kop te ko p t kop t ) i ns t e ad o f -ade -ad and -at i n t h e pas t

''

, , , ,

t e ns e t h e pas t par t ici pl e and t h e s u pi ne

,
r e s pe c t i v e l y ; ,

as l al te tal l tal l i ns t e ad o f t al ade tal ad

, , ,
l al al Simi , , .

l arl y del a d i v i d e spel a pl ay me na m e an tjana s e r ve

'

, , , , ,

l ana b orro w v isa s h o w koka c oo k e t c

, In t h e c ase o f
, , .

co mpo un d v e rb s c on t ai ni ng t h e s e v e rb s as fi nal com

po ne nt s t h e s h o r t e r f o r m i s s t i l l m o re c o m m on t h an i n
,

t h e si mpl e v e rb s A l l o t h e r f o r m s o f t h e s e v e rb s t h an
.

t h os e m e n t i o ne d are re g u l ar f o l l owi ng t h e F i rs t W e ak ,

C o nj ugat i on ; acc o rd i ngl y al ways tal ar , .

( 4 ) In a l arge par t o f S we d e n t h e pas t t e ns e e nd i ng in

- ade o f t h e F i rs t W e ak C o nj u g at i o n d ro ps de i n e as y s pe e c h ; -

si m i l arl y t h e s u pi ne d rops -l E x : Han svar a i n te ( Han . . .

svarade icke ) He d id n o t ans w e r 7a tal a m a yokan i g ar

'

. . .

( 7ag tal ade med 7okan i g d r ) I spo k e t o J o h n y e s t e rd ay . .

 FIRS T W EA K CONJ U GAT ION

I s d o f t h e o b j e c t i v e f o r m s o f t h e pe rs o n al pro
(5) n t e a

no u ns i n t h e si ng ul ar e asy s pe e c h e m pl o ys c e r t ai n un ,

s t re ss e d ( e nc l i t ic ) pro no u ns : e n o r n i ns t e ad o f b onom ’ ’

and den
l
el o r
,
’
t fo r del l
’
na fo r kenne Th e u se o f
,
’
.

t h e f o r ms n and t is si m i l ar t o t h at o f t h e c o rr e s po nd
’ ’

i ng f or m s o f t h e pos t po si t i v e d e fi n i t e ar t ic l e ( se e
E x : 7a sag e n i g ar kvei ll I saw h im ( i t ) l as t ni gh t
’
‘ ’
. .
.
_

’
d
’
F i ck d u l ?
’
D i d y o u g e t i t ?
? a t ror na i nte I on t .

i T m ’
l i k i V l l d
’
k d ? D ? i
b el e v e h e r y c .e r a o e l O y o u e t a

lz a n sa ta n
’
,
Tak e h im ( i t ) i f y o u w ant h im ( it )
’
. .

( 6 ) I n c o l l o q u i al s peech m i
g d i
g a nd sig are pro , ,

n o u nce d as i f s pe l l e d m a d a — In t h e s o k e n l an
' '

j j j ei s p
, ,
.

r i m ar i l y i n e asy s pe e c h ) d m i s i s o m e par t s O f
g u a g e ( p e n ,

S we d e n pro no u nc e d dom i e damm — Ih e asy s pe e c h , . .

,
.
,

t h e o b j e c t i ve f or m de m pro no u nc e d dom is i n s o m e par t s , ,

o f S we d e n u s e d i n pl ac e o f t h e n om i nat i ve de Ex .

D om ti i nte b emma n u ( D e ar o i eke [l e mma n u ) T h e y

. .

ar e n o t at h o m e no w — P r i m ar i l y i n e asy s pe e c h f al tig , ,

ro no u nc e d
f a tt g
z t are
p f a tt i f a l l i t ,
.

V O C A BU L A RY .

Not e In t h i s and t h e fo l l o w i ng v o cab u l ari e s t h e co n j u gat i o n

. .

o f w e ak v e b s w i l l r b e i nd i cat e d w i t h R o m an n u m e r al s : ( I ) ( II ) , ,

( III ) St ro ng v e b s w il l b e d e signat e d b y
. r

Th e fol l ow ing v e b s b e l o nging t o t h e F i st W e ak C o nj u gat io n

r r

h av e app e a e d i n p e v io u s v o cab u l a ie s : a b e t a b e a
r r t ta k o s t a l o v a r r ,
r
'
, , ,

pl o ck a p o m e n
,
r a e g n a s o m na s v a a
e r
’
,
r t al a t Ot t na
, ,
r , , r .

b e rg n .
( 5 ) m ou ntai n ,
ki ll , d al ( )
9 vall ey
2
de t t/ze r e
b r uk a (I) u se , be aee u s dj ur n .
(5 ) an i m al

f at t i g p oor
back ( )
2 br ook fram fO
'
"
r befor e ,
in f ron t of
1 S ee 1 8 6 ,
no t e .

2 C o n ce r n i n g th e u se o f th i s se e pa g 1 26 f t
e oo -n o t e 4
St
, .

3 r e ss e d
“
fr a m ’fOr ” o r, m o re r ar e l y f am , r
’
r
”
 FIRS T W EA K CONJ U G A T ION

gang
’

t ill
l ?
6 Han s ad e at t
. D ok t o rn s ag pa b ar ne t .
,

d e t sa g m y ck e t S ju k t u t 7 D e n fa t t i g a ank ans l i l l a . .

fl ick a b ruk ad e sj u n ga m y ck e t v ack e r t 8 Te l e fone r ad e . .

d u sj al v ? 9 Nar E r i k st ud e rat t ys k a e t t par ar k u nd e

. ,

h an t al a d e t m y ck e t b ra Io R oad e u i e r i s ko ge n ? . .

I I Ko rna aro u t e pa ange n 1 2 V i o l ant a och F rid o l f

.
2
. .

is t o m at t l e k a v id b a c k e n I 3 Nar d e
'

t y ck te al l r a b a . .

ro at si g i v at t ne t e t t par t i mm ar gi ngo de h e m , .

I4 -
V i l l d u i nt e h a e n k opp k afl e t i ll
.
3 ?

8 T h e re w as o nc e a poor w i d o w w h o l i v e d in a
.
4

l i t t l e h o u se h i gh u p o n a m o u nt ai n wi t h h e r t w o
5

l i t t l e c h i l d re n F rid ol f and V i o l ant a ,

Th e h o u s e w as .

si t u at e d i n t h e m i d s t of l arge t re e s b u t b e f ore i t [t h e r e ] ,

w as an o pe n pl ac e f ro m w h ic h t h e y c o u l d l oo k far aw ay 6

ac ro ss f o re s t s fi e ld s and m e ad o ws h e i gh t s and v al le ys
, ,
.

6
Bu t f ar t h e s t aw ay t h e y saw a d ark b l u e s t re ak and ,

7
t h at w as t h e oc e an .

. n “
C A l l are d an fin s d e t m anga h is t o r i e r o m g re v e 8

He nr i k s d u m h e t och h an ii r i nt e me r an n agra o ch ,

tj u gu
9
ar gam m al Man k an t al a o m h u r h an u nde r
10
.

hO Anna S tj arnh o k pa e t t sl ad par t i fOr nagr a ar se d an

'
11
ll .

Du a — D u pr at ar He n
“
r v ack e r d u A nna s ad e h an ”
, , .
,

r ik —
.
“”
Du a r d e n v ack r ast e i h e l a
12
V ar m l and — “
D et .
”

1 E n g a g t i ll m n o n ce or e .

2 V i l an t a o
’
.

3 E n k pp k afi t i ll
‘

o tl p f fi e a no t er cu o co ee .

4 Ob v l t ai t h i t h
se r e: ( e d t a tl w r th w C m pa
er e s, er e a r e : e v r ze r e a s. ere e r e, o re

th e p h a d t fi nn t l i t h
r se , e d t fa n th w
s th w CC
ze r e s. er e ar e: e us er e a s, er e er e : S

$ 23 5 n t Th
, xp i
o e. w i th t h v b i n t h i n g l a m ay b
e se e r e ss o n s e er e s u r e
f ll w d b y a
o o e n i th i g la p l al
nou n e s n u r or ur

p n d i n g ad j t i v
.

5 U th f m in t
se fth e or - o e co r re s o ec e .

6 S ee 1 73 .

7 Oct .

8 S ee p a g e 4-
7 , fo o tn t- o e 2 .

9 a ra N g o ch t ju g u é ‘
t so m e t w e n ty odd y ea r s.
1 0 Th e u se Of
“
k an
”
h e re i s i d i o m a i c; t t r an s l at e , peopl e so m et i m es t a lk .

1 1 S ee
“
u n d e rh al l a ”
in t he g e ne r a lv o c ab u a r y l .

1 2 H e re , a s fr e q ue n tl y w h en in t h e d e fi it n e fo r m , t o be t r an s l at ed al l .
XIV FIRS T W EA K C ON J U G A T I ON 1 27

ar ag v isst
j i nt e . Den v ack ras t e pa s l ii d par t ie t ar d u

i al l a f al l .
” “
A ck , He nr i k ,
( le t ar j
ag i nt e h e l l e r .

Ja m e n no g ar d u v ackr ast i d e nna s l ad e n

,
D e t k an .

d u d a i nt e n e k a
l
Ne j d e t k u nd e h o n i nt e Ty gre ve
2
.
,
.

He nri k ar i nt e v acke r h an Han ar l i ka fu l so m d um , . .

D . I T he y
. u ed s
s t or i e s ab ou t h e r
to re l at e m an y .

2 T h ey t h o u gh t t h at t h e i r o w n par is h w as t h e m o s t
.
b e au t if ul in al l S w e d e n 3 I h av e pro m is e d t o t e l l a . .

s t or y t o t h e c h i l d re n 4 W h e n i t h ad r ai ne d a w h o l e . .

w ee k I b e c ame t i re d o f i t 5 Th e c h i ld re n h ad b e e n
,
. .

am u si ng t h e m s e l v e s at t h e r i v e r al l d ay 6 I saw b ot h . .

h i m and h e r y e s t e rd ay 7 He h ad b u i l t h is h o u s e h i m . .

se l f 8 He h as pro m ised m e t h e b oo k m any t i m e s D O

. . .

y o u t h i nk t h at h e i s go i ng t o k e e p h is prom is e ? 9 Th e .

se a i s d ar k b l u e 10 It l oo k s as i f i t is ne v e r go i ng t o
. .

r ai n agai n I I I f h e h as n t go ne t o s l e e p I w an t t o
. .
’
,

t al k t o h i m 1 2 I as k e d m y f r i e nd i f h e d id no t w ant
. .

t o m e e t t h e m o nc e m o re 13 I f h e h as not answ e re d I . .
,

3
s h al l w ri t e ano t h e r l e t t e r .

1 Wh n n t e d th i w
u s d m t b v a i l y t an l a t d a
r e s se , s d in g t
or us e r ous r s e , cco r o

th t x t H i t m an
e co n e . l t l
e re t e s su r e y . a e as .

2 In t h p k n l a g ag fl i i
e s o e d in pl a f ty
u e
“
t
”
s u se ce o
”
.

3 Cf p a g 1 2 6 f
. tn t 3
e , oo - o e .
 SE CON D W EA K CONJLGATION
’

LESS ON X V .

SE C ON D A ND T HI R D W E AK C ON J U GAT ION S .

1 92 S ECON . D W EA K C ONJ U G A T ION W i t h v e r y f e w e x .

ce pt ions al l v e rb s b e l o ng i ng t o t h is c o nj u g at i o n h av e a so f t
,

v o we l i n t h e s te m
1
Th e pas t t e n se i s f or me d b y add i ng.

-de t o t h e s t e m
( s ee p 1 1 7 f oo t -n o t e
) a n d t h e p a s t .
p a rt i
, ,

ci pl e ( om mon ge d e r
c n f or m ) y b - a d d i n g
-d B u t a f t e r v o ic e ,
.

l e ss c o ns onant s ( k p t s) t h e d of t h e se e nd i ngs be co m e s
?
, , ,

v o ic e l e ss b y a ssi m i l a t i o n 3
p a s t t e ns e -l e
pa s t p a r t -t C om , ,
. .

p a re i n E n g : c a l l c a l l e d ; . f e a r f e a r e d ; b
,
u t l a u g h ( pro n ,
.

l af) l au gh e d ( pro n l af t ) ; b ak e b ak e d ( pro n h ak t )

,
. Ac ,
. .

4
cordi ngl y t h is c o nj u gat i on is d i v i de d i n t o t w o c l ass e s :
,

a) V e rb s w h o s e s t e ms e nd i n a v o ic ed conso nant ; ?

t h e s e h av e -de -d
; as bygg a b u i l d ,
bygg de bygg d ( n , , , .

''

bygg l ) ; li or a h e ar bor de lzor d ( n li ort )

''

. .
, ,

2
b) V e rb s w h o s e s t e m s e n d i n a v o ic e l e ss c ons onan t
t h e s e h av e te -t; as kop a b u y ko p te kop t ( n k op t ) ; l eka
''

- .
, , , ,

p l ay l ek t
,
e l ek l ( n l
,
e k l ) ; r e s a t r a v e l r este . r es t ( 11 rest ) ; , ,
.

va
5
x a g ro w i x t ( n v dxt ) S O al s o a fe w v e rb s
’

vd x te vc , ,
. .

' ’
wi t h s t e m s e nd i ng in n; as begy n na b e g i n pas t begy n le , , .

1 M t v b b l n g i n g t th i
os er s nj g a t i n a
e o d iv d f m th o s co u o re er e ro o er

w ord m an s, f w hi h b l ng t
y o th p a t f p h Of th c e o th t m o o er r s o s ee c . e se e s e

v w l i g l a l y m d i fi d nl al a d y a ft v w l ; a
o e s re u r o e lj, hu e ss re so o e s, vu a c o o se ,

l t f m l h i
e ec . ro l ti n; k o
va c w f
o ce , e e c m k w n; a m m ak
o r na cr o n, ro r o na cr o v r a e

w a m f m m w a m; z d m ak w t f m w i t w t ; I h f m
'
r , ro va r r t u a e e ,
ro e zy sa o o u se , ro

[m h s ; é
o u se m mb n ( t an
ru ) f m b pa t t
ur f b im a b
r n (in
s , ro r an n. s e n se o r z ur

t f m l t pa t t Of t t it By m an al l S w d
'

tl sa a se ,
ro sa s e nse sz a s no e s e

t v w l b l n g t t h S nd W a k C nj g a t i n
.
,

i h v
s b w i th a
er s ft so roo - o e e o o e e co e o u o

E p i all y n t w th y a x p t i n a t h v b f t h S t n g C j g a
.

s ec o e or s e ce o s re e er s o e ro on u

t i n w i th O a t h t m v w l ( 5
o z
'
l y
‘
s e s e - o e se e

2 C n ni n g t h
o m a ni n g Of th i t m
ce r P h l gy 5 3 7
e e s er se e o no o

3 C n P h n l gy 3 8 a d t ( nd )
.

ni n g a
o i m i l at i n
ce r ss o se e o o o n no e e

4 Ex p t f
.

th
ce p a t i n d i a t i v a n d t h p a t p a t i i p l t h i n fi t i n al
or e s c e e s r c e, e ec o

for m a s a l ik i n b th l a
re e o c ss e s .

5 Th a al t g th
e re fi
re , f th v b t h th b i n g o n w h t
o e er , ve o e se er s, e o er s e ry a e ,

k o
r w n
na cr o xp i n a nd , r o na e m a pp a ( er e n ni g t h
ce , f sy n a s see , e r co ce r n e o

sy n a s s e e A f w v b w i th t m nd i n g i n I
e m tim er h av -t as
s s e s e so e es e e.
~

li ta e n d u r e . Ot t dl l e
°

t ald e
‘

.
 SECON D W EA K CONJ U G A T ION

I NFINI T IVE PRESEN T PAS T S U PINE 1

’
skz lj a s e parat e skilj ski lj skil ae ski l l
’

er a ,

i ’ ''
’ ’
s stbd ( 7) er j d
’
sl ba ja u pp o r t sl oa a s tba e s tol t ,

In m o s t v e rb s o f t h is k i nd t h e re is i n t h e i nfi ni t i v e
and pre s e nt i nd ic at i v e a m o d ifi e d v ow e l t h at d oe s no t re
appe ar i n t h e o t h e r t e ns e s t h e c o r re s po nd i ng h ard v o w e l ,

b e i ng u s e d i ns t e ad Th e m o s t i m por t ant o f t h e se are : .

g ’
'

g l adja gl ad d e n g l ci der , g l i
c
j
a a g l ad de g l att
smor a re as e , Oil j sm orj smor a sm or de sm or t
''

j g er ,

a ask , h e ar sp or t
'' ''

sporj p j
s or e r
p j
s or a spor de ,

sal a s e l l l j
l l d ti l l
j j
"

sa e r sti a sd e s ,

va lja c h oo s e i ljer vei lja

'

vc ,

van ja acc u s t o m vd n jer vei nja v ande vanl ,

( 2 ) Al s o a fe w v e rb s wi t h o u t t h is j h av e in t h e infin i
3

t i v e and pre se nt i nd ic at i v e a m od i fie d v o w e l t h at d oe s
no t r e appe ar i n t h e o t h e r t e ns e s :

m ake 4 4
''

g or a d o , g or g or a , gjor de gjor t
sti l l a se t , sti l l er , sti l l a sal te
pu t sal t

Tw o c h angi ng t h e v owe l d ro p a
v e rb s ,
i n ad d i t i on t o ,

c o ns o nant i n f o r m i ng t h e pas t t e ns e ; t h is c ons onan t

r e ap e ar s i n t h e
p pas t par t ici pl e ( pr ono u nc ed g ) and in
t h e s upi ne ( pr ono u nc e d k) .

la
'
5
gg a l ay , pu t l cigg er , l dgg a l ade la l
a a a
' '
5
'

s
ga say s g er ,
s ga sade sag t

1 p a t p a t i i p l f a h v b an b f n d b y d pp i ng t h fi na l f
Th e s r c e o e c er c e ou ro e e o

t h pa t t n
e s e se .

2 Ob v th at gl i m i t t h j i n t h i ng l a ; m v b a t od i
se r e a c er o s e e s u r so e er s, s s
'

er ,

a rep n n d an d w i t t n w i th w i th t j
ro ou ce r e or ou .

3 Th a xi l i a i to ( 25 8 ) a d 5 m ( m i tt d h
e u
5 2 5 9) a
r es ,
»
se e n 0 see re o e ere .

T da
or a s w i th p a t t re l
, i p i n t t i m i tt d h b a
s it
e nse or r es, su e or s, s o e e re ec u se s
nd i g h a n t y t b
n n di d (
e s o
5 e ee s cu s se se e

4 N t th th g a p h i h an g f m g t j f 1 4 1 5
o e e or o r c c e ro o g ; c . .
,

5 I n ld g an d I (gg n 1 94
. su th pa t p a t
’

a an n t b f m d
z av a se e , e s r . c o e or e
by d pp i ng t h
ro f t h pa t t n th i p a t p a t i i p l b i n g I d
e e o e d s e se . e r s r c es e ag sa y

S m v b d n t h av t h p a t p a ti i p l
, ,

[m d e/ . o e er s o o e e s r c e.
XV S ECON D A ND T HIR D WE A K CONJ U G A T IONS I3 I

One v e rb wi t h i i n t h e i nf and pr e s i nd s ub s t i t u t e s
. . .

a for t h is in the ot her f o rm s al s o c h angi ng t h e fol

,

l owi ng c ons onant -s o u nd ( t o k)

INFINI T IVE PRESEN T PAS T SUPINE
l
br i ng a b r i ng br i ng ar br i ng a br ag te brag l ,

A f b s i rre gu l ar o n l y i n t h e s u pi ne ;
(3 ) e w v e r are as ,

l e va l i v e e x is t l ever l eva
,
l eval ,

lze ta b e c all e d li el er lzeta b el l e lz e l al ,

( 4 ) A fe w v e rb s m ay f ol l o w : a) e i t h e r t h e S e c ond o r t h e
F i rs t W e ak C o nj u gat i on ; as br i ng a l ; se e al s o § 1 91 3 ; , ,

b ) e i t h e r t h e S e c o nd W e ak C onj u gat i o n or t h e S t r ong

C onj u gat i on ; as g al a ( see page 1 3 9 f o o t not e I ) ; see al so
, ,
-

S 2 03 , 4

5) Mo s t o f th e Q
au x il i arie s , t h ou g h m o re or l e ss i rre g
u l ar ,h av e f o rm s re e s mbl i ng t h o s e of the S e c o nd W e ak
C o nj u gat i o n ; as ,

3
k u nna can , b e abl e kan ,
ku nna ku nde ku n nat
4
b a ( va) h av e li ar , li a ( va) b ade b aft

ja w ant t o wi l l
3
vi t v il l ,
,
vi
tj
a v i ll e vel at

A l s o vel a k no w is
2
, ver y i r re gu l ar
2 3
ve t , vel a vi ssl e vel at

T HI R D W E A K C ON J U GAT I ON .

1 95 . Th e T h i rd W e ak C o nj u gat i o n c on t ai ns v e rb s
w h o se i nfi ni t i v e s —
: t h e ste m ) e nd
5
i n a s t re s se d v ow e l .

Ob v
1 se r e t he p re s . sin g . br z n g a r
‘

,
fo ll ow in g th e F i t W ak C nj g a t i n
rs e o u o

a l h th
so t e o v f ll w th i :
er fo r m s m a
1 94 4 o o s see .

2 O l
,

nth a x il i a
y al a d y fa m i l i a t
e u th t d n t in t h pa t t n
ri es re r o e s u e e s e se

a regiv n h W h n t h th
e e re . (L e n X X I) f n
e o t th i p a
e r s o cc u r e ss o , re e re ce o s r

a g a p h w i ll b
r m ad S al p ag 1 3 0 f t n t 3 V l th gh t a n
e e. ee so e ,
oo - o e . e a, ou no

a x i l ia y i p t h
u r n a
, s t f t h ab n f t h i n t h p n t i n g
u e re o cco u n o e se ce o e r e r e se s u

l a l i k th a t i n k
r e f § 1 3 6 2 n t 2 a n, c . o e .

F i t “l a k C nj g a t i n a i n ( 3 ) ab v
, ,

3 S pin au d ing t th
es cco r o e rs e o u o s o e

nj g a t i n
.

4 Thi v b an p s p l b er id
c d a b l ro gi g t th i
er y e co n s e re s e on n o s co u o

o nl y w h n h d i p e n d w i th a l n g v w l ;
a e s ro n o u 1 95 n t 1 ce o o e se e , o e .

5 St d fi n al v w l l ng
.

r e ss e a o e s re o .
1 3 2 T HIR D W EA K C ONJ U G AT ION

T h e se v e rb s w h ic h are not n um e ro u s are mo nosy l l ab ic

,
, ,

u nl e ss c o m po u nd e d E x am pl e s o f t h e ac t i v e i nd ic at iv e
.

o f t h is c on j u gat i o n are : t r o b e l i e v e sy se w ,
.

PRE S EN T PAS T PRESEN T PAS T

tr or t rodde
j ag ,
e tc .
,
sy r

vi tr o s
y
I tr on t r odde n sy n

de tr o y
s

FU T URE : kom mer ( komma kom me n komm a ) al l tr o sy , , ,

-

PRESEN T PERFEC T : b ar ( li ava lzaven li ava) trol l sy l t , , ,

PAS T PERFEC T : bade ( lzade lzaden li u de ) trol l sy l t , , ,

FU T URE PERFEC T : kom mer ( kom ma kom m e n komma ) , ,

al l ka ( va ) t r ol l ,
s
y lt
INF INITIV Es ; t r o , li a ( va) t r ol l ; sy ,
li a ( va ) sy lt

SUPINE : tr ol l sy l t ,

N o t e —1 Wh e n t h e a o f b ad e i s p ro no u nced sh o t w h i ch is u su
. . r ,

al l y t h e case t h e v e rb h a( v a ) h av e b e l o ngs for m al l y t o t h e T h i rd

, ,

r at h e t h an t h e S e co nd \Ve ak C o nj u gat io n t h e si ng l e (1 b e i ng o n l y
r ,

an o r t h o g ap h i c i rre gu l a i t y
r T h i v e b is i e gu l ar h o w v e r i n
r . s r rr . e ,

h av ing Iz av a b e si d e s Iz a; m o e o v e r i t s s u p i n e and p ast p a t icipl e r ,

r

fo l l o w t h e S e co nd W e ak C o nj u gat i o n‘ .

2 No t al l v e rb s w h ose i nfi nit i e s e nd i n a st e sse d v ow e l b e l o ng

. v r
'
t o t h e T h i d W e ak C o nj u gat io n t h e o t h e
r b e i ng i e g u l a v e b s ,
rs rr r r

b e l o nging t o t h e St ro ng C o nj u gat io n ; se e t h e n x t l e so n 203 1 ; e s , ,

cf . 2 03 , 2 .

1 96 OR T HO G RAP HY : ( 1 ) O b s e rve
. t h at v e rb s w h o se
s t e m s e nd i n mm or nn d r op o ne of t h e d ou b l e c o ns o nant s
w h e n f o l l ow e d b y th e e nd i ngs - de ,
-
d or -t :
g l om ma ,
’
om de m m
''

l l d kanna kci nde , kd nd , kd u l ;

'

g g o , g l b ,
t; , begy n na ,

’ ’
begy n te , begy n l ; se e Ph o nol o gy 1 8 .

1 Th a n th i g l a i t i i n t h T h i d W ak C nj g a t i n x p t
e re re o o er rr e u r es e r e o u o e ce

th at t d W a h m ay f ll w t h S t n g C nj g t i n i t h p a t p a t i i p l
.

v s ,
o o e ro o u a o n e s r c e

an d p i n i n th i a al
su h an g i n g t h t m t
e, s c ( M i /d t
se ilso c e s e , z/ ag e n or a , ou e
‘
or

l v d tt .
1 SECON D A ND T HIR D \V E AK CONJ U G A T IONS XV
34

in t h e pre se n t h av e i t al s o i n t h e ot h e r f o rm s ; as , val jde ,

'

smbiyde , smbiy t
'

vei l/ l ; .

( )
2 In t h e s po k e n l ang u age ,
so and l a are ge ne r al l y
u eds i n pl ac e o f sad e , l ade .

Vi lja i s f re q u e n t l y d c vi l l a , and vel al

(3 ) pr o no u n e

s om e t i m e s v i l l al .

(4) In easy s pe e c h ,
p te and kop t m ay b e prono u nce d
ko
wi t h a s h or t v o w e l .

5 ) Th e
'
v e rb f re q u e n t occ u rre nc e b e
begy n na is no t o f ,

i ng u s e d c h i e fly i n t h e e l e v at e d s t y l e ; e l s e w h e r e borja ( 1 ) i s
u s e d — Br i ng a b e l o ng s pr i m ar i l y t o t h e w r i t t e n l ang u age
. .

V O C A BU L A RY .

No te V e rb s b e l o nging t o t h e S e co nd W e ak C o nj u gat io n and

.

h av i ng -d e i n t h e p a t t e nse w i l l b e d e sig nat e d b y ( IIa)s t h o se ,

h av i ng te b y ( Il b )
-
,
.

Th e fo l l o w i ng v e b s b e l o ngi ng t o t h e Se co nd W e ak C o nj u gat io n
r

h av e o ccu r e d i n p r e v io u s v o cab u l ar i e s : ( IIa ) b y gga sa

r ga k u nna , , ,

( h av a) ; ( I I b ) fOr Ok a k Opa l e k a l asa r e sa t y ck a v ax a In

’
s , , , , , , .

ad d i ti o n n o t e v il j
, a s k o l a ( se e Th e fo l l o w i ng v e rb s Of t h e
,

T h i d W e ak C o nj u gat ion h av e o ccu rred p re v io u sl y : bo t o ( h av a)

r , r ,
.

b egy n
’
na ( I Ib ) beg i n gl ad j
a ( 1 1 a) p l ease , g i ve p l eas
b r i ng a ( I I b or 1 ) br i ng u re ( to) c/z eer ; ,
de t gl ad e r
b at ( ) boat
2 m i g I am g l ad; gl a dj a s ig
2

ba ra ( STR b ar p l u r .
,( at ) r ejoice ( at i n )
, ,

b u ro ) car ry bear wear gl O m m a ( 1 1 a) f org et

, ,

gO
1
g al a ( 1 1 a ) crow ra ( 1 1 a) do m ake ,

g ift a ( I l b ) m ar ry; g ift a h ast ig t r ap i dly q u ickly ,

2
si g ( me d ) be m ar ri ed h e t a ( I l b ) be cal l ed be ( one s ) ’
,

( to) m arry , nam e

1 O STR ; r p ag 1 3 9 f t n t 1
. se e e , oo - o e .

2 Th e refl e xi v p n e ro oun h er e a nd i n t h e si mi la r c a se s b elo w v a r i e s a cc o r d

i ng a s the su bj ti fi t
ec s rs , s e co nd o r th i rd p e rs o n ; as, ja g g i tt er m i g d u g ift e r
,

d i g , h an , h o n g i ft e r s ig , v i g itt a 03 5 , d e gi ft a sig .
xv S ECON D A ND T HIR D W EA K CONJ U G AT IONS 1 35

hj
ci l pa’
( I Ib ) ke lp s mo rj
a ( I r a) g rease ,
oi l

h Ora ( 1 1 a) lze ar spinna ( STR s pann pl u r

.
, , .

ka ll a ( 1 ) sp r i ng spu nno ) sp i n

ka nna ( 1 1 a) know spO

f eel ,
rja ( 1 1 a) ask l ear n lzear , ,

l e d a ( 1 1 a) l ead g u ide ,
st O dj a ( 1 1 a) supp or t l ean ,

l e v a ( 1 1 a) l i ve ( ex isl ) z sy ( 1 1 1 ) se w

la g g a ( 1 1 a) l ay p u t; ,
s al j a ( 1 1 a) sell
l agga sig l ie dow n sa
1
, go nd a ( I I a ) se nd

to bed s at t a ( I I b ) seat set p lace , , ,

pu t; s att a sig si t d ow n
"
l ara ( 1 1 a) teaclz , l ear n ;

léi ra si g l ear n t ra d gard ( )

2 o r c/zar d g ar ,

m al a ( 1 1 21 ) g ri nd 3
de n
m e d an w /z il e
'

it t a
tva ( 1 ) w as/i
mOt a ( 1 1 b ) meet ,
e ncou nte r tal a ( 1 1 a) e nd u r e ,
tol er ate bear ,

ro (1 1 1) r ow ull w ool
s e x t on six tee n (
ve t a 1 1 a, v is st e ) know
s k il ja ( i 1 a) sep ar ate ,
d is val j a ( 1 1 a) c/zoose , el ect

ti ng u i s/i vanj a ( 1 1 a) accu stom

E XER C ISE XV
AD e n gam l a g u m m an s a
. 1 . ld e u l l o ch k o pt e s e d an
4

b rOd at si n a s ui a b ar n 2 Jag v isst e , at t d e v o ro fat t iga . .

fOrsOk t e d ar fO al pa d e m Nat
'
5
o ch r at t hj l ite t .
3 . h an
lart e nge l sk a, re ste h an t i l l Ty sk l and 6
fOr at t lara sig

t ys k a 4 Jag v e t icke , o m j
. ag k an v anj a m i g v id d e ss a
.

fO rh al l and e n 5 D e n gam l e l arare n h Or i n t e , v ad d u

. .

S age r Kan d u i nt e t al a l i t e t h O
.
g r e ? 6 V ad h ar n i gj or t .

i sko l an Nar b ar ne n l agt sig s at t e m od e rn s ig

i d ag ?
‘ ’

7 .
,

pa e n s t o l o ch l as t e i e n b ok 8 Jag h ar v e t at d e t l ange . . .

9 D e s m a h a l e k t i t r ii d ga
. rd e n h e l a d age n I O Jag h ar . .

s por t at t h an g if t si g m e d e n r ik ank a 1 1 D e t l i ll a b ar
, . .

1 S p ag 1 3 4 f t n t 2
ee e . oo - o e .

2 L ea r nl a a O l a a ig “
r
”
I
' “
r s
”
.

3 Al S T R i n t h u p i n an d
so . e s e

p a t pa t i i p l
s r c e .
1 36 S E CON D A ND T HIR D W EA K CONJU GA TIONS XV

ne t l e dd e d e n b l i nd e , nar h an v ar ute i st ad e n . 1 2 . De t
Ora, at t d u h ad e r a N a
'

l ad m i at t h tt 1 3 r h an r o t t
g e r g . .

b at e n e t t par t i m m ar ,
t ro t t nad e h a n 1 4 V ad h e t e r d u ? . .

—Jag h e t e r L i na 1 5 Han h ad e v al gl o m t at t d e v al t . .
,

h o no m t i l l ord fOrand e Go ss e n h ar r ed an t v at t at si g
'

1 6 . .

B e rggre n t al
'

m h zi nd e rna l
si in ick e at t
'

o 7 . 1 n a o va . se

ne r . 1 8 D e t gl a d e r m ig at t hO
.
ra at t d u a r f r is k i ge n , .

B U p on t h e m o u nt ai n w h e re t h e h o u s e w as si t u at e d
.

?
[ t h e re ] w as a s pr i n g w h ic h r api d l y gr e w i nt o a b ro ok ,
.

A t t h is b rook t h e m o t h e r w as h e d t h e w oo l w h ic h sh e h ad
S pu na w h i l e t h e c h i l d re n pl ay e d in t h e w at e r o r m ad e
,

s m al l bo at s w h ic h t h e y pu t d ow n i nt o t h e b roo k .

W h e n t h e c h i l d re n b e c am e l ar ge r t h e y b e gan t o h e l p ,

t h e i r m o t h e r wi t h h e r w o rk F r id o l f c ar r i e d w ate r f ro m .

t h e s pr i ng and w o rk e d i n t h e o rc h ard V i o l an t a l e ar ne d .

4
t o se w and s pi n D u r i ng t h e wi n t e r sh e sat i n t h e h ou s e
.

an d s pu n b u t w h e n s pr i ng c am e ,
"
h e r m o t h e r s e nt h e r ,

6
wi t h t h e w oo l t o t h e b rook t o w as h i t S h e w as now , .

six t e e n y e ars Ol d and w as a t al l and b e au t if u l g i rl .

C Han h ad e v ar i t i M unk e ry d pa b e sOk h o s l ag

.
7 8 9

m anne n s fOr nagra ar s e d an R da e

i n d 10
h ad e h an k o m m i t 8
.

b u r i t h og h at t g u l a b y x o r o ch b l ank a st O v l ar
,
11
o ch su t t it
8

s t ol t i sad e l n V id ank om st e n g ic k al l t v al
'

s t y v o ch . .

Me n d a h an sk u l l e r i d a b or t i ge n h ande S i g n
at t e n av , ,

d e ne d h angand e k v is t ar na i b j Ork al l é n S l o g av h o no m
'

“ Han s t e g av s at t e pa sig h at t e n och r e d at e r

h at t e n .
,

f m u nde r s mm a k v is t At e r b l e v h at t e n av sl age n
r a a “ . .

1 [Va s k e d h i s h a n d s 9 B e s o 'k
P
. .

2 T i ll .
1 0 r e se n t p a t i i pl r c e .

3 S u pi n e . s pu n ni t 1 1 Th e v w l f t6
o e o
“
s v el is u su a l
4 Att
”
m ay b e u se d , b u t n ee d n o t . ly s h o rt .

5 U se t h e d e f fo r m ; . cf . 1 25 , e nd . 1 2 It lz a pt e ne d .

F Or a t t Knocke d of
”
6 . 1 3 h i s l wl
C Ex XIV P t p t i ipl
.

7 Th e oun t of e r ci se C
, 1 4 as ar c e ; se e t he v o cab u

8 F o r en d i ng o f su pi n e in s t ro n g la ry .

v e r b s se e 1 8 1 ; cf . 2 01 , no e 1t .
 LE SS ON X V I .

S TR ON G CONJU GA TIONJ
200 L e arn t h e pri nci pal par t s
. of th e f ol l o w i ng s t rong
v e rb s , arrange d acc o rd i ng t o t h e vo we l of the p s t si n
a
2
l
g ar :
u

INFINI T IVE PAS T

c arry bar pl u,
r é u ro .

cu t skar , pl u r skar o .

s t e al stal , pl u r . stal o

svd l l a
“
s t arv e w al l , pl u r . swal l o
5
’

g l ad
gi ve g ay pl u r g d vo
, .

beaycfi ask pray ,

’
bad , pl u r bd ao .

vam 7
be var , pl u r . 71 07 0
5
{ag a t ake 10g

go , t rav e l for
d r ag a5 d raw , pu l l
svar(j) a swe ar svar , pl u r . sv u r o

kom ma c om e
7
kom 8

7
sow s l ee p . sov

l igg a l ie [fig

1 C g t h m m b h i p f t h S t n g C nj g a t i n n th i n g f th
o n ce r n i n e e e rs o e ro o u o o ur er

c an b ai d th an th a t i t
e s n t ai n b id th i nd i v i d al v bcom ti d s, es es e u er s en o ne

i n 5 2 00 a n m b fv
, b h av i g
u a a th
er o t v w l St g v b
er s n
’

z, cr y s e roo - o e . ro n er s

h a v b n t a t d ab v
e ee 8 1 ; 97 ; 98 ; 99; 1 8 0 B ; 1 8 1
re e o e, .

2 Th b a k t e mb a r th c v b th a t f m g p w i th i d n t i a l
e s e r ce e er s or rou s e c

v w l h ang th gh t S al p ag 1 3 9 f t n t 1
o e -c e rou ou . ee so e , oo - o e .

3 Th f m f th
e p a t p a t i i p l w i ll i n al m t al l a b l a f m
or o e s r c e os c se s e c e r ro

th p i n F a f th d i
e su e. i n f t h p a t pa ti ipl
or ur er 24 0; 24 1
scu s s o o e s r c e se e .

4 I n t an i t i v S ii l t m a y al
r s b enj g a t d a
. z' d ing t
a th S nd so e co u e cco r o e e co

W ak C nj g at i n i n w h i h a i t i i th t an i t i v i n t a n i t i v
e o u o , c c se s e er r s e or r s e .

5 S ee 2 03 , 2 .

6 Thi s fo r m i s u se d i n t h e m e a ni n g p r ay

7N t th a t i n k m m a d
o e th i o a n sov a e re s no v o we l h an g
-c e. Of v a r a, the v o w e l
o f t h p a t i ng
e th a t f t h p
s s t; . o e r e se n so in var da ( p ag e 1 8 9, fo o t - no z e

8 C i g t h pl
o nce r n n k mm Ph e u r. o a se e o no o l gy s1 8 .

9 N t th i o g l a i ty ;
e 2 03 8
e rre u r se e , .
XV I S T RON G CONJU G A T ION 1 39

INFINI T IVE
[i l a e at

et, s o u nd
w eep

lz d /l a h ol d
1
201 A ll
h e r s t ro ng v e rb s f ol l ow o ne of f o u r sys
. ot

t e m s o f v o w e l c h ange arr ange d h e re acc ord i ng t o t h e

-
,

v o w e l o f t h e pre s e n t :

( I ) A l l s t ro ng v e rb s wi t h l ong i as t h e roo t v o w e l -
,

h ave i — e — z as i n
'

e xc e pt g i va , ,

'

skr i va w r i t e
’

skrev skr z vz t

( ) Al l
2 s t ro ng v e rb s w i t h s h o rt i as th e ro o t -v o wel ,

xc e pt l igg a h av e z — a pl u r u — in
’

e , , .
,
u, as

m arm zm m
'

z a fi nd
fi f , pl u r .
f anno f l

( 3 ) Al l s t ro ng v e rb s wi t h a
t ( l o ng and s h ort ) as th e

r oo t v ow e l h av e u —
- é — u ,
as in
’
bju aa ofie r
I D.

g i
u ng a si ng
A l l s t ro ng v e rb s wi t h y ( l o ng ) as t h e roo t v o wel
h av e — — u as i n
y o ,

1 Thi s d o es n o t t ak e t
th a t m a b i th w ak
in o a cco u n taf ew v e rb s y e e er e

or s t ng ( ro 2 03 4 ) a nd w h i h w
see l d b l n g n d § 2 00 l\I t
, h c ou e o u er .
'
os su c

v b a f l at iv l y f q n t
er s re o re n e a d m any f th m a
i n re in
ue di o ccu r r e ce n o e re or

na y r ty l d ms i n t h w ak th a n i n t h
e u se o re t n g f m ; i n m i t an
e e e s ro or s so e ns

ce s . on m fth
e or t n g f m f th v b a a h ai T h v b
o re o e s ro or s o e se er s re rc c. e se er s

w i ll d d i ffi l t y w h n m t w i th p i all y a m t f t h m f ll w ba
'

o er no cu e e , es ec s os o e o o n;
o r t g h avi ng a t h
a a, t w la s Ex L m e roo ( IIa TR ) b
-v o
; g le ora ,
. : eg
'
va or S . u ry a a

( Il a TR )or S w ; m ll .
( II a TR ) m a k
cr o s a p t b a ng ; k l ( Il a
u a,
or S . e re or , s a pa or

S TR ) t mbl ; a/t ( Il b
re eTR ) m l t ; I t
si n a ( Il b T R p a t l pp l p
or S pi e o a or S s o u o, su ne

m —O b
. . .
, ,

l pi p)
u v al t h i g l a v b
ru se r e j (w p w m
so pa t pa t W
e r re u r er van a ar ,
’
o, s r . r

d z) b
er m w hi h
e co x p t i n t h l v at d ty l i
e, c . e ce d l i n t h p a t in e e e e s e . s u se on y e s s

g l a —F i all t h i g l a v b f § 2 0 3 1 a n h t ak n i n t a
u r . n y , e r re u r nter s o re o t e re e o cco u .

2 Cla
,

4 m ay b ss m b i n d w i th 3 if d i d ;
e co g 97 e , e s re se e .
 1 40 S T RON G C ONJU G A T ION xv r

No te .
I . Th e v ow e l
p ine o f al l re gu l ar st ro ng v e rbs of t h e su

i t h e same as t h at o f t h e i n fi ni t i v e e x ce p t t h at i t i s ch ange d t o
s ,

u i n al l v e r b s h avi ng i n t h e i n fi n i t i v e z y o r (2 ( e x ce pt i n g i va
'

and am) A m o ng i re gu l ar v e rb s no t e l igg a l eg al ; S i d sl ag i t

. r , , ,

2 03 I e nd ) ; se e al so 20 3 3
, , .

2 O b se rv e t h at i n so m e o f t h e sy st e m s m e nt io ne d i n z oo 2 0 1
. , ,

t h e re a e t h re e d iffe e n t v o w e l s i n m os t o f t h e o t h e rs t w o
r r w h il e , , ,

kom m a and so va h a v e o n e a n d t h e s a m e v o w e l t h o u g h o u t V
1 \ h en r .

t h e re are t h e e d ifl e re nt v o w e l s : ( a) Th e v o w e l o f t h e p ast p l u
r r .

d i lf e s f r o m t h at o f t h e p ast s ing
r b u t i s t h e sam e as t h at o f .
,

t h e su p i ne T h is i s t h e case wi t h v e b s o f t h e t y pe o f fi nna and al l

. r ,

v e rb s h av i ng a as t h e r oo t v o w e l e x ce pt Zi t a A l l t h e se h av e u i n t h e
'
-
, .

p ast pl u r and all b ut svd rja h av e a i n t h e p ast si ngul ar ( b ) Th e

.
,
’

v o w e l o f t h e p a t pl u r d iffe rs f ro m t h at o f t h e p as t si ng b u t t h e
s . .
,

v o w e l o f t h e su p i ne i s t h e sam e as t h at o f t h e p e se n t i n be dja r ,

and g i va ( c) Th e v ow e l o f t h e p as t pl u r i s t h e sam e as t h at o f
. .

t h e p ast s ing b u t t h e v o w e l o f t h e su p i ne d ifie rs b o t h fro m t h at

,

o f t h e p ast t e nse and t h at o f t h e p e se n t T h is i s th e c ase w it h v e rb s r .

o f t h e t y pe o ffl yg a and i n l igg a ( w it h w e ak s u p i ne and sl d § 2 o 3

, ) ( I) ,
.

\Vh e n th e re are t w o d iffe re nt v o w e l s t h e v o w e l o f t h e p ast ,

pl u r is t h e sam e as t h at o f t h e p ast si ng and t h at o f t h e su p in e

. .
,

i s t h e sam e as t h at o f t h e p re se nt e x ce p t i n t h e case o f v ar a , .

202 E x am pl e s o f t h e ac t i ve i nd icat i v e o f t h e S t ro ng
.

C onj ugat i o n are : skri va w r i t e fi nna find , .

PRESEN T PAS T PR ESEN T PAS T

jag e t c skr i ver s/er ez rm e r r m
, .
, fi f a f

v i skr i va skr e z o m zm no
fi za
f
'

I s/cn w n
’

skr ez e n /m m m m
fi f
'
en
’
ae skr i va skr m u m zo
fi za
f
FU T URE : kom me r ( kom ma kom me n kom m a ) atf skr i va , , ,

fi m za
1 I t w i ll b w ll t b a i n m i d th a t a l l v
e e b th a t h av i t h p a t
o e r n er s e a n e s

s ing h a .
.i n t h pl a l a v w l d i ff
ve t f m t h at f h p a t i g a d
e ur o e e re n ro o t e s s n n
,

11 0 th o it h t h
e rs , x p t i n Of VV
( e e cef) T h i p l al
o Si n S i t ar 5 7 4 7 0, s z yu r z
'
s u r

N t
7

b dj a d w m
, .

v w l i i n al l i n t a n
o e s pt i n t h as Of ce s 71 ,
e x ce e c se g
'

z vq , e a n ar
- o e

al so th a t t h nl v b h av i ng th v w l i n t h
e o y er t m a ( a ) al l v b
s re e o e s e sy s e re er s
w i th ii ( x p t id ) a t h t v w l i n t h p nt a d (b ) t h v b
‘

z. y or e ce a s e ro o - o e e re se n e er s
,

bed j
a an d sl d 2 03 .
1 42 S T RON G CONJ U GA T ION xv r

C o nj ugat i o n On accou nt o f t h e i r si m i l ar i t y i n t h e pre s

. .

t o t h e i rre gu l ar v e rb s j u s t m e n t i o ne d and t o t h e v e rb s ,

of t h e T h i r d W e ak C o nj u gat i on t h e se al so h av e f o rm e d ,

s u pi ne s i n tl w h ic h h o w e v e r e xc e pt i n t h e c as e o f bel t
-
, , ,

and g e l z are c o nsi d e re d d i al e c t ic al

‘
,
S e e f u rt h e r 207 1 .
, , .

INFINI T IVE PR ESEN T PAS T S U PIN E

baao
’ ’
beaya ( be ) e tc . baa ,
be l t
a (g etl )
’ ’

g i va (g e ) g i ver (g ) er ,
etc .
g av , g r/o g z z vt

él eva ( bl i ) bl i r/e r ( bl i r ) e tc . Ne w
tag a ( ta ) l ag e r ( tar ) ,
etc . tog
'

d r ag a ( dr a) e tc . d r ag dr ag z t

(3 ) s u pi ne i s i r re gu l ar ; as ny sz f s
’

In a fe w v e rb th e ,

or m m? ( b u t u s u al l y ny st; see 2 03 4) f ro m n y sa ,

s nee z e ; suttz t o r setat f ro m si tta si t ; tzgi t o r l eg al f ro m tzga

’

, ,

b e si l e nt ; l eg al f ro m l zgg a l ie In a fe w c ase s,
v e rb s .
-

b e l ong i ng t o o t h e r c o nj u gat i on s h av e a s t r ong s upi ne ; as ,

kry mpl ( t r o r i nt r ) o r kr u mpz t ( i nt r ) f rom kry mpa s h ri nk ;

'

. . .

f rom we w as h ( se e p 1 3 2 f oo t not e )
’

t vag z z o r twil l
‘
-
. .
, ,

( 4 ) A nu mbe r o f v e rb s m ay f ol l o w : a) e i t h e r t h e S t ro ng
C o nj u gat i o n or t h e F i rs t W e ak C o nj u gat i o n ; as sz mm a
’

m p s t s m o r sz mmaae ; t w ng a c o mpe l
'
3 ’
swi pas t twang
’

a ,
a ,

‘
’

or t vz ng ade ; 5 ) e i t h e r t h e S t ro ng o r t h e S e c o nd W e ak
C onj u gat i on ; as ny sa s ne e z e pas t nés o r ny ste; sval ia , ,

s t ar v e pas t se al ! o r sval t e ( se e page 1 3 8 f oo t no t e va

‘
, xa ,
-

g ro w w h ic h f re q u e n t l y h as s t rong f or m s i n t h e pas t
,

pl u r and s u pi ne
. vux o e u x if;
part ic u l ar l y c o m m o n i s
, ,

t h e pas t par t ici pl e max e n F or f u r t h e r i l l u s t r at i o n s se e .

page 1 3 9 f o o t no t e 1 , In a fe w c as e s -
a d i ffe r e nc e i n .
,

m e ani ng acc om pani e s t h e d iff e re nc e i n c onj u gat i o n ; as ,

sl aza
'
'

past slel c l o s e d pas t sl u l aae s t oppe d

‘
,
, .

1 N t th d o e pp i n g f t h j t h f m b av i a
e ro o e ; e or e er s r re.

2 S p ag 1 3 8 f t n t 6
ee e o o - o e

3 P
, .

i nd i g i O s n
'
re s .
m . s nu n a r
“
I sz ul er

4 P
.
,

i nd i ng al w a y p
’

re s. . s . s vz ng a r ,
XVI S T RON G CONJ U G AT ION 1 43

204 ORTHOGRA EHY : kom ma kom komma komm z l ;

'

.
, , ,

sz mm a , sam sam ma samm z l ( Ph o nol o gy

' ’

, ,

205 PRONU NCIA T ION : ( a) skei ra

'

s/eei l va , sky nda

’

.
,

'
jal a al ( c o mpo u nd
' '

st 1 9 6 b ) ; z bj ,
b ad ,
'
p — O b s e r v e t h e c h an i n
( )b E u r o a ( Ph o no l o g y g g
i n i t i al cons onant s ou nd i n g i va g av; s/eei r a s/ ar ; sb zzl val
' ''

- c

, , ,

skal v; sij al a sfal; g a g ick — In m o s t s t ro ng v e rb s t h e

, ,

q u ant i t y of t h e v ow e l is t h e s ame t h ro u gh o u t t h e e nt i re
sys t e m b u t t h e re i s c h ange o f q u an t i t y in l zgg a l ag ;
,
2
,

svli rj a svar ; l bpa

,
l
l opp; f a fi at g a g i ck var aa ( v ow e l
,
’ 1
, , , ,

l o ng ; s o m e t i m e s s h o rt wi t h c h ange d q u al i t y ) var t ( v o w e l , ,

s h o r t wi t h c h ange d q ual i t y )
, .

206 ACC EN T.
. Th e f o l l owi ng w ord s h av e the c
a u te
' ’
acc e nt : (a )fi f br ( se e page 1 4 5 beg r a f oo t
’

r sv z n na , va , ned ,

— Br attom and leor sbar m a h av e e i t h e r t h e ac u t e o r '

''

no t e y
t h e g rave acc e n t ( b ) S tr ander ( na) h as t h e ac u t e acce nt ;
.

n ame r a m ay h av e e i t h e r t h e ac u t e o r t h e grav e acc e n t .

207 CO L LOQUIA L ISM S : ( 1 ) In t h e c as e o f t h e v e r b s

.

m e n t i one d in 203 2 t h e s h o r t e r f o r m s occ u r pr i m ar i l y

, ,

i n t h e s pok e n l angu age ; b u t par t ic u l arl y be ber g e g er , , ,

'

and bl i bl z r ar e al s o f re q u e nt l y u s e d i n t h e w r i t t e n l an
,

g u age e xc e pt in t h e m o re e l e v at e d s t y l e
,
Th e s upi ne .

bel t i s u s e d i n al l k i nd s o f s t y l e w h i l e g et! b e l ong s pri ,

m ari l y t o t h e s po ke n l angu age ; t h e c o rre spond i ng s upine s

o f bl i l a and d ra ar e d i al e c t ic al
,
.

( 2 ) In t h e pas t t e ns e o f a nu mb e r o f s t rong v e rb s t h e
fi nal c o ns onant w h e n pre c e d e d b y a l ong v o w e l m ay b e
, ,

om i t ted i n e asy s pe e c h : g a ( v ) va ( r ) sl o ( g ) , , ,

l a(g ) sa(g ),
e tc,
.

( 3 ) In t h e g re at e r part o f S o u t h e r n S w e d e n t h e s u pi ne
in is pro no unc e d l i ke t h e ne u t e r o f t h e pas t par t -e t; in .
,

1 S p g 139 f t n t 1
ee a e , oo - o e .

2 I ad d i t i
n i n t h w ak
o n, p i n f t h v b f 2 03 1 a n d 2
e e su es o e er s o .

Of t d t h f m l g i
,

3 I n pl a ce s a d in a l a g pa t
e f Sw d n
or s o s u se r e r o e e .
 1 44 S T RON G CON J U G A T ION XV I

the s t o f S we de n i t is u s u al l y pron o unc e d as spe l led

re ,

t h o u g h i n S t o c kh o l m and a nu m be r o f o t h e r pl ac e s i t l o s e s
- 1
t h e fi nal t i n e asy s pe e c h ; a s v a r t for w r i t — S i m i l ar1y ,
.
,

t h e final t o f t h e pas t par t is o m i t t e d i n s o m e par t s o f t h e .

c ou nt r y ( i nc l u d i ng S t oc k h ol m ) ; as ef 1 57 3 ,
~
.
,
.

(4 ) I n t h e s po k e n l an g u a g e n dg on s i n is u s u al l y s h o r t ,

e n e d t o nansz n C f mi n fo r nag an i n Le sso n X XI V

'

. . .

(5) O f ve r b s t h a t m ay b e e i t h e r s t r o n g or w e ak t h e ,

s poke n l anguage in m os t c as e s pre f e r s t h e w e ak f orm s .

( 6 ) I n v e r b s o f t h e t y pe o f flyg a e asy s pee c h fre ,

q u e nt l y h as t h e s am e v ow e l in t h e s u pi ne as i n t h e i nfin
'

i t iv e : flyg a , fl g,
b flyg zt .

( 7 ) Te d is u s e d o nl y in t h e e l e v at e d st yl e ,
t vatta b e i ng
t h e w ord o t h e rwis e e m pl o y e d .

V O C A BU LA RY .

N ot e Th e
fol l owi ng ve rb s be l ongi ng t o t h e S t ro ng C onj u ga
.

u d a h l iv a b a
t io n h av e o ccu rre d i n p re v io us v o cab u l ari e s : b j ra , , ,

d ri e k a d O fal l a fi nna fi y ga fa gi v a ga h al l a k o m m a l id a
, , , , , , , , , , ,

l igga rid a se si t t a sj
, u nga sk ri v a s i nna so v a t a a v ara
, p , g , , , , , , .

al l ( n bO bO
’
. al a) al l
l ja ( 1 1 a) bena; ja sig ‘

b ako m 2
p
'
’
be/z z na bena, ’
stoo

b e d j a ( S TR ) ask 3 .
,
request , d r aga ( S T R ) d r aw p u ll .
,

p ; — o m ask f al l 72 ( 5 ) f all w aterfal l

r a y f or .
,

b l omm ande bl oom ing f ar a ( S TR ) g o jou rney tr avel .

, ,

blasa ( r i b ) bl ow fl y t a ( S T R ) fl oat fl ow .
,

b r u s a ( 1 ) r oar r as/z ,
f ram fi r tb along ,

b rat t o m i n h u r ry ; fO ( S T R ) d isapp ear

’
a ha rsv i n n a .

b ratt o m be i n a b u m , g r at a ( S T R ) w eep .

be bu sy ha
'

n r om h e r e aw ay
f ,

1 Cf 5 1 . 91 , 4 .

2 B a’k o m ” or

3 N v e e r u se d i n t h e m e an i n g ask a q ues ti on
4 Be n a’ as t r an s l t
a io n fo r “
b 0ja
”
is t r a n si tiv e, w h il e it is i n t r an s i ti v e
w h en it t r an s l at es
“
b Oja sig
"
.
 46 S T RON G CONJLGA IION '‘
X VI
’

s e tt ,
o ch n u t y ck t e de ,
at t k o rsb are n v o ro d e b as t a d e mi ,

g o n si n at i t 10 V i b ad o h o no m l at a b l i at t gO
. .
ra d e t .

1 1 .Hnr s t ar d e t t i l l h e m m a ? 1 2 V i t e go 1 3 Om d e t . . .

i ck e bl ase r fOr m y ck e t i m o rgo n s é s k o l a v i f ar a u t pa ,

l ande t .

B W h e n i t h ad b e c om e s pr i ng sh e w e nt t o t h e b roo k
.
,

o ne d ay wi t h h e r w o ol S h e w as l yi ng o n [h e r] k nee s .
,

b e nd i ng o v e r t h e w at e r w h ic h r u s h e d d o w n t o w ar d t h e
1

f al l s It s ee m ed as i f al l t h e w av e s w e re i n a h u rr y t o
.

g e t ?
d o w n t h e m o u n t ai n a n d o u t t o w ard t h e m e a d o ws
and fi e ld s .

‘
V i o l ant a l ay s t i l l for a l o ng t i m e l ook i ng at t h e w at e r
3
,

5 “
and t h e n sh e as k e d t h e b r oo k : \Vh it h e r are y o u h u r
r y i ng aw ay
e?
T h e n t h e b roo k answ e re d : To t h e wi l d
” “

w av e s o f t h e se a 7
To t h e wi l d w av e s o f t h e se a and
.
,

r us h e d o n

B e h i nd V i o l ant a [t h e re ] s t oo d a b l oo m i ng c h e rry t re e -
.

W h e n t h e wi nd b l e w m any o f t h e w h i t e b l osso m s f e l l ,

“
d o w n i nt o t h e b roo k and fl oat e d aw ay s
W h i t h e r are .

y o u fl oat i ng aw ay W h i t h e r are y o u fl o at i n g aw ay y o u
.
,

pre t t y w h i t e fl ow e r s ? as k e d V i o l an t a w h e n sh e s aw
”
, ,

t h e fl o w e r s fl o at i ng 9 al o ng o n t h e w at e r To t h e wi l d .

w av e s of t h e se a To t h e wi l d w av e s of t h e se a . an
”
,

s w e re d t h e c h e rr y — b l o ss om s and d is appe are d .

C D a t al ade g u mm an om , at t d e t e n ga
, n g sk u l l e h a

u l O pa e n b ac k e , d a
l e gat e t t sl o t t nor r o m S t or a D j r de t

1 BOjd .
6 H an .

2 At t k omm a .
7 U se t h e g e ni tiv e ,
not a p p
re o si
3 T r an s l at e f or a lon g t ime w i th t i o na l ph r a se .
o ne w o rd .
8 Bo r t .

4 D O no t r e nd e r wi th a p a rt i ci pl e. 9 T r ans l at e wi th t h e fi tv
i n ni i e.
5 Sb .
 S T RON G CONJLGATION
’

n u m e ra i nt e fanns ann at an l
s k og fram l o r d e t 2
sl ot
’

,
o ch

t et sk u l l e h a l e gat en sk On l u s t gard . S 51 h ad e det en

gang h ant ,
at t e n , so m k al l ad e s h e rr Karl och som pa ,

den 2
t i den h e l a S Or m l and
st y rd e ,
h ad e k o m m it re sand e 3

t i ll s l o t t e t O c h s e d an h an h ad e spisat och d r u ck it
.
,

h ade h an gat t u t i l u st gard e n s t at t d ar b ad e l ange och ,

va l och s e t t u t O ul O s
4
ver S t or a D j och d e v ack r a
Me n b as t h an s t o d d ai r och gl adde sig at
5
' '

s t rzind e rn a .

d e t so m h an sa
, g o c h t a n k t e fO r sig sj al v at t d e t i nt e
, ,

fanns v ack r ar e l and a n SO rm l and sé h ad e h an h Or t ,

na go n s u c k a h e l t d j u pt al ld e l e s b ak o m h o no m .

D 1 . Th e b ook h as b e e n l yi ng o n t h e t ab l e al l t h e
.

t i me 2 .Hav e y o u e v e r s e e n t h e r oy al pal ace in S t oc k

.

h o l m ? 3 I f y o u h av e b e e n i n S t oc k h o l m y o u h av e
.
,

s ee n t h e m o s t b e au t if ul c api t al in E urope s
4 W h at h as . .

h appe ne d o ve r t h e re ? 5 A t t h at t i m e t h e re w as no t h i ng .

b u t w ood s h e r e 6 Th e nau gh t y b oys s t ol e c h e rr i e s

. .

f ro m t h e ol d m an s orc h ard 7 He b e nt t h e b ranc h u n ’

. .

t il i t b ro ke 8 I h av e c au gh t a c o ld
. . I h ave b e e n .

s ne e z i ng al l d ay 9 How are y o u t o d ay u ncl e ? 1 0 He . .

-
, .

s m i l e d w h e n I t old h i m t h at I h ad w e pt 1 1 I as ke d . .

h i m t o h u rr y 1 2 W e t o ok o u r k ni v e s and cu t o ff al l
. .

t h e s m al l b r anc h e s 13 F o rm e rl y t h e w at e r fl ow e d m u c h
. .

m o re s l ow l y t h an now 14 T h e y d is appe are d am ong t h e . .

t re e s 1 5 . W h e n h e h ad b ee n s t and i ng a l ong t i m e ad
.

m i ri ng t h e s h o re s o f t h is l ak e h e s ai d t h at h e h ad ne v ,

e r s e e n any t h i ng m o re b e au t if u l 1 6 I si gh e d w h e n I . .

h e ard t h at h e h ad d i e d 1 7 Th e l i t t l e b oy ask e d fo r . .

an appl e .

1 I t
t an t / i b t
n e a nn a no t ng u ,
4 B ad e l ang e o ch v al / or a l o ng t i me
2 D d t th a t d m n t at iv
en. e , e o s r e 5 B as t h an t s o d d ar j u st as [re w a s
p n n ; n t th a t t h f ll w i n g
ro ou o e e o o st a n d i n g t/“
ze r e ,

noun i in t h d fi it f
s m e e n e or . 6 E u ro
’
pa .

3 P n t p a t i i pl
“ ”
f
r e se a r c e o res .
 LESS ON X V I I .

THE S U B J U N C T I V E .

208 . Th e s i ns u b j unc t i v e
-e i n al l
pe r s ons b ot h e nd ,

si ngul ar an d pl u ral ; t o t h is t h e s e co nd pe rs on pl u ral

l
ad d s t h e u s u al n and e n d s i n e n
- - In al l c onj u gat i on s
,
.

t h e pre se nt and pas t s u b j u nc t i v e can b e f o u nd b y su b

s t i t u t ing e fo r t h e pl u r al - e n d i ng o f t h e c or re spo nd i ng
2
t e ns e o f t h e i nd ic at i v e W e ak v e r b s h av e no s pe ci al .

f o r m for t h e pas t s u b j u nc t i v e b u t e m pl o y t h e pas t in ,

d icat iv e w h ic h i n s u c h v e rb s al re ad y h as t h e e e nd i ng
,
-

c h arac t e r is t ic o f t h e s ub j u nc t i v e .

Th e au x i l i ar i e s 7na m atte m ay and st al/e s h o u l d

3 3 4
, ,
e
,

w o uld wi t h t h e i nfi ni t i v e m ay b e s u b s t i t u t e d fo r t h e
,

s ub j u nc t i ve i n m o s t o f i t s u s e s .

Th e s ub j u nc t i v e e nd i ng i n e m ay c o nv e n i e n t l y b e
c all e d t h e e su bju ncti ve and t h at f o r me d b y m e an s o f
-
,

au xi l i ar i e s t h e a u x iliary su bju nd i ve -
.

N ot e I V e b s w h o se i n fi n it i e s e nd i n a st re ss d v o w e l
. . r v e

(Th i d N Ve ak C o n j u gat io n an d t h e i rre g u l ar s t o n g v e rb s o f

r 2 03 r ,

) d o no t form t h e p e se nt e su b j u nct i v e b u t h av e o nl y th e au x i l
5
1 r -
,

i ary su b j u nct iv e
-
.

2 S t ro n g v e b s w h ich i n t h e pl u al o f t h e p a t i nd icat i v e h av e
. r r s

a r oo t v o w e l d i ff e ri ng f o m t h at o f t h e p ast si ng u l ar
-
e m pl o y t h e r ,

r o o t—v o w e l o f t h e i nd icat i v e pl u ral b o t h i n t h e singu l ar an d p l u al r

o f t h e e su b j u nct i v e - .

1 A s h as b e e n s e e n , 4 7; (o r m ) is t h e e nd in g fo r t h e s e co n d p erso n p l u ra l
i n al l m o o d s an d t e n se s .

2 E xc p t e in t he ca s e o f va r a, p re s i nd pl u ra l a r o, su b j v a r a. Th e pa t s

bj
. .
.

t e n seg la is re u r, su . v or e .

3 Ob v th a t m e l i k t h th a il i a
se r e .
e e o er ux r ie s ( cf . 1 3 6 , 2 , no t e 2) d oes no t
ad d in t h -r i g la Im
i t i it p t t
e s n u r . t e s s as e n se i n fo r m , b ut is not u se d to
exp p a t ti m
r e ss s e .

4 Th f m k ll i t h p a t t n
e or f k ll s u e s e s e se o s a ; cf
.
5 1 94 , 5 , an d 5 25 2 .

5 Cf al th h t f m i 2 03 2
. so e s or er or s n , .
 THE S U BJt NCTIV E xv n
'

- u b u n ti ve
21 1 T h.e r e is n o p re s e n t p e r f e c t e s j c t h e ,

s n t e r f e c t a u x i l i ar y -s u b j u nc t i v e co nsi s t i ng o f ai d o r
p r e e p ,

mat te wi t h t h e pe r f ec t i nfi ni t i v e b e i ng u se d i nst e ad ; as , ,

7nd ( or m d tte ) I za ( va) dls kat e tc

jga , .

21 2 Fo r t . h e p a s t p e r f e c t e -s u b j u nct i v e t h e f o rm s o f
‘
t h e pas t pe r f e c t i nd icat i ve are u se d ; in pl ace o f t h is t h e ,

a s t e r f e c t a u xi l i a r y -s u b j u nct i ve co nsis t i ng o f sk ull e

p p ,

f ol l owe d b y t h e pe r f ec t infi ni t i ve i s v e ry o f t e n e mpl o yed ; ,

as jag bade dlskat o r j

,
ag skull e ha ( va) dlskat e t c , .

U SE OF THE S UB J U N C T I V E .

91 3 . Th e u se j nct i ve is rat h e r l i mi t ed
of th e e - ub u
s ,

t h e au xi l i ary s ub j u nc t i v e
52-
be i ng e mpl o y ed i n m any case s
w h e re Ge rm an and L at in w ou l d h ave t h e s u b j un c t i ve .

E ve n i n m os t co ns t ru c t i ons w h e r e S we di s h d oes empl oy

t h e e s ub j u nc t i v e t h e au x i l i ar y -s u b j u nc t i v e is u se d i n t er
-
,

c h angeabl y wi t h i t In t h e prese n t t e nse t h e au x ili ary

.

s ub j u nc t i v e is m o re co mmo n t h an t h e e -s u b j u nc ti v e ; i n
t h e pas t t e n se i t o cc ur s f req ue nt l y i n t h e case o f so m e
co ns t r u c t i ons w h i l e ot h e r s re qui re t h e e s u b j u nct i v e and
,
-

d o not al l o w t h e s u b s t i t ut i o n .

Th e pre se n t and pas t s ub j u nc t i v e d o no t e x cept v er y ,

r are l y d e not e d iffe r e nt k i nd s of t im e as d o t h e co r

,

r e s po nd i ng t e nse s o f t h e i nd ic at i v e I n t h e s ub j u nc t i v e .
,

bo t h t h ese t e n se s refe r t o pr e se nt o r f u t u re t im e In .

ge ne ral t h e pre se nt s u b j u nct i v e i s u se d o f an ac ti on

,

t h at m ay t ak e pl ace t h e pas t s ub j u nc t i ve o f one t h at ,

cannot o r is not li k el y t o t ak e pl ace Th e pas t pe rf e c t .

s ub j u nc ti v e re f e rs t o pas t t i m e and i s u sed of an act ,

t h at d id not t ak e pl ace .

1 In su b o r di n at e c la u ses the su pi n e al n m ay b
o e e u se d ; cf 5 1 8 2
. .

2 O th er au xi l i a i
r es b es id e s n o mi tt : an d sh a
d e are u se d t o ex r ess p i d e as
j v —Th e a xil i a i
.

th at in Ge rm an an d L a in t re q ui re t h e su b u nct i e . u r es an d
mat te sk ulle ar e u se d e xt e nsi v l y al
e so in co n st ru ct i o n wh n
s S w d is h
e : e co u ld
j
.

not h a v e the ( s u b u n ct i v e . S e e L esso n X XI .

X V II THE S U B J U N CT IVE 1 51

21 4 W I S H
. .
( 1 ) A w is h t hat can be real z e d
i is ex

pres se d b y t h e pre se nt e-s ub j u nc t i v e or b y t h e au xi l i ar i e s ,

md ,
mettl e wi t h t h e pres e n t i nfi ni t i ve , mdl l e impart i n g
m ore i
v vi d n e ss to th e wi s h and u u all s y im pl yin g f ear
t hat it may not be real iz e d . As t h ere i s no pr ese nt
pe r e f c
t e -
u b s j c i
u n t ve , a w is h t hat may h av e bee n r eal iz e d
is e x pre sse d b y t h ese au xiliari e s wi t h t h e pe rf e ct in
fin i t i v e .E x : Ld ng e leve kou ang en ’ Long li v e t h e ki n g
. . .

M d d e l g d b o t t om v dl ’ May h e prospe r Mdll e del bl i

. .

bd l tr e snarl ! I h 0pe t hi n gs will ge t be t t er soon fll dtl e .

m ere in t im e
’
jga lz i nna f r a i l id ! I h o pe I ll g e t t h »

M d lle ing en olyeéa lea lzd nl lzononz ’ I h ope no mi s fort u n e .

h as be f al l e n hi m .

( 2 ) A wi s h t h at ca nnot be realiz ed or is not lik el y ,

t o be rm l iz e d
‘
is e x pre sse d b y t h e pas t e -s u b j u nct i v e w h e n
,

t h e r e f e r e n ce is t o pre s en t t i me and b y t h e past pe rf e ct ,

e s u b j u n ct i v e w
- h e n t h e re fe re n ce i s t o past t im e One of .

t h e e xpre ssi o ns 0 al l aek om w o uld t h at

,
is v er y o f t e n ,

u sed t o i n t rod u ce s u c h wis h e s E x : A ek om jag vore w ig . .

,

0 t h at I w e re y o u ng again 0 a l l jag ald r ig se ll .

,

Izonom ! 0 t hat I h ad n e v er se e n hi m A ek om jag bar a .

,

lzade vetat del ! Or Hade jag bar a vetat de l ! If I h ad

,

Om ban d nd d g i ng e snar l ! I d o h ope

.

o nl y k no wn i t .

'
h e will go soo n F i ng e jag bar a f em mi nu te r pd fl ag!
.

I wis h I c o u l d h av e j u s t fiv e m i n u t e s m ore t i m e .

21 5 LNRE AL CO ND I T I ONS In u nreal condi ti o nal sen

'

. .

t e nces ( c ond i t i o ns cont rar y t o f act ) in w h ic h t h e co n ,

e l us i on d e pe nd s u pon a co ndi t i on t hat cann o t b e f ul fill ed ,

o r is n o t l i k e l y t o b e f ulfil l e d t h e v e rb bo t h t h at o f t h e, ,

s ub or di nat e c l au se ( t h e condi t i on ) and t hat of t h e pri nci pal

c l au se ( t h e c oncl usi o n) i s pu t in th e pas t e -s ub j un ct i ve
,
‘

1 Th e sewi h h av t h w d - d
s es e f b
e di na t
or cl a
o r er( $5 1 4 0
o su or e u se s se e

5 1 4 0 b gi n ni n g W h n t h pa t p f ct i us d t h
,

e n d ; 1 01 ; S ee . e . e e s er e s e . e
a xil i a y M
u r m ay b m it t d ( f p a g 1 5 0 f
e o t -n t
e c . e , oo o e
 THE S L BJLNCTIV E X VII
’ ’

i f t h e r e fe re nc e is t o pre s e nt t i me and i n t h e pas t pe r ,

f e e t e s ub j u nc t i v e i f t h e r e f ere nc e i s t o pas t t i m e In t h e
- .

1
pr i nci pal c l au s e t h e au xi l i ar y skull e wi t h t h e i nfi ni t i ve
SI
i s v e ry o f t e n u se d in pl ac e o f t h e e su b j u nct i v e E x : 077: -
. .

d c g d ve m g a
z o/ee n sci bl e ve j ag g l ad ,
I f y o u gav e me .

t h e b oo k I s h o u l d b e gl ad Vor e jag icke tré l z sci g z ng e

’
‘
.
, ,

'
j ag pd tea fem I f I w e re no t t i re d I s h o u ld go t o t h e
.
,

t h e at e r 0m jag b ade peng ar sci skall e jag resa

. I s h o u ld ,
.

go i f I h ad t h e m o ne y Om d a b ade kam m i l 11 27 i g ar
.
,
'
Icade d cc tr dfi at e n g am mal bekan t
’
I f y o u h ad c om e h e re .

y e s t e rd ay y o u w o u l d h av e m e t an ol d acq u ai nt anc e
,
.

jag skull e lea ka pi lczcset om def icke war cl sci g am mal t I

’

.
,

s h o u l d h av e b o u gh t t h e h o u se i f it h ad no t be en so old .

Th e c ond i t i on m ay b e e x pre ss e d b y an adv e r b i al ph r as e ,

o r i t m ay b e o m i t t e d E x : Med d in lcjcz lp core ae z m éjl zgt ’

''
r
. . .

Wi t h y o ur assis t ance i t w o u l d b e po ssi b l e : I sci f al l for e

jg i In t h at c as e I s h o u l d l e av e at o nce E ff
‘

a s r ax . .

d zcssi n cw dessa skull e kosfa m ig f em kr onor A d oz e n o f .

t h e se w ou l d c o s t me fi ve c ro w ns .

C lose l y rel at ed t o t h e se are h y pot h e t ical co mpar is ons

i nt rod uce d b y som ( om ) sci som ( om ) l ik ( a) som ( am ) as , ,

if j u st as if w h ich al so are fol low e d b y t h e pas t o r

, ,

pas t pe r fe c t e s ub j u nc t i v e
-
I f am is om i t t e d t h e s ub j e c t
.
,

and v e r b o f t h e s ub ord i nat e c l au s e are i nv e r t ed ( cf .

E x : D u kom mer som 0m d cc wore kall ad Y o u are c o m i ng

.
, .

as t h o u gh c al l e d Han be/z an al ar m ig som om [can wore

.
’ ’
,

m z n lz zcsbcmde He t re at s me as i f h e w e re m y m as t e r
’

.
.

Rocke n act i , som o m den ll ade l eg at Th e

'

var sd . z v atten .

c o at w as as w e t as if i t h ad b e e n l yi ng i n w at e r Han .

bar 5 n ci t ,
so m om lzan lzade van ? g l en
a . He ac ted as i f
h e h ad b ee n c raz y
1 Bu t not in t h e su b o r d ina t la
e c u se

Ob v th a t E ngl i h
.

2 se r e s re g la ly
u r e m pl oy s s h ldou
”
and
“
w ou ld ”
i n th e
p r i nc i p al l a
c u se .
I 54 THE S UBJ UN CTI VE XVI]

t h ou gh c al le d .
j ag sade till lzonom , att o m [can ville

kom ma med ta e
g , t safi ck b an sky n da sig I t o l d h i m h e .

w oul d h ave t o h u rry i f h e w ant e d t o cat c h t h e t rain .

( ) 2 In pl ace of t h e n mm, t h e s poke n

. l anguage em

pl o ys t h e f orm i ng et .

T a
s som be l ong pr i mari l y
'

(3 ) h e w o r d s varye and to

t h e w r i t t e n l an guage .

( 4 ) F or n a
g on an d annan ,
ea sy s pee c h m ay u se the
s h orte r form s mi n and ann .

( 5 ) C once rni ng bara see I C o nce rni ng

'

86, . bbiy a
se e 1 99, 5 .

V O C A BU LA RY .

ack 0b , a, alas m oge n ri pe

an nan (n . annat , pl u r . and m og na ( I ) pen
ri , g r ozo ripe
def . andr a) ot/z er nagon (n . nago t , pl u r . nag
b ara on ly just, t a) som e , any ,
som e on e ,

bar n .
( ) ber ry
5 any one

borj a ( I ) beg i n 0 0

e nsa m al one ock sa al so , too

’
fu nd e r a ( Q t/z i ne ,
pond er; o l y ck a ( 1 ) m isfor t u ne
pa medi tate abou t re sa ( I Ib ) r ai se; re s a s ig
gal e n mad ,
’
cr azy r aise one s sel
f g e t up
,

ge nas t at onc
e ro pa (I) call ou t , s/zo u t , cry ,

Gud God
al p belp
hj s e gl a ( I ) sail
h anda ( I I a) happen befal l , sk rat t a ( I ) la ug h

i nge n ( n int e t pl u r in ga)

.
, . s l at t ( 3 ) p l ai n
s t all e n ( 4 ) p l ace
'

no, no one , none .

lik ( a) som as , just as s u c ka ( I ) sn

l iv n .
(5 ) l ife a
s so m as , l ike
l y ckl i g happy t e a t er
'
( )
2 t/zeater
XVI I THE SUBJ UNC T IV E 1 55

t ill sam m ans tog etber

’
j every eaeb
v ar e ,

t y st sil ent , q u i et va rl d ( 2) wor l d

und e rl ig str ang e , cu r i ous, al s k a ( I ) l ove

pecul iar
E XER C IS E X V I I .

A . I Orn jag
. k u nd e , i l le jsé
ag no g 2vAck o m . .
,

de t s mar t b l e ve v ar ! 3 O
. m j a g v o re ku n g sé sk u ll e ,

d u b li d ro t t ning .
4 . Gud gi ve 03 5 e t t go t t ny t t at !
5 . Om d e t icke b l ast e ,
sé sk u l l e v i f ara u t pa sj on och

s e gl a . s u t t o d ar u nd e rl igt t y st a och S ago u t ov e r

6 . De
h ave t 7 Korsb a . re n se u t . so m o m d e v ore m ogna , ,

m e n d e aro ick e god a 8 D e t fi nns i nge n i h e l a v a

'

rl . .

d e n so m v e t d e t t a
, 9 Om d e t ick e v ore v ack rare pa . .

and ra st é l l e n sé sk u l l e j ag ge nas t re s a h e m i ge n V ar
'

,
Io . .

d e t né go t l
d u v i l le sa g a ? I I H a
,
d e h an b ara gjo r t so m .

jag s ad e sé h ad e d e t v ar i t b a
,
tt re b a d e for h o n om och
and ra .

BTh e m ot h e r and h e r c h i ld re n l i v e d a h appy l i fe

.

t oge t h e r i n t h e l i t t l e h o u s e u p on t h e m o u nt ai n W hen .

t h e c h e rr i e s h ad b e g un t o r i pe n F rid ol f and V i ol ant a ,

w e re si t t i ng t oge t h e r one d ay u nde r t h e c h e rry -t re e b y

t h e b roo k
“
L is te n sis t e r
2
.s ai d t h e bo y do y ou , , ,

3
t h i nk t h at t h e re is
w orl d t h an t h is ?
any m o re b e au t if u l pl ac e i n t h e
I d on t k now answ e re d V i ol an t a
” ’
,
”
.

— “ But t h e re are3 none in t h e w h ol e w orl d w h o are as

h appy as w e s ai d Fridol f - “
Wel l 4
, w h o k nows ?
”
.
,
”

re pl i e d V i ol ant a
“
We do n t k now h o w ot h e rs are si t u
.
’

at e d
5 — “
.But e ve r y d ay i s h appy wi t h u s and al l d ays
”
,

6
are al i ke h e re Y e s al l d ays are al i ke h ere s ai d
”
.
, ,

V i ol ant a and si gh e d .

1 Ob v t h m i io n o f t h
se r e 4 Ja
e o ss e .

l a ti v ; cf 5 2 8 1
re e .5 Ha d t . e .

2 H ot d a . 6 A r e al i ke li k n a v ar an
'
d ra .

3 D e t fi nns .
I 56 THE SU BJUNC T IVE XVII

J us t t h e n 1 s o me r i pe c h e rr i e s f e ll f r om t h e t re e d ow n
“
i nt o t h e b rook and fl oat e d aw ay W h i t h e r are y o u .

s ai l i ng aw ay ? Wh i t h e r are y o u s ai l i ng aw ay ? c ri e d ”

V i ol ant a
“
To t h e wi ld w av e s o f t h e se a To t h e wi ld
. .

w av e s of t h e se a answe re d t h e c h e rr i e s and d is appe are d

,
.

2
V i ol an t a got u p and l ooke d o u t ov e r t h e b road
l and b e l ow h e r Th e wi nd w as b l owi ng o v e r t h e pl ai n
.
8
,

and v e ry far aw ay sh e saw t h e d ark b l u e s t re ak

“
Th e wi l d .

w av e s o f t h e se a Th e wi l d w ave s o f t h e se a . V io ,
”

“
4
l an t a s ai d s l ow l y I t oo w an t t o go t o t h e m . .
”

“
Fri d ol f l au gh e d Y o u w o n t go aw ay f ro m m ot h e r
’
.

and m e and f r o m o u r d e ar l i t t l e h o m e u p h e re am o ng
5

4
t h e c h e r r y t re e s h e s ai d V i ol ant a did no t answ er
”
-
,
.
,

b u t F r id ol f saw t h at t h e r e w as s o m e t h i ng t h at sh e w as
6

7
pon e r i ng o v e r
d S h e b e gan t o b e so s t r ange l y q u i e t and
.

8
pre fe rre d t o si t al o ne at t h e b rook and l ook o u t ov e r
t h e b ro ad l and at h e r f e e t .

C D a h ade h an v ant sig o m och s e t t e n gamm al

'

d agak arl som s t od b oj d o v e r si n s pad e “

Ar d e t d u
'

, ,

so m s uck ar sé d j u pt h ad e h e r r Karl s agt “

V ad h ar ,
”
.

“
d u at t s u c k a ov e r ? J g m a V al s u ck a so m sk a
” 9
a ,

ga h a r o c li arb e t a i j or d e n d a
'

g u t o ch d ag i n h ade d a ,
”

d agak ar l e n sv arat M e n h e r r Karl h ad e e t t h aft i gt

.

o ch h an t y ck t e i nt e o m at t f olk kl a ad e
g
“
Har .

“
d u i nt e annat at t k l aga ov e r ? h ad e h an r opat Jag
”
.

ll
s age r d l g at t j ag sk u l l e v ar a noj
, d om j ag fi nge ga och ,

g r av a 1 S or m l and s j M att e d e t ga
'

o r d i al l m i n t id
”
.

e rs na d e sé som n i onsk ar , h ade d agak ar l e n sv arat , .

1 I d t am m ae s
'
.
7 B h l i ( a) e v .

2 V id .
8 P f d t i t a tt h l t re er r e o s s e s .

3 Th e w i nd w as bl ow i n gd et b l é st e 9 See 1 4 6 2
I v ti t
. .
,

4, n er n r an s a l ting . 1 0 H u m o'r .

5 Uzi h er e la i r u pp e .
1 1 S ee § 2 4-
5 .
, no t e 2 .

6 Th er e w as d e t v ar .
 THE P A SSI V E .

221 Th e
.
passi v e is f or m e d b y a d d i n g
-s t o t h e ac t i v e

f orm s In t h e au x i l i ary -t e ns e s ( f u t ure pre se n t pe r f ec t

.
, ,

pas t pe r f e c t and f ut u re pe r fe c t ) t h is is afii xe d t o t h e

s u pi ne or i nfi n i t i v e and no t t o t h e au x i l i ary Th e final
, .

-r o f t h e si n u l ar o f t h e
g pre se n t i nd ic at i v e ac t i v e i s d r o ppe d
b e f ore t h e -s o f t h e passi v e E x ampl e s of t h e passi v e.

i nfl e c t i on are
PR ESEN T : I . S T RON G
jag ,
e tc .
,
kal l as

vi kal l as
I kall e ns tr ons bju dens
’
ae leall as

PAS T :
jag ,
etc .
,
[f al l aci es loo tes t roddes

vi b all ades troddes

I leall adens ko
ptens trodde ns
de bal l ades t r oddes

FU T URE : kommer att kall as lab/ Ms tros bju das , , ,

PRE S EN T PERFEC T : b ar kall ats leopts tr otts bju di ts

''

, , ,

PAS T P ERFEC T : Iz ade ball ats kopts trotts bjudi ts , , ,

F U T URE P ERFEC T : komm e r att li a ( va ) b all ats lebpts t r otts , , ,

INFINI T IVES : kall as Ii a ( va) b all ats; leopas b a ( va)

, ,
p a;
ko
tr os Iza ( va ) t r otts; bju das it a ( va ) b ud i ts
,
j ,

SUPINE : ballats kop a trotts bjud i ts , , ,

1 O b se r v th te a fi t an d th i d p
the rs r e r so n s pl u ra l d i fi e r fr o m t h e
'
si n g
ul ar
in t h e p n t i n d i at i v n l y i n t h
r e se c e o e case of t he S ec o nd W e ak Co nju
g at i o n an d t h S t n g C nj g ati n
e ro o u o .
XVII I THE PASSIVE I 59
PR ESEN T S U BJU NCTIV E zl
I . II . S T R ON G

jag ,
e tc .
,
lea/l es leo
pes
vi It al/es
l b attens bju de ns
de kall es

Or m a? ( matte ) kal l as
, ,

PAS T SUBJ UNC T IVE '

I .
S T RON G

S ame as t h e pas t i nd ic at i v e .

Or skall e b at/as
, ,
p as , tros, bjudas
ko .

N o te I In t h e . l ar o f t h e p re se nt i nd icative p assive t h e
. s i ngu ,

e o f t h e e nd i ng es ( S e co nd W e ak C o nj u gat io n and St ro n
~

g Co nj u

g at i o n ) i s v e ry o ft e n d ro ppe d u n l e ss t h e nat u r e o f t h e p e ce d i n
g , r

so u nd m ak e s t h i s i m po ssib l e ; as ko p( e )s Ii b r ( e )s g i v ( e )s fi nn( e )s; , , , ,

b u t l ases, Cf '

2 25 no t e 2
. . , .

2 Th e p ast p art icipl e t h o ugh p assi ve i n m eani ng d oe s no t h ave

.
, ,

-s . Bu t t h e s u p i ne t h e ne u t e r o f t h e p ast p ar t ici pl e i n a spe ci al

u se w h ich i s act i ve i n se nse ) add s s i n t h e p assi v e
,
- .

3 A ge nt i s e x p re sse d b y av b y
. E x : Han bl e v ove rg i ve n av . .

si na v d nne r He w as d e se r ted b y h is frie nd s F or d om v al d es

. .

konu ng e n av f ol /ee l Fo rm e rl y t h e k i ng w as ch ose n b y t h e p eo pl e

. .

4 W h e n no age nt i s e x p re sse d S w e d ish so m e t i m e s u se s t h e i h

.
,

d e fini t e p ro no u n m an o ne t h e y pe o pl e w i t h t h e act iv e f orm s o f , , ,

t h e v e rb w h e r e E ng l is h w o u l d h av e t h e p as si v e ; as m an sa
, g er ,
.

o r d e t sa g es i t i s said See 3 04 E x : D e t var e t t f r u nt i m m e r

. . .
,

so m s v i m m aae M an bar a t h e n ne i nast a r u m A w o m an fai nt

’ ’

. .

ed .S h e w as carried i n t o t h e ad j o i ni ng roo m .

222 Th e passi v e i de a m ay al s o b e e x pre ss ed b y

.

m e ans o f an au xi l i ar y c o mb i ne d wi t h t h e pas t part ici pl e .

T h is can c o nve ni e nt l y b e c al le d t h e au x il iary passi ve -

,

1 Th b j n ti v e i a in t h
e-s u p n t p a i v Cf p ag 1 4 9 f t
u c e s r re e r e se ss e. . e . oo

n ot e 1 , e nd .
I 6O THE PASSIVE X VI II

and t h at f o r m e d b y t h e ad d i t i o n o f s t h e s passi ve Th e -
,
-
.

au xi l i ar y i s pu t i n t h e f or m c o r re s po nd i ng t o t h e t e ns e
w ant e d for t h e passi ve Th e pas t par t ici pl e agree s Wi t h .

1
t h e s u b j e c t i n ge nd e r and nu m b e r .

Th e au x i l i ar y m o s t u s e d is bl i ( va) w h ic h m ay be ,

e m pl o y e d wi t h al l v e rb s In t h e pas t si ngu l ar vart ( se e .

,

§ 228 ,
f ro m var d a
i”
m ay b e e m pl o y e d ins t e ad o f bl ev , ,

t h e o t h e r f o rm s o f var da are u s e d o nl y i n t h e e l e v at e d
s t y l e and h ave an arc h aic c ol or i ng
,
.

C u rsi v e v e rb s ( se e page 8 1 foot -not e 2 ) m ay e mpl oy ,

v ar a as t h e i r au xi l i ar y W h e n bl i va i s u s e d wi t h s u c h .

v e rb s i t o f t e n c all s at t e n t i o n t o t h e b e g i nn i ng o f the

ac t i o n w h i l e v ara e mph asi z e s i t s d u r at i o n

,
.

N o te I Th e au x i l iary bl i va w h e n u se d i n t h e p re se nt t e nse
. .
, ,

e n e ral l y e x p e se s fu t u re t i m e ; cf r 1 35
s e nd
g .
, .

2 .Th e au x i l i a y p assi v e and t h e s passi e are o n t h e w h ol e

r - '
v

u e d i nt e rch an ge ab l y
s Wi t h o u t m u ch d i ffe re nce i n t h e sh ad e of ,

m e an i ng E x : L ci r obob e n Iz ar an vants (Iz ar bl i v i t anvci nd Iz ar

. .
‘ ‘

v ar i t d a v and ) lt ar s nar t i f e m c ir Th e t e x t b o ok h as b e e n u se d
'
‘

.
-

h e e al m o t fi e y e ars
r s In t h e p e se n t t e nse h o w e v e r t h e s fo m s
v . r , ,
- r

a e t h e m o re co m m o n e x ce pt w h e n t h e r e fe e nce i s t o fu t u e t i m e
r , r r ,

i n w h ich ca e bl i v a i s u sual l y e m pl o y e d
s E x : H ar [ni l /e s v al ( An ) . .
’

e l e ct io n i s h e l d h e e
' '
I m o rg on bl i r [can i nstal l e r ad som pr of e s sor
r . .

To m o ro w h e w i l l b e i ns tal l e d i nt o h i s p o fe sso rsh ip

- r My cke l r .

ate st ar i nnan al l t bl i r or d nat

°
r
°

, M u ch e m ai ns b e fo e e v e ry t h i ng . r r

i s ad j u st e d E pe ci al l y i s t h e s p assi v e re gul ar l y u se d i n ge ne ral

. s _
-

st at e m e n t r u l e s and s, d i e ct io ns E x : M i n kl ocka d r ag es app r . .

v arj e dy g n M y w at ch i s w o u nd e v e ry t w e nt y fo ur h o u rs S tal a
.
'
-
.

st r afi as m e d fi z ng e l se T h e ft i s p u n i h e d w i t h im p ri so nm e nt Ob
'’

. s .

se v e t h e f e q u e n t u se o f t h i s fo r m al so i n re ci pe s
r r w h e r e E ngl i h , s

e m p l o y s t h e i m p e rat i v e : i ppl e na skal as skc i r as i bi t ar oc/z kc

’

i rn r , ,

1 On t h f m a t i n a n d i nfl t i n f t h
e or p a t p a t i ip l
o th f n ec o o e s r c e se e e re e r e ce s

gi v n i n 55 2 4 0; 2 4 1 C a h l d b t ak n n t t
e nf . th pa t p a re s ou e e o o co u se e s r

t i i pl
c w i th t h
e a tiv pi n th en t f t h p a t p a ti ci p l l igh tl y
c e su e e eu er o e s r e, s

m d ifi d in t h
o e a f t ng v b ) e Th p a t p a t i i p l h a th
c se o fs m ro er s . e s r c e s re e or s,

th e su p i n n l y n E x H bl i ( a ) al k d d t bl i W t d bl i a dl ka d
e o o e. . : an r r s a . e r a , e v s e.

B t [
u ( d t ) Iz
Ia n al k t d I al k t Cf 5 1 8 1
e ar s a . e za s a : . .

2 S eep ag 1 3 9 f t n t 1 e , oo - o e .
 THE PA S SIVE , D EPONEN TS XVIII

t e nse d oe s no t re m ai n t h e sa me ,
i t is no t a p assive . T h e se no n
p assi v e co nst ru c t io ns cal l at e n t t io n to the fact t h at t h e act i s co m

pl e t e d and i s no t go i ng on, t h at a r e su l t w h ich h as b e e n r e ach ed r e

m ai ns i n re se nt i m e p t . If the p ast t e nse i s u sed , th e m e ani ng i s

t h at t h e l t w h ich h ad b e e n r e ach e d re m ai ned i n
re su p as t t im e In .

t h e p re se nt p e rfe ct and p as t pe r fe ct t h e m e ani ng i s t h at t h e r esu l t ,

h as b e e n p re se nt o r h ad b ee n p re se n t o ft e n wi t h t h e i m p l icat io n ,

t h at i t i s no l o nge r t h e re E x : B or d e t Iz ar v ar i t m d l at r ott ( e n
. .
'

g d ng ) Th e t ab l e w as ( o nce ) p aint e d re d
. .

In S w e dish t h e se e xp e ssio n s are r e nd e re d b y v ar a co rr e spo nd

,
r ,

i ng t o E ng be and t h e p ast p ar t i ci p l e In S w e d ish and so i n

”
.
.
, ,

E ngl i h t h e t e rm inat i v e v e b s ( se e p 8 1 ) are u sed i n t h is w ay E x

s ,
r . .

B r e ve t ar skr i ve t Th e l e t t e r i s w ri t t e n H an ar sd r ad He i s
’

. . .

w o u n d e d H nse t v ar r e d an by gg t Th e h ou se w as al e ady b u i l t
. . r .

“
O b se rv e t h e n t h at th e E ng b e co m b i ned w i th t h e p ast
, , .
”

p ar t icipl e o f t e rm i nat iv e v e rb s fre q u e ntl y h as a m eaning not p assi v e ,

b u t t h at o ne and t h e sam e au x i l iary i s u sed i n b o t h case s In .

S we d ish o n t h e o t h e r h and an e nt ire l y d iffe re nt w ord bl i va ( or

, , , ,

i n t h e p a t si ng v ar t ) is u se d as t h e au x i l i ary o f t h e p ass i v e
s , .

Var a co rr e spo ndi ng t o E ng he m ay b e e m p l o yed o nl y i n t h e ”

, .

ca e o f cu rsi v e v e r b s 1
s Var a wi t h t h e p ast p ar t icip l e o f t e rm i nat i v e
.

v e b s is not a p assi v e
r .

224 SUM . MAR Y :

2
I n E ngl is h ,

PASSIV E NON PASSIVE -

“
CURSIVE be pas t part
”
.

T ERMINAT IVE be p s t par t

a be pas t part . .

In S wed is h ,

T ER M .
( vari )
-s
; bl i va
pas t par t var a pas t par t . .

225 D EPONEN TS 3 Many v e rb s h ave s-f orm s wi t h

. .

ac t i v e m e an i ng ( 1 ) O f s o me v e rb s t h at h av e b o t h ac t i v e
.

and passi v e f or m s u s e d in t h e r e u l ar w ay t h e s f o rm s -
g ,

1 A s t h e n u m b er v v b i a th l im i t
of t r an s i tiv e cu r si e er s s r er ed , the pa iv ss e
f t h a xi l i a
u se o e i n t
u f f q nt ry n
var a s o o re ue o cc u r r e ce .

2 F am p l
o r ex 55 2 2 1 2 2 3 a n d n t
e s se e , o e.

3 On t h p a t i i pl e f d p n nt r 5 2 3 8 n t 2 an d
c es o e o e s se e o e 24 0 no e 2 t
C n n i n g t h i m p at i v f d p n n t
, , . .

o ce r e 5 24 3 n t 1
er e o e o e s se e , o e .
XVI II D EPONEN T S 1 63

m ay al s o be e mpl oy e d i n
se ns e b u t ge ne ral l y an ac t i v e ,

wi t h s ome d is t i nc t i o n o f m e ani ng f ro m t h at o f t h e ac t i ve
f orms S f orm s so u s e d are c all e d deponent for ms T h e s e
.
- .

are u s e d ab s ol u t e l y t h at is wi t h o u t an ob j e c t e x pre ss e d , ,
.

“ “
Mo st o f t h e m m e an t o h ar m o r t o anno y o ne in so me ” ”

E x : Han nyps He s pi nc h i ng m e ( so m e one )

’
w ay . . . .

T h is h ors e b i t e s ( is in t h e h ab i t o f
''

D e n lz cz r b cisten bi ts
’

D et br anns ( Y o u l l b u rn
’ ’
It s h ot
'

b i t i ng pe opl e ) . . .

y o urs el f It h as t h e c h arac t e r is t ic of b urni ng any on e

.

t h at t o u c h e s i t ) joban sl ass
l
J o h n is h i t t i ng me ( so me
. .

o ne ) D e sl ass f b r si tt l and
.
l
T h e y are figh t i ng for .

E n solda t som svci l ter i ss d al ig t

1 ’
t h e i r c ou nt ry . sl c A , ,
.

s t arv i ng s ol d i e r is a poor figh t er .

( 2 ) In t h e c ase o f m any v e rb s t h e re are no ac t i ve

f or m s t h e s f orm s b e in g t h e o nl y one s u se d and t h e se
,
-
,

al w ays wi t h ac t i v e m e anin g S u c h v e rb s are c al l ed dep o .

ne nt ver bs A nu mb e r o f t h e s e are e v e n t ransi t i v e and

.
,

m ay t ak e an ob j e c t E x : andas b re at h e b oppas h ope . .

, ,

m i nnas re me mb e r l ye/eas s u cc e e d Hci r kan m an andas

'

.
,

f r i s/ f
e lu t He re w e can b re at h e f re s h air
. .

No t e 1 A num b e r o f d e pone nt form s and a fe w d e po ne nt

. .

v e b s are
r u ed ( i n t h e pl u r
s al ) w i t h r e ci p r ocal 2 m e ani n
g Ex .

H astar na bi t as Th e h orse s are b it ing e ach o th e r Vi lzjalpte s

’ '

. .

We h e l p e d e ach o t h e r D e m b ttes T h e y m e t Vi t r afi aaes '

'

cit . . . .

i g dr We m e t y e st e rd ay D e kl appas oclc by ssus

. Th e y ca e ss
. . r

and k iss e ach o t h e r D e br ottas T h e y are w re st l ing Kar l oclz

. . .

joh an sl ci ss Carl and J o h n are at b l o w s Som e h av e re fle xi e

l
. . v
2

m e an i ng ; as g l adjas3 re j o i ce W h e n am bigu it y w o u l d arise t h e

'

, .
,

u se o f t h e s fo m s as p assiv es i s ge ne r al l y av o id e d i n t h e case o f
- r

v e r b s t h at e m pl oy t h e se fo rm s m o re oft e n w it h re cip rocal or

1 N t th o h t v w l a nd t h d b l
e e s or o e e ou e y ,

2 Th l d b al l d ip al a nd fl xi v d p n n t t d i t i ng i h
e se co u e c e rec ro c re e e e o e s, o s u s

th m f m t h th d p n t Th fl xi v i d a m ay al b xp
e ro e o er e o en s. d e re e e e so e e r e sse

b y ap n n (
ro ou i m il a l y t h
s ee ip al id a ( s 26 4 n t r e rec roc e se e , o e

3 Thi f m i i d n t i a l i n m a i g w i th t h
s or s e fl xiv
c xp i n g ladja e n n e re e e e r e ss o
'

sz g : se ep ag 1 3 4 v ab l a y a nd s2 3 3 n t 3
e , oc u r , . o e .
I 64 THE PASSIVE X VII I

re fl x iv
e e passi v e m e ani ng ; as bl i va sl ag e n b e st ru ck
t h an w it h , ,

bl i va r e tad b e i r ri t at e d bl i va ski l d a ci t b e se p arate d ; cf sl ci ss fi gh t

,
.
,

r e t as t e ase ski lj as c,
i t p ar t .

D e p o ne nt s u su al l y h av e -s i n t h e S i ngu l a and n t cf - '

2 .
es r, o , .

o te I V e rb s o f t h e S e co nd W e ak C o nj u gat io n and t h e
§ 2 2 1 n,
.

S t ro ng C o nj u gat io n o f w h ich t h e s fo rm s m ay b e u sed e i t h e r w i t h -

passi ve o r act iv e m e ani ng d op t h e e i n t h e p re se nt singu l ar w h e n

,
r

t h e se nse i s act i v e b u t v e ry o f t e n h av e -es w h e n t h e s nse i s

,
e

p assiv e ( cf 2 28 . S ee t h e e x am p l e s ab o v e nyps bi ts br anns

, , , ,
'

E x : Tr dd e n bi te s av Th e t h e ad i s b itt e n o ff H u nd e n bi ts
. . r . .

Th e d o g b i t e s Potat i se n r i v es
. Th e p o t at o i s grat e d . Katte n .

r i os . Th e cat scrat ch e s .

226 PRONUNCIAT ION

. djup I 6 ) ; t i d zgt

— '
r an m ay b e pro n o u nc e d wi h h e d lo ng s h
[ f t t or ort

( wi t h d i ff e re nt q u al i t y ) .

227 A
' — ’
ACC EN T ( ) c ( ) il lb k ( b ) f orva r a
’

. : 1 u t e : a t a a .
,

i nstalle r a — \V h e n s t re ss e d o n t h e fi rs t sy l l ab l e f ram ci t
’
.
,

al m o s t al w ays h as t h e ac u t e acc e nt ; d etsam m a and p ota

’

tis h av e e i t h e r t h e ac u t e o r t h e grav e acc e nt .

( 2 ) Th e si ngul ar o f t h e pre s e nt i nd ic at i v e passi v e e nd

i ng i n -es u s ual l y h as t h e gr av e acc e nt b u t i t m ay al s o ,

h av e t h e ac u t e acce nt .

228 CO LL OQUIA L ISMS : ( I ) On t h e w h ol e t h e S po ke n

.
,

l ang u age pre fe r s t h e ac t i v e c ons t r u c t i o n t o t h e passi v e .

T h is is e s pe ci al l y t h e c as e w h e n t h e age nt o f t h e ac t i o n i s
e x pre ss e d E x : Rave n skbts ( ble v s/eju te n ) av jcig aren Th e
'

. . .

fo x w as s h o t b y t h e h u n t e r C o ll : jag are n sebt rci ven . .

'

Th e h u nt e r s h ot t h e fo x W h e n t h e age n t is no t i nd i
.

cat e d t h e passi ve is m o re f ree l y u s e d t h o u h t h e i nd e fini t e

, g ,

pronou n m an o ft e n t ake s i t s pl ac e ( see 22 1 no t e ,

( 2 ) W h e n t h e passi ve cons t ru c t i on is u s e d in t h e spok e n

l anguage t h e au x i l i ar y -passi v e i s ge ne ral l y e m pl o y ed
, ,

wh i l e t h e s f o rm s wi h passi v e m e ani ng are av o i de d

-
t 1
.

1 E p t i n t h i n fi ni t i v E x R k b h b
x ce e e. I Th : 1 n d t
'
e 00 8 2 ee s o
. oc e r: e ve r d e as .

b e m e nd e d .
 THE PASSIVE X VI II

b ranna ( i 1 a) b u rn ( )
t r n t
e ( 1 1 1 ) r e ac/z ar r i ve .
,
at

d j u p deep ; n ( 5 ) deptlc s ak ( 3 ) tb i ng
.
m atter ,

fbl j as a
a ( 1 1 a) f ol l ow ; f6 1j t sk ak a ( 1 ) s/zake
accomp any eac/i other g o sma n ingo m by deg r ees , , g r ad u

h oppas (I) [cop e S pr i nga ( STR ) r u n .

p st i ga ( S T R ) w al h step ; st i ga
k l appa ( ) 1 knock , ra p ,
cl a , . ,

car ess; -s
,
reci pr . dep . u pp g et up

caress eac/z ot/z er s us a ( I ) m u r m u r w h isp er , ,

k yss a ( I Ib ) kiss; -s
,
reci pr .

dep .
,
kiss eac/z otbe r s oka ( I I b ) seeh , [ooh / or
l oc k a (I) e nti ce , tem t p t id ig ear ly
’
l y ck as ( I) su cceed ; be su c t il l b a k a bach

f ul t i lls u n ti l

langs am sl ow ty f or

m idd ag ( 2 ) m id -day ,
noon , tan k a ( I I b ) thi nh;
d i nner th i nk of
m i nn as ( 1 1 a) re m em ber u r ou t of f rom ; u t u r ,
ou t f
o

v ak na (I) awah e

n arr a ( I ) fool ,
decei ve; -
s, V isk a ( I ) w h isp er
V ant a ( I ) p ect
'

dep fib.
,
w ai t , a wai t , ex

ny pa ( S T R ) pi nc/z; .
-
s, dep .
, av e ral ’
lt 1
every w he re

pi nclc
EXE R C IS E X V I I I .

ga sé h ar m j
2
A . 1 . D u b r uk ar al d ri g t id igt ,
o ag

m i nns rat t 2 V e m b l e v v al d t i l l o rdfb rand e ? 3 Ké rs

3
. . .

b arst réid e n sk ak ad e s av V i nd e n 4 Na
'

r h an t y ck t e at t . .
,

h an v ant at l a nge nog gic k h an h e m 5 Ro m b l e v i cke

4
, . .

pa Ma h an 7 Han
5
b y ggt en d ag . 6 . l y ck as i al l t . .

s age s v ar a
6
j
s uk . 8 . M in ns d u , ve m det v ar , som d u t al a

1 Or s t re s se d o n the fi t y ll ab l
rs s e. 4 Rom e ,
P ro n g9 , 3 a .

5
'

2 As e a r ly as t h is E v er y t lz z ng
Ob
. ,

3 Cor r ect ly , r ig / dbl .

6 se r v e th e o m i ss i o n of at t
”
.
XVIII THE PA S SIVE I 67
d e me d ? 9 .
Jag b l e y narrad . IO . Om du v ant ar t ills j
ag
k o mme r , sé s k ol a V i al pas
hj at . 1 1 . F ie nd e n v ar nu

s l age n 1 2 Jag h oppas at t d u gii r sé go t t d u k an

. .
,
1
.

13 . Huse t s ald e s i gar 14 Gossar na 5 151 5 5 15 Mid . . . .

Gre narna b oj
'

d age n v ar re d an éit e n 16 d e s av V i nd e n
. . .

I7 .Kund e V i ick e t raffas pa n ago t s t all e i m or gon fb r

at t t al as v id om d e h é r sak e rna ?
2
1 8 Har h an l yck at s .

fi nna si n bo k ? 19 Fol jd e s ni at t i ll S t ock h ol m ?.

2 0 V ar for bl e y h an s at t i fa V i t raffad e s pa
' '

. nge l se ? 2 1 .

t e at e rn i ga r kv a ll 22 V ad t éink e r d u pa? . .

8 One m orn i ng w h e n Fr idol f and h is m ot h er aw ok e

.
,

"
V i o l ant a w as gone T h e y l ook e d for h e r e v e r yw h e re
.
,

t h e y w ai t e d f rom m orni ng t i l l noo n and f rom no on t i l l

4

e v e ni ng b ut sh e d id no t com e
, .

T h e n t h e m o t h e r w e nt t o t h e b rook and aske d i t : Can

y ou t el l m e w h o
5 6
h as l ur e d my l i t t l e g i rl aw ay ?
“
Th e wi l d w ave s of t h e se a Th e wi ld w av e s of t h e .

se a s ang t h e b rook and h u rri e d o n T h e n sh e l ook e d

,
”
.

“
u p i n t o t h e c h e rr y t re e and ask e d : Wi l l sh e n e v er co me
- 7

'

b ack ? Wi l l m y c h i ld n e v e r c om e 1
b ack P Th en t h e ”

“
c h e rry t re e s h ook i t s c row n and w h ispe re d :
- Th e w i ld
w av e s of t h e se a Th e wi l d w ave s o f t h e se a . .

Bu t t h e n t h e m ot h er and F rid ol f w e pt for t h e y f e l t 8

,

9 10
t h at t h e y w ou ld ne ve r agai n se e V i o l ant a .

E arl y one au t u mn morn i ng V i ol ant a h ad aw ake n ed

11
.

S h e got u p and w e n t o u t of t h e h o u se q u i e t l y and pu t ,

12
h er s h oe s o n ou t si de T h e n sh e b e gan t o run S h e . .

f ol l ow e d t h e b rook u n t i l sh e re ac h e d t h e v all e y T h ere .

1 S 5 1 75
ee nd , e 7 U. th p nt t n se e r e se e se .

2 To t a lk ov e r .
8 K an d e m e d s ig .

3 Bo r a t . 9 S k u ll e .

4 T i ll . 1 0 M er a .

5 Tel l m e s a ga m ig . 1 1 A u t u m n m or ni n gh o st m o rg o n .

6 V e m so m . 1 2 Pu t on t og p a sig .
I 68 THE PASSIVE XVII I

th e fl owe d more s l ow l y Grad u all y i t gre w i n

b rook .

1
d e pt h and wi d t h u nt i l i t fl o w e d l i ke a b road r i v e r t h ro u gh
t h e si l e nt d ark f ore s t w h e re t h e h i gh t re e s s o u gh e d
, ,

ab o v e i t V i ol ant a r an b e si d e i t c o ns t ant l y
. I s h al l fol .

2
l o w i t s h e t h o u gh t " ? “
I s h al l f o l l ow i t w h e re v e r i t goe s .
.
,

T h e n I s h al l no d o u b t re ac h t h e m at 1ast t h e wi ld 5
,
.

w ave s of t h e se a .

C Jo d e t ska jag s aga d ig s ad e g umm an at t m in

“
.
6
, , ,

e ge n far e n g ang s ag d e n H a n k o m g a e n d e
7
g e n o m .

s k oge n e n sommarnat t och pl ot sl ige n sag h an b re d v id ,

si g e n h og t rad gard sm u r , och o v anfor de n sk y m t ad e h an

t ra m b l o m m or
e 9
de r ar ast e d ,
so v ar sé t yn gd a av och

fr u k t e r , at t g re narn a b angd e l a ov e r m u re n
'

n gt ut . F ar
g ic k h e l t s ak t a fr am at och u nd r ad e v ar t r ad gard e n h ad e
k o m m i t ifra m D a oppnad es h ast igt
n .
po r t i m u re n , en

och en t rad gard sm ast ar e k om u t och fr agad e o m far i nt e

v i lle se Kar l en h ade s pad e i h and och
h ans l u s t gard .

b ar e t t s t o rt forkl ad e som and ra t ra d ga rd sm a

11
' '

och
'

st are ,

far sk u l l e j u s t f ol j a h o nom na r h an k o m at t k as t a e n ,

b l ic k pa h ans ans ik t e Me d d e t sam m a k ande far i ge n

12
.

de n spe t si ga pannl u gge n och pipsk agge t D e t v ar al l .

del es h e rr Karl , szid an far h ad e s e t t h onom av b il d ad pa

13 ‘

t ay l or pa all a h e r rgard ar , d a
ir far h ad e 14

D . I Yo u r f r i e n d s e e m s t o
. b e s at is fie d wi t h h is ne w
w o rk . 2 A l ar ge h ol e h ad
. b ee n m ad e in t h e gl ass .

3 W h en
. he re t u r ne d , t h e gat e h ad be e n o pe ne d b y an
o ld m an .
4 . Th e c h ai r h as b e e n pai nt e d at l as t .
5 . B oys
1 Ge n o m .
9 S ee 5 53 1
I fr a'n
. .

2 U se t h e p r e se n tt e n se . 1 0
Od
.

3 r er ? 1 1 In t h e s p ok en l a n g ag h t u e s or e n ed

4 V ar t .
v
t o f o r kl ii ( o w e s s o r
’

l h t) .

5 T i ll sis t .
'
1 2 fli ed d gt sa m m a al l at o n ce .
6 S ee 1 46 , 2 . 1 3 S é d an sue / z as
P
.

7 re se n t p a t ici p l r e. 1 4 Th e s p e ak e r is h e re in t e r ru pt ed.

8 Se e 51 67 .
 COMP OU N D V ERB S

LESS ON X I X .

C O MPO U N D REF L EX I V E ,
A ND I M PERSON A L
V ER B S

229 COMPOUN D
. V ERB S . F rom t h e po i nt of i w of
v e

th e re l at o n i b e t w ee n t h e c ompo ne nt s , v e rb - c o mposi t i o n
is of t w o k in d s

( 1 ) CLO S E L Y A TT AC HE D E x : berat ta re l at e u nder

’
.
,
,

v i sa i ns t r u c t ang d c o nc e rn om tal a re l at e
,
C f i n E ng , . .
,

b e gi n u n d e rs t and U ps e t
,
Th e v e rb pro pe r s t an d s l as t
,
.
,

and t h e t w o c o m pon e nt s can no t b e s e par at e d b y o t h e r

w ord s Th e c o mpone nt s are w r i t t e n t oge t h e r wi t h o u t
.

in t e rv e ni ng s pac e as one w ord E xc ept in t h e c as e of

,
.

l
t h e pre fi x e s be t h e affi x i s s t re sse d t h e
'’

and f or ,

v e rb proper h av i ng s e c o nd ar y s t re ss .

' '
( 2 ) L OOSE L Y A TT AC HE D E x : tal a om re l at e g d an . .
,

,
’
d o b e all o w ab le {ye/ea om l i ke C f i n E ng ge t ofi
,
. .
, ,

se t ou t l oo k ov e r
, Th e v e rb prope r s t and s fi rs t and
.
,

t h e t w o c om po ne nt s can b e s e par at e d b y o t h e r w ord s 2

.

In w r i t i ng a s pace is l e f t b e t w e e n t h e t w o c om pone n t s
, ,

as b e t w e e n t w o w o r d s Th e s t re ss re s t s o n t h e afifix l
.
,

t h e v e rb pro pe r b e i ng u ns t re ss e d .

230 T h e re
. c ompo u n d v e rb s
are t h ree t y pe s of

( I ) IN S EPARAB L E c o mpound v e rb s are t h os e w h ose

c om pone nt s are al w ays cl o se l y at t ac h e d ; t h e c ompo ne nt s
cannot b e s e parate d b y o t h e r w ord s E x : bar d / fa r e l at e . .
,
’

u nder w sa i ns t ru c t an d c o nc e rn D el ang d r i ng e n T h at
g , . .

d oe s not c onc ern any one .

(2) S EPARAB L E c
o mpo u nd v e rb s are t h o s e w h os e com
pone nt s are al w ays l oos e l y ch ed ;
at t a the c om po ne n t s can
1 Th e t e rm afli x i n l
”
c udes bo th “p fi x an d
re
" “
su ffi x
”
.

2 S ee s23 0 , n t 2
o e .
XIX C O M PO UN D VER BS 1 7 1

'
be se parat e d h e r w ord s E x : {yeka om l i ke g et
by ot . .
,
'
jag ty cker om lzonom I l i ke h im
’
an d o b e al l o w ab l e ,
. . .

'
D en aé r boken {ye/ter jag vi sst i cke om I c e rt ai nl y d o
’
.

no t l i k e t h at b ook
’ ’
jo det g d r an Y e s t h at s al l r i gh t.
,
.
, .

’
D el g ci r nog an
- T h at wi l l d o no d ou b t .
,
.

( 3 ) INVER T IB L E c o m p o u n d v e r b s M an y c o m p o u n d .

v e r b s m ay h av e e i t h er t h e c l o s e l y or t h e l oo s e l y at t ac h e d

f o rm of co mposi t i on wi t h o u t c h ange of m e ani ng Th e ,

.

afii x is s t re ss e d w h e t h e r i t pre c e d e s o r f o l lo ws t h e v e r b
' ’ ’
m r i al a om re l at e g e nom /c
’

p pr o e r E x : o. ta /a o . i sa o r l é sa ,

g e
'
zz om re ad t h ro u g h E x : M a n I
’
z aae
g
'
z e n sfd n t
g .
( o r .

’
std ng i zge n ) l uc/ec m Th e s h u t t e r h ad b e e n c l o s e d . U nder .

’ ’
vm n en
fi d h m ( /f d z
I pd ) e n u m a
’

i rd f
’

g n g p d Z a e a o r i n a e an .

W h i le d i gg i ng h e c am e u pon an u rn In s o m e c as e s , .
,

h o we ve r s u c h v e rb s u s ual l y h av e figu rat i v e m e ani ng w h e n

,

c l o s e l y at t ac h ed b u t l i t e r al me an i ng w h e n l oos e l y at t ac h e d
, .

E x : Han a v bréi samzalei He d iscont i nu e d t h e c o n v e rs a

.
’ ‘
.

t i on Hem fire! d v kcippen He b roke t h e s t ic k

’ ’

. . .

N ot e I In t h e p ast p art icipl e t h e co m p one nt s are al w ay s 1

. .

cl o se l y at t ach e d i n all t y p e s o f co m po u nd v e b s ( e v e n t h e se p a
, r

r ab l e ) E x : H an br at a v kappe n d pe n fi r ct r/ br u te ” A l l a
. .
’ ‘

. .

ty cka om h ono m
'
Han Yi r al l m d nt ( u ni v e rsal l y ) om ty c/z t Bu t t h e
’

. .

su p i ne d o e s n o t h o w t h is p ecu l iari t y E x : H an lz ar br al i t d v
s . .
’

kd ppe n jag lz ar al l t i d ty ckt o m h o nom

.
'
Co nce ning t h e p re se n t . r

p a t icip l e of co m p o u nd v e rb s se e p age 1 8 0 foo t not e

r ,
-
.

2 In t h e l oo se l y att ach e d fo rm o f v e b-co m po sit io n t h e t w o

. r

co m po ne nt s are e x ce p t i n t h e case o f a fe w
, v e b s no t se parat e d r ,

b y t h e o b j e ct E x : jag l ad e ne d pe m z an I pu t t h e pe n d o w n ’
. . . .

jag lad e ne d de n
'
I pu t i t d o w n H on bad ass att ej g l em m a
. .

S h e t ol d u s no t t o forge t h e r
’
bor t lze nne D e t d r l i ka br a al t
’

. .

'
pl ocka bd r e n , m
al t g r dspar v am a skol a cz t a up?) d e m It i s
‘ ’

av so .

j u st as wel l to p i ck t h e b e rrie s as t o l e t t h e s arro w s e at h e m p t .

Th e co m po ne nts ar e se p arat ed b y m any ad v e rb s . Ex . : jag la

de i cke ne d pe r man I d id no t pu t t h e pe n d o wn . .
jag l czgg e r al d
‘ ‘

r ig ne d
pe r man H an l dgg e r nag ne d pe nnan Cf p . . . . 1 72 , foo t no t e I .

1 To th i th s e re a r e fe w e x p ti
ce o ns ( p ri l
m ari y i n t h e s p o ke n l a n g ag ) u e .
 COMPOUN D VERBS

N o t e al so se p arat io n s u ch as t h e fo l l o w i ng : Nar s ol e n lz ar g d tt
’

ne
’
d, oclz Zaf l e n bl i r av ky l a,
’
st ig e r d i m m a app
of ta . Wh en th e

su n h as se t and t h e ai r b e co m e s co o l e d o fi , fo g o ft e n ri se s . Cd r
H ugg e r m an
'

VVo n t i t d o ? ne d skog e n z
’
l and
’
d e l i nl e an ? e tt ,

f ar sci m
‘
’
r as kl i 7na te t
’
. If t h e fo re s ts in a co u n ry are cu t t do wn t h e ,

c l im at e su ffe r s .

3 . p arab l e com p ou nd s h av e t h e sam e comp one n t s as

S om e se

i nse pa ab l e co m p o u nd s b u t w i t h e nt i re l y d i fl e re nt
'

r m e ani ng , ,

b e i ng i n fact d iffe e nt v e rb s
,
T h e se are not i ncl ud ed u nd e r t h e
,
r .

t e rm i i nve t ib l e com p o und s E x : ang d co nce n ; g d an d o be

‘
r
'”
. . r ,

al l o w ab l e ; avg d d e p ar t l e av e ; g d d v b re ak Cf E ng
' '

.
, ,

o v e r l oo k l o o k o v e r ; u p se t se t up
, , .

S im il arl y som e se p arabl e co m p o u nd s h av e t h e sam e co m p o ne nt s

,

as i n v e t i b l e co m p o u nd s ; as u tse o r se u t e l e ct
’
ch oo se ; se
’
r u t , ,

l o o k app e ar , .

4 C o m p o u nd v e rb s h av i ng t h e l oose l y att ach ed fo r m m u st

.

b e care fu l l y d ist i ng u ish e d fro m a si m pl e v e rb fo l l o w e d b y a p re po si

t i onal p h rase Th e adi x o f t h e v e b co m p o u nd i s st e sse d w h il e
. r - r ,

t h e p re po si t io n i s u nst r e sse d 1 E x : H an br é t d v kczppe n He b rok e

’
' ’’

. . .

t h e s t i ck Han br é t av br od e t He b ro k e ( a p ie ce ) o f t h e b read ' ’

. . .

so m m an t a l ar '
En sats i nne /t i l l e r al l t i d e n sale , am , 0 5 11 e n sak ,

5 0m m an t al ar om
’
. A se n e nce t l
a w ay s co n ai ns o n e t t h i ng t h at
o ne t l
a k s ab o u t , and o ne t h ing t h at o ne te ls l . Bond e n b d l ’
sad e pd
konu ng e n . Th e p e asant gre e t e d Kar l X1 1 br u kadeth e k i ng .

lu i l s a
'
’
pd h os bofi d er na
’

. C XII u sed t o v isit t h e pe asan t s

h arl e s .

23 1 . Th e f ol l owi ng pre fi x e s are al w ays c l o s e l y at t ac h e d

( i ns e par ab l e ) : f é r g em Mi n m iss
2
be bz
’

, en t er -
, , , ,

sam um mm
’
w zd ,
veaer d

A d v e rb s pre posi t i o ns m ay b e e i t h e r c l o se l y
and or

l oo s e l y at t ac h e d ( i ns e parab l e , s eparab l e o r i nv e r t i b l e ) .

Not e I A d j e ct i v e co m pou nd s are u sual l y inve rt ib l e ; as r é d

.
,

m d l a o r m dl a r od p ai nt re d S o me h ow e v e r are inse parab l e ; as

’ ’
.
, , ,

g od kanna app r o v e .

1 E xc p t e , u su a ll y , w h en a p e r so n a l p ro no u n fo ll o w s the p p re o si ti on
E x Gd
.

. : i n te z f rd
’
'
D o n o t g o a w a y fr o m
n m '
zg
'

, me .
—Th e af fix i s no t i n fre
q n tl y
ue u ns t r e sse d o w i n t o t h e s e n e n ce -r y g t h th m . Ex . : jag l a de fa’ke ned
t en n a n .

2 T hi p fi x s re , w hi h c o ccu r s o n ly in o ne v e rb , an t l e d z g a
’ '

d i sm i s s , i s u su a ll y
t
u ns r e s se d ( cf 5 2 2 9 .
, b u t so m tim e es s t r e ss e d .
 R EFLEXIV E V ERBS

REF L EXI V E VERBS .

23 3 . A re fl e xi v e v e rb is j ct a
o ne t h at h as as i ts ob e

r e fl e xi v e pro no u n ( see t h at i s a pro n o u n r e f er ,

r i ng b ac k t o t h e s u b j e c t ; t h e s u b j e c t is b o t h t h e d oe r
and t h e re ci pi e nt o f t h e ac t i o n R e fl e xi v e v e rb s are .

u s e d m u c h m ore e x t e nsi v e l y i n S w e d is h t h an i n E ngl is h .

T h e y are m o s t c o nve ni e nt l y d i v i d e d i n t o t w o gro ups :

R EFLEXIVE ORMS A r ansi t i v e v e rb w h ose
( )
I F ny t .

se ns e pe r mi t s m ay b e u s e d wi t h re fl e x i v e m e ani ng ,

t h ro u gh t h e add i t i o n of t h e re fl e xi v e pro no u ns ; as ,

l vz ng a sig f orc e o ne s s e l f sleaaa sig h u rt o ne s s e l f E x

’
’ ’ ’
.
,

E n bra [earl m
ay szlg s/lil v A good m an h e l ps h i m s e l f . .

F re q u e nt l y t h e v e rb h as a d e v e l ope d m e ani ng w h e n
u s e d i n t h e r e fl e xi v e f or m s P ar t ic u l arl y o f te n d o t h e .

re fl e xi v e f o r m s h av e t h e i n t ransi t i v e m e ani ng c orre s po nd

i ng t o t h e t r ansi t i v e m e an i ng o f t h e no n re fle x iv e f o rm s -
.

In t h e s e c as e s E ngl is h al m os t al w ays u s e s m e re l y an
1
i t r ansi t i v e v e rb w i t h o u t t h e re fl e x i v e prono un
n ,
In .

m any v e rb s t h e E ngl is h i d i o m d i ffe r s f rom t h e S we d is h

al s o i n o t h e r re s pe c t s E x am pl e s o f d i ffe re nc e i n i d i o m
.

ar e : n l a szg m arr y b e m ar r i e d ; g l adja szg

r e j o ic e ; l aal l a s
’
ig w as h w as h o ne s s e l f ; boja sig
''

b e nd s t oop; l agg a szlg l ie d ow n go t o b e d ; sal l a

'

sig sit d o w n b e s e at e d ; bc i n na sz
, y lg b e d o f are ; Zar a
‘ ’
,

( sig ) l e arn ; 0 7 72721 5 n r e m e m b e r ; f or /ey l a szlg c at c h a c o l d ;

2 ' '

kl aaa sig d re ss
’
d re ss o ne s s e l f ; r em sig m o v e
’

and r a szj g c h ange akl a sig t ak e c are be ,

o n o ne s g u ar d ; uanaa s
’ ’
ig t u rn v i sa sz
g a p p e ar .

1 M a n y E ngl i h v b a s i th t an i t i v
er s i n t an i t i v ; a
re e b nd
er r s e or r s e s, e ,

m v o e, h an g t n A th i i m h l f q n tl y t h a i n S w d i h
c e, ur . s s s uc e ss re ue e c se e s ,

c a re m t b t ak n n t t t an f t h E n gl i h i d i m t S w d i h i n
us e e o o r s er e s o o e s , co r
re ct l y .

2 Thi v s e rb m ay l
a so be u sed in t r an s i tiv l y e wi th ou t s ig ,
S ee e x am p l e,
24 2 , 1 .
XIX R EF L EXIV E V ERBS 1 75

Ex . : j ag e r i n rar m ig Izans u l see nae

’
. I c
re o l l e c t h is ap
pe ar ance . Vi sal l e ass i skugg an . We sat d ow n in t h e
s h ad e jag kanne r m ig tr ell i dag
'

. I f ee l . t i re d t o-d ay .

{ i n r ar ll a n sig ? D oe s h e r epe nt ?
g
( 2 ) R EF L EXIVE VERBS S ome v e rb s are u s ed onl y t e .

fle x ive l y t h at is t h e y are n e v e r u s e d wi t h o u t a r e fle x
, ,

iv e pr ono u n ; as beg h za 5 n b e t ake one s s e l f ; m z ssl ag a

’ ’

g b e m is t ak e n ; f é r /zas l a szg b e o ve r h as t y
’
szj act u nd e r
'

r r
,

t h e i mpu l s e o f o ne s firs t f ee l i ngs

’
.

Not e I T h e re is no re fl e x i v e p assiv e
. . .

Th e i nt e nsi v e p ro nou n sjal z/ ( se e 1 8 7 no t e ) m ay b e u sed

'

2 .
,

w i t h t h e r e fl e x i v e p rono u ns b u t o nl y for e m p h asis o r co n t rast E x :

, . .

E nv a r kanne r s ig sjal v basl

’
E ach o ne k no w s h im se l f b e st
' '

. .

fli an bar al ska si n nasl a m e r (i n sig sjal v One sh ou l d l o v e o ne s ’

‘ '

n e igh b o r m o re t h an o ne s se l f
’
.

3 S w e d i sh so m e t im e s u se s t h e e nd i ng s t o e x p re ss t h e re fl e x i v e
.
-

id e a ( se e no t e as g l ad/ as ( = g l adja s ig ) re j o i ce ; nar

‘ '

225 , ,

m as ( = nar m a sig ) app roach ; skam m as b e ash am e d

'

23 4 Th e i n fl e c t i on o f t h e s e v e rb s is re g u l ar b u t c are
.
,

m u s t b e t ak e n t o e m pl o y t h e pro pe r re fl e xi v e pro no u ns
i n t h e v ar i o u s pe r s o ns si ngu l ar and pl u ral , .

PR ESEN T PAS T
n
'

m z ssl ag e r m zssl og m ig
’

jag '
772

m z ssl ag e r ’
’ ’
’
an azg nz z sslog azg
'

m
’

n z 7nz ssl ag e r er er

fl an , Izon , aen , ae l m l ssl ag er n

’ ’ '

5 m z ssl og l
sz g

w m z ssl ag a m z ssl og o
’ ’ ’

oss oss

m z ssl ag e n m zssl og e n
’
’ ’

ede r eae r

m issl ag a
’
m z ssl og o
’

ae szg j sz g
F U T UR E komme r m zssl ag a m ig
'

j ag al l

lz ar m zssl ag z l m ig
'

PR ES PERF
’

. .
jag
'
ll ad e m zssl ag z l m ig
'

PAS T PERF
’

.
j ag

FU T PERF kommer Iza ( va ) m i ssl ag z l m ig

'

. .
jg
a al l
 IM PERSONAL V ER BS X IX

I M PERSON A L V ER B S .

23 5 I m pe rs o nal v e rb s are u s e d m o re e x t e nsi v e l y i n

.
1

S we d is h t h an in E ngl is h T h e y are o f v ar i o u s t y pe s .

( I ) V e rb s re fe rr i ng t o t h e ph e no m e na o f nat u re ; as ,

d el r eg nar i t i s r ai ni ng i g ar reg nade del i t rai ne d y e s ,

t e rd ay ael snéar i t is s no wi ng de l f ry ser i t is f ree z i ng

’
, , ,

ae l /z ar askal i t h as b e e n t h u nd e r i n g del bl aser i t is

’
.

wi nd y del li r var ml i t is w ar m del lir m ar /at i t is d a

,
rk , ,

del li r som m ar i t is s u m me r .

( 2 ) A l arge v ar i e t y o f ot h e r e x pre ssi on s ; as d el [e nac ,

kar s o m e b od y is k noc k i ng del r i ng e r t h e re i s a r i ng del , ,

sig s o m e t h i n g i s m ov i ng d el g al l er c o nc e r n b e at
'‘

r or , ,

s t ak e del bar ( I? go Hu r star ael l il l m ed d ig ? How

, .
’

are y o u ? D e l caree r i a r m e n I h av e a pai n in m y arm . .

’
I d e l sam ma knae/eade de l pa Iz ans der r J u s t t h e n t h e re .

w as a k noc k at h is d oo r D e l br z nne r z by n T h e re is
' ’

. .

a fi re i n t h e v i l l age Han ar bel ar so m om d e l g al/de l i .

,

ve l .He is w ork i ng as i f i t w e re a m at t e r o f l i fe and d e at h .

( 3 ) In t h e c ase o f m any v erb s m any of t h e s e e ven ,

i’
i n t r ansi t iv e t h e s passi v e m ay b e u s ed i mpe r so nall y E x :
,
-
. .

’
D el dansaaes lz el a nal l e n T h e re w as d anci ng al l ni gh t . .

Har m asl e sl zg as lzég sl f é r sz k l zgl Y o u h av e t o s t e p v e r y

'
’
‘ ’

c are f u l l y h e re D e l m al as oe/l jefas ever all l z lz u sel

'

. .

Th e w h ol e h o u s e i s b e i ng pai nt e d and c l e ane d D el :

'

l ases ar bel as ock files i samma r u m

, T h e y e at w ork .
,

and s l e e p i n t h e s am e r oom M e n r u nl z kr z ng saves

’ ’

.
,

li ng sl as av or ol zlga sz nne n anas an n ar l an s

'

l an l a ,

Oe/z ael g r ates m ol 5 r ng ol l som kanl al s m ed spel sar oe/z

’

, ,

del
'

skr al l as z dr em mar 3
Bu t ro u nd abo u t , l e
p p
e o

1 S ome of th e se ( i m pe r so n al fo rm s ) m ay a l so be u se d wi th a p e r so n a l
sub jec t ; th ( i m po er s e r so n a lv b er s ) , on ly a s i m pe r s o n al s .

2 In fa t m t i nt
c , os r ans i ti v v e e r b s c an be u sed im p e rs o n a ll y in t h e pa iv ss e.
3 Q uot df mL e ro e v e rt i n Sam l ade Skn j
f ter , v ol . III p , . 2 07 .
I 7S VERB S — COMPO U N D R EFLEXIVE IM PERSONA L , , X IX

1 '
i n t h e gre at e r par t of S wede n ; as , befi n na , beg : va ,
f or
ley l a f or nas l a
' ’’

.
,

23 7 CO L LOQUIALISM S : ( I ) In
.
t he c as e of i nv e rt i ble
c om po u nd s t h e w ri t t e n l angu age t o a l arge e x t e n t pr e
2
f e rs t h e cl os e l y at t ac h e d f o r m w h i l e t h e s poke n l angu age ,

i n t h e c as e o f mo s t v erb s r e gu l ar l y e m pl oys t h e l oos e l y

at t ac h e d f o r m .

y m y i s e par ab l e c o m po u nd v e rb s b e l o ng pr i
( )
2 V e r a n n

m ar i l y t o t h e w r i t t e n l angu age .

EXER C IS E XI X .

N ot e — B e gi nni ng w it h t h i s e x e rci se t h e ge ne ral v o cab u l a y , r

m u st b e co nsu l t e d fo r u nfam i l iar w o rd s and i d io m s .

A nd t h e r i v e r gre w and gre w A t l as t i t re ac h e d a . .

l arge l ak e and h u rl e d i t s e l f i nt o i t s w av e s
, V i o l ant a .

f ol l owe d t h e s h ore o f t h e l ak e A t t h e o ppo si t e e nd of .

t h e l ak e t h e r i v e r c am e f ort h agai n s t ro nge r and f re s h e r

, , ,

as i f i t h ad gat h e re d ne w s t re ng t h f r o m i t s w at e r .

Bu t h e re [t h e re ] w as a m i l l
8
Hi gh u p o n t h e s t ai rs .

ab ov e t h e w h e e l s s t oo d t h e m i l l e r h i m s e l f He w as rou nd .

and w h i t e as a flou r-b ag and b e si d e h im s t ood h is t h re e ,

l i t t l e c h i ld re n ro und and w h i t e as f re s h l y b ak e d w h e at
,
-

rol l s ,
and w i t h e y e s as b l ac k as r aisins .

W h e n t h e m i l l e r c au gh t si gh t of t h e gi rl w h o c ame
“
r u nni ng ,
h e c al l e d t o h e r : W h i t h e r aw ay ‘ l i t t l e gi rl ,

so e arl y i n
s
t h e d ay ?
“
To t h e wi l d w av e s o f t h e se a
”
,

answ e re d V i ol an t a and r an o n — “
O w ai t a l i t t l e and
, .

c al m y o urs el f ! c r i e d t h e m i l l e r
” “
No w av e s can b e .

wi l de r t h an t h e w av e s in t h e r i v e r b u t I h av e n e ve r ,

1 Th f e orm in (a
s . er h av t h a t a n t v w h
s e e cu e cce e ery e re .
2 Ev n in t h
e w i tt n l an g a g t h
e r l l y att a h d f m f i n t ib l
e u e e c o se c e or o ver e

c mp
o ou nd si in m s t f m f ty l m h l
os or m m n n w th an f m
s o s ly
e uc e s s co o o or er .

3 U a f
se m f l i gg a
or o
“ ”
.

.4 F or aw ayt h im p
u se n al d t ba a
e “
V a t ba d t a
e rso e r v
”
: t r e v
5 Pa .
 VERBS — CO MPO U N D REFLEXIVE I MPERSONA L
'

x rx , ,
1 79

t h e l e ss f o rc e d t hem to t u rn the m i l l -w h e e l s and gr i nd

t h e gr ai n . A nd y ou m ay b e s u re t h i ngs are j ol l y h e r e .
1

2 2
T h e re is d anci ng and w ork t h e w h ol e d ay .

V i ol ant a s t oppe d S h e h e ard t h e m i l l -w h ee l s r u m b l e

.

3 3
and c l at t e r S h e h e ard pe opl e l au gh i ng and si ngi ng
.

“
i n t h e m i ll I f y ou w an t t o e n te r my se rv i ce
.
4
s ai d ,
”

t h e s t o ut m i l l e r y o u s h al l ge t pl e nt y o f f ood and d r i nk
, ,

and a ne w d re ss for C h r is t m as
5 “
W h at are t h e d re ss .

6 “ 7
g ood s l i ke as k e d V i ol ant a Y ou can se e t h at t h e n
”
? ”
.
,

answ e r e d t h e m i ll e r and l au gh e d .

V i ol ant a e nt e re d 8
t h e s e rv ic e of
9
t h e m i l le r Th e .

w h e e l s w e nt ni gh t and d ay Bag af t e r b ag o f t h e v e r y .

w h i t e s t fl o u r w as c arri e d u p Th e m i l l e r w as j u s t as .

f ri e ndl y and good as h e w as s t ou t and h is w i fe w as s t i l l ,

m ore f r i e nd l y and s t i l l m ore fat , .

Th e onl y o ne s w h o did no t w ork w e re t h e l i t t l e c h i l

d re n T h e y sat o n t h e flou r -b ags m os t of t h e t i m e e at
.

i ng 10
w h e at rol l s pl ay e d [at ] h i d e -and s e e k among t h e
-
,
-

at t h e m i ll w h e e l s
10
b ag s or s t ood l oo k i ng
,
-
.

1 Du m at ro , at t h a r g ar d e t 6 W/z a l ar e l i ke h u r u d an t ar .

l u st ig t t i ll . 7 Ca n see far se .

2 U se t h e i m p e rso n a l pa iv
ss e . 8 To g .

3 U se t h e i n fi itiv
n e. 9 Ho s .

4 Ko m m a i . 1 0 D o no t u se a p a ti ipl
r c e in S w e d i sh .

5 T i ll .
 PAR T ICIPLES

LESS ON xx .

P A R T I C I P LES I N FIN I T I V ES I M PE R A T I V E , , .

PRE S EN T PAR T ICIPLE Th e pre s e nt par t ici pl e

23 8 . .
1

e nd s in ande b u t v e rb s w h o se i nfi ni t i ve s e nd in a
-
,

s t re ss e d v ow e l ( T h i rd W e ak C onj u gat i on and i rre gu l ar

s t rong ve rb s ) h av e ende as l al and e kepa nde fi nnande; -
,
°

,
’
, ,

’ ’
b u t l r oenae , seenae .

Th e pre s e nt part ici pl e is i nd ec l i nab l e ( se e b ut

i t h as -
s i n t h e ge n i t i v e w h e n u se d as a n o u n ; as , en

dée ndes si sl a 0r d th e l as t w o rd s o f a d yi ng pe rs on . [ bl and

l ami na vi l . o . m .
( 2 l ill oe/i med ) pa sl il e n g issa oss l il l
de n skr i vand es
y S o m e t i m e s w e c a n e v e n g u e ss t h e
rltze .

w r i t e r s o cc upat i on f ro m h is h and w r i t i ng
’
.

W h e n e m pl oy ed as an ad j e c t i v e t h e pr e s e nt part ici pl e ,

m ay b e c o m pare d b y m e ans o f m er ( a) m esl ,

.

N ot e 1 Th e v e rb s g i v a (g e ) h a( va) bl i ( va) be ( dja) l a(g a )

. .
, , , , ,

d r a(g a) e m pl o y o n l y t h e l o nge r fo r m ( se e 203 2 ) i n t h e p re se nt ,

p articipl e .

2 Th e p e se nt p ar t icip l e o f d e po ne n t s e nd s i n ande
. r e nd e ) .
- -
,

b u t a fe w h av e t h e e n d i ng andes w h n no t u se d att ri b u t i v e l y M any - e .

h av e no p re se nt p ar t ici pl e E x : M i nnand e s ( from m i nnas ) s i l l . .

l of te i nf an n [l an sig e /z nr n Iz an ar e n d ld r and e ( f o m d l d r as )
'
’

, r

m an R e m e m b e ing h is p ro m ise h e cam e al t h o ugh h e i s ge tt i ng

. r , ,

w e l l al o ng i n y e ars .

L ik ew ise a fe w v e rb s t h at d e po ne nt s m ay i n ce rt ai n e xp re s
ar e n o t
i
s o ns e n d in -andes , w h ich , h o w e v e r , in al l such case s i s m o r e co l l o
q ui al t h an -an de . E x : H an . kom d kand e ( s ) . He cam e d ri v i ng .

Hon sky nd ad e l il l f o nsl r e l f or

‘

al l se ef te r , v e m som ko m dkand e .

S h e h u r ri e d t o t h e w i nd ow t o se e wh o cam e d ri v i ng .

1 In t h e c ase o f c o m p
l y a tt a h o u nd v e rb s , o n ly the l
c o se c ed fo r m ca n be
em pl oy e d w h n th ep nt p a t i ipl i e d a tt i b t i v l y ;
r e se r c e s u se r u e in o th e r ca s e s
the l o o se l y a tt a h d f m f m p i t i n i p ib l T
c e or o co os o s o ss e. ag u ad e a v k a l l e n.
S l eg’ '
J ag
'
‘

i l id
t s fi anl l l il m pl trit d
a g m l T ak i ng ff m y na a s c en a e. o h at , I t pp
s e ed
a s id e t o m ak e r oo m fo r t he Ol d m an . D ag a r n a s a v l ag a n d e 111 7:c the di
m i ni s i n h g l n gth e of t h e d ay s .
 PAR T ICI PLES

2 A fte r t h e v e b s h or a and se S w e d ish d o e s no t u se t h e p ar t i

. r ,

cipl e as E ng l ish m ay d o
,
E x : jag h or d e d e m t al a I h e ard . . .

t h e m t al k i ng jag li ar li ar l Iz onom be r o m m as som l al ar e I h av e

.
'
'
.

h e ard h im p rai se d as a spe ak e r D e l bl e v sé ly sl sd ly sl i r u m .

,

m e l al l jag Iz or d e m i l l lijar l a sl d It b e cam e so v e y q u ie t i n t h e

' '

,
. .
r

roo m t h at I h e ar d m y h e ar t b e at i ng — On t h e u se o f t h e i nfi n i t i v e in
,

S w e d ish w h e re E ngl ish idio m re q u ire s t h e v e rb al no u n se e

,
242 2 , , .

3 A s E ngl i sh u se s t h e p art icip i al e nding i ng so S w ed i sh e m

-
.
,

pl oys -ande e nde i n t h e fo rm at i o n o f v e b al nou ns E x : D e l v ar e l l

,
- r . .

fasl ig l spr i ng ande f r am oeli l i l l ba lz a T h at ( o r t h e e ) w as an awf u l

’
.
,
r

r u nni ng b ack and fo rt h . Td nkand e l f or sigg d r i al l m d n/i e l my cke l

snabbar e an l a/ande l
‘

oe/z Iz d r ande l . T h o u gh t is u su al l y m u ch

m o re ra p id t h an s p e e ch and h e ari ng .

4 S w e d i sh d o es no t e m pl oy t h e p ar t i cip l e i n t h e fo rm at io n o f
.

a p ro gr e ssi v e fo r m as E ngl ish d oe s ; see 4 7 ; 24 5

, .

24 0 PAS T PAR T ICIPLE

. In w e ak v e rb s t h e pas t par .

t icipl e can b e f o u nd b y d roppi n g t h e -e o f t h e pas t

i nd ic at i v e ; on t h e fo r m at i o n of t h e pas t part o f s t rong .

v e rb s see 1 81 and cf 20 1 n o te I , .
, .

N ot e 1 Transit i v e v e b s bo t h cu rsive and t e rm inat i ve ( se e

. . r ,

p age 8 1 foo t not e 2 ) h av e p ast p art i cipl e s w h ich h av e p assi v e m e an

,
-
,

i ng ; as e n kr ossad l al l r i k a b o k e n p l at e e n at t ad m e d bo rg ar e a
, r ,

r e sp e ct e d ci t i e n A l so int ransit i v e t e rm i nat iv e ve rb s h av e p ast

z .

p a t icipl e s ; t h e i r m e ani ng i s act i v e ; as e n bor lfl ng e n jag e l a b i d

r
,
r

t h at h as e scap e d Th e m e aning of t h e p ast p ar t ici p l e v ar ie s as fo l l o w s :

.

T ransit i ve t e rm inat iv e act io n co m p l e t e d p assi v e : f unne n ,

T ansi t i v e cu rsive
r act i o n go ing o n p as i v e : al skad ,
s

I nt ransi t i v e t e m inat ive act i o n co m pl e t e d act iv e : kom m e r:

r ,

I nt ransit iv e cu rsi v e no p ast p ar t icip l e

2 M ost d e p o ne nt s h av e no p ast p art icipl e

. .

3 On t h e su p i ne as co nne ct e d w i th t h e ne u t e r o f t h e p as t
.

p art se e 1 8 1 — Ou t h e p ast p ar t o f com p v e rb s se e 2 3 0 not e 1

.
, . . .
,
.

24 1 Th e pas t par t ici pl e i s i nfl e c t e d and u se d l i ke an

.

ad j e c t i v e ( se e w h e n u se d s u b s t ant i v e l y it add s ,

-s in t h e ge ni t i v e E x : Var alskade konu ng o u r be . .

l ov ed k i ng jag Iz ar e n lz u nd kall ad Kal e I h av e a

.
,
.

dog c al l ed C at o S eg er n ar vannen ( cf . 2 23 n ot e ) .
, .
 PAR T ICIPLES I NFINI T IVE ,
1 8 3,

Th e a ’
ic t ory is m en g eno m
'

v w on . are f or e nade en

sm al g ang . w pasTh e roo m s are c onnec t e d by a n arro

s age Obser ve r a den d ndrade l iden N o t ic e t h e c h ange

’
. .

i n t i me M i n rock d r u lsl il e n M y c oat is w or n o u t

. . .

F r an den l i d , dd r u nor na nlg or de j de l e nda sl ag s skn fl ,

som sl e d v ar a f er/ci der l il l bu ds li ava ,

vi i r eg el bl ol l b ar l
fal l ade appl eeb ning ar F ro m t h e t i m e w h e n t h e beva r ade
’
.

r u ne s w e re t h e o nl y k i nd o f w r it i ng at t h e d is po s al o f

o u r anc e s t o r s w e h av e as a r u l e onl y b r i e f re c o r d s pre

,

s e r v e d D e n al skades namn t h e n ame of t h e l ov ed one

. .

N o t e e spe ci al l y it s u se i n form i ng t h e au x i l i ar y -pass i v e ;

se e 222 .

N ot e — Th e p ast p art icip l e of t e rm inat i v e v e rb s b o th t ransit ive

.
,

and i n t ransi t i v e d e no t e s an act i o n as co m p l e t e d ( se e

,
24 0 no t e ,

In 2 23 no t e w e h av e se e n t h e p ast p art i cip l e o f t ransit i v e

, ,

t e rm i nat i v e v e rb s u se d i n a p assi v e se nse w i t h v ar a t o d e no t e a ,

re su l t at tai ned i n t h e p as t as re m ai ni ng i n t h e p re se nt .

Th e p ast p art icip l e o f i nt ransit i v e t e r m i nat i v e v e b s m ay b e r

u se d i n an act i v e se n e w i t h v ar a t o d e n o t e a
( cf 24 0 no t e s .
, ,

r e su l t att ai ne d i n p as t t i m e as re m ai ni ng i n t h e p re se nt Ex .

Vd r e n ar kom m e n Sp ri ng i s h e re S d ng e n ar ly sl nad Th e
'

. .
'

si ngi ng h as ce ase d B l omm an ar v i ssnad Th e fl ow e r i s w i t h

‘

. .

e re d Afr Iz an annu i cke d l e r kom m e n ? Has h e no t re t urn ed y e t ?

‘

( I ) fi ng ar e n ar sju nken Th e st e am e r h as go ne
’
b b k ?
'

sn t e a c y e t .

d ow n . Han w as al re ad y go ne
v ar Nar kan
r e d an g d ng e n . He .
'

v aknade , v ar m d ne n uppg d ng e n f ar l ang ese d an h e n h e aw ok e , . W

t h e m oo n h ad l o ng b e e n u p .

1
I N FIN I T I V E .

242 Th e l e ad i ng d i ffe re nc e s b e t w e e n S w e d is h
. and E ng
l is h in t h e u se i nfi ni t i ve are :
of the

1 T h e fu t u re i n fi n iti v w hi h i f a
e, c s o r r e o ccu r r e n ce , i s fo rm e d b y m e an s o f
t h e i n f kom m a .
,
f ll w d b y th
o o e p i nf w i th ll e re s . . a ( r a re y w i l th
skol a an d t h e

p re s . as , kom m a a l l t a la . kom m a a l l ka ll as EX . : D r bjer S i ll a n s l illf r y sn i ng

’
'

S i lj an d o e s
,

av e r ja n ua '
ri. a n se s d e n kom ma a l l u l ebl z v a
'

z I el a v i n te r n . If ( L ak e )
not fr e e z e d u ri n g Ja n u a ry , it isth ou ght p ro b ab l th a t i t w i ll n t f
e all o re ez e

w in t er. — Th e p nt
re s e an d p f t
e r ec i n fi ni t i v e s h av b n gi v n i n t h p a a
e ee e e r

d ig m s u nd e r t h va i
e r o u s co nj g a t i
u o ns , $5 1 8 5 ; 1 93 ; 1 95 ; 2 02 ; 2 2 1 .
 INFINI T IVE

S w e d is h m u c h m o re f re q u e n t l y u s e s t h e i nfi n i t i v e
( ) 1

wi t h o u t al l t o m any S w e d is h v e rb s b e i ng f ol l ow e d b y
l
,

t h e i nfi ni t i ve wi t h o r wi t h o u t al l w h i l e t h e c orr e spo nd ,

“
in g E ngl is h v e rb s re q u i re t o ; as l ava pro m ise
”
sy nas , ,

s e e m appe ar l an/tea i nt e nd bbiya b e gi n bedja ask bnsba

'

, , , ,
,

wis h E x : Vi l ara oss al l a ( al l ) l al a i nnan vi [am ( al l )

'

. . ,

skr i va We al l l e arn t o t alk b e f o re w e l e arn t o w r i t e

.
.

Han baa m ig ( all ) skr i va g enasl

’ f
He ask e d m e t o w r i t e .

at o nce z nker ( al l ) r esa i m I i nt e nd t o

jg
’

a l i .
or on
g .

l e av e t o m orro w - .

S w d i sh i s e v e ral c o n s t r u c t i o n s e m pl o ys t h e i n
( )
2 e n

finit ive w h e re E n gl is h h as t h e v e rb al no u n :

( )
a M a n y p p
r e o si t i o n s c a n b e f o l l o w e d b y al l and t h e

i nfi ni t i v e w h e n t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e i nfi ni t i ve i s t h e s am e
as t h at o f t h e l e ad i ng v e rb
3
Th e E ngl is h i d i o m re q u i re s .

a pre posi t i o n wi t h t h e v e rb al no u n and s o m e t i m e s t h e i n ,

“
fi nit ive wi t h ( b u t wi t h ou t a Ex
”
to .

Han g ick for bi i l l an al l b il l sa

’
He pass e d w i t h o u t .

g r e e t i ng [ n g e n l ii.n /é l e p a a l l v i la N o on e t h ou g h t of .

re s t i ng Ef ter al l lz a l asl breve l Ieasl ade b an de l i el de n

'

. .
,

A f t e r h av i ng r e ad t h e l e t t e r h e t h re w it i n t o t h e fi re , .

M e n de sovo u l an al l el l bg onbl iek stor as av olju del Bu t

''

.
,

t h e y Sl e pt wi t h o u t b e i n g f or a m o m e nt d is t u rb e d b y t h e
,

no is e F i skare u l m ar /ea sig ojl a f or sl ar skie/el n e l i al l

'

seg l a F is h e r m e n o f t e n d ispl ay gre at s k i l l in s ai l i ng

. .

1 A i n E n gl i h s i n Sw d i h m t a x i l i a i a n t f ll w d b y t h
s , so e s , os u r es re o o o e e

s ig n f t h i n fi ni ti v
o e e .

2 Of Ha n , ba a’ m ig , al l jag s k al l e s kr i v a g e n a sl .

3 \ Vh en t he s ub j
ec t o f t he in fi i ti v
n ld n t
e w ou o be the sam e as th a t o f t he
l g v b Sw d i
e ad i n a ft
er th , l l th a t a n d
e s h f mu se s er e p p it i n
re os o , a , a fi ni t e or

o f th v b e Ex 0 1 l er ll j .m ii kl d l l al i mi. : bg A nd m y y
6 1 u an a ag r e e . s o s g na
’

an .
e es

l d w i th t m y n t i i n g i t H
c o se ou l d i l ll d o l da c . a n a v ag s n a e s g , u an a n g on v i ss e
'

om H w n t a w ay w i th
'
,
e t an y n k n w i n g f i t
e ou o e s
’
o o .

4 Th ,S w d i h p p i t i n th a t m a b th
e e s d a mre h m n os o s y e u s u se re uc o re u

m th an i t h a i n F
ero u s h an d G m a n T h i
s e c ha d ly se in renc er . s u se r o c cu r s

E ngl i h ; b t b v s T h i n thi n g t d x p t t g al ng
u o se r e: H
“
e re s o o o e ce o o o .
” “
e

i abs tt g ou o o .
"
I86 IN F INI T IVE I M PERA T IV E ,

my cke t .
t h at h e h as su fl e red mu ch M an pdsl od h onom
He say s .

v ar a sky l dig P eo pl e d e cl ared t h at h e w as gu il t y jag anse r m ig

.
.

upp fy l l a m i n sky l d ig lzel I fe e l t h at I am d o in g m y d u t y.

jag .

ly ckl e m ig b ar a e n sl d mm a I th ou gh t t h at I h e ar d a v oice . .

B ot h S we d ish and E ngl ish e m p l oy t h e i nfi nit iv e w h e n th e m ain

ve rb i s p assi v e b u t S w e d i sh d oe s no t u se al l t o
,
E x : Han sad es . .

b av a l i d i l my cke t He w as said t o h av e su ffe red m u ch Han pd

. .

sl ods v ar a osky l d ig . He w as d e cl are d t o b e i nnoce nt .

2 . Th e au x il iary o f th e
‘

p erfe ct i nfi ni t i ve is no t i nf r e q u e n t l y
o mi t ted in t h e w it t e n r p i ne al o ne b e ing u se d E x :
l ang u age , t h e su . .

Kar l X1 I bor d e d l e r vd nl l i d ig ar e C h ar l e s X II o u gh t t o h ave .

r e t u r ne d so o ne r Hon sk al l e i e/ce li or l Iz onom om Iz an l al al S h e

. , .

w o u l d no t h av e h e a d h im if h e h ad sp o k e n r D e n sy nes v ar i l .

skr i ve n f 0 r l ang e se d an It se e m s t o h av e b e e n w i tt e n l o ng ago

“ '

. r .

3 In S w e d ish as i n E ng l i sh p u rpo se i s f re q u e nt l y e x p e s ed
. , ,
r s

b y t h e i nfi ni t i v e w i t h al l t o w h e n t h e su b j e ct o f t h e p u rpose ,

Cl au se i s t h e sam e as t h at o f t h e m ai n v e b In S w e d i sh h o w e v e r . , r,

t h e p re p o si t i o n f ar i s u su al l y pl ace d b e fo e al l E x : jag lz ar r . .

kom m i t Iz i l f or al l l al a m e d d ig o m e l l oeli an nal I h av e com e .

h e r e t o t al k t o y o u ab o u t a fe w t h i ngs D d r este lz an s ig uppf b r

’

al l g d T h e n h e go t u p t o go E l l l ejon lz ad e l ag t s ig al l so va
. .
,

m e n v aekl es pl ol sl ig l A l io n h ad l ai n d own t o sl e e p b u t w a
‘

.
, s

su dd e nl y aw ak e ne d .

4 . Conce rn ing t h e e x cl u si v e u se o f th e in fi ni t iv e in Swed i sh af te r

the v e b s se and r fl or a, se e 2 3 9, no te 2 .

5 C o nce rni ng
. w o rd -o r d e r i n co nne c t io n wi h t t h e i n ni i fi t ve , se e

1 42, e nd , and n o e t .

I MPE R A T I V E .

24 3 S c .
pe rs o n si ngu l ar
e o nd Th e m e re s t e m o f t h e .
1

ve rb is u s e d ( se e It s f o rm s are
page 1 1 7 f oo t no t e )
-
.
,

acc o rd i ngl y : ( 1 ) l al a ( 1 1 ) kép ( 1 1 1 ) l r o ( S T R ) jinn, , , . .

F i rs t pe rson pl u ral : l d l ( or l d lom ) oss l al a kbpa l r o finna , , , .

S ec ond pe rson pl u ral T h is i s i d e nt ic al wi t h t h e cor

.

re s pond i ng f o rm of t h e
pre se nt i nd ic at i v e : lal en ba pen , ,

1 Th i m p at i v
e i n gu l a i
er m pl y d m
e s x t n i v l y th an t h p
r s e o e o re e e s e e ro

n ou n d i ; i n ad d é i n g p
a s n t w h m an w
r ss ld n t b e r so d (b t t h s o o ou o e u se u e

t i tl ) t h t i tl i n d i t ad d
e , e e i m ti m
r ec ad d d i n pe ak i n g
re ss s so e es e s .
 I MPERA T IVE S Y N TAC T ICA L R EMAR KS , 1 87

l r on , fi nnen . It o cc ur s c h i e fly i n t h e e l e v at e ds t yl e ; ou t

si d e of t h is t h e si ngu l ar i m pe rat i ve is ge ne r al l y u s e d al s o
1
for t h e pl ur al .

No t e 1 Th e i m p e rat i v e
. p assi v e can not b e u se d D e po
. of th e .

n e nt s (see 2 2 5 ) add s t o t h e fo r m s g i v e n i n 2 4 3 ; i n t h e form s

-

t h at h av e an au xi l iary t h e s i s ad d e d t o t h e d e p e nd e nt i n fi ni t i v e
,
-

( cf . E x : M i nns d e l l a ! R e m e m b e t h is L d l oss m i n
. r .

nas d e l l a / Le t u s re m e m b e r t h is Nyps i n l e ! D o n t p i nch .

’
.

’
Sp ar kas i nl e ! D o n t k i ck .

F orm e rl y al l S w e d ish v e b s e x ce pt t h o e w h o e i nfi nit i e s e nd

2 . r s s v

in a st re sse d v o w e l h ad t h e e nd i ng 0 m i n t h e fi st p e rso n pl u al - r r

o f t h e i m p e at i v e T h is i s no w arch ai c and is u se d o nl y i n ce r t ain

r .
,

form s o f st y l e ( p i m a i l y i n t h e e ccl e si ast i cal sty l e ) O nl y ldl a

r r .
,

e m pl o y e d as t h e au x i l iar y i n t h e fi st p e so n pl u ral i m p e rat i v e r r ,

m ay now e nd i n 5o m ; b u t e v e n t h is h as arch ai c associat io ns and ,

t h e si ngu l ar l d l i s ge ne al l y u se d i n t e ad E x : Taekom oe/i l avam r s . .

He r r an ? ’ Le t u s t h ank and p aise t h e L o d L d l om oss bedja r r . .

Le t u s p ay L d l o m oss skd r skd d a v ar d e r a sl ag e l f ar s ig

r . Le t .

u s e x am in e e ach k i n d b y i t se l f L d l oss l am na d e l li ar am ne l .
.

Le t u s l e av e t h i s su b j e ct .

3 Th e su b j e ct o f t h e i m p e rat i v e is no t fre q u e n tl y e x p e sse d b u t

. r ,

w h e n u e d it fo l l o w s t h e v e b fo r m E x : S kol u i e r sd sb al l jag ’

r -
s ,
. .
,

skb l a m ig Y o u t ak e care o f y o u rse l f and I l l t ak e ca e o f m y

’
.
, r

se l f Kom d a d e l d r i nl e f ar l ig l C om e o n i t s n o t d ange ro u s
.
, .
,
’
.

Koni d a ( po i nt i ng t o a ce rt ai n o ne ) m e n i nl e ni and r a Y ou , .

co m e , b u t no t t h e r e st of yo u .

S Y N T A C T I C A L R E M A R KS .

244 PAS T FOR PR ESEN T . S w e d is h s om e t i m e s u s e s t h e .

a s t t e n se o f t h e v e rb var a i n e xc l amat i o ns w h e re t h e
p ,

E ngl is h i d i o m re q u i re s t h e pre se nt T h i s u se of t h e pas t .

t e nse e m ph asi z e s t h e fi rs t i m pre ssi on w h ic h is al re ad y ,

p a s t C o m.i n g t o s o me t h i ng w h ic h o ne c o nsi d e r s b e au t i

1 Th f th i n g l a i m p at i v f
e u se o t h pl
e s al i acc u d i ngl y h i gh
r er e or e ur s or er

s t y l i t i all y th an t h
s c f t h i nd i a t i v i ng l a f th p l al ; i t h l d
e u se o e c e s u r or e ur s ou

b e re m mb d th a t t h
e ing im p
er e at i v p l a a f m w i th t h n d i n g
e s . er e re ce s or e e

4 a w hi h i l im i t d t
,
c th l v at d t y l
s e o e e e e s e.

2 A h ai f H rc c or er r e n .
I 88 S Y N T AC T ICAL R EMAR KS

ful o ne cou l d say : D el var T h at i s b e au t if u l .

H w b e au t i f u l ! ) F u r t h e r e x am pl e s are : D el var u l
( o

m d r kl ’ T h at i s fi ne D e l v
.
a r e n v a c /
e er b l o m m a.
!
W h at
a pre t t y fl o w er D el v r a e n o l.
a e/e d i mm a d e l lz d r / Wh at ,

a na t s y fo g t h is is D e l v a r l e d s a m l a l l .
d a s k al l r es a !
,

I am s or ry y ou are go i ng D el var r ol ig t al l d a lean .

,

’
komm a ! I am gl ad y o u can c o m e D el var dd besyn .

n e r l zgl al l j g a
,
i n l e lea n fi n n a b o /ee n / I t is s t r ange t h at I
’
c an t find t h e b o o k D el var rol lg l al l g é r a er belean l
’
.

sleap / I am gl ad t o m ake y o u r acq u ai nt anc e .

245 PRO G RESSI VE S w e d is h d oe s no t l i k e E ngl is h

. . , ,

h av e a s pe ci al w ay o f e x pre ssi ng t h e pro gre ssi v e i d e a

B w h h i d of c on t i nue d c t ion
( s e e u t e n t e e a a

i s v e r y pro m i ne nt S w e d is h u s e s lz d l la pd o r ll all a pd ,

m ed b e e ngage d i n b e occ u pi e d wi t h w i t h al l and

, ,

t h e i nfi ni t i v e o f d u rat i v e
1
v e rb s E x : Han li d ll er pd . .

( m ed ) al l d l a He is j ust e at i ng Han li bll pd al l m al a

. .

Iz zi sel He w as e ngage d i n pai nt i ng t h e h o u s e Han

. .

lz d ll e r pd al l r alea sig He is j u s t s h av i ng . .

N ot e 1 W h e n e m pl oy e d w it h p oi nt act i o n2 v e b s lz dl l a pd
. .
- r ,

m e ans “ b e ne a and t h e id e a i s n o t p o gre ssi v e ; i n t h is u se l l d ll a

”
r ,
r

pd m e d d o e s no t o ccu r E x : Gosse n Il d l l e r pd al l d r unkna Th e . . .

b o y i s ne ar d ro w ni ng jag l l d l l pd al l g l om m a d e l . I w as ne ar ‘

fo ge tt ing i t H an h al l pd al l bry l a av s ig be ne l He w as n e ar
r . .

b re ak i ng h i s l e g jag h el l pd al l l appa kl ockan I w as ne ar

’

. .

d ro pp ing t h e w at ch .

2 . To e m ph asi e t h e p og e ssi v e i d e a S w e d i sh so m e t im e s pl ace s

z r r

b e fo re a v e b ano t h e r d u at i v e v e rb su ch as si l l a sl d
r l igg a
r , , ,

1 D ati v ur( p g iv a ti ) v b a
e or ro h a p n t an a t
r e ss e- c on er s r e su c s re r e se c or
co n d i ti n a i m pl y p
o g i n g w i th t th gh t f a n t m p a l l i m i t a
s s ro re s s , ou ou o y e or

t i n ; th a t i i t m ay g n i n d fi ni t l y ; t h m i n d
o s, o o f ll w th p g
e e e
’
s eye o o s e ro r e ss

o f th a t e D a t i v v b a t a g at x t n t i d n t i al w i th
c . ur e er s re iv v ob re e e e c c u rs e er s

(se e p ag 8 1 f t n t e , oo - o e

2 P in t a t i n (
o - cng iv a t i n) v
o b a
o r co h a p n t an act
r e ss e- c o er s r e su c s re r e se

w i th t m p al l i m i t a t i n
e or th gh t f i m p l y a a n o s,n ; t h p og
ou o s s o ccu r r e ce e r r e ss
f th a t i n t b f m i nd nt i a t i vi w d a a w h l
’
o e c sth o b t th
e o re e s eye u e e re c s e e s o e

P i n t a ti n v b
,

an d d d a it w a p in t i n t h
'
re u ce t, s m i nde re , o o e s eye . o - c o er s
a re t a g
o a t x t n t i d n ti al w i th t
re e m i n at i v v b (
e e p 8 1 f t n 2)
c er e er s se e .
, 00 - 0t e .
 PAR T ICIPLES I NFINI T IV E I MP ERA T IV E
, ,

( 4 ) Th e u se o f t h e pas t fo r t h e pre se nt ( see 244 )

b e l ongs pr i m ar i l y t o t h e s po k e n l angu age .

(5 ) On the c ol l oq u i al u se o f [t all e r pa al l: se e 245 ,

no t e 2 , e nd .

EXER C ISE X X .

V i ol an t a w as a s t ro ng and po w e r f u l gi r l w h o w or ke d
ch e e rfu ll y
l
and al l l i k e d h e r
,
On S at u rd ay e v e ni ngs .

w h e n t h e w o rk o f t h e w e e k w as fi nis h e d and th e w h e e l s
s t oppe d t h e pe o pl e go t pe r m issi o n t o d ance on t h e m e ad o w
,

ab o v e t h e f al l Th e m i l l e r s s e r v ant pl ay e d t h e fi d d l e
.
’
.

He pl ay e d f as t er and f ast e r t o see h ow l i gh t l y V i o l ant a ,

c oul d w h i r l ab ou t and h ow h i gh sh e co u l d j u m p and ,

“
t h e n h e l au gh e d and s ai d : I be l i e v e y o u are swi f t e r
t h an t h e m i l l w h ee l s t h e m s e l v e s
-
.

\V h e n C h ris t m as c am e al l t h e pe opl e go t t h e i r pay

,

and i n ad d i t i on a C h r is t m as pre s e n t V i o l an t a go t a .

pai r of n e w s h oe s and al s o t h e d re ss good s w h ic h t h e

-

m i l le r h ad pro m is e d h e r .

[D u ri ng
] t h e e n t i r e C h r is t m as pe r i od t h i ngs w e re
2
l i v e l y i n t h e m i ll T h e re w e re v isi t s f ro m o t h e r m i l l s
.
3
,

and al l t h e b o ys t h at c am e w ere an xi o u s t o 4 d anc e wi t h

V i o l an t a S h e w as so y ou n g and b e au t if u l and c o u l d
.
,

d ance l i k e a w h i rl wi nd Th e m i l l e r s se rv an t h ad t o
.
’

5
b i ng o u t t h e fi d dl e all t h e t i m e
r “ b u t w h i l e h e pl ay e d , ,

h is e y e s f ol l owe d V i ol ant a and e v e r y t i m e sh e w e nt pas t ,

h i m h e s e n t a f r i e nd l y w ord af t e r h e r
, .

T h e n i t h appe ne d one e ve ni ng w h e n V i ol ant a w as

d anci ng t h at h e r b r ai d f e l l d ow n
,
7
S h e r an asi d e t o .

b rai d i t agai n b u t w h e n sh e c am e pas t t h e m i l l e r s s erv

,
’

1 Cl f ll m d l i
i ee r u y h In t e 5 H d t b i g
v oc s . t m a t f am m d a o r n ou s e r e .

2 Gi k d t m n t
c e t t i ll u er 6 A ll t h l i m
. t an d i g t e e s .

3 D et k o m b e s d 'k . 7 A s i de si n v ag
Vi ll g a
.
''
4 e rn a.
XX PAR T ICIPL ES INFI NI T IV E I MPERA T IVE
, , 1 91

ant , h e c r i e d o u t : We l l l ook at t h e wi l d w av e s o f
l
,

“
t h e se a .
”
Wh at d o y ou m e an b y t h at ? as k e d V io
2 ”

“
l ant a and s t oppe d . I me an o nl y t h at y ou r l oc k s are
fl u t t e ri ng and rol l i ng l i k e t h e w av e s of t h e se a h e ,
”

s ai d But h is w ord s re m i nd e d V i ol ant a o f s ome t h i ng t h at

.

sh e h ad f orgo t t e n and af t e r t h at e ve ni ng sh e w as no t
,

as b e f o r e S h e w e nt t o h e r w ork m ore q u i e t l y and no

.
,

s
l o nge r d anc e d wi t h t h e s am e j o y .

W h e n s pr i ng c ame V i ol ant a o f t e n w e nt t o t h e m e ad ow
,

ab ov e t h e f al l and sat d own o n t h e l i t t l e b e nc h u nd e r

t h e l ar ge b l oo m i ng b i rd c h e rry t ree s
-
Wh i l e sh e sat t h e re
.

t h e m i ll e r s s erv ant c ame w al k in g

’
al o ne o ne e v e ni ng ,

4
and as k e d t h at h e m i gh t si t b e si d e h e r o n t h e b e nc h .

1 Kej . 3 M ed sa m m a l u st .

2 M ed . 4 Aske d l /z a l li e m ig /l l b a d a t t fé .
 A U XILIARIE S

LESS ON XX I .

A U X I LI A RI ES .

24 7 S e ve ral S w e d is h
.
xi l i ari e s h av e s om e w h at m ore au

c o mpl e t e f o rm s t h an t h ose o f E ngl is h part ic ul arl y i n t h e ,

p e r f e c t sys t em T h e d i ffi c u l t y i s t h u s i n a n umb er o f
.

i ns t anc e s d ue t o t h e E ngl is h rat h e r t h an t h e S we d is h idi

om . Mos t o f t h e au xi l i ari e s ( al l t h at are no t s t r ong )
h ave a pas t t e ns e b el ongi ng t o t h e S e cond We ak Con
j ugat i on1 ( se e 1 94 T h e i r i nfl e c t i on is more o r
,

l e ss i rre g ul ar In s e v e ral i ns t anc e s. m ore ov e r f or m s , ,

t h at h av e e nd i ng s c h arac t e r is t ic o f t h e pas t t e ns e are

u s e d wi t h pr e s e nt m e an i ng .

248 .
( f o r c o n j u gat i o n se e 1 94 5 and 1 95 , , ,

n ot e 1 ) is i n t h e S i mpl e t e ns e s u s e d wi t h t h e s u pi ne o f

al l v erb s t o f or m t h e t e ns e s o f t h e pe r fe c t sys t e m S e e 1 81 . .

N o te —As an i nd e e nd e nt v e rb [l av a m e ans “ h ave

. sse ss
“
,
” ’

i n t h i s case i t h as al so a p re se nt p e rfe ct t e n se e t c ; as jag li ar li af l , .

, .

24 9 V ar a ( se e
. 2 0 0 ) m ay , b e u s e d wi t h t h e pas t
part ici pl e o f t ransi t i v e c ursi v e v e rb s t o f or m t h e au xi l
i ary passi v e
-
Se e 222 . .

N o te 1 Var a i s al so e mp l oy ed as an i nd e p e nd e nt v e rb
. .
,

“
m e ani ng b e N o t e e spe cial l y it s u se w it h t h e p a t p art icipl e o f
”
. s

t e r m i nat i v e v e rb s b o t h t r ansi t i v e ( se e 2 2 3 not e

, ) and i nt ransit i v e ,

( see g 2 4 1 , n ot e ) .

T h e re i s al so
2 . a v e rb v ar a, co n u gat e d accordi ng t o t h e j F irst
“
We ak C onj u gat io n , m e ani ng l as t ”
. Ex . : S l or me n v ar ad e i f em
d ag ar . Th e s t or m l ast e d fi v e d ays . S d l ang e d el
'

v ar ar as l o ng
as i t l ast s . D el v ar o d e e j l d ng e i nnan jag m d r kl e d e l l a
, . It w as
no t l o ng b e fo re I t
no ice d t h i s .

25 0 Bl i ( v a) ( se e
. . 1 38; 20 1 ) is e mpl o y ed wi t h t h e
,
1

past par t ici pl e of t ransi t i v e v e rb s t o f orm t h e au xi l i ar y

,

passi v e . S ee 222 .

1 One , l ar ,
h as n o pa t t
s e n se .
—M a m am l a , , r an d t ar h av e no i nfi ni i tv e.
 A LXILIA RIE S XXI
'

1 94

In t h e pr i nci pal c l au s e of an u nre al c o nd i t i o nal se n

2 .

t e nce , skal le f o l l o w e d b y t h e i nfi n i t i v e m ay be u s e d i n

p l ac e o f t h e p a s t e -
s u b j u nc t i v e S ee 215 In t h is and . .

the f o ll owi ng u s e s ,
skalle d oe s no t f
re e r t o pas t t i m e .

3 . V ol i t i on E x . :
. Va d skal l jg g
a é r a ? W h a t s h al l I d o ?

f ag skall b a de l , l r ol s b onom I w i l l h ave i t in s pi t e of

.

h im . Han sbal l , anl i ng e n b an vi l l e l le r i nl e He s h al l

.
,

w h e t h e r h e w ant s t o or no t jag skall . al dr ig g or a sé

me r I wi .l l n e v er a g a i n d o t h a t D a s k al l i ck e d r dp a / .

T h o u s h al t n ot k i l l d ven om b an ber m ig pd si na bara .

'
l nd n sd sb al l b an sl rafi as
e -
,
E v e n i f h e as k s m e o n h is .

b are k nee s h e s h al l b e pu nis h e d ,

.

D u t y o b l i gat i on : D u skall var a r d dd om d i n b d l sa

4 .
,
.

Y o u o u gh t t o t ak e goo d c are o f y o u r h e al t h D e l skall e .

d a i nl e b a gj or l Y ou s h ou l d no t h av e d o ne t h at
. Ni .

skalle b a svar ai b onom al l Y o u s h o u ld h av e answ er e d

,

h i m t h at l ll an sb nlle sl r afi a b onom He o u gh t t o .

b e pu nis h e d .

5 R e p u t
. a t i o n g e n e ra l o p i n i o n :
,
H on sk a l l v a r a m ebe l
y
mb S h e is s u ppos e d t o b e v e r y w e al t h y Han sb al l
’

. .

b ava r esl l il l A m e r ika ’

He is s ai d t o h av e gone t o .

A m e ric a .

No t e 1 Th e p ast p erfe ct of skol a is b ad e skal at Bu t S w edi sh

. . .

id io m p r e fe rs skal l e b a ( vd nl al ) ( cf E ngl ish ) t o b ad e skolal .

( v d nl a) sh o u l d h av e ( w ai t ed )
2 S kola m ay al so be u sed i nd e pe nd e n tl y o f an infi n it i v e par
.
,

t icu l a l y i n t h e sp o k e n l angu age ; t h e o m i tt ed i nfi ni t i v e in m ost

r

ca es e xp r e sse s m o t io n
s and t h e re i s an ad v e rb o r an ad v e rb ial
,

p h ase t o sh ow i t s dire ct ion o r e nd E x : jag skal l b e m I sh al l

r . .

go h o m e jag sb al l l i l l stad e n i m org on I s h al l go t o t ow n

. .

t o m o rr o w
- Var l skal l d a b an ? W h e re are y o u go ing ?
. Vad
skal l d a m e d d e n d d r boke n? Wh at d o y ou w an t t h at boo k for ?
Vad skall e b an d d r ? \Vh at b u sine ss h ad h e t h e re ? jag skal l

app b l oct o n fy r d i m org on bi l l i d a I . sh al l ge t u p at fo u r

’
o cl ock

t o-m o rr ow m o rn i ng F r am skal l jag . . I m go i ng t o ge t

’
th e re .
XXI A L XILIA RIE S
'
I 95

25 3 M 51 m é tt e ( d oe s not r e f e r t o pas t t i m e )
.
,
l

1 . Md and m d ll e are u s e d t o e x pre ss a wis h in pl ac e ,

o f t h e e s ub j u nc t i v e - Se e 2 0 9; 2 1 4 1 .
, .

2 . M d ( not m d l l e) is u s e d t o e x pre ss c o nce ssi on ?

Ex
It m ay v e r y w e l l b e D u m d g or a
'

D el m d sd vara . .

som d a v i l l Y o u m ay d o as y ou pl e as e. Na m d fie n .

de r na g d r na b omma Now t h e e ne m y m ay c om e . .

3 . fl l d l l e ( n o t m d ) m ay e x pre ss l i k e l i h ood s u pposi t i o n ,

D e l m d l l e var a b e msb l It m u s t be gre ws om e Nu m d l le . .

b an val var a f ro mme He m u s t b e t h e re b y t h is t i me I

'

.
,

s h o u l d t h i nk D e l m d ll e vdl ej var a mo .
jgl z l It c an t b e .
’

o ssi b l e c an i t ? D e n d d r b ar l en m d l l e v ar a slar b T h at
p , .

fe l lo w m u s t b e s t ro ng Hon m d l l e var a sjnb S h e m u s t . .

D e l bar bl aebe l m d l l e vara d d l zgl T h is m us t b e

'

b e sic k . .

poor ink .

N o te T h e re is ano th e r v e rb m d ( p re s m d r an d ; p ast m ddd e ;

. .
,

su p i ne m d l l ) b e l onging t o t h e T h i rd W e ak C o nj u gat io n w h ich

, ,

mea ns
“
d o
“
fe e l E x : Hu r m d r d a ? How are yo u ?
”
,
”
. .

25 4 Ku nn a ( see . 1 3 8 ; 1 94 5 ) d e no t e s. ,

1 . Ab i l i t y E x : jag b an l eb e finna bobe n I c ann ot

. . .

find t h e b ook jag b l i nde l eb e b om ma i g d r I c o ul d n t

’
. .

c o m e y e s t e rd ay D a b u nde nog b om m a om d a v ille .

, .

Y o u c o u l d no d ou b t c om e i f y o u w ant e d t o j g b ar ej
a .

I h av e n o t b e e n ab l e t o h e ar a
''

b an nal b or a e l l ord .

w o rd D e nna l isl a b ade l d l l b annal g é ras l d ng re T h is

. .

l is t c o u l d e asi l y h ave b e e n m ad e l onge r .

2 . P ossi b i l i t y : jag b an m issl ag a m ig I m ay b e m is .

t ak e n . D e l b an var a sanl It m ay b e t ru e
. d anl b an .

b d nda S uc h t h i ngs
. wi l l h appe n jag b u nde jzl sl l ro de l
. .

I m i gh t h av e known t h at .

3 P er m issi on : Nu b an
. da g d . Now y o u m ay go .

1 Cf 5 . 1 94 , 5 .

2 Ra ly re , the e-su b j u nc ti v e is so e m pl o y ed in t h e p r e se n tt e n se .
 AUXILIARI ES XX I

Ha b i t re pe at e d ac t i o n : Har b an var a my eb e l var m l

4 .
,
.

It is s o m e t i m e s v e r y w ar m h e re Han b u nde si l l a i l i m l al .

al b sb r i va He w o uld sit w r i t i ng b y t h e h o u r
.
.

N o te — 1 Th e p ast pe rfe ct o f b u nna is b ade ku nnal Bu t

. .
.

S w e d ish idiom p r e fe rs b u nde b a ( vanl al ) ( cf E ng l i sh ) t o b ade

'

ku nnal E x : jag b u nde b a gjor l ( o r b ad e b annal g é r a)

.

d e l m e n jag v i l l e i nl e
,
I cou l d h av e d o ne it b u t I d id n t w ant t o. ,
’
.

2 Ku nna m ay al so b e u se d wi t h o u t a fo l l owi ng infi ni t i v e

.

E x : Kan d a d i n l ax a ? D o y o u k now 1 y ou r l e sso n ?

.

Han b an e ng e l sb a He k no w s E ng l ish . .

25 5 V i l j .a ( se e 1 3 7; 1 94 5 ) d e no t e s
, ,

I . V ol i t i o n . Ex
I w ant t o go jag bad. : jag vill gd . .

b onom b omma me n b an v ille ,

I as ke d h im t o co m e i nle .
,

b u t h e d i d n t w an t t o Han v ille al l jag sb u lle vd nla

’
.
, .

He w ant e d m e t o w ai t Gor som d u vi l l D o as y o u wis h

''

. . .

Hu r my ebe l vil l d a b a ? Ho w m uc h d o y o u w an t ? Vad

v il l du a l l b an sb al l g or a
,
W h at d o y ou w ant h im t o
d o ? Vi l l du var a sd g od ecb bjd lpa m ig ? P l e as e h e lp m e .

M in b l oeba v i ll inl e g d M y w at c h w on t r u n Veden vil l

.
’
.

i nl e br i nna Th e w oo d w on t b u rn D e l v ill sdg a t h at is

’
. . .

Mode s t s t at e me nt : jag vilbe b elsl l ra

'

onom i dag
2 .
fi a b .

I s h ou l d pre fe r t o se e h i m t o d ay D u v ill e vd l i nl e var a -

.

snd l l oeb be b onom b om m a ? W ou l d y o u k i nd l y ask h im

t o c om e ?

N ot e Vi lja i s fre q u e n tl y u sed i nd e pe nd e n tl y o f an i n fi ni t i v e

.
,

p ar t icu l ar l y i n t h e sp o k e n l angu age ; cf 252 no t e 2 E x : D e l .

, . .

'

vill j ag i nl e I d o n t w an t t o ( d o it ) jag v i l l d ig v al I wi sh
.
’
. .

y o u w e l l V a d v.i ll d a m ig ? W h at d o y o u w a n t w i t h m e ? H u nd e n
vi ll i n Th e d o g w an t s t o ge t i n
. Var l v i l l ni ? Wh e re d o yo u .

w ant t o go ? Vi l l d a m ed ? D o y o u w an t t o go al o ng ?

25 6 M é st e .
Q
s u pi ne m ast fli d sl e
, . f s
re e r t o pas t as w e l l
as t o pre s e nt and f u t u re t i m e Ex . . : Nu m asl e jag g d .

Now I m us t go . D u m asl e bom m a g e nasl . You ’

ll h ave
1 O th w d er or s m e ani n g k no w b ut no t u sab e l h e re , ar e v el a , b d n na .

2 Cf s1
. 94 , 5 .
 AUX ILIARI ES

259 Bor a . s bbr bar a; pas t bor de l ; s upi ne bor l

, pre .
, .

Bor de al m os t al ways d e no t e s t h e s am e k in d o f t i me
2

as bor .T h is w ord d e no t e s :
1. D u t y propr i e t y E x : D u bor de sb d m mas Y ou o u g h t
,
. . .

t o be as h am e d Man bor b al la si l l l o
.
/ l e One sh ou l d
. .

kee p o ne s pro m is e
’
Han bor de i ng e n m al fd He o u gh t
. .

no t t o h av e any f o od Bor jag g or a del ? O u gh t I t o d o .

'
t h at ? D e l b ade i sd f al l bort u l l ry eb l zge n sag as if r d n It .

o u gh t in t h at c as e t o h av e b ee n e x pre ss l y s t at e d .

2 . E x pe c t at i on c al c ul at i on : n e l bor var a b d r om fy r d
,

m in u te r
’
Th e t rai n s h o u l d b e h e r e i n f o u r m i nu t e s A
. .

l i t t l e l at e r : Nu bor de de l var a bli r Now i t o u gh t t o .

,

b e h e re .

N o t e — Th e p ast p e rfe ct o f bar a i s b ad e bor l b u t S w ed ish

.
,

id io m p fe s bor d e b a ( v anto l ) ( cf E ngl ish ) t o b ad e bor l ( v d nl a )

’

re r . .

E x : Han bor de b a gjor t ( o r b ade bor l g ar a) d e l He o u gh t t o

. .

h av e d o n e i t '
D e l l a bor d e d l m i n sl o ne b a o m nam nl s
. T h i o ugh t . s

at l e as t t o h av e b e e n m e nt io ne d .

260 La . t e ( see 2 00 ) is u s e d t o e x pre ss

.

1 . Th e fi rs t pe r s o n pl u r al o f t h e i m pe r at i v e in t h e
f orm l d l ( or l d l om ) wi t h t h e i nfi n i t i v e Se e 243 . .

P e r missi on and c o nce ssi on : jag l d l b onom ey g or a

’

2 .

del . I d i d n t l e t h im d o i t L d l b onom sova Le t h im

’
. .

s l e e p L d l del var a Le t t h e m at t e r r e s t N e ve r m i nd
. . . .

L d l sd var a Grant e d V e r y w e ll L d l var a al l

. . .
, .

W h at t h ou gh C f l d l a bl i; se e 2 5 0 no t e 2 e nd .
, .

3 . C au se s om e o ne t o d o a t h i ng E x : jag bar l d l il . .

d ig vd nl a I h av e k e pt y ou w ai t i ng jag b ar l d l i l s]
. .

m ig e n r oeb I h av e h ad a co at m ad e jag l d l lag a roe

. .

b en . I h ad m y c o at me nd e d .

1 S ee5 1 94 2 an d 5 an d p ag 1 3 0 f
, tn t 3 , e , oo - o e .

2 Ex p t cem ti m in b
so d i na t la
e es su or e c u se s .
XXI AUXILIARI ES I 99

N ot e . T h e re i s ano h e r t v e rb l d ta j
co n u ga e d t in t h e sa m e w ay ,
“
m e aning so u nd
”
.

261 Komm a ( se e . x pre ss e s . 2 00 ) e

1 F u t u r i t y wi t h al l and t h e i nfi ni t i ve S ee
.
,
136 1 .
, .

2 Happe n t o
. al mo s t e xcl u si v e l y i n t h e pas t t e ns e
”
, .

E x : Han b om al l g d for bi
. He h appe ne d t o pass b y .

b om b araji fi
”
rbra v id oeb ll den i g ol vel
f ag al l ne n , sd .

I h appe ne d t o t o u c h the w at e r—
bot t le ,
and ( t h e n) it
f e ll t o t h e fl o or .

3 .
“
C au s e s o me o ne t o d o a t h i ng . Ex . : Han b om
m ig al l l r o de n dd r b islo
’
r ie n . He g ot m e t o b e l i e v e t h at
s t or y L eyon el s ry l ande b om Th e
'

. d sb d dar na al l d ar r a .

r o ar i ng o f t h e l i o n c au s e d t h e s pe c t at ors to s h u dd e r .

N ot e . A s an i nd e p e nd e nt v e rb , b om m a m e ans “
com e
”
.

262 F 5 ( se e . . 2 03 ,
I ) e x pre ss e s
1 P e r m issi on E x : F d r jag g d ? M ay I go ? F d r m an
. . . .

ro b a b li r ? I s s m ok i ng pe r m i t t e d h e re ? ( Li t : May one .

s m o k e h e r e ?) D el f d r du l eb e No y o u m u s t no t Ing a .
, .

o o rsbd m dbe l e r
f om j ag f d r be N o i nso l e nc e l s
’

, p e a e .
, .

2 N e ce ssi t y : D u f d r sl anna bem ma Y ou wi ll h av e t o

. .

s t ay at h o m e Man f d r l d la my eb el b ar i vd r l den One

. .

h as t o pu t u p w i t h a gre at d e al i n t h is l if e S am g osse .

o l a sva A
'

b b l b o y h e o f t e n h ad t o go wi h
fi e an f i a s a . t
o u t f oo d Han b om m er al l fd vd nl a He wi l l h av e t o
. .

Om d u ey bade b afl i nl r adesbiljel l b ade du fd l l slan

'

w ai t .
,

’
n a u l anf or I f y o u h ad n t h ad a t icke t y ou w oul d h av e
.
,

h ad t o s t ay o u t si d e jag b ade r i vil sande r m i n ny a roob ; .

jag fi l b g d u l i de n g aml a I h ad t orn m y new co at ; I .

h ad t o w e ar t h e ol d o ne — F req ue nt l y f d l ov al l is u s e d
1
.

wi t h t h e s ame m e ani ng .

1 F a [a m ay a l p i all y i n q
v t i n m an g t p m i i n E x
so , es ec ues o s, e e er ss o

F d r f ag M ay I 0 m jag f a r lov i f I m a y
’
.
2 00 AUXILIARIES

Wi t h t h e i nfi n i t i v e o f t h e v e r b s b or a se vel a i t
3 . , ,

d e no t e s t h e b e gi nn i ng o f t h e ac t i on o f t h e s e v e r b s Ex .

eb ve l a del i g a I l e ar n e d of i t y e s t erd ay V i fd
jg fi
a r . .

se .We s h al l se e 5 d snar l jag fd r se bonom A s s oo n as

. .

I see ( c at c h si gh t o f) h im .

4
“
. G e t s o m e o ne t o d o a t h i ng E x : f ag fi eb
. .

b onom i nl e al l sdg a e l l or d I co u ld n t ge t h i m t o say a

.
’

w or d .

“
Not e A s an i nd e p e nd e nt v e rb f d m e ans
. ge t
,
re ce i v e

“
o b t ai n

263 COLLOQUIA L ISM S A f t e r t h e s upi ne o f m od al au x

. .

i l iarie s ( s o me t i m e s al s o o f o t h e r v e rb s ) t h e s po k e n l an
g u age f re q u e n t l y e m pl o ys ano t h e r s u pi ne i n pl ac e o f t h e
'

nor m al i nfi n i t i v e E x : jag b ar i nl e b u b u al borl ( fo r

. .

b bra) e l l ord I h av e no t b e e n ab l e t o h e ar a w or d jag

. .

’
b ade be r l sag l ( fo r sdg a) de l for u l I o u gh t t o h av e s ai d
.

i t b e f ore F l i eb an b ade f d l l sal l ( for sdlj

. a) si na l d ndsl ieb or .

Th e gi rl h ad s ucc ee d e d in ge t t i ng h e r m at c h e s s o ld 0m .

'
jag bara bade b u nnal sl uppil ( fo r sl ippa) ifr d n de l b li r .

I wis h I c ou ld h av e got t e n o u t o f t h is .

EXER C IS E X X I .

At fi r s t h e sat t h e re for a l o ng t i m e si l e nt and w as ,

1
as if i t w e re h ard fo r h i m t o u t t e r t h at w h ic h he
w ant e d t o say b u t at l as t i t c ame
, He t h e n as ke d V io .

l ant a h u m b l y w h e t h e r sh e w o u l d no t b e ab l e t o l o v e
h i m a l i t t l e and b e c o m e h is wif e
, .

I f V i ol an t a pro m is e d t o b e c ome h is w if e h e w o ul d pro m ,

i se t o m ak e h e r w h ol e l i fe as h appy as a d anc e Why .

,

2
w e t w o are as [i f] m ad e for e ac h o t h er
3
h e s ai d V io ,
”
.

l ant a se e m e d s u r pr is e d al m os t a b i t f r i gh t e ne d
, S h e h ad .

ne v e r t h o u gh t t h at sh e and t h e m i l l e r s s e r v ant w e re as
’

1 S m o m h an h ad
o a t at t e sv 2 Vi t aa
r j v ro u
k o m m a fr am m e d , ad 3 U se a fo r m of
“
s k ap a
v
( I) .
P E RSON A L POSSESS I V E A ND ,
D E M ON S T R A T I V E

PRON O U N S .

264 P ERSONA L. A ND POSSESSIVE PRONO U NS . T h e se

h ave th e f o l l owi n g f or ms :
NOM . OB ] . GE N . POSS ESSI VE
jag m ig m in , m il l ,
m i na
da d i n , d i l l , di na
ui er er , e rl ,
e r a; ( ede r , ed e r l ,
ed r a

b an b on om b ans
b on b en n e b e nnes
de n, del Nom . dess
vi oss vd r , vd r l ,
vd r a

I, ui ede r , e r eder ,
ed e r l ,
e d r a; er ,
er l ,
e ra

de de m der as

Th e s pe ci al re fl e xi v e for t h e th i rd pe r so n , si n gu l ar
and pl ural , is :
si g si n , si l l ,
si na

No te — I . On t h e u se of t h e se p ro no u n s se e 3 2 , no te ; 35 ; 36 ;
4 9; 6 1 ; 6 2 ; 1 8 6 ff ; . cf . 1 27 .

2 . Th e ne u e r t d e l m ay b e u sed t o re p r e se n t any w o r d o r e x
p re s si o n . Ex . : Pojb e n b ad e f al l i t i v al l ne l , m e n b an l or d es i nl e
om Th e bo y h ad fal l e n i nt o te r did n t
’
l al a del . th e wa , b ut h e
d ar e te l l it . D el dr f ar l ig l al l p f
'
r o e l e r a, oeb jag v dg ar d e l i nl e .

It i s d an ge r o u s t o p ro p h e sy , and I d on
’
t d ar e d o i t . H an d r i ng e n
f d i f al
’
l ar e , m e n b an onsb ar bl i d e l He i s no t an au h o r , t but h e
'

w an ts to be 0 m ndg on b d nne r sig

o ne .
j
s ub , d r b an d e l n al a r
’

l ig l v i s . If any o ne fe e l s s ick , h e i s si ck , o f co ur se .

3 . In co n st ru c t ions
ph asi s w i t h d e l d r d e l v ar fol l ow ed
fo r em , ,

b y a p e so nal p ro no u n and a r e l at i v e cl au se th e p e rso nal p ro no u n

r ,

i s pu t i n t h e ob j e cti v e case b y attr act io n if t h e fo l l o w ing re l at i v e ,

i s t h e ob j e ct t h at i s if t h e p e rso nal p ro nou n i n t h e u ne m p h at ic

, ,

const ru ct i on w o u l d b e t h e ob j e ct ; t h e r e l at i v e p r o noun i s u su al l y
XXI I PERSONAL AND POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS 2 03

o m i tt e d Ex ( Cf H an
'

d ig , b an vi l l lra
fih l
vi l l l r dfl a
' ’

. . : D el ar . .

dig .
) Y o u are t h e o ne h e w an ts to se e . D e l d r dig , b an d r on d

pd .
l Y o u are t h e h e i s angry o ne at . D e l d r oss , b an l al ar om .
1

He i s t al ki ng ab ou t u s D e l var . b e nne , jag sdg i g dr . S h e is

the o ne I saw y e st e rd ay .

4 . On v e r b i al co m p o u nd
t h e u se i
o f ad
n pl ace o f p e rso nal
pro s

nou ns d e p e n d i ng u po n a p re p o si t io n se e 1 72 1 no t e 2 , , , .

In t h e s e co nd p e r o n a ge ni t i v e E ( d e ) r s o ccu s w i t h a fe w
s r
5 . ,

t i t l e s ; as E ( d e )r s m aje sl d l Y o u r M aj e s t y E ( d e )r s u dd Yo u r G race
'
, , .

6 P art i cu l arl y b e fo r e d e ro gat o ry w o d s S w e d i h g e ne al l y u se s

.
r ,
s r

a p osse i v e p o no u n o f t h e se co nd p e so n ( ra e l y o ne o f t h e fi s t
ss r r r r

p e rso n ) i n case s w h e e E ng l i h e m pl y s th e p e rso nal p ro nou n ; as

,
r s o .

d i n ly mm e l y o u r ascal e r a by l i ng ar yo u u ch i ns e r a sl aeb ar e v o u ,
r ,

w re t ch e s d i l l d u m b u v u d y o u b l o ck h e ad
,
.

7 T
. h e p l u r al f o r m o f t h e p o sse ssi v e p ro no u n 2 u se d wi t h o u t a s

fo l l o w i ng no u n m ay b e p e ce d e d b y t h e p re p ositi v e d e fi nit e a t i r r

cl e ; t h e se e x p r essio ns e m b ace t h e m e m b e s o f t h e fam i l y r e l at i v e s r r , ,

and p e so ns o f o ne s i m m e d iat e su o u nd i ngs : d e m i nd

’
r . de d i rr ,

n a, de v d r a, de si na; ge n d e m i n d s , e t c Bu t d e
. . e ( d )r a can no t

be so u se d . Ex . : Hu r sl dr d e l l i l l m e d d e d i na ? Ho w are yo u r
l ? D el b e m sb l al l si l l a e nsam i b vd l l e n f or b en
‘ ’

e O e v ar se na
p p
ne , so m ny ss b ad e d r om l sig o mg i ve n al l a d e si na.
'

av It w as

g r e w so me to si t al o n e i n t h e l at e e v e ning fo r h e r w h o h ad j u st
d re am t h e rse l f su rr o u nd e d by al l h e r k i nd re d .

8 . Th e p ro nou n v ar an d r a ’
e ach oth e r, o ne ano th er , is u se d

t
w i h th e p l u ral v e rb f m o f - or s t r an si i t ve v e rb s to e xp r e ss th e re ci p
ro cal id e a 3 . Var an d r a i s
'
u se d ei th er of tw o or m o re t h an two .

In t h e ge n it ive i t add s -s . Ex . : De d l sb ad e
‘

v ar an dra
’
. Th e y
v
l o e d e ach o h e r Vi t fd bjd lpa ’
dr a We ll h av e
’

. v ar an . sh a to
hel p th e r th e
'
e ach o . l i b ne n v ar an dr a . Y ou r e se m bl e e ach o r .

On the u se o f jd l v 8 7 , no te and t
'

9 . s se e 1 , 4 9, no e
1 S i d /v .

m ay o m it l i n t h e ne u t e r p ar t icu l ar l y i n ce t
, r ai n p
h rase s ; as , av
s ig s jal v f or
'

, sig sjal v
’

E x : B o r ne l g or d e l
. .
'

av sig jd l v
s
'

. Th e
ch i ld d oe s i t of it s ow n acco rd .

1 Cf . D el a r d a , so m v il l l r iz fi
'
a b onom . D el ar da , som ar o nd jd b o nom .

D el or vi, so m l al a om b o no m .

2 Th e g tv
e ni i e s of the p e r so n a lp ro no u ns o f t he th i rd p e rso n ca n n o t be
s o u se d .

3 In a nu m b e r o f v e rb s , S w ed i h s em pl oy s t he e nd in g -s to e xp re ss the
r eci p r o ca l id e a ; s ee 5 225 , no e 1 t .
 D E MONS T RA T IV E PRONOUNS XXII

D E M ON S T R A T I V E PR ON O U N S .

265 G ENE RAL RULE A d j e c t i v e prono uns l i ke ad j

. . ec ,

t i v e s ar e no t i n fl e c t e d i n re gard t o c as e b u t s u b s t ant i v e
, ,

ro no u ns h av e a ge n i t i v e e n d i ng i n -s P ro no u ns t h at can
p .

b e u s e d e i t h e r s u b s t ant i v e l y o r ad j e c t i v e l y m ay h av e t h e

ge ni t i v e w h e n u s e d as nou ns b u t no t w h e n e m pl oy ed as
ad j e c t i v e s T h is r u l e appl i e s t o al l t h e c l ass e s o f pron ou ns
.

t re at e d i n t h e f o ll o wi ng page s ( d e m o n s t r at i v e re l at i v e i n , ,

t e rro gat i v e i nd e fi n i t e )
,
O b s e r v e al s o t h e o b j ec t i v e pl u r al
.

for m dem o f t h e d e mon s t rat i v e u s e d o nl y s ub s t ant i v e l y ,

.

266 Th e d e mo ns t rat i v e s ar e denna t h is t h is one

l
.
, ,

' ’
de n t h at t h at o ne
,
de n b d r t h is ( o ne ) den dd r t h at
, ,

m 2
m mm ’
( o n e ) s
,
a mm a t h e s a e d e ns am m a t h e sa e S,
a a .

i s u se d o nl y as an ad j e c t i v e ; t h e ot h e r s are u s e d b ot h
s ub s tant i v e l y and ad j e c t i v e l y T h e y h av e f o rm s as fol l o ws : .

COBIM ON N EU T ER PLURAL
de nna -
e )
-
es )

*d ’ess 1 d e ns
><
,

' ' '

de n b d r d el b d r de b d r

’ '
de n dd r del da r

samma -
e ) sam m a sam m a

’
densam m a -
e ) del sam m a
’

* de nsam ’m as '
-
es ) >3
‘
de l sam m as
1 S e e fo o tn t- o e 3 , p ag e 227 .

2 Sm e w ri t e d e n sa m m a u si n g d e nsa m m a o nl y i n t h e u se d escr ib e d i n n o e 6
o
’

,
t .

p t
3 Th e fo r m s r e ce d e d b y an as e ri s k ar e u se d o n y su b s a nt i e y ( see l t v l
en Wh e se th
r o n o u n s ar e e mp o y e d su b s a n i e y pl
al l t h e fo r m s t tv l
j tv l
,

gv
i e n a r e u se d ; w e n e y ar e e m h th
o yed pl
a d e c i e y o n y t h e fo r m s n o t ,
l
pr e ce d e d b y an a s t e r i sk a r e u se d .
 D EMONST RAT IV E PRO NOU NS XXI I

l ar e m ol e r
'

e n sbygg and e b d sl , bd r b an g e n asl sl ig o av . If a cy

cl i st m ee t s a t i m id h o rse , h e sh o u l d at o nce d i sm o u nt .

D e nsam m a i s som e t im e s u sed i n p l ace o f t h e p e rso nal pro

’
6 .

no u ns of t h e t h i rd pe rso n , p art i cu l arl y i n l o ng se nt e nce s ; w h e n so

e m pl o y ed , i t is u su al l y fo r v ar i e t y o r for cl e ar ness jag spr ang l i ll .

ba b a l i l l sb r i vbor d e l , d r og u l d e n l d d a, d d r jag e n g d ng l ag l ne d
'

ny eb e l n , aob barjad e lel a efl er d e nsam m a

'
. I r an b ack to the

d e sk , o p e ne d t h e d r aw e r i nt o w h i ch I
h ad pu t t h e k ey , and
o nce
'
f r am sl d l l n i ng e n av e l l ip se ns nal u r
’ ’
b e gan t o l o o k fo r i t . E bu ru

l l ig e n l i l l /z or
’
f or m l d r an l or d e d e l d oeb v ar a l d mpl ig l al l b d r
‘

eg e n ,

r e d og or a
'

f or
'
d e nsam m as f o r nd m sl a lype r
’
’

. Al t h o u gh t h e d e scri p
t io n o f t h e nat u e o f e l l ip sis r e al l y b e l o ngs t o accid e nce it is pe r
r ,

h ap s i n o rd e r t o gi v e h e re an acco u n t o f i t s l e ad i ng t y p e s .

267 VARIOUS USE S OF D E MONS T RA T IV ES B e si d e s i t s

. .

o rd i n ar y d e m o ns t r at i v e u se o f w h ic h an e x am pl e is g i v e n ,

in 2 68 t h e pro no u n de n m ay b e u s e d as t h e ant e c e d e nt
,

l
o f a d e t e r m i nat i v e ( re s t r ic t i v e ) c l au s e In t h is c as e i t .

“
is u s u al l y re nd e re d i n t o E ngl is h b y h e o r t h e one ”
,

“
w h e n u s e d s u b s t ant i v e l y and b y t h e w h e n u s e d ad j ec ,

t iv e l y Th e gen i ti v e S i ngu l ar i s i n t h e d e t e rm i nat i v e u se

.

dens w h ic h f o r m can b e us e d o nl y i n t h is w ay
,
2
E x : D en . .

d si b l en al l sol e n g d r r u u l om j
'

or de n d r l d n esedan o
, g v e i
g i ve n , .

Th e t h eo ry t h at t h e s u n pass e s aro u nd t h e e ar t h i s l o ng
3
d e ad D el l and. v i b al l a v d r l t h e l an d w e c all o u r s
, De .

'
p r ono m ina ,
3
vi nu l al a o m b all as del er m i nal i
,
’
va . Th e pro
no u n s w e are now t al k i ng ab o u t are c al l e d d e t e rm i nat i v e
A l l ow m e
’
pronou ns .
jag b ar de n d r an al lg r al u l e ra .

to c on grat u l at e y ou .
( Lit . I h av e t h e h o no r
D en ,
som
f d r i nl e my eb el Th e o ne w h o
b omm er si sl , .

c ome s l as t w on t ge t m u c h D en d r ddl asl som f orsl ’

.
,

r d eb er b ande n l i l l
f He i s nobl e s t w h o fi r s t e x ’
’

o r so n i n
g .

t e nd s h is h and i h re c o nci l i at i on De som d r o r i b a .

, ,

1 Al th p n n m ay b
so o er d b t
ro h all f
ou n s m m nt e so u se , u su c u se c s or o co e
in th a e c f th th b i ng n
se o d i ff n i n id i m b tw
e se , er en th tw e o ere ce o e ee e o
l a n g ag u e s.

2 Cf 5 2 6 6 n t . 2 , o e .

3 R l at i v p
e n n m i tt d ; e
5 28 1 ro ou o e se e .
XXII D EMONS T RAT IV E PRONO UNS 20 7

d r o l eb e all tid ly ebl zga T h os e w h o are r ic h are not al w ays .

h appy E d il a dig efl er dens r ad , som vil l d i ll bd sl a

. .

F ol lo w the wis h e s y ou w e l l S lor l

ad v ic e of h im w h o .

d r de ras d u l al som bl i vi l svi b no L arge i s t h e n u m b e r

,
.

o f t h os e w h o h av e b e e n d e c e i v e d .

No te I Th e ne u t e r si ngu l ar o f d e m o nst rat i v e s m ay b e u sed

. .

as t h e su b j e ct i rre sp e ct i v e o f t h e nu m b e r and g nd e r o f a p r e d i cate

,
e

no u n E x : D e l l a d r sam m a b u nd som jag sdg i g d r T h is i s t h e

. . , .

sam e d o g I saw y e st e rd ay D e l b d r d r e n g am m al bob T h is i s ’

. .

an o l d b oo k D e l d d r v ar e n br a b asl
. T h at i s a good h o se D e l
’

. r .

d r m i n b r or T h at is m y b o t h e r D e l ci r l al l a sl ol ar 2 jag b ar
. r .
‘

b u nnal ansb afl a T h ose are al l t h e ch air s I h av e b e e n ab l e t o

.

g e t
.
51 1 4 d e l d i na bar n ? Ar e t h o se
2 y o u r ch i l d r e n ? D e l l a ar l

s v ar l a b o r sbd r T h e se are b l ack ch e rie s

’

. r .

2 Th e ne u t e
. d e l and d e l l a m ay b e u se d t o re p re se n t any w o rd
rs

o r e x p re s io n E x : jag d r g am m al D e l ( = g am m al ) d r d a f ar ‘

s . . .

r esl e n oeb sd I am ol d S o a e yo u fo r t h at m att e r H an d r

. . r , .

sb o m ab ar e . D el v ar bans f ar oeb sd . He i s a sh oe m ak e r . So
w as h i s a h e r f t M an bor g o r a si l l bd sl a m so m
'

D e l b an b e l sl
"

. . ve

gé r a . One sh o u l d do
’
o ne s b e s A ny t . o ne ( at al l ) can t h at do .

H an vi ll bl i l ab ar e , m e n d e l passar b an i n l e l ill He w ant s t o

'

be a p h y sician , b u t h e is n t
’
cu t o u t fo r t h at .

3 . On vth e p ou nd s i n p l ace o f d e m o n t ra
u se of ad e r b i al co m s

t i v e s d e p e nd i ng u p o n a p e p o si t io n se e 1 72 I no t e 2 r , , , .

268 W h e n t h e se d e m ons t r at i v e s ar e u s e d as ad j
. ec

t i v e s t h e f oll o wi ng no u n is pu t in t h e d e fi n i t e f o r m
, ,

e xc e pt i n t he c as e o f d e nna e ) and sam m a e) EX - -

.

D e n l avl an d r vaeb rasl T h at pic t u re is t h e pre t t i e s t Bor . .

d a i de l b d r b u sel ? D o y o u l i v e i n t h is h o u s e ? On t h e
o t h e r h an d : D el l a ar m i l l si sl a 0r d i de nna sab T h is is .

m y l as t w o rd i n t h is m at t e r D e nna vaeb ra sl ad d r .

S ver iges b u v u dsl ad T h is b e au t i f ul ci t y i s t h e c api t al o f

.

'

S we d e n D el d r samm e man It is t h e s am e m an
. Vi . .

b u n na ju g d samm a vdg We m i gh t go t h e s am e w ay . .

1 N t th a t t h
O

o v b i i n t h i n g l a a n d n t i n t h p l al a i t h
e e er s e S u r, o e ur , s s e

ca s e in Ge r m a n .

2 S ee p ag e 2 06 , fo o tn t
- o e 3 .
208 D EMONS T RAT IV E PRONOUNS XXII

No te . 1 . D e n i s fo l l o w e d b y t h e no u n i n t h e i nd e fi ni t e fo rm
wh e n it is t h e a n t e ce d e n t o f a d e t e r m i n at i v e ( re st r i cti v e ) r e l at i v e l

l
c au se .
Ex . : D e g ossar , so m v i l a j f ol/a m e d f d , r d eb a u
pp b ande n .

Th e b oy s w h o w an t l
t o go a o ng m ay h o l d u p t h e i r h and s Ke l lg r e n .

s v e nsb a sb al ae r , so m i l ke d i b l ad e qfl e r f r ansb o

’
a
ang r ep b f gl i l d e
2

m ou si e r Ke l l g re n .
a tt ack e d v igo ro u sl
y th e S w e d ish poe t s t h at d id
t e aft e r F re nch d z 'mg a b i l
'

no t w i r m od e l s . De f or m e r , av vilba

d as b al l as l e m af o r m e r
,
Th e fo rm s fro m w h i ch t h e re st ar e m ad e , .

are cal l e d t h e p r i ncip al p ar t s D e n s ab , ( so m ) d a l alad e om t h e .

tt
m a e r yo u w e re s p e ak i ng o f jga b ar s e l l d e l stal l e v ar am 3
da .
’

l al ar .
I ha ve se e n th e p l ace y o u are s e ak i n g o f p . D e l ar be te ,
m e d 3 d a ar sy sse l sal l sy ne s al d r ig bl i f d r d ig l Th e w o rk i n
‘
'

v ar ,
.

w h i ch y o u ar e e n gage d se e ms ne ve r t o b e co m e fi ni sh e d . I d ls b i l l i
'
i d ’ ‘
a ld no r d be b d l l a d e n p l u r a l d e b a e l sp r d b v ar i/ r d n 3
d e
g , ,

l d nal s e e r al .
o an S v
-w o r d s r e ai n t h e u ra -e nd i n l
g h ey h a e in t pl l t v
t h e l angu age ro m w h i ch f
h e y h a e b ee n bo rro w e d D e n l id , d d t v .

v ape n oeb v e r b lyg b u v u dsab l ig e n gj or d e s av sl e n, b ar b al l al s sl e n

d /d e r n . Th e pe r io d w h e n w e apo ns and i m p l e m e n t s w e re m ad e
ch i e fly o f s o ne t
l l e d t h e S to ne A ge D e n bob jag nu
h as b e e n ca .
,

l d se r i d r r o l ig
'

,
Th e b oo k I am no w r e ad ing i s am u ing . D en s .

r b an l i l l br ag l nal l e n T h e pl ace w h e r e h e h as ( o r h ad
p l a l s d d , ) .

sp e nt t h e n igh t D e n d ag sb al l b o m m a d d d a f d r d ag r a de l l a
.
, .

Th e d ay w i l l co m e w h e n y o u w i l l b e so rr y fo r th is .

2 On t h e fo rm o f ad j e ct i v e s t h at fo l l ow d e m onst rat i v e pro

.

nou ns ( e x ce pt t h o se o f 2 69) se e 1 47 2 , .

269 O T HER D EM ONS T RA T IV ES

. In ad d i t i on t o t h e .

on o u n s o f § 2 6 6 t h e f o l l o wi ng ad j e c t i v e s h av e d e m o ns t r a
p r ,

t i v e m e an i ng : sd dan s u c h ; l i badan si m i l ar o f t h e sam e

4
,

s or t ; dy l i b s u c h si m i l ar T h e s e are ne v e r pu t i n t h e d e f ,
.

init e f o rm B o t h ad j e c t i v e s and nou n s f o l l o wi ng t h e s e h av e

.

t h e i nd e fi n i t e f orm T h e se prono u ns m ay b e pre ce d ed b y .

1 I n l d i ng la c u int d d by a l a t i v ad v b f t i m
c u se s pl a ro u ce re e er o e or ce .

B t th
u d m n t ati v d n i
e al m
e t al w a y ( x p t i n
o s r t ai n p h a )
e e s os s e ce ce r r se s

f ll w d b y t h
o o n e n in t h d f f m w h n a la e intou d d by l l (f l e e . or e c u se ro u ce a o

l w d b y t h i n d i a t i v ) f ll w S im i l a l y w h n n i n fi ni t i v f ll w t h
o e e c e o o s. r , e u e o o s e

n ou n th l a tt a l y h a t h i n d fi n i t f m S t h x am p l i n S 2 6 7
. e er r re s e e e or . ee e e es .

2 N t th at d i n t t h p
o e p i t i v a ti l h e w hi h i t w
s ol d b if t h e re os e r c e e re , c ou e e

n h ad d fi n i t f m ; t h m an i n g f t h nt n l d th n b d ifl nt '
n ou e e w or e e o e se e ce ou e e e re .

3 S 28 1 n t 3 ee , o e .

' '
4 Li b ad a n OI l i b a d n
a
‘

.
 E MONS T RA T I VE PRONOI NS
'

A D J EC T IVE US E S UBS T AN T IV E USE

( den , del , de ) ( den ,
del de dem d ess de r as)
, , , ,

S t re sse d : D e m ons t rat i ve D e m ons t rat i v e

U ns t re ss : Prepos art icl e
. P e rs onal pro no u n
.

272 A CCEN T d an h as t h e ac u t e acce nt

. .
S amma .

and de nsam m a m ay h av e e i t h e r t h e ac u t e or t h e g r av e
’

acc e n t ; v aran d r a u s u al l y h as t e g
’
h r av e acc e n t — E der .

( o b j e c t i v e ) u s u al l y h as t h e a c u t e acc e n t ; eder ( po sse ss

i v e ) u s u al l y h as t h e gr av e acc e nt .

273 COL L OQUIALI SM S : ( I ) C oll oq u i al m at t e rs re l at i ng

.

t o pro no u ns h av e b e e n t re at e d ab ov e 3 9 I 2 and 6 ; , , ,

5 3 , 4 and 5 ; 6 7 , I, 3 and 4 ; 1 91 , 5 and 6 .

( )
2 sy S pe e c h t h e o b j e c t i v e f o r m o f t h e pe r s onal
In ea

ro n o u ns m ay b e u se d af t e r d n and som E x : Han d r

p . .

d ld re [i n m ig He is o ld e r t h an I
. .

( 3 ) P ri mar i l y in t h e S po ke n l ang uage t h e pe rs onal pro

no u n as a s u b j e ct i s o f t e n r e pe at e d E x : Han d r i nl e . .

dum ,
b an He is no t s u c h a b l oc k h e ad e i t h e r D i n
. .

sl acb ar s mo r b ar ald ri g se l l na g ol annal an Vd r ml and ,

b on . Y o u r poor m ot h e r h as n e v e r s e e n any t h i ng e l s e
t h an V éirm l and .

( 4 ) Th e ob j e c t i v e f orm eder o f t h e pe rs on al pronou n

b e l o ngs t o t h e e l e v at e d s t y l e e r b e i ng t h e f o rm o t h e r ,

wis e u se d On t h e c ont rar y t h e f orm s ede r ede r l edr a

.
, , ,

o f t h e po ss e ssi v e
pro n o u n a r e e m pl o y e d b e y o n d t h e l i m i ts

o f e l e v at e d s t y l e o cc u rr in g no t i n f re q u e nt l y i n t h e o rd i
,

n ary w r i t t e n and s pok e n l angu age b e si d e t h e S h o r t e r

f orm s e r e rl er a E asy s pee c h h ow e ve r al w ays h as
, , .
, ,

t h e s h or t e r f o rm s o f t h e po ss e ss i v e s .

( 5 ) D en dd r is i n t h e s po ke n l angu age and f re q u e nt l y

i n t h e w r i t t e n l ang u age u s e d i ns t e ad of t h e d e mo ns t ra
t i v e de n; cf 39 1 .
, .
XXII D EMONS T RA T IV E PRONOUNS 2 II

( 6 ) Th e ge ni t i v e s dess and d e ns ar e no t u s e d in t h e
S po k e n l angu age ; cf . 6 7, 3 , on t h e u se of d ess as ge n

i t iv e of t h e pe rs o n al pro no u n of t h e t h i rd pe r s o n .

(7 ) W h e n de nna is e m pl o y e d i n t h e s pok e n l angu age

1

( cf .
39 I ; 6 7 ,
i t is r e gu l arl y f ol l ow e d b y t h e no u n
,

in t h e d e fi ni t e f or m .

(8 ) In t h e s pok e n l anguage den i s f oll ow e d b y t h e ,

n o u n i n t h e d e fi n i t e f or m al so w h e n i t is t h e ant e c e d e nt o f
a re s t r ic t i v e r e l at i v e c l au s e ( cf 268 n o te I ) I n pl ac e .
, .

o f de n f ol l ow e d b y t h e no u n i n t h e d e fi ni t e f o r m m e re l y ,

t h e d e fi ni t e f o rm o f t h e no u n is pre f e rr e d i n t h e s pok e n
l angu age w h e n t h e no u n is no t m od ifi e d b y an ad j ec

t i ve .E x : Ge m ig boben som l igg er dd rbor l a Gi v e m e

.
,
’
.

t h e b oo k t h at i s l yi n g o v e r t h e re jag bar i n all a m ina .

saber i ru m m el dd r jag sb ull e bo

,
I c arr i e d al l m y t h i ngs .

i nt o t h e ro om w h e re I w as t o l i ve .

S UM MAR Y
SPO KEN
bob e n ,
som , o r

( Wi t h o u t ad j) de n bob som
,
72, so m

( Wi t h ad j) . de n ny a bob , som d e n ny a bob e n , som

( 9) Th e d e m o ns t rat i ve pr o nou n dy l i b i s f o re i gn t o t h e
s pok e n l ang u age S o al s o e x pr e ssi o ns l i k e d e n l r e l l onde
.

d e n n es

( 1 0) In the
s poke n l angu age samm a e n i s f re q ue n t l y ,

u s e d i n pl ace o f t h e s u b s t an t i v e d e nsam m o — Th e u se o f
’
.

’
d enna and densam m a m e n t i o ne d i n 2 66
, no t e s 5 and 6 , ,

i s e nt i rel y f ore i gn t o s po k e n S w e d is h .

( 1 1 ) In e asy s pe e c h sd dan m ay b e s h or t e ne d t o sd n
,

( v ow e l l o ng o r s h or t ) .

1 In t h p k n l a n g ag d
e S o e i d hi fl y in S
u e, th n and W t n
e nn a s u se c e ou er es e r
S w ed e n .
 D EMONS T RA T IV E PRONOUNS XXII

EXE R C IS E XX I I
Bu t V i ol ant a fo l l ow e d t h e c o u r s e o f t h e s t re am t h ro u gh
p a s t u re s and gro v e s o v e r fi e l d s an d pl ai ns ,
A nd t h e n t h e .

r i v e r c am e t o a l o ng r an ge o f g re e n h i ll s W h e n V i ol ant a .

and t h e r i v e r ar r i v e d at t h e o t h e r si d e [o f] t h e h i l l s
]
,

[t h e re ] l ay a b e au t if u l re gi o n b e f o re t h e m M e ad o ws f u l l .

o f t al l gr ass and f r agran t fl o w e r s s pr e ad o u t u nd e r o ak s

an d l i nd e n t r ee s and r i gh t o n t h e v e r y pr e t t i e s t m e ad o w
- 2
,

h e re ] w as a l ar ge w h i t e h o u s e i n a fl o w e r gar d e n
[t -
.

V i o l ant a saw t h at in t h e s h ad ow o f a l arge c h e s t nu t

t ree [t h e r e ] re c l i ne d a w o m an i n an e asy c h ai r r e ad i n g -

a b o ok S h e w as t al l and s l e nd e r and v e r y pal e

. He r , .

b l ac k e y e l as h e s c as t a Sh ad o w o n h e r w h i t e c h e e k s and ,

o v e r h e r bl ac k h ai r s h e h ad a v i o l e t c o l ore d v e i l He r -
.

s
d re ss w as o f t h e s o f t e s t si l k .

S h e l ay so q u i e t t h at V i o l ant a at fi r s t t h o u gh t t h at
sh e w as s l e e pi n g Bu t al l o f a s u d d e n sh e l ook e d U p
.

“
wi t h a pai r o f l arge t h o u gh t f u l e y e s C o m e c l o se r
, .
,
”

sh e s ai d wi t h [a] ge nt l e v o ic e an d e x t e nd e d h e r h and It .

r e ] fl ash e d a
4
w as a s l e nd e r w h i t e h and o n w h ic h , [t h e ,

“
b l u e j e we l \V h it h e r are y o u r u nn i ng i n t h e s u m m e r s
’
.

5 ?
h e at ”
s h e as k e d V i ol an t a s t o ppe d .w arm and o u t o f ,

b re at h “ .
“
To t h e wi l d w av e s o f t h e se a sh e answ e re d
”
.
,

“ 7 “
-
Oh y e s s ai d t h e b e au t if u l l ad y and s m i l e d
,
”
so ,

s
m an y go t h at w ay b u t t h e y r are l y c o m e b ack , Y o u h ad .

b e t t e r s t ay wi t h m e ; I m ay ne e d
9 10
y o u and i t i s goo d ,

t o b e h e re ; t h e l o nge r y o u s t ay wi t h m e t h e m o re i t ,

wi ll pl e as e y o u .

1 P a an d r a s id an k u l l a rn a . 6 Ou t af fir m ”; a n d fad d .

2 M it t p a .
'

7 Jas a
Pl
.

3 U sep p i t iv b
re os e , ut no p t os 8 a ce t h e Sw ed is hf or t lga t w ay i m
p i t iv a t i l
os e , r c e m e dia t l a ft
e y e r sm i le d
S t am a d
.

4 O n u'b i b va pa e r . 9 n u h el lre .

5 S o m m ai '
v ar me . 1 0 Jag k an b e ho va ’
.
 LESS ON X X I I I .

RE L AT I V E A ND I N T E R RO GA T I V E P RONO U N S .

274 R ELA T IV E
. PRONO UNS 1
. Th e re l at v ei pr o no u n s
’
are som , v il b en , v ad , de n , d e n dar and t h e ge ni t i v e var s .

275 8 011 1 . w h ic h i s u s e d o nl y s ub s t ant i v el y i s t h e

, ,

r e l at i v e r o no u n o cc u rr i n g m o s t f re q u e nt l y I t i s i n d e
p .

cl i nab l e and m ay b e u se d i n re f e rr i ng b o t h t o pe r so ns
,

and t o t h i n gs and t o n o u n s o f e i t h e r ge nd e r o r n u m be r
, ,

b ot h i n t h e s u b j e c t and ob j e c t r e l at i on Bu t i t c annot .

s t and i n t h e ge ni t i v e r e l at i on t h e o t h e r re l at i ve s t h at ,

h av e ge ni t i v e f orm s b e i ng u s e d i n s t e ad It m ay b e gov .

e r ne d b y a pre posi t i on b u t t h e pre po si t i o n m u s t al w ays

,

f ol l ow s t and i ng at t h e e nd of t h e c l au s e
,
A s a r ule t h .
,

u se o f t h e o t h e r re l at i v e pro no u n s i s av o i d e d w h e n som can

b e u sed E x : Han d r en vd n som jag b an l i l a pd

. .
,
.

He is a f r i e nd o n w h o m I can d e pe nd A l l a som b d nna .

,

b onom vel a al l b an d r pd l i l l zg
,
A ll w h o k no w h i m . ,

k now t h at h e is re l i ab l e D el l a d r e l l d m ne som d r svd r l

.
,

’
a l l beb an d l a T h is i s a s u b j e c t t h at i s h ard t o t re at
. .

F o r f u r t h e r e x am pl e s see 2 67; 2 68 not e 1 ,

-
.

N o te A ft e r su p e rl at i v e s and p e rso nal and i nd e fi ni t e p onou ns

.
, r ,

som i s t h e re l at i v e r e gu l arl y u se d E x : D e l l a d r d e n vacb r asl e . .

sl ad ,som j ag ndg onsi n se l l T h i s i s t h e m ost b e au tifu l ci t y I .

h av e e v e r se e n 1 ng e n so m v i l l g d be h ave r sl anna b e m m a
.
'
,
No , .

o ne w h o w an ts t o go n ee d st ay at h o m e A r d e l ndg on som v e l
, .
,

de l ? Is t h e re anyo ne w h o k now s i t ?

276 V i l k e n . w h ic h m ay be u s e d e i t h e r ad j ec t i v e l y
,

2
o r s ub s t ant i v e l y ( u s u al l y t h e l at t e r ) re f e rr i ng e i t h e r t o ,

p e r s o n s o r t h i n g s h as t h e f ol l o wi ng f orm s :
,

1 C n on i n g i n d fi ni t
ce r l at i v 5 3 09 e e re e s se e .

2 V lb i th n l y ad j ti v p n n a m n g t h l at i v i n S w d i h
’

z en s e o ec e ro ou o e re es e s ,

b t a i n E ngl i h adj
u , s t i v al l a t i v a n t f f q n t
s , ec nre es re o o re ue o ccu r re ce .
XX I II R ELA T IVE PR ONO UN S 21 5

COM MON NEU T ER PLURA L

2
vi lb el vi lb a

* v i l b ens1 >l<
v i l b el s
3 * vi l b as

T h is pro n o un is
y so f r e q u e nt occ u rre nc e no t o f ne arl

as som Ho w e ve r w h e n an ad j e c t i v al re l at i v e pro n ou n
.
,

i s nee ded vi l ben m u s t b e u s ed A s a s ub s t ant i v e pr o

, .

nou n i t m u s t b e e m pl o y e d i n pl ac e o f som w h e n t h e
4
ant e ce d e nt is a c l au s e E x : ( A d j) S ve ri ge sl ol sig 1 8 5 5 . . .

l i ll E ng l and oeb F r anb r i b e ,

v il b a sl al er dd vor o Ry sslands
fiender In 1 8 5 5 S w e d e n al l i e d i t s e l f w i t h E ngl and and
.

F ranc e w h ic h c o u nt r i e s w e re at t h at t i m e h os t i l e t o R u ssi a
, .

“
( S u b s t ) Kon u ng E r i b f rzgav si n broder job an v i lbel b an
.
,

sedan d n r ade
g K i n g E r ic r e l e as e d
. h is b ro t h e r J o h n ,

a t h i ng w h ic h h e af t e rw ar d s re gre t t e d .

N o t e —1 To som e e x t e nt v i l b e n ( in i ts su b stant i v e u se ) and som

. .
,

ar e u se d i n t e rch ange ab l y 5 In so m e case s v i lb e n m ay e v e n b e u se d

.
,

t o ad v ant age : ( a) It s u se so m e t i m e s p re v e nt s am b igu i t y Be cau se .

i t is in fl e ct e d , it i s ge ne ral l y cl e ar w h at t h e ant e ce d e nt i s , w h il e
wi ht so m t h is m ay b e d o u b tfu l . Ex . :F o nsl r e n pd b u se l , v i l b a v i
'

be l r ab l ade
’
. Th e w ind o w s w h i ch w e we re l ook ing at in t h e h o u se .

E l l m d r b l ig l l i d e ns l eob e n d r o de sl r d v and e n l i l l i nf or and e

'

oeb sd
’ ‘

av
'
g e m e nsam l v d r l d sspr db , v i lb a l d ng e l dl i l b or a av sig
el l
' ‘

. A
n o tab l e sig n o f t h e t im e s are al so t h e at t e m t s t o i n t ro d u ce a p
u niv e rsal l angu age w h ich h av e l o ng b e e n h e ard o f ( b ) S om e t im e s .

i t m ay b e ad v an t age o u sl y u se d for t h e sak e o f e u p h on y w h e n ,

som as a r e l at i v e o r as a co nj u nct io n
, st an d s n e ar E x : Hans ,
. .

sl d b l i ng ar , som nu b om m i l b il vi lb a b an j se l l pd l d ng e
‘

oeb e ,

d r o my eb e l r i b a . His re a l tiv e s , wh o h av e no w co m e h e re , and

w h o m h e h as no t se e n fo r a l o n g t i m e , are v e ry w e al t h y .
( c) If
a go e rn ingv p e po si tion cannot b e p l ace d at th e e nd of t h e cl ause
r ,

v i lb e n m u st be e m p l oy e d M oreo v e r som e peo pl e ( unne ce s

.
,

1 C o n ce r ni ng t h m ani n g f t h a t i k
e e p ag 2 04 f t n t 3
o e s er s se e e , oo - o e .

2 On t h e su b ti t ti n f t f
s n in t h
u o n t
o 55 3 0 ; 1 5 1 1 an d p 93
or e eu e r se e , , .
,

fo o tn t- o e.

3 Thi s fo r m i s r are ; see 5 27 6 , no e 2t .

4 In su c h ca se s . n dg ol som m ay b e u sed i ns t e ad , b u t ne v er se nt a o ne . l
5 Au th o rs d i ne r m u c
‘

h in t h e e x t n t f th i
e o e r u se o f v i lb en , m an y em p l yi ng
o

l
i t fr e e y b e sid e mm i n ,
no w ay l i m i t i n g th m lv e se es t o t h e u se s h e re s p ci fi d
e e .
2 I6 RE LA T IVE PRONO U NS XXII I

sar il y ) j
o b e ct to p l acing p re p osit io ns at th e e nd of l
t h e c au se ,
p re fe r r i ng to pu t th em b e fo r e th e re l at iv e , in w h i ch case

v i l ke n m u st be u se d 1 . Ex . : D e nn a eg e nd om l ig a st i l ar t t v ang
lz ono m t il l djar v a or d ska e l se r , av v i l k a d e fi e st a tor d e st d
'

p en

st a/z a i nam vd r
'
l i t te r at u r . T h is pe cu l iar st yl e fo r ced h im i nt o
m any b o l d w o rd -co i nage s , m ost o f w h ich are u niq u e i n o u r l i t e rat u re .

D e n sak , 0 m v i l ke n v i t al ad e t h e m at t e r ab o u t w h i ch w e w e r e
sp e ak i ng .

2 . Var s ( se e 2 77 ) i s fre q ue n tl y u se d in pl ace ge n i i e

,
of th e tv
s i ng u l a ( e sp e cial l y
r i n t h e ne u te r ) o f v i l b e n , and so m e t i m e s , h o u gh t
m u ch m o re rar e l y , in pl ace ge n i i
of th e t v e pl u ral . E x am pl e s of

tv
t h e g e n i i e o f v i lke n : E nkl a kal l as 0r d , v i t/ ms d e lar i eee k ava
'’
ndg o n eg e n be ty ae l se W o d s w h o se p ar t s h av e no m e ani ng o f
. r

t h e ir ow n are cal l e d si m p l e
, .

277 V ars w h ic h b e i ng a ge n i t i v e can be u s e d o nl y

.
, , ,

s ub s t ant i v e l y is e m pl o y e d c h i e fly i n re f e rr i ng t o a sin
,

g ul ar ant e ce d e nt b u t s o m e t i m e s al s o t o an ant e c e d e nt
,

i n t h e pl u ral Th e an t ec e d e nt m ay b e o f e i t h e r ge nd er
.
,

re f e r r i ng e i t h e r t o pe r s o n s o r t o t h i n g s S i nc e som cann ot .

b e u s e d i n t h e ge ni t i v e r e l at i on and si nc e t h e ge ni t i v e ,

o f vz l ken is no t of par t ic ul arl y f re q ue nt occ u r re nc e i t

’

.
,

f ol l ows t h at vars is t h e w o rd u s u al l y e mpl oy e d t o e x pre ss

t h e ge ni t i v e i d e a i n t h e c as e o f r e l at i v e prono u ns Ex .

[ ng e n vars sam ve te d r valeet kan [l and/a sd

, No o ne , .

w h os e c o nsci e nc e is aw ake can d o t h at Vd rda de t t rad

'

.
,

i vars skugg a d a sit ter ! C are for t h e t re e i n t h e s h ad e

o f w h ic h y o u si t .

278 V ad w h ic h is u s e d o nl y s u b s t an t i ve l y is ne u t e r
.
, ,

si ngu l ar W h e n i t is u s e d as t h e s ub j e c t o f t h e c l au s e
.
,

som i s al m os t al w ays a d de d T h is prono un h as t w o u se s .

( 1 ) Me an i ng t h at w h ic h
“
i ncl u d i ng i t s ant e ced e n t .

E x : Vad d a sdg er d r sant W h at y ou say i s t ru e

.
, . .

S dg al l ti d vad som d r sant , A l w ays say t h at w h ic h i s .

t rue . Vad so m m est aroade m ig ,

va r m i na fi en ders ty st

1 S ee 28 1 . no t e 1 .
 RE L A T IVE PRONO UNS XXI I I

W h om al l respe ct . Kang en
lovade m ig sit t portr d t t , det
’

j ag en tid eyter d t fl ed mottag a

’
Th e k i ng prom is ed m e h i s .

pic t u re w h ic h I ,
so m e t i m e l at e r c i
re e v e d 0m fie nd en en .

et Gnd f é r b
'
g gd n sk f
u ll e an all a oss d j u de m d ste I
,
z an fi n ,

'
na ass r ustaae I f t h e e ne m y s h ou l d e v e r at t ac k u s
.
,

w h ic h He ave n f orb i d h e m u s t find u s pre pare d ,

D et .

lz ela var li enne d nnu som en d ra m den Izon sdg i n i oelz ,

'
s s t i l l all as a d re am t o h e r i
f orl o r ade sig i
’

I t w a . nt o ,

w h ic h sh e l ooke d and in w h ic h sh e l o s t h e r se l f jag .

na m ner detta sd som vi l lkor de m jag ey vi l l ef terg i va

'

I
'

.
,

s t at e t h e s e as cond i t i ons t h at I d o n o t w ant t o w i t h dr aw .

A ll a p laner de m lzan i ene fd tt fu l l bor da al l t h e pl ans t h at

,

’
h e h as ( or h ad ) no t b e e n ab l e t o c ar r y o u t
,
Per so ner .
,

d em all a li ede r l zj g a m d nn i s k or avsk

y p e r so ns w h o m all

h onorab l e peopl e d e t e s t .

28 0 D e n ( l a
' l
. ir w h ic h is u sed o nl y s u b s t an t i v e l y is
, ,

no t o f f re q u e n t o cc u rre nc e W h e n u s e d i t is e m pl o y e d .
,

c h i e fly for v ar i e t y or e uph ony It i s i nfl e c t e d l i ke t h e .

d e m o ns t r at i v e de n d d r ( see ’
h av i ng t h e fo rm s
'
de n dar de t dd r
’ '
’
, de dd r and no ge ni t i v e ; not e h o w
, , ,

e ve r t h e d i ff e re nce i n t h e sy l l ab l e s t re sse d 1
, It can be .

u s e d prac t ic al l y o n l y as t h e s u b j e c t It i s e m pl o y e d pe rhaps .

m ore f ree l y i n r e fe rr in g t o pe r s on s t h an t o i nan i m at e oh

’

j E x : Rastlos sdsom en den d d r skal l barja e n l ang resd

'’

e ct s . .
, .

R e s t l e ss l i k e o ne w h o is ab o u t t o s t art o n a l o ng j o ur ne y .

D etta f d r std sd som e tt pd std ende det dd r f off at tare n efter ’

’'

,
' '
befia g kan antag a ell er f ar kas ta T h is m ay s t and as an .

ass e r t i o n w h ic h t h e au t h o r can ad o t or re j e c t as h e l i k e s
p .

D e n nd r var ande ti den fi r eter g anska m d ng a tecleen d e d d r ,

ty d a pd f ar a Th e pre se n t t i m e s h ows v e ry m any si gns

.

t h at po i nt t o d ange r .

1 In nn t d p h th t
co ec e s
n d i w ak
e ec th an w h n d n d i
e s r e ss o en s e er e e ar s

p n n d b y i t l f N t i nf q tl y w i n g t t h t - n d i ti n
ro ou ce se . o re uen , o o e s r e s s co o s
o f n d in g w
su r r o u d th i ( w ak ) t or i h ift d t d é an d d n b m
s, s e s r e ss s s e o e co
r, e es
u n t d
s r e sse .
XXIII RE LA T IVE PRONOUNS 2 I9

28 1G ENERA L REMAR KS ON R ELA T IV E S

. R e l at i ve .

prono u ns i nt rod u ci ng r e s t r ic t i v e c l au se s m ay b e o m i t t e d
w h e n t h e y w oul d b e in t h e o b j e c t re l at i on ( b ot h d i re c t
and i nd i re c t ) T h e y m ay al s o b e o m i t t e d w h e n d epe nd
.

ing on a pre po si t i o n ; t h is t h e n s t and s af t e r t h e pre d ic at e .

E x : Var ii r den dd r boken jag g av d ig ? W h e re i s t h at

.
,

b ook I gav e y o u ? Var d r de n jag g av d ig i sam ras ? ,

W h e re is t h e one I gav e y ou l as t s u m m e r ? D et var m i n

bok ,
d a tog . It w as m y b oo k y o u t ook D en bok, jag n n .

l d se r i dr, m g Th e b o ok I am no w re ad i ng i s am u si ng
. .

M an bar nppfyll a de l of te n , m an g ivi t One s h o u l d

''

<
. fu l
fi l l the p ro m is e s o ne h as m ad e Bl om mor na jag .
, f ,
l ed
satte jag i v atte n . Th e fl o w e r s t h at I c e i v e d I h av e
re ,

pl ac e d i n w at e r Var d r fag el boet , d a . tal ade am ? W h e re

i s t h e b i rd s ne s t y ou s pok e o f ? Hai r
’
dr de n g osse , d a
a
pp let at He re is
'

g av . t h e b o y y o u g av e t h e appl e t o .

Ve m var de t , d a lz d lsade pd ? Wh o w as i t y o u g ree t e d ?

N o te . I . S om , d e n f and v ad
) cannot b e ( wh en u se d a t e r al l t

p re ce d e d b y a p re p o i t io n W h e n t h e se re l at i v e s are go v e rne d b y
s .

a p e p o si t io n t h i s m u st st and at t h e e nd o f t h e cl au se
r , F o r e x am .

p l es se e u nd e r t h e v ario u s r e l ati v e s and 26 7 ; 2 68 no t e I , , .

Vi l ke n w h i l e u su al l y p re ce d e d b y a go v e r ni ng p re p osi t io n i f
, ,

t h e r e i s o ne m ay h av e i t at t h e e nd of t h e cl au se E x : D e t ar
, . .

'
be te , m e d an sy sse l satt e r d ig
’
v i lke t an sy sse l sd t te r d ig ( or v i l ke t
'

m ed ) , dr my cke t m d d osam t . Th e w o rk i n w h ich yo u are e ngage d

is v e ry d i ffi cu l t .

Vad ( wh e n t h at w h i ch ) is u su al l y , b u t no t al w ay s , fo l l o w e d
”

b y th e p re po si t io n .

2 .In p ro v e rb s and l e gal l angu age t h e r e l at iv e i s so m e t i m e s

o m i t t e d aft e r d e n w h e n it w o u l d b e t h e su b j e ct
, Th e v e rb i n t h e .

d e n cl au se s t and s l ast
- E x : D e n i l l a g d r Iz an i ll a f ar He w h o
. .
, .

d oe s i l l fare s i l l
, D e n n dg ol spar lz an ndg ot Iz ar
. He w h o sav e s , .

m e t h i ng, h as so m e t h i ng
’
D e n ae t g d r , st r a fl as m e d bot e r He
’

so . .

w h o d oe s t h at is l iab l e t o a fi ne .

3 On t h e u se
. o f ad v e rb i al co m pcu nd s i in pl ace of re l at i ves de
p e nd i ng u o n a p p re po sit ion , see 1 72 , I , no t e 2 .
 I N T ERRO G A T IVE PRONO UNS XXIII

IN T E RRO GA T I V E PRON O U N S .

T i i s re v e nz w h o w h om
28 2 . h e nt e r ro gat v e pro n o u n a ,

w h o ( m ) ; vad w h at ; vad f or ( en ) w h at k i nd
''

v i ll e n w h ic h
e

w h at ; v z lkender a w h ic h w h ic h o f t wo ( or t h e m ) ;
’

o f ( a) , , ,

li nr ndan w h at k i nd
1
of .

2
28 3 V e rn is u se d onl y s ub s t ant i v e l y as a si ngu l ar
. ,

ro n o u n r e f e r r i ng t o pe r s o n s It m ay s t and e i t h e r i n t h e
p ,

s ub j e c t o r o b j e c t re l at i on wh o It h as a
”
,

i i E x V l a t d é ? Wh o h as
ge n t v e ve nt s ,
: e i n i ar.
pp na r r e n .

o pe ne d t h e d oo r ? Ve m lean f er var a g l ad u nde r sd d an a

lz al l
'
a na e n
’
9
W h o
“
c an b e g l ad u n d e r s u c h c o n d i t i o n s ?

Ve nz komm e r i laval l W h o is c om i ng t h is e v e ni ng? Vem

'

v i l l d zi t r dfi a ? W h o m d o y o u w an t t o se e ? Ve ms lz ns
W h os e h o u s e i s t h is ? Venzs d r de n dar li d s
'

ar d etta

te n g
W h ose is t h at h o r s e ?
28 4 V i l k e n ( for i t s f o rm s see
. 2 76 ) is u s e d bo t h
3
ad j e c t i v e y and s u b s t ant i v e l y re f e rr i ng e i t h e r t o pe rs o ns
l ,

o r t h i ngs E x : Vi lken bok v i l l d a Il a ? Wh ic h b oo k d o

. .

y o u w a n t ? Vi l lz a vor o Ii ans v d nne r ? W h o w ere h is

f ri e nd s ? Vil lca ar o d i na Wh o are y o u r par
' '

e nt s ? Vi ll e n av d ent li ar képt h u se t ? Wh o of t h e m h as
e

b ou gh t t h e h ou s e ? Vil /een m e nar d a ? W h om d o y o u m e an ? ,

Vz l ken s be rat telse ty cker d a Mi st 0772 ? W h o se s t or y d o y o u

’ '
’

l i ke b e st ?

28 5 V ad is ge ne ral l y u s e d s u b s t ant i v e l y as n e u t e r
.
,

si ng ul ar r e fe r r i ng t o t h i ngs It h as no ge n i t i v e
, Ex . .

Vad sade d a ? W h at d id y o u say ? Vad g dr d a ? W h at

are y o u d o i ng ? Vad vi ll d a 12a ? W h at d o y o u w ant ?
Vad ny tt ? W h at ne ws ?
S ome t i me s i t is u s e d as an ad j e c t i v e ( i nd e c l i nab le ) ,

1 Al so st d n th l a t l l ab l
r e s se o e s sv e .

2 V er
y a l y a a p l al
r re s ur .

3 A an i n t
s g at i v mu m i m h m
erro f q n tl y
e, d a an adj s uc o re re ue u se s ec
t i v th an w h n i t i a l at i v
e e s re e.
222 I N T ERRO GAT IVE PRONOUNS XXII I

Vi l ketdera li asel kbpte da ? W h ic h of th e h ou s e s d id

Valj
'

dessa v il
''

y ou b uy ? D et bor vara ett av tr e .

leetdera ‘!
It o ug ht to be o ne of t h e se t h re e . D e ci d e
w h ic h Har bok; d r det Gerdas ell er A x el s , sdg
'

. dr en

n ,
v i l leend e r as de t d r ‘
He re
. is a b ook ; i s it Ge rd a s ’

or A xel
’
s — te l l
,
me w h os e i t is .

288 Hur u d an s
lz u r u dant , l lz u r ndana , is u ed
'

.
,
n .
p u r .

o nl y as an ad j e c t i v e E x : Hnr udana skor Aéipte d a ? W h at. .

'

k i nd o f s h oe s d id y ou b u y ? Hn r ndan t d r vattnet ? How

is t h e w at e r ?
28 9 G ENERAL R EMAR KS ON IN T ERRO G A T IVES ( I ) In
. .

i nd i re c t q ue s t i ons t h e f o r m s of t h e i nt e r rogat i v e s g i v e n
ab o v e are u se d o nl y i n t h e o b j e c t r e l at i o n W h e n an i n t e r .

r o gat i v e is t h e s u b j e c t o f an i nd i r e c t q u e s t i o n som i s al ,

m o s t al w ays add e d E x : ( D i re c t ) Vem li ar tag i t d en ?

. . .

Wh o h as t ake n it ? ( I nd i re c t ; s u b j e c t ) jag vet ielee Z é fl l .

,
’ ’

s07 n d ar tag i l den I d on t k no w w h o h as t ak e n i t ( In

.
’
.

d i re c t ; o b j e c t ) jag vet i e/ee ve m Iz an sé /ete I d on t k no w ’

. .
,

w h o m h e w as l ook i ng for F u r t h e r e x am pl e s o f i n t e r .

ro gat i v e s as s u b j e c t s o f i nd i re c t q u e s t i o n s are : f l an f r d
g de vad som lz ad e lz d n t
a , He as k e d w h at h ad h appe ne d . .

jag vet i nte ve m s kreatu r som lz a detat lzd r

,
I don t .
’

k no w w h os e c at t l e h av e b ee n g raz i ng h e re Ve t d a v il b e n .
,

vd
g som d r g e nast ? D o y o u k no w w h ic h w ay i s t h e
'
s h ort e s t ? S e efter ve m som r i ng de pd tam é u r dé r re n Loo k
, .

and se e who r an g
jag vet i e/ee v i l ke n so m
t h e d o o r -b e ll .
,

komm e r . I d o no t k no w w h o i s c o m i ng jag vet nag vad .

,

som vor e
''

br a f or 1207l 0772 I k now w h at w o u l d b e go od fo r

.

h im . [ fd or d
fi e/
e li on v eta , vad so m lz d nt oe/z vad

g en lz ade gjor t In a fe w w o rd s sh e w as t o l d w h at h ad h ap
.

p e ne d an d w h at t h e m an -
se rv ant h ad d one Ve t d a, .

vad
f é r
f ol k so m li ar bott lz d r ?’ D o y o u k no w w h at s o rt
1 I nd i r e c tq ue s ti on .
XXII I IN T E RRO GA T IVE PR ONOUNS 2 23

of pe opl e h av e l i v e d h e re ? Pd sd sat t fi nne r m an , vi lket

de bd da obje k ten som m d ste g d f er e de t and r a In t h at
’ '

av .

w ay o ne can t el l w h ic h of the tw o ob e j c t s m u s t s t and

b e f ore t h e her Vil lee nder a f or men som [can tan/tas
'

ot . nn
’
f fd r ses av samm and ang e t W h ic h fo r m is i m
’

aer o rstd dd , .

p l i e d ,
m u s t b e g a t h e r e d f r o m t h e c o n te xt I n c as e s l i ke .

ve m i s n o t t h e s u b j e c t
j a g vet i nte ve i n d e t d r
, , .

( 2 ) I n b o t h d i rec t and i nd i re c t q u e s t i ons pre posi t i o ns o n ,

w h ic h i nt e rr ogat i v e s d e pe nd v e r y o f t e n s t and at t h e e nd ,

o f t h e c l au s e E x : ( B e f o re ) f i t vei n g av li an r i ng en To
. . .

w h o m d id h e g i ve t h e ri ng ? ( A t e nd ) Venz g z elz Iz an sedan

’

t ill ? To w h o m d id h e go af te r w ard s ? jag vet i e/ee ve m [t an ,

g it /e t ill I d on t k now w h om h e w e nt t o Vilket ti ns bar d a

.
’
.

Vad tanlce r an pd ?
'
’
i ? W hi c h h o u s e d o y o u l i v e in ?
W h at are y o u t h i nk i ng ab o u t ? [ ng e n ve t vei n de n g i r i ,

ge sam l ar d t No o ne k nows for w h o m t h e m is e r col

.

lect s Vil/ea bé eke r sd tte r d a m est var de pd ? W h ic h

'

b oo k s d o y o u v al ue m o s t ? Ve i n lz ar d a f d tt boke n if r d n ?
’

F ro m w h om h av e y o u go t t e n t h e b ook ?
N ot e Co nce rni ng t h e u se o f ad v e rb ial co m p o u nd s i n pl ace o f
.

i nt e r o gat i v e p ro no u ns d e p e nd i ng u po n a p re p o si t i o n se e
r 1 72 I , , ,

no t e 2 .

290 ACCEN T . Vilken m ay h ave e i t h e r t h e g r av e or

.

t h e ac u t e acc e nt

291 COLLOQ U IALIsM s: ( 1 ) On th e w h ol e re l at i v e

.
,

c l au s e s as o t h e r s u b or d i nat e c l au s e s are u s ed m ore

, ,

s par i ngl y in t h e s pok e n t h an in t h e w r i t t e n l angu age ;

t h e s poke n l ang u age f re q u e n t l y s u b s t i t u t e s t w o c oo rd i nat e
c l au s e s o r t w o s e nt e nce s .

( )
2 T h e r e l a t i v e p ro n o u n v i lke n is f o r e i g n t o s p en
o k
S w e d is h l W h e re in t h e w r i t t e n l anguage i t s u se is ad
.

v ant age o u s t o t h e s t y l e or n e c e ssary fo r gramm at ic al

,

1 N t o th i nt so g a t i v il b n
e er ro e v e .
2 24 RELAT IVE A ND I N T ERRO G A T IVE PRO NOUNS XXI I I

s
re a o n s ,
the s pok e n f o rm e r c as e u s e s som
l an gu age i n t h e ,

i n t h e l at t e r i t e m pl o ys s o m e o t h e r c o ns t r u c t i on E x am .

p l e s o f t h e l at t e r : H an
f i e/e 1 00 ( re ad d u nd ra) kr onor ,

'
v it/z e n sn zn ni a lz an s/cal l e a nvd nda ef te r eg e t é e/z a g S poke n .

l an g u age : Han fi e/e [ 0 0 leronor oe/z de n su mm an sku l l e ,

li an (fd ) an vii nda ef ter eg e t be/z a g He re c e i v e d 1 00 ’

.

c ro w ns w h ic h s u m h e w as t o u se as h e l i ke d Han fi ek
,
.

1 0 0 kr onor v i ll ze t or de li onom star g l d dfe S k l

, gj p o e n an .

g u age : Han fi e/e 1 0 0 kr onor oe/z det gj e r de b onom

,
star

g l d dje . He re c e i v e d 1 00 c r ow ns w h ic h aff o rd e d h im ,

g re a t p e as u re
l .

( 3 ) Th e r e l at i ve pro no u n var s i s no t n at u ral t o t h e

s poke n l angu age w h ic h i n t h e c as e of t h e ge ni t i v e i d e a
,

u s u al l y e m pl oys s o m e o t h e r m an ne r o f e x pre ssi on t h an t h e

re l at i v e c on s t r u c t i o n E x : Han fi e/e 1 0 0 kr onor v il /eas

. .
,

( or vars) anvand ni ng Iz an sjal v fi ek bestd m m a S pok e n

‘ '
’
.

l angu age : Han fi at 1 0 0 kronor oe/z anv and ni ng e n fi at nan

'

jal v bestam m a He r e c e i v e d 1 00 c ro w ns ab ou t t h e
'
’
s .
,

d ispos al o f w h ic h h e h i m s e l f c o u l d d e ci d e .

( 4 ) Th e re l at i v e pro no u ns den and de n d ar are no t u s e d

’

i n t h e spok e n l angu age .

( 5 ) In t h e s pok e n l ang u age t h e prepo si t i o n re gu l arl y

s t and s at t h e e nd o f a re l at i v e c l au s e In t h e w r i t t e n .

l angu age o n t h e c on t r ar y
, i t f re q u e nt l y pre c e d e s t h e
,

r e l at i v e
pro no u n ; t h is i s d ue t o t h e f r e q u e nt u se o f t h e
re l at i v e v i l lee n i n t h e w r i t t e n l an u a e
g g .

( 6 ) W h i l e pre posi t i o ns go v e rni ng i n t e rrogat i ve pronou ns

f re q u e nt l y s t and at t h e e nd o f t h e c l au se in t h e w r i t t e n
l ang u age t h is is t o a gre at e r e x t e nt c h ar ac t e r is t ic o f t h e
,

s poke n l angu age .

( 7 ) Vad f or ena ( pl u r ) is u s e d s u b s t an t iv e l y b ot h i n
’

t h e s pok e n and in t h e w r i t t e n l an u a e
g g ; i n t h e s poke n
l angu age i t m ay al s o b e u s e d ad j e c t i v e l y ;

.
2 26 RELAT IVE A ND I N T ERRO G A T IVE PRONOUNS XXI I I

the m o s t be au t if u l b u t t e r fl i e s and t h e n I s h al l t e l l y o u
,

t h e m o s t w o nd e r f u l t h i ngs ab o u t t h e m Y o u d on t d re am
’
.

of t h e s e c re t s t h at are w r i t t e n i n t h e s m al l e s t l i t t l e
s t o ne ; e v e r y fl ow er h as i t s ow n w ord t o say .
”

V i ol ant a l is t e ne d t o t h e fai r l ad y He r v o ice w as so s o f t .

,

and h e r e y e s so b e am i ng and ar o u nd h e r re
,
s t i ng pl ace t h e -

“
V i ol e t s s me lle d so sw e e t l y Y es s ai d V i ol ant a I w ant
.
,
”
,

t o s t ay h e re wi t h y ou Bu t w h at s h al l I c al l y o u ? I d o n t
’
.

“
k no w w h at y o u r nam e is l
C al l me Pe nse rosa s ai d
.
”
,

t h e s t range r .

2
A nd so V i ol an t a e n t e re d t h e s e rv ic e of be au t if u l
Pe nse ro sa A nd e v e ry t h i ng t h at sh e f o u nd o n h e r w and e r
.

i ng sh e h ad t o b ri ng h o m e T h e n Pe nse rosa t ol d V i ol ant a

.

wi t h b e am i ng e y e s ab ou t e v e ry t h i ng sh e h ad f o u nd It w as .

as if t h e fl o w e r s w h ic h sh e h ad pic k e d and w h ic h al re ad y
.

b e gan t o wi t h e r agai n b e c ame f r e s h and t ol d ab ou t t h e

,

pl ac e w h e re t h e y h ad gro w n and ab o u t e ve ry t h i ng t h e y
,

h ad s e e n and h e ar d f ro m t h e m om e nt t h e y pe e pe d f o rt h o u t
o f t h e e ar t h Th e d e ad b u t t er fl i e s agai n b ec am e l i v in g
. .

Th e v e ry s t o ne s m u t t e re d w ord s w h ic h Pe nse r osa co u l d

u nd er s t and and e x pl ai n E v e ry t h i ng in n at u re be came
.

so ne w and w o nde r f ul .

1 V ad d u h t e e r. 2 K o rn i t jans t h o s .
XXIV IN D EFINI T E PRONOUNS 227

LESS ON XX I V .

I N D E FI N I T E PRONOU NS .
ll

292 N a s o m e s o me one Q s
gom .
,
n . n dg ot , pl u r . ndg r a , , ,

“
s ome t h i ng any any o ne any t h i ng a fe w n on i s u s ed .
, , , ,

Ge n ndg ons ndg ras E x

'
5
e i t h e r as ad j e c t i v e o r no u n . .
, .

n on v issl ade S o m e o ne w h is t l e d jg g g
a av. oss e n n dg ra .

I gav e t h e b o y a fe w pe nni e s Har lz an n dg on van ?

'

sl antar . .

Has h e any f ri e nd ? Nej li an lz ar i eee n dg on No h e h as n t ,

.
,
’

any .
n r a av m i na v d nner lz a v ar i t lz d r i e te r m i dd ag
f .

S o m e o f m y f r i e nd s h av e b e e n h e re t h is af t e rnoon Har d a .

ndg ot ny tt att be r d t ta ? Hav e y o u

'
an y t h i ng n e w t o t e l l ?

A tt i ng enti ng stig a d r bd ttr e d n att sa m

'

g a n dg o t d n t It is b e t .

t e r t o say no t h i ng t h an t o say s o m e t h i ng f oo l is h For .

f u r t h e r e x am pl e s se e 2 94 .

N ot e C o nce rn ing ndg onde r a se e 3 06 ; co nce rn ing ndg ont i ng

.

se e 3 07 .

" 2
293 In gen n i ntet pl u r i ng a no no o ne no t h i ng
.
,
.
, .
, , , .

It is u s e d e i t h e r as ad j e c t i v e or nou n Ge n i ng e ns In pl ac e . . .

o f i ng en i eee n dg on m ay ge ne r all y b e u s e d ; i n s o m e c as e s
, ,

h ow e v e r e spe ci al l y at t h e b e gi nni ng o f a c l au se i ng en m u s t
, ,

b e e m pl o y e d E x : [ ng en vet var t b an g i ck
. No o ne
.
, .

k nows w h e re h e w e nt [ ng e n r eg el nt an n ndantag No . .

r u l e wi t h o u t e xc e pt i ons Han d r i ng en f é if at tare m en lzan'

.
,

1 F c n v ni n
or om w d an d
e n t
e t i tl y i nd fi n i t i n m an
ce , s o e or s u se s o s r c e e e

i ng h a v b n h e i eel d d e re nc u e .

2 On t h b tit ti n f t f
e su in t h n
s t u f 55 3 0 ; 1 5 1
o 1 an d p a g
o or n e eu er, c e

t n t —l\ t i t h f m i t : ( n t
.
. ,
’

93 f oo - o e . o 3 1 1 1
ce e or n e o se e .

f a dj
, ,

3 On t h i n E gl i h i n t h “
t i v al w d
"
f n
e u se o a o e d b n s e c se o ec or s u se su

s t an t i ly
ve 55 1 5 0 ; 3 0 5 n t 1
,
se e N t al t h ad d i t i n f th i ng i n , o e . o e so e o o - ”

“
som th i n g
e t
”
, e c.

4 E ngl i h an y p i m a i l y i n i n t g a t i v n g a t i v an d n d i t i n a l
”
s u se s r r erro e, e e co o

cl a u se s .

5 O nl y t h g ni t i v i n fai l y f q n t
e e a gi v n h a nd b l w If
es r re ue u se re e e re e o .

th e g n i t i v i n t g i v n ( a i n th i a t h n t d t ) i t m a th a t
e e s o e s s c se e eu er n go s . e ns

th e m i tt d f m ( ) a
o e i th n t
or d d
s nl y a l y On t h
re e f er o u se
, . o r u se o r re . e u se o

t h g nit i v
e e 556 e se e .

6 C n oni n g w d
ce r d 5 1 4 1 an d S 1 4 2 n t
or -o r e r se e . , o e.
228 IN D EFINI T E PRONOI NS
‘

He is
.

ansbar bl i de t . no t an au t h o r , b ut he w ant s to

b e c ome one . Gosse n b ar i ng a blom m or kvar Th e b o y h as .

no fl o we r s l e f t . [ ng e ns ntsi b te r vara bd tt re d n b ans No .

one s pro s pe c t s w e r e
’
. be t t e r t h an h is . Fo r f u r t h e r e x ampl e s
se e 2 94 .

No t e . Co nce r ning i ng e nd e r a see 3 06 ; co ncer n i ng i ng e nt i ng

se e 307 .

294 A rm an n annat.
pl u r and d e f and r a ,
.
]
, . .

o t h e r e l s e ( t h is m e an i ng f re q u e n t l y af t e r n a
, g an i ng en ) ,
.

It is u s e d e i t h e r as ad j e c t i v e o r nou n Ge n annans and r as . .

, .

E x : Vill d n b a den and r a b atte n

. D o y ou w ant t h e o t h e r
h at ? Han bar i ett a nnat b u s n u He l i v e s i n ano t h e r .

h o u s e now S b nlle vi iebe tal a am ndg at annat ? Sh o u l d w e

.

n o t t al k ab o u t s o m e t h i ng e l se ? [ ng e n annan var b e mm a .

No o ne e l s e w as at h o m e xiir d etta bard star t nag e l le r vi ll .

,

'
an b a ett annat ? I s t h is t ab l e l ar ge e no u gh o r d o y o u ,

w an t ano t h e r ? Hans f é rstd n d var l i ba g att som ndg an

'

annans His m i nd w as j u st as good as any o ne el se s

.
’
.

Nu mera b d rsbar e n b el t annan me ni ng bland spr dbfar sb

ar na . No w an e nt i re l v d i ffe re nt o pi n i on prev ai l s am o ng
'
ph i l ol o gi s t s D essa ar d be ty da ndg at b el t annat
. T h e se .

w ord s h av e an e n t i re l y d i ffe re nt m e an i ng
.
[ n te t av .

'
dessa ar d bar , sd v i tt m an ve t , ndg at e tymal ag isb t sa m

m an bang m ed n dg at av de andr a N o ne of t h e s e w o r d s
.

h as , as far as is k now n ,
any e t y m ol ogic al co nn e c t i o n w i t h
an y o f t h e o t h e r s F or . f u r t h e r i l l u s t rat i ons see 3 0 5 .

N te O b serv e t h at E ng ano t h er m eans e i t h er a d ifl e r

“ '
”
o 1 . . .

e nt “
( o ne ) o r o ne m o re S w e d ish e n annan m e an s anot h er
“ "
.
"

o nl y i n t h e se nse o f “ a d ifl e r e nt

2. V ari o u s e xp essions co nne ct e d wi t h annan: e n aeb an nan n

r
'
, .

e t t oeb an nat fe w so m e t h ing o ne Or t w o

’
a fe w so m e so m e , , , , ,

t h ings; e n e l l e r an nan n e tt e l le r an'nat so m e one o r o t h e r '

, .
, ,

1 Cf p ag 2 2 7 f
. tn t 2 e , oo - o e .

2 On t h f f 5 1 5 1 S b an d
e u se Th oam f1n a pp l i
,
tc .
, , c . e s e r e e re ce es o
s im il a a
r c i n th p n n bl w
se s o er ro ou s e o .
 IN D EFINI T E PRONOUNS XXI V
]
296 V ar j
a . eve r y
i nd e c l i nabl e ad j e c t i v e u se d ,
ea ch , ,

w i t h no u ns in t h e si ngu l ar ’
E x : Varje g ata d r l iba . .

vaebe r som d en na E v e r y s t re e t i s j u s t as be au t if u l as t h is
.

o ne Han stannade v id varje b u s He s t o ppe d at e v e ry

. .

h ou s e Varye sd rsb z l t f all e ac h i nd i v i d u al c as e

' ’

. .

297 A 11 11 al l t pl u r all a al l T h is m ay b e u s e d su b
.
,
.
,
.
, .

st an t i v e l y o n l y i n t h e ne u t e r si n gul ar and i n t h e pl u ral .

“
Ge n ( pl u r ) allas W h e n Eng al l m e ans wh ole ”
. . .
.
,

2
i t m u s t ge ne ral l y b e r e nd e re d b y b et i n S w e d is h b u t ,

s om e t i m e s b y al l E x : Han talad e am all t '

. He t ol d . .
'

e v e ry t h i n g A l l mjél b ar vi t
. A l l m i l k is w h i t e A ll a . .

A l l b e c am e sic k A l l ( o r b el a ) var l den v et

'

él eva sju ka . .

de t . A l l t h e w or l d k no ws t h at A v all t ( o r be l a) m i tt .

bjar ta wi t h al l m y h e art ; pd al l t sd tt i n e v e r y w ay ; e n
'

g g f
d n a r al l a o nc e fo r all .

No te C once rnin g al l ti ng see 3 0 7

. .

298 M én ge n n m d ng et pl u r m d ng a m an y a m an y
.
3
,
.
, .
, , .

T h is is u s e d e i t h e r as ad j e c t i v e or no u n Ge n m d ng ens . .
,

m d ng as E x : M d ng e n g d ng m any a t i m e M d ng a a v g assar
. . .

na v ar a tr é tta M any o f t h e b o ys w e r e t i re d D e t bé r b eta

. .

“
Han d r star re d n jag m e n m d ng en sdg er “
''

d n m ig
”
, .

One s h oul d say He is l arge r t h an I

“
, b u t m any a one ,
”

s ays
“
t h an m e
,
M d ng e n y ng l i ng d rém m er am br ag de r
.
.

M any a y o u t h d re am s o f ac h i ev e m e n t s I all m d nb et b an .

u nde r sam tal m er a u tel d m nas [i n i sb r

ift sam sb all b am m a ,

i nf ar m d ng as 5g an M o re ca n u s u al l y b e o m i t t e d i n co n
’

v e r s at i o n t h an i n w r i t i n g w h ic h i s i nt e nd ed t o co m e ,

b e f ore t h e e y e s o f m any E nl zgt m d ng as u ttal acco rd .

i ng t o t h e pr onu nci at i on of m any .

Fl e r a e ) m or e , s e ve ral ( w h e n t h e re is no i d e a of
-

“
o m
c p is )
a r o n In t e m e an i ng
h m o re
.
”
t h e re is al s o a
1 R l
a re y u se d a s n o u n : l i t e t a v var je a l i ttl e of e v e ry th i n g .

2 Cf . 1 4 9, n o t e.

3 S ee p ag e 2 2 7 , fo o tn t- o e 2 .
XXIV I N D E FI NI T E PRONOUN S 23 1

s h or t e r f o rm fi er F l er a i s c omparat i ve o f m d ng a Ge n
. . .

fi eras fi eres E x : Han gjarde d etta pd fi er as beg d r an

'
. . .
,

He d id t h is at t h e re q u e s t o f s ev e ral F l er a f ar tyg b ava .

anl d nt S e ve ral v e sse l s h av e arr i ve d

. .

F l est a -e
) m os t t h e m aj or i t y is t h e s upe rl at i v e o f
, , ,

m d ng a Ge n -s A nou n f ol l owi ng fi esta i s i nd e fi ni t e

. . .

i n f o rm w h e n t h e re i s no i d e a o f c o m par is o n ; o t h e rwi se
i t h as d e fi n i t e f orm E x : D e fi esta vara r edan g d ng na . . .

Mos t o f t h e m w e re al re ad y gone D e fi esta tal a my eb et .

m era al ag is/et an de sjal va t r a M o s t pe o pl e s pe ak m u c h

' '

m ore i l l ogic all y t h an t h e y t h e m s e l v e s t h i nk D e fi esta .

ind nnisbar anse sig b a al l del es ti /l rd ebl zgt r eda pd si tt m a

de rsm d l Mo s t pe opl e c o nsi de r t h e m s e l v e s su fli cie nt l y
.

f am i l i ar w i t h t h e i r nat i v e l ang u age D e fi esta fall en av .

sju bdam e n b a i ntr a f at pd Ku ng sb al m e n M o s t o f t h e c as e s .

o f t h e d is e as e h av e occ u rre d i n K j g pp
a b a a s a tt m i na .
,

’ ’
up pg ifter i de fi esta fal l sb al a befin nas b ar r eb ta I h ope .

t h at m y s t at e m e n t s wi l l i n m o s t c as e s b e f o u nd c orre c t .

299 F 5 fe w i nde c l i nab l e pl u r al F d is u s e d e i t h e r as ad

. . , .

j e ct i v e or n o u n N o t e t h e e x pre ssi on n dg r a fd a fe w Th e
. .

c o m parat i ve is f ar r e E x : F d veta det aeb d nnu fd r r e bar de

'

. .
,

veta d et Fe w k no w i t and s t i l l f e w e r o u gh t t o k n ow i t
. .

3 00 E dd a .
, b agge j c i s ,
both , u ed
s e ither as ad e t v e

o r no u ns Ge n s W h e n bd aa and bdgg e are u se d as ad j

- .
’
. . ec

t i v e s t h e acc o mpanyi ng no u n pr ac t ic al l y al w ays h as d e fi n i t e

,

f orm u nl e ss a d e mo ns t rat i v e o r poss e ssi v e pronou n o r a

, ,

ge n i t i v e is u s e d i n c onne c t i on w i t h t h e n ou n
, T h e y are .

o ft e n fo l l ow e d b y tvd for e m ph asis E x : d a g ossarna . .

spr u ng a bart B ot h t h e b oys r an aw ay D e vara bd da g aml a

. . .

T h e y w e re b ot h ol d d a tvd bam ma fi r tid igt B o t h . .

'
o f t h e m c am e t oo e ar l y Bdgg e dessa fi r d n d r i ng ar b ot h .

’
of t h e se c h ange s ; buaa dessa f r dg ar b ot h of t h e se
q ue s t i ons ,
 IN D EFINI T E PRONOUNS XXIV

E d da an d bagg e are re nd e re d i nt o E ngl is h b y two

w h e n t h e y h av e t h e po si t i o n and co ns t r u c t i on o f d e fi ni t e
j c i s t h at is w h e n t h e y s t and b e t w e e n t h e pre
ad e t v e , ,

si t i e d e f ar t ic l e and a n ou n in t h e d e f f o rm or
p o v . .
,

b e t w ee n a ge ni t i v e poss e ssi v e pr on o u n o r d e m ons t r at i v e ,

rono u n and a nou n i n t h e i nd e f f o rm E x : D e bd d a

p . . .

g ossar na d r a br é der Th e t w o b o ys are b r o t h e r s Hen . .

' '
b var levande bd da sy strar Bernb ar d i na aeb I Vz l b el m i na
’

/
nes

ar a r esp ekti v e 8 2 ( re ad d ttz tvd ) aeb 8 0 ( re ad d tt ia)

’ ’ '

dr .

He r two s u rv i v i ng sis t e r s B an d W ar e 8 2 and 8 0 y e ar s . .

’
r e spe c t i v e l y D e bd da f areg d e nd e leapi t l e n t h e t w o
‘

ol d ,
.

c i c h r s ; d e bd r sta ar dn i ng stal en t h e t w o
p re e d n g a p t e gg f e é
fi rs t ord i nal s ; dessa bd da g r avar t h e s e t w o grav e s ; vi bd da
( cf page 91 f oo t no t e 2 ) w e t w o ; en av de bagg e ( cf
.
,
-
.

1 50 e n d ) o ne o f t h e t w o
,
.

Note C o nce ning bd d ad e r a bdgg e d e r a se e 3 06

. r , ,
.

301 S oml i g n sam l zgt ( al s o sam t )

.
, p l.u r sam l g
z a , .
,

s o m e Ge n sam l ig as It i s u s e d e i t h e r as ad j e c t i v e o r su b
. . .

st an t i v e Th e si ngu l ar is u s e d al m os t o nl y wi t h n am e s
.

o f m at e r i al s and wi t h ab s t r ac t no u ns E x : S am l zgt v i n . .

d r ndstan vi tt S om e wi ne i s al m o s t w h i t e S am l zga var a

. .

f a r stora S o m e. w e re t oo l a r g e S am l z a m d nnisbar bl i
g .

f armé g na u tan att ar beta S o m e pe opl e b e c o m e w e al t h y

'
’
.

wi t h o u t w ork i ng A tt l asa sam l zg sb bnl itteratu r lean i vi ssa

'

d mf ar as m ed att d r amm a Th e re ad i ng o f s o m e
'

avsee nde n j
’ ''

l i t e r at u r e can in c e r t ai n re s pe c t s b e c om pare d wi t h
d re am i ng .

3 02 En d s . e ) o nl y o nl y o n e
. T h is h as t h e r e gul ar
-
, .

d e fi ni t e f o r m It is u s e d e i t h e r as ad j e c t i v e o r s u b s t ant i v e ;
.

as a s u b s t an t i v e i t is al w ays pr e c e d e d b y t h e i nd e fi n i t e o r

d e fi ni t e ar t ic l e Ge n s E x : D etta d r de n e nda stol en sam

. .
-
. .
,

d r kvar T h is is t h e o nl y c h ai r t h at is l e f t E n enda san an

. .

o nl y son Han d r enda sonen He is t h eo nl y so n Han fi eb

. . .

i ebe e n e nda He did no t ge t a si ngl e one D e vara de enda

. .
,
234 IND E F INI T E PR ON OU N S XXIV

d on t k now
’
w h at m ay h appe n t o y ou . See al s o 22 1 ,

n ot e 4 .

3 05 . D e n e n a. -e
) n . det ena , t h e o ne . T h is i s u s e d e i t h e r
as ad j e c t i v e n o un Ge n -s D en ena sd vd l sam den and ra
or . . .
'

one as w e l l as t h e o t h e r Han g z eb f r un den ena till de n

’

andra He w e nt f ro m o ne t o t h e o t h e r
.
D en e na g assen v ar .

l at de n andr a fi i tzg
,
One o f t h e b oys w as l az y t h e ot h e r
.
,

i nd u s t r i ous — C o nc e r ni ng e n see g 3 0 4 .

N ot e I In u sing ad j e ct i v e s as nou n s S w e dish d oe s not ad d

. . ,

“ “
e n co rre spo n d i ng t o t h e E ngl i sh u e o f t h is i s a goo d
”
,
o ne ; a s s ,

o ne
“”
any o ne
,
“
t h is o ne ”
See ,
1 50
”
. .

2 On t h e i nt e rr ogat i v e v ad f or e n se e 2 86 —Ou e n as n u m e ral

.
.

see 3 1 2 — Ou e n aeb annan e n e l l er annan se e

. 2 94 n o t e 2 , , , .

306 C o m po u nd s wi t h d e r a : - 1
. ,

ende r a n ettde r a e i t h e r o ne o f t h e m
, .
, ,

n dg ande r a n n dg atde r a e i t h e r o ne o r o t h e r
, .
, ,

i ng ende r a n i ntetde r a ne i t h e r , .
,

var der a n v ar tde r a e ac h , .

,

bdgg ede r a bd dade r a ( m o re r are ) b o t h , ,

T h e s e are ge ne rall y u s e d as nou ns ; t h e y h av e t h e re g

u l ar ge ni t i ve ender as i ng e nde r as e t c ,
W h e n t h e y are e m
, , .

p l o y e d a s a d j e c t i v e s t h e f o l l o wi n g n o u n h as ,
d e fi n i t e f o r m .

T h e y re fe r t o c e r t ai n d e fin i t e l y k now n ob j e c t s v e r y o f t e n , ,

b u t not al w ays ( e xc e pt for bdgg edera -bd d ade r a) t w o i n ,

'
num b e r E x : I A me r i ba sé b te d e ly eb a aeb g uld m en
. .
,

f u nna i ntetde r a T h e y s o ugh t h appi ne ss and go l d i n

.

A m e r ic a b u t f o u nd n e i t h e r
, [ nam varder a av dessa t re .

’
b ateg ar i e r e r b d ll as t r e u nder avdel ni ng ar In e ac h o f t h e s e .

t h re e c at e gor i e s t h e r e ar e t h ree s u b d i v isi on s Hd r beb an d .

’

l as var tdera av de ssa bd da f al l sd r sb il t fi r sig E ac h o f t h e s e .

t w o c as e s is h e re t re at e d b y i t s e l f Vartdera av d essa jjr a .

/

u t try eb e ac h o f t h e s e f o u r e x re ssi ons 0m A B z ebe d r

'

p .

1 Cf tb . d vz
‘

5 2 8 7 —E t y l gi ll y a a m an f th m
en m e r a, a - “
o o c ,
’
er e s o e
"
.
XX I V IN D EFINI T E PRONOUN S 23 5

( r e ad l i b a med ) A C sd md ste ender a var a starre I f A B ,

.

is no t e q u al t o A C one of t h e m m u s t b e t h e l ar ge r S tu n
,
.

dom std r e ttder a abjeb tet f r d m st i satsen S o m e t i m e s one of

’
.

t h e ob j e c t s i s pl ac e d fi rs t in t h e c l au s e L d tam ass sb d r sb d da .

vartde ra sl a et
g f é r si
g L e t u s e x a m i ne e ac h k i nd.b y i t s e l f .

'
’ ' ’
D ifi e r e n f se n i rd
g a am lju d e ll er be ty del se el l e r bd aader a
d r ou r spr u ng l zg . Th e d i ff e re nc e
i n re gard t o s ou nd or
m e an i ng o r b o t h of t h e s e is no t o r i gi nal
,
[ ng ende r a ,
.

b an bl ag a N e i t h e r can c o m pl ai n n ander a b om me r vd l
. . .

One o f t h e m wi ll c om e no d o u b t , .

3 07 C o m po u nd s o f t i n g : ndg anti ng s om e t h i ng any

.
-
,

t h i ng ; i ng e nti ng 1 no t h i ng ; al l ti ng e ve r y t h i ng T h e y are .

u s e d o nl y s u b s t ant i v e l y as n e u t e r si ngu l ar s E x : Han , . .

sade i ng en ti n
g He s ai d no t h i ng A tt i ng enti ng sag a ar
. .

bd ttr e d n at t sag a ndg at du mt It is b e t t e r t o say no t h i ng .

t h an t o say s o m e t h i ng f o ol is h Har ar ndg anti ng g att

' '

. .

He re is s o m e t h i ng good .

3 08 Th e i nt e r rogat i v e prono u ns ( see

. 2 8 2 ) f ol l o w e d

b y sam b el st are u s e d as i nd e fi ni t e prono u ns W h e n t h e y .

are u s e d ad j e c t i v e l y t h e no u n w h ic h t h e y m o d ify is
"

pl ac e d b e t w e e n t h e i n t e rrogat i v e pron ou n an d sa m b el st;

as v il be n g osse sam b el st any b o y
, E x : D e t b an ve m som . .

b el st g é r a A ny o ne can d o t h at
. D u f d r tag a v il b en bob .

som Y o u m ay t ak e any b ook

b el st
'

. Vd d r e t 7n d bl i va b u r u .

dan t sam b el st No m at t e r w h at t h e w e at h e r m ay b e
. .

N ot e . Th e i nd e fi ni t e p ro nou ns ndg an an d i ng e n m ay a so l be
fo l l o w e d by sam b e l sl : ndg on som b e tsi any ( o ne ) at al l , i ng e n
som b atst no ( o ne ) at al l .

3 09 Th e i nt e rrog at i ve prono u n s m ay
. al o s be u e d ass
ind efi i n t e re l at i v e s Q , e t i he r al one or fo ll owe d by dn or b el st .

W h e n t h e y s t and in th e s ub j ec t re l at i o n ,
so m is add e d

1 C o n ce r n i n g w o r d -o r d e r , p ag 2 2 7 f t n t 6
cf . e , oo - o e .

2 In th i s u se th e p r o no u n a s t d b t n t wh n
re s d
r e sse , u o e u se as i n t e rr o ga
t iv e s . W h n ti ne , b els t fo ll ow , h w v th a
o m ti m
e t
er, e se re s o e e s s r e sse d i ns t e ad .
 IN D EFINI T E PRONOUNS XXI V

A sk
’

( cf . 2 78 ; 2 8 9, Ex . : Beg a r, vad du vi ll . w h at
e ve r w is h D e valde ve m de v ill e t i ll bon u ng
you . , ,
. They
Vil b en va
'

c h os e as k i ng w h o m e v e r t h e y wis h e d g d u [i n .

b l ir r esan t r e vl ig W h at e v e r w ay y o u go the
f a r sd
,
.
,

e v wi l l b e pl e as ant jga b m m er a tt resa b u r u d an t

j o u r n o .
,

va
'

ar e t d n bl i r
’
I s h al l go w h at ev e r t h e w e at h e r wi l l b e
.
,
.

Ve i n som b ar gjor t de t sd bar b an str afi as W h oe v e r h as

''

.
,

v em de m é tte
d one i t h e s h o u ld b e pu n is h e d D e a
, f r edade .
, .

T h e y m ol e s t e d w h o m e v e r t h e y m e t Han b ade std nd zg .

amg d ng vad b el st b an tag sig f or W h at e v e r h e u nd e r

f r ,
.

t o ok h e h ad c ons t an t s u cc e ss
,
.

3 1 0 ACCEN T :
.
A ll t i ng h as t h e a c u t e a cc e n t — A nd r a .

u s u al l y h as t h e g rav e acc e nt .

3 1 1 COLLOQUIALISMS : ( I ) In t h e s pok e n l angu age

.

t h e f o r m i ng et i s u s e d as t h e n e u t e r o f i ng en in pl ac e ,

o f t h e w r i t t e n i n te l .

T
’ '

( 2 ) h e i n d e fi n i t e pr o no u ns e n v a r e n aeb var vaije bag , , ,

eder a bd d ad er a an d bd d a ( b u t n o t ba g g e ) b e l o ng pr i m a
g ,

r i l y t o t h e w r i t t e n l an gu age .

1
(3 ) In t h e s p ok e n l a n gu age d e t h e y is v e r y o f t e n u s e d , ,

’
i ns t e ad o f m an E x : D e sdg er att b an b ar r est till A m e r ib a
. .
, .

T h e y say t h at h e h as g o ne t o A m e r ic a — E n m ay in e asy
s pee c h b e u s e d i n pl ac e o f m an t h at i s al s o as s u b j e c t b u t , ,

2
t h is u se is r at h e r d i al e c t ic al E x : E n ve t i nte b u r e n sba
’
. .
,

f d v a r m t i r u m m ena n d r d e d sd b all t u te , One d oe s n t ’ ’

.
’

k no w h ow t o ge t t h e roo m s w ar m w h e n i t s so col d ’

o u t si d e .

(4) s pok e n l angu age t h e si ngu l ar m d ng en is

In t h e ,

no t e m pl o y e d e xce pt i n
prov e rb s .

5 ) In e asy s pe e c h n dg an and an nan m ay b e s h ort e ned ,

t o nd n ann n dg at t o nd t
, S o n dg anti ng b e c om e s n d n
, .

1 P r o no u n ce d d
“
z ( se e 5 3 , A l dm so o m a y b e u se d .

2 E n m ay i n c l ude the s p e ak e r , w hi h d d c e o es o n ly v ery e x p ti

ce on a ll y .
 IN D EFINI T E PRONOUNS

se a .
”
Th e wi l d w av e s of the se a . Th e wi ld w av e s of
“
t h e se a,
”
s ang t h e f ore s t
1
ab o v e her h e ad . Al l t h e wi ld
1
w av e s of wi ld w av e s of t h e se a ro ared
th e se a . Al l t h e ,

“
t h e r i v e r at h e r f e e t Oh y e s si gh ed V i ol ant a .
, , ,

t h e wi l d w av e s o f t h e se a It is t o t h e m [t h at ] I l ong [t o
“
.

I f I c o u l d o n l y ge t t o see
3
t h e m o nce I w
g ]
? ant t o
o .

see t h e m I w an t t o re ac h t h e m all t h e wi l d w ave s of t h e

. ,

se a .

“
ne x t m or n i ng t h e re w as a
Wh en [ ]
V i ol ant a aw o k e the

s t or m5 S h e d re ss ed q u ic k l y and r an o u t
. Th e s t o rm .

s
t oo k h ol d of h e r d re ss l if t e d h e r l i k e a l e af and sh e , ,

“
w h i rl e d o v er t h e pl ai n i nt o t h e f o re s t Th e wi l d w av e s o f .

t h e se a r o are d
l
t h e f o re s t
,
” “
Th e w i l d w av e s o f t h e se a .
,
”

1
s t or m e d t h e r i v e r S h e fle w o nw ard l i k e a wi l d sw an wi t h .

h e r v e i l fl u t t e r i ng l i k e wi n gs b e h i nd h e r F ro m t h e f o re s t .

sh e c am e o u t u po n t h e o pe n h e at h w h e r e t h e re g re w ne i t h e r
5
t re e s nor b u s h e s and t h e r e sh e w e nt al ong wi t h d o u b l e ,

s pe e d Th e s t o rm c arr i e d h e r o nw ard ne are r and ne ar e r

.
,

t o t h e se a He r f e e t sc arce l y t o u c h e d t h e gro u nd and sh e

.
,

co u l d no l onge r b re at h e A l l o f a s u d d e n a b l as t of wi nd .

7
t h r e w h e r d o w n and sh e l ay u nd e r a r i d ge o f s and n u , ,

c o nsci o u s .

1 U im p se al t ti 4 Na l ta m g
e r so n co n s ruc on s or on .

a it
s. g i b f t it
sa n d i
n t b 5 Im pe or esal n t . ti ; a i r oa r e n [ e e r so n co s r uc on s, t
r i ve r .
et c .
st o r m ed , i t w e nt .

2 S ee s2 6 4 , no t e 3 . 6 Took b al d of t og i .

3 Ge t to see id se . 7 B l e v l ig g a n d e ; se e g 25 0, no t e 1 .
xxv NUMERA L S 23 9

LESS ON XX V .

N U ME RALS .

3 1 2 CAR D INA L S
. OR D I NA LS
I e n 11 ett one .
,f or sta.
-e
) ,

3
2 t vd ( t ve nne t u )
. and r a -e
) ,

3 t r e ( tr e n ne )

0 sex

7
0
0 d t ta

0 n io

10 . t io t iande
1 1 . e l va

I2 .

1 3 . t r etton
I4 .

15 .
fem ton
I6 . sex ton

1 7 .

1 8 .

1 9 . n itton

20 . tjug u , tjug o
'l ’ ’
)
'

21 . tjug u e n n tjug u et t
. tjug uf or sta -e

'
22 . tjug u t v d tjug u an d r a -
e)

30 . tr e tt iande
’
3 1 . n . t ret t r e tti ( o f or sta -e
)
’
t i ( o) et t
z 2
40 .
jj t'
ri o,
'
f y r ti
jj t
/rio n de

50 .
fe nz tzo fe m ti , fem tiande
o r , tj ug oe n ' tjug atv d ', e t c.

P
.

r o n o u nce d fe m;
Cf 5 2 94
. .
 NUM E RALS XXV

60 . sex tio , ser ti

u ttio , s u tt i j
70 . j
s
80 . d tt io , out

90 . ni tti o, n itti

1 00 .
( ett ) b u ndr a b u ndr ade
101 . b u ndra en , 11 . b un b u nd r af o/ sta
dr a ett

20 0 . t vd b u ndra tvd b u nd r ade

21 1 . t vd b u n d r a el v a tvd b u nd r a el f te

( ett ) t u sen tu sen de

e tt tu se n ett b u nd r a ett t use n e tt b u nd r a sex

sex ti ( )fo e m ti a)f em te

'
en m ill io n
’
t vd m il l io ne r

RE MA R KS O N THE CA RD INA LS .
l

3 13 . W h e n u se d as ad j e ct i v e s t h e c ard i nal s are inde

cl inab l e e xc e pt
,
t h at en h as t h e n e u t e r e tt T h is is .

d e c l i ne d al so i n c om po u nd n u m e r al s E x : en g osse . .

’ ’
o ne b o y e tt bar d o ne t abl e tr etti ( o) et t d r aeb t/ug uen
, ,

dag ar t h i r t y o ne y e ar s and t w e n t y o ne d ays

- -
.

W h e n occasi o nal l y e m pl o y e d as n ouns card in al s h av e t h e ,

’
u s u al ge ni t i v e i n s as de A de r to ns besl u t t h e d e cisi o n o f
-
, ,
'

t h e E i gh t ee n ( o f t h e S w e d is h A cad e m y ) D et d r ey e ns .

sb u l l
,
att tv a tr d ta It i s not t h e f aul t o f o ne t h at t w o
.

q u ar re l .

N ot e W h e n b u nd r a and tu se n are u sed as nou ns t h e y m ay

.
,

al so h av e t h e fo m s b u nd r ad e and t u se nd e w h ich are ne u t e rs o f

r ,

t h e F o u r t h D e cl e nsio n ; t h e se ar e i n o rd inary st yl e u sed ch i e fl y

i n t h e d e fi ni t e fo rm ; as de t f or sta t use nde t t h e fi rst t h ousand

‘

.
,

3 1 4 Tvenne and tr enne are not i n fre q u e nt l y e m pl oy ed

.

In
pl ac e of tv d and tre b u t t h e y nev e r occ u r in co mpou nd ,

1 S eeal p ag 92 f t-n t 4
so e , oo o e .
 NL M E RA LS x xv
'

24 2

h as t h e d e f f or m ; t h e o rd i nal s are al s o ge ne ral l y pre c e d e d

.

b y t h e pre posi t i ve d e f ar t ic l e b u t not al w ays ; se e . 1 49 ,

.

W h e n u s e d as no u ns o rd i nal s h av e t h e u s ual ge ni t i v e ,

i n s; as Kar l de n tol/tes bed r if ter t h e f e at s o f C h ar l e s

’
-
,

t h e Tw e l f t h D en t r edjes anfi rande var bd st

. Th e ad .

d re ss o f t h e t h i rd s pe ake r w as b e s t .

N o te 1 As i n E ngl i h o nl y t h e l ast m e m be r o f a co m p o u nd
. . s ,

nu m e al i s an ord i nal ; as tjug uf d r st a

’
r , .

2 Th e o d i nal s are so m e t i m e s w ri tt e n w i t h t h e a ab ic n u m e al
. r r r

al o ne so m e t i m e s w i t h t h e e nd i ng i nd icat ed ; as d e n 7 ju n i J u n e 7
, , ,

d en 6 : e , d en 2 : a, de n den 1 : st a , 3 pe r s . si ng .

FOR M A T ION S C ON N E C T E D W I T H
V A R IO U S
N U M ER A LS .

3 1 9 FORM E D W I T H C AR D I NALS :
.
( I ) Once t w i ce , ,

e t c F or t h e s e S w e d is h e m pl o ys t h e c ar d i nal w i t h g d ng
.
,

t i me pl u r g d ng e r ; as e n g ung
, .
l
tvd g d ng er t re g d ng er , , ,
.

) S 2i m p l e d ou b l e t w o-
fol d t r i pl e e t c Th e S w e d is h
. , , , .

“
w ord for si m pl e is e nbel ( n e nbel t , pl u r e nbla) ; t h at
”
. .

“
fo r d ou bl e ”
is d u bbel ( n d u bbel t , pl ur d u bbla) A bo v e . . .

to ,
- du bbel , or , l e ss
f re q ue nt l y faldzg ( n -t pl u r -a) ,
-
.
, .

is add e d t o t h e c ard i nal ; as tr edu bbel o r tr efal d zg fy r du bbel

, ,

or
jjrfal d zg
/ .

( 3 ) On e b y one b y t w os e t o S w e d is h e x pre ss e s t h e
, , .

d is t r i b u t i v e i d e a b y m e an s o f t h e r e e at e d c ard i nal w i t h
p
aeb b e t w ee n or b y ad d i n
g i sd nder t o t h e c ar d i nal ; as
, ,

t vd aeb tvd or tvd i sd nde r .

( 4 ) Ki nd s of .S w e d is h e x pre ss e s t h is i d e a b y m e an s
of t h e ne u t e r w o rd slag k i nd w i t h an add e d -s as , ett
, ,

sl a sl ag s,
g s , tvd tr e sl ag s , m d ng a sl ag s .

1 Wh e n en e du g m e an s ti m
o n ce ha m
”
t ,
“
th an d
o ne e en s o re s ress g ng
Wh g ha
.

en e du s the g at t
re er sth i p h a m an “ n ( p n a
re s s, s r se e s o ce u o
2 Ev e n i n case o f tw“
im il a
o
”
mp
s nd m ay b d t d d bb l t d
r co ou s e u se : v u e , v
f ald z E nf al d z g' i s q i v al n t t nb l b t m an i m p l m i nd d
’
'

n t “

f
”
o e u e o e e u e s s e e
, ,

fo o i sh ”
.
XXV NUMERA LS 2 43

S w e d is h u e s s tal (n ) . nu m b e r , t o d e n o te t h e d e c ad e
or ce n t u ry ; as i gh t i e s t h e pe r i od
,
8 o -tale t t h e e ,
—8 9;
1 8 o o tale t t h e n i ne t e e nt h c e nt u r y
-
t h e pe r i od ,
1 80 0 —1 8 99 .

Tal al so d e no t e s an appro xi m at e n u m b e r ; as , e tt tia

tal ab o u t t e n .

Ta! i s s wi t h an adde d -s in a fe w e xpre ssi o ns l i k e

u ed

b u nd r atals h u nd re d s ( o f) ; tuse ntal s t h ou s and s ( o f) ; as ,

b u nd r atals fi ug or h u nd re d s o f fl i e s .

( )
6 N am e s o f t h e n u m e r al s p ar t ic u l ar l y t h r o u gh ,

t w e l ve are f o r m e d b y ad d i ng t o t h e c ard i nal t h e e nd i ng

”
,

a b e f ore w h ic h an u ns t re ss e d v ow
,
e l is d ro ppe d T h e se .

are no u ns o f t h e F i r s t D e c l e nsi on E x : en e tta a fi gu re 1 . .

,

/ r an t h e fi
e n t vd a en j j / r a e n n i a;
, jj g,
u re 4 n i an; t v d t rear ,

t w o t h re e s N o t e al s o: e n fem m a a fi v e c ro w n b i l l ; en tia
.
-

a t e n c ro w n b i l l ; e n fem t ia a fi ft y c r o w n b i l l ; e n sex a a
- -

'
l i gh t s u ppe r Sju ttiof e m m an ar f br se nad ( T r ai n ) n u m b e r
’
. .

7 5 is b e h i nd t i me .

3 20 FORM E D W I T H OR D INA L S
. . se con d

(l y ) ,
e tc . F o r t h e se i de as S w e d is h u e s s the e x pre ssi o ns
''

f br de t
f br sta ,
f or det andra, e tc .

( )
2 Fr act i on s . One h al f is
-
en b al v . Ex . : l l/ an b an g d
en b al v m il pd en t im m e . w al k h al f a m i l e i n
Y ou can

an hour . E tt b al vt dppl e h al f an appl e N o t e al s o : tvd .

aeb en b al v t im m e t w o h o u r s and a h al f ; e n b al v t imm e

h al f an h ou r .

D e no m i nat ors ab ov e t w o are f orm e d by i

ad d ng del par t ,
pl ur del ar , t o t h e
. o rd i nal s ; as , en t r edjedel a t h i rd ,
tvd t red
'

edel ar t w o t h i rd s , c as e of
j en fl d r dedel ,
e n s u ndedel
j . In t h e
o rd n al i s e n d i ng in -and e -de is
,
d ro ppe d b e f o re -del , e xc e pt

in the s t y l e ; as e n
e l e v at e d e n n i on ( de ) d el e n , ,

t r e tton ( de ) de l; so al s o in b u nd r a ( de ) del t u sen ( de ) del ,

.

W h e n u se d b e f ore a n ou n t h e e nd i ng -dels is ad d e d t o ,

t h e o rd i nal b ot h in t h e si ngu l ar and pl u r al ; as ett fi d r de ,

 NL M E RA LS
'

dels d r a q u art e r fjd r dedels d r t h ree f o u r t h s

of a y e ar ,
tr e
o f a y e ar ; b u t e n f/ d r dedel av d r e t a q u ar t e r o f t h e y e ar
‘

tr e fjd rdedel ar av d r e t t h r e e f ou r t h s of t h e y e ar .

—
N o t e 1 In p l ace o f e n oeb e n b al v b al van nan n b al v ( t )an nat
.
'
, , .
’

i s f e q u e n tl y u se d ; so t h o u gh m u ch m o e r are l y b al v t r e dje fo r
’
r ,
r ,

t v d oeb e n b al v e t c A fol l o w i ng no u n i s pu t in t h e singu l ar

, . .

2
. In pl ace o f j jd r de de l b v ar t ( 5 ) is in so m e case s e m pl oy ed ; ,

w h e n i t t and s b e fo re a no u n
s s i s ad d ed ; as e n b v ar ts t i m m e a ,
-
,

q u ar t e r o f an h o u ; e n b v ar ts m i l a q u art e r o f a m il e
r .

3 O b e rv e : de n f o r e t h e fo rm e r de n se nar e t h e l att e r
. s r , .

4 On v ar an nan v ar t r e dje e t c 2 95 no t e 2
' ’
. se e, , .
, , .

EXPRESSION S OF T I M E A ND D AT E .

3 21 T IM E OF D AY N o t e t h e f o l l owi n g e x pre s s i ons

. .

Hu r m yeb et d r bl oeb an ?

Vad d r b l oeban \Vh at t im e is it ?

Hu r dag s d r det ?
Kl oeban d r ett ( fem ) i s o ne ( fiv e ) o cl oc k . It
’
.

Kloeban d r bal v fem It is h al f pas t f ou r . .

Tia m i nu ter over fem Te n m i nu t e s pas t fi v e

'
. .

E n b var t over fem A q u ar t e r pas t fi v e . .

A q u art e r
''

E n bv ar t f or e (i ,
ti ll ) fe m . t o fiv e .

Kl oeban fattas tio m i n u ter i fy r a It is t e n m i nu t e s t o f ou r ’

. .

Kloeban d r tr e b var t pd f e m It is a q u ar t e r t o fi v e . .

Kloeban d r m er d n jag tr odde It i s l at er t h an I t h o u gh t

, . .

Kai n bloeban ett ( b al v ett f em ) C ome at o ne ( h al f pas t , .

t w e l v e fi ve ) , .

'

Vid fem tz den ( A t ) ab out fiv e o c l oc k

’
.
.

Pd sl ag e t f e m ( o r b loeban f em p r eci s) F i v e o cl oc k s h arp

,
"
.
’
.

Kloeban sl d r ( b ar slag i t ) f em Th e c l ock is s t r i k i ng ( h as .

s t r uc k ) fi v e .

3 22 D A T E AD D REss
.
,

D e n 5 ( re ad f em te ) ju ni Th e fi f t h o f J u ne J u ne 5 . . .

A r 1 91 3 .
( In ) t h e y e ar 1 91 3 .

D r ottni ngg atan 1 6 S t r ee t

1 6
Q u ee n . .
24 6 NUM ERALS XXV

f ar t h e r o ut on the s and . Sh e saw s om e t h i ng b l u e l y i ng

b e h i nd t he r i d ge s . It w as t h e se a .

But t h e s t or m h ad d i e d aw ay , and t h e
i y se a w as e n t re l

cal m A s far [as] sh e c ou l d se e [t h e re ] w as n0t a si gn

.
1

o f l and no t a b o at no t a s h i p
,
C l e ar t o t h e o u t e rm os t
, .

h ori z on al l w as o ne si ngl e gl i t t e r i ng q u i e t e x pans e of ,

?
b l ue
“
T h is is no t th e se a, t h o u gh t V i o l ant a
is t h e . It
sk y . A nd sh e w e nt c l e ar d o w n t o t h e e d ge o f t h e w at e r
“
and pu t t h e t ip o f h e r s h oe i n t h e w at e r I s t h is t h e
8 “
se a ,
s ai d V i ol an t a agai n and l ook e d ab ou t h e r I
h ad n t i m agi ne d t h e se a l i ke t h at
’ "
Sh al l I ne ve r ge t t o .

al l t h e wi l d w av e s of t h e se a ?
”
se e y o u ,

Bu t b e h o ld ,
T h e n i t g re w d ark at t h e h or i z o n Th e
. .

o u t e r m os t l i ne o f t h e se a b e c am e d ar k bl u e t h e n c oal ,

b l ac k A w h o l e h o s t o f l i t t l e r i ppl i ng w ave s fl ow e d
.

f o r t h T h e n V i ol ant a l au gh e d and c l appe d h e r h and s

.
i ’
.

“
Now t h e y are c om i ng Now t h e y are c o m i ng t h e wi ld .
,

w av e s o f t h e se a T h e n t h e w h o l e se a rais e d i t se l f
.
”
,

d ar k b l u e and ro ar i ng and c am e i n l ar ge c ol u m ns t ow ard ,

t h e s h ore
“
Th e w i l d w av e s o f t h e se a
. s ai d V i ol ant a ,
”
.

“
T h e y are gl ori o us t o l ook at Bu t n e v er t h e l e ss sh e .

f e l t a s h u dde r .

Bu t t h e n t h e w av e s r o s e and s t re t c h e d u p t h e i r ne c k s
6
.

T h e y b e c am e gre e n t h e y be c am e d ar k b l ue t h e y be c ame
, ,

co al b l ack T h e y al l g ot w h i t e f o am o n t h e t ops Wi t h
-
. .

f r i o u s n o is e t h e y ro are d agai ns t t h e s h ore

[]a u U g h .
,

u gh ,
w h is pe r e d V i ol ant a
”
t h e y are awf u l t h e wi l d
, ,

w av e s o f t h e se a Bu t t h e se a ro se h i gh e r and h i gh e r
. .

Th e w av e s b e c am e [as] h i gh as h ou s e s as c h u rc h e s , ,

as s t e e pl e s T h e re w e re b l ack ab yss e s b e t w e e n t h e m
. .

1 U fi nn a
se
“ ”
s . 4 Li k t h t e Pla fi t e a s . ce rs .

b l att l app d i n t h h and “

2 E p af bl
x a n se ue 5 T . r : . c e e
”
s .

3 8 21 g i g m k i ng
s o r 6 S t i k t pa
’
. r c e .
x xv NUM ERALS 24 7

T h e y c re pt t o ge t h e r and r os e u p s prang f orw ard

, ,

l i ke t i ge rs ro are d l i k e wi l d l i ons h ow l e d l i ke e v i l s pi r i t s
, , .

T h e n V i ol ant a l if t e d h e r arm s in t e rro r t o t h e sk y .

Th e w i l d w av e s o f t h e se a sh e c r i e d
,
” “
Th e wi l d .

w av e s o f t h e se a W h i t h e r s h al l I fle e ?
. Sh e t u rne d t o
”

g e t a w ay b,
u t t h e se a w as af t e r h e r T h e w av e s k noc k e d
.

h e r d ow n S h e u t t e re d o nl y o ne si ngl e s h ri e k and t h e n
.
,

sh e d is appe ared in t h e d e e p A nd t h e w av e s d ance d

.

1
ab o v e h e r t u gge d at
,
h e r and c ru s h e d h e r l au gh e d
, ,

and s ang s h o u t e d and h ow l e d D o y ou k no w u s now ?

”
.
,
‘
2
t h e y c a e d o u t t o h e r as sh e w as fl o at i ng l i k e w h i t e
l l
“
f oam o v e r t h e d e e p . D o y ou know u s now ? A ll t h e
wi l d w ave s o f t h e se a .

1 At 1 . 2 D ar .
24 8 NOUNS —S L M M ARIES ‘

APP I .

A PP EN D I X I .

D IS T RI BU T I ON
OF V A R IO U S T Y PES OF N O U N S
IN THE D I FFEREN T D E C L EN S I ON S .

MONOS Y LLABLES are

l . d ist ri b u t e d as fo l l o w s
D ECL EN D IN G I N
. G EN D ER E XAMPLES
1 co nso nan t co m m o n o nl y v dg
'
r os ,

2 co ns v ow e l .
, co m m o n s t ol , jd
s

3 co nso nan t co m fe w 11 vd u , vi n
°

.
, .

v o we l ne u e r t b nd
5 co nso nan t n e u t e r , fe w co m . b us , m il
I rre g .
-r
) vo w e l co m m o n sb a

2 NOUNS EN D IN G I N A V O\VE L are

. d is t rib u t ed as fo l l ow s
A ) M o nosyl l ab l e s ( v ari o u s v ow e l s ) :
D ECL GEN D E R .

2 co m m o n

4 ne u e r t
I rre g . co m m o n

B ) M ore t h an o ne sy l l ab l e
a ) St e ssed fi nal
r 3 co m .
, ne u e r t ar m ‘
e, bag e r i '

v o w e l ( vario us
v ow e l ) s

b ) U nst r . fi nal 1
v ow e l -a in 1 2
d e cl ; i n t h e
. 3 b d nd e l se
o th e rs , -e , w i t h 4 dppl e , bjd r t a
'

fe w e x ce pt io ns 5 l d r ar e , b i l o
i n 4 and 5 ) I rr e g . h u st r u

N o te In ge ne ral , no u ns e ndi ng i n u ns re ss ed e b e l o ng t o t h e
1 . t
l
S e co n d D e c e n si o n i f o f co m m o n ge nd e r , b u t t o th e o u r h if th ey F t
ar e ne u e r t . Bu t no e t p a t icu l arl y
r in t h e T h ird D e cl e nsi o n nou ns
e nd i n g in -e l se and -ari e
, and in t h e F ift h th ose e nd i ng i n ar e -
,

N o te 2 In ge ne ral ne u t e rs e ndi ng i n a v o w e l b e l o ng t o t h e F ourt h

.
,

D e cl e n io n ( w h ich co nt ai ns o nl y su ch ) w h i l e ne u t e rs e ndi ng i n a
s ,

co nso nant b e l o n
g t o t h e F ifth Th e T h i rd D e cl e nsi o n co n t ains not
.
 POS T POSI T I VE AR T ICL E APP I I .

Not e —M ost . no u ns e nd i ng in u nst re sse d -e u u se th e i nd e finit e

fo rm al so as t h e d e fi ni t e (se e App e nd i x I I , A fe w , h o w e v e r ,
d r op t h e e of th e su f fix and add -e u as , soeb e n , def soeb ne n;
°

, .

ab e n ab u e n ,
.

( )
2 -n is u se d t
wi h al l co m m o n-ge nd e r no u ns e nd i ng in an

u nst re sse d v ow e l , w ith m onosy l l ab l e s e nd i ng in a v o w e l ( stre sse d ) ,

and w i t h al l no u ns e nd i ng in u nst re sse d ~

el , -e r
, ar
- E x : fi i eb a
. .
,

def .
fi i eb an ; g osse , g osse n; b d nd e l se , b d nd e l se n ; l d r ar e , l d r ar e n
b u st r u , b u st r u n; d , d n; b o , b an; t ofi e l , t ofl e l n ; f dg e l , f dg e l n;
'
m u ske l ,
m u sb e l n; m od e r , m ode r n; neg e r , neg e r n ; bot a n i b e r ,
' '
bota ni ke r n ; pr of e s sor , pr of e s sor n
’
.

(3 ) ( ) u - e is u se d t
w i h no u ns of m o re t h an o ne sy l l ab l e e nd i ng

in a s re sse d t v ow el ; t h e se are no u n s of fo re ign o r ig i n b e l o nging t o

th e Thi r d D e cl e nsio n . Ex . : ar m e ,
‘
d ef .

N o te . In ad d i tion ,
-e u
( ) is em pl oye d t
w i h a fe w n o u n s e nd

i ng i n l and r; as, so m m ar , def . som m ar ( e ) n; fjd r i l , de f .

fjd
ril ( e )n .

is u se d w it h al l ne u t e r no u ns e ndi ng in a co nso nant and

(4 ) e t -

t
w i h al l o f m o re t h an o ne sy l l ab l e e nd i ng i n a s t re sse d v o w e l
( w h i ch
co l l oq u i al l y m ay h av e o nl y -t ) ; t h e se l att e r a e o f fo re ig n o rig i n r

and b e l o ng t o t h e T h i d D e cl e nsi o n E x : b u s d e f b u se t ; bag e r i '

r . .
, .

’
bag e ri et .

N o t e 1 N ou ns e nd i ng i n e l e u -e r d ro p
.
-
,
-
, th e e of t h e se
su mx e s u p o n ad d i n g e t E x : b ag e l d e f b ag l e t ; - . .
, . va e n ,p va pne t ;
fonste r f onst r e t
'

.
,

N o te 2 . N o u ns e nd i ng in - i u m and -e u m d ro p -u m b e fo re ad d
' '
i ng -e t
; as , l abor ato r i u m , d e f l abor at o
. r i e t; m u se '
um , m use e t '
.

(5 ) -t is u se d w it h al l ne u t e r no u ns e ndi ng in an u nst re sse d

v ow e l E x : f d ng e l se , d ef f ang e l se t ; appl e appl e t ;
'

. . .
, bjd r t a, bjd r
' ’
t at ; pi a no pi a not; b i l o b i l ot ;
'

og a, og at
’

, , .

(6 )( ) t is u se d w it h al l m o no sy l l ab ic ne u t e r no u ns e nding i n
- e

a v o w e l ( st re sse d ) T h e se b e l ong t o t h e F o u rt h D e cl e nsion E x

. .

b nd d e f b nd ( e ) t
’

, Cf al so u nd e r
. . .

S UM MAR Y FOR THE S IN GU L AR N o u ns e nd ing i n .

CONSONAN T add -e n ( b u t -n aft e r u nst r -e l -e r -ar ) .

, ,

( b u t -e u o r -n aft e r a fe w su fli x e s )
A PP . II POST POSI T IVE AR T ICLE 251

VO W E L , u nst re sse d
-n

- t
t
s re sse d , m o no syl l ab l e s .
-n

( )t
- e

st r .
, m o re t h an o ne sy ll .
( )
- e u

-e t

OBSERVE : C om m on-ge nd e r no u ns i n e l ar ret ai n t h e v ow e l -

,
-

of th e su ffi x u p o n ad d i ng -n ; co m m o n ge n d e r n o u ns i n -e u d ro p -

t h e v o w e l o f t h e su fli x u p o n ad d i ng e u or i n m ost case s u se -
, , ,

t h e i nd e f fo r m as d e fi n i t e
. N e u te r nou ns i n el -e u -er d ro p t h e .
-
, ,

e o f t h e s u ffi x u po n ad d ing -e t .

B ) PLURAL Th e ge ne ral ru l e i s .

na aft e r a p l u ral e ndi ng i n r

a aft er t h e e nd i ng -n

-e n w h e n t h e pl u r i nd e f si ng i nd e f . . . .

In d e t ai l
-na i s u se d aft e r r :
( )
1 aft e r t h e p l u ral e ndi n g s ar ar -e r -r -
,
-
, , .

E x : fi i eb or na g ossar na bag e r i e r na b or na
.
'
, , , .

( ) 2 aft e r co mm o n-ge nd e r n o u ns e ndi ng in -e r w h i ch add no

p l u ral e ndi ng . Ex . : br od e r u d
‘

, bot a ni b e r na
’
.

(3 ) f
a t er a v ow e l in t h e F i ft h D ec l .
; but the v ow e l i s d ro pp e d ;
l d r ar ( e ) na ( In add it io n , is u se d in l ik e so b an
'

as , .
-na case s

d e na, aft e r a vow e l , w h e re t h e re i s no r .

)
-a is u se d wi ht pl u ral s fo r med b y ad d ing -n
( e x ce pt og on , o r on ) .

Ex b i na .

-e u is u se d t
w i h no u ns w h ich ad d no pl u r . e nd i n g ( b o th ge nd e r s ) ,

e x ce p t as ab o e ; v -e u is u se d al so w i h t og on and or on
'

. Ex . :

bor d e n, g asse n , m d nne n , og one n

'

No te . N o u ns e nd ing in -e l, -e n
,
-e r d ro p th e e of the su f fix
u po n ad d i ng E x : b ag l e n v apne n f d nst re n
-
eu . .
, , .

2 NO U NS USIN G THE IN D EFINI T E FOR M ALSO AS THE

.

D EFINI T E :

I
( ) V e r b al ab st r act s ( co mm o n ge nd e r ) e n di ng i n u nst re sse d -an -
,
‘

as borj
,
'
'
an pr e d i b an u nd r an t r ab t an l d ng t an
,
E x : D en b em
, , ,
. .

'
kl ag an b ad e i eb e f or st u m m ats A t t sjd l va borjan v d eb e r
’

sb a
'

'
nyfi b e nb e t d r ju d d nod vd nd ig t
'

i nt r es se e l l er , .
252 THE EN D IN G - E, MALE SEX APP I I I .

( ) M ost
2 co mm o n-ge nd e r n o u n s e nd i ng
'
in u ns re sse d t
'
-e u
; as ,

my r te n l eb a m e n, t e nt a m e n ,
'
fr ob e n borg e n ex a m e n, or de n
‘

, , , .

E x : A r f r ob e n
. hem ma ?

(3 ) In ge ne r al , ne u er t w o rd s of fo re i
gn o r ig i n e nd i ng in un

t
s re sse d -u s and -u m ( u su a l ly no t -i um and -e u m) . Ex . : g e nu s ,
b asu s , f ab t u m , ee nt r u m .

N o te . D o no t co n fu se t h e i d e a of no u ns u si ng t h e i nd e f . fo rm
al so as the d e fi ni t e ( t h at is, u s i ng the i nd e f . fo rm w h e n m os t
n o u ns w o u l d b e in t h e d e f . fo rm )
t h at o f noun s b e ing i nd e f
wi h t .

i n fo r m a h o u gh lt d e fi ni t e in m e ani ng ( t h at i s i n co n st ru ct io n s ,

w h e re al l n o u ns w o u l d b e i nd e f i n fo rm al t h o u gh d e fi ni t e i n
.

m e an ing ) .

A PP EN D I X I I I .

USE OF E AS E N D IN G M A L E S E X . .

1 . Th e e nd i ng -
e is u se d i nst e ad o f a i n r e fe rr i ng t o pe rso ns
-
of

th e m al e se x i n t h e fo l l o w ing case s

'
a ) D e nne sam m e , , d e nsam m o .

b ) A d j e ct i v e s u se d as n o u ns p r e ce d e d b y th e p re po si t ive d e fi nit e
t icl e
ar .

c ) Att r ib u t i v e ad j e ct i v e s m o s tl
y i n t h e d e f s in g l ess o ft e n i n t h e
, . .
,

d e f pl u r ar e l y i n t h e i nd e f
. r p l u ral
.
, . .

d ) S o m e t i m e s i n t h e d e f p l u r o f w o rd s w h o se pl u al e nd s i n -ar . . r ,

and w i t h no u ns o f t h e F ift h D e cl e nsi on e nd i n

g i n ar e ( e o f
-

su ffix d ro ppe d
) .

2 Th e . e ndi n
g
-e i s al w ay s ( t h at
i s , fo r b o t h ge nd e rs , and i rre
spe ct i v e of se x
) u se d in pl ace o f -a i n t h e fo l l o w i n
g case s :
a ) P ast p ar t icip l e s i n ad - .

b ) S up e rl at i v e s i n ast - .

No t e O b se rv e al so t h at som e i nd e cl inab l e
.
j
ad e ct i es e ndv in
N ot e e sp e cial l y p re se nt p art i cip l es
“
-e
; as ode , .
in -and e
,
-e nd e
,

and co m parat ive s i n ar e re -

,
254 S T RON G A ND IRR E G ULAR VERBS APP . IV

SU P I N E R E M A R KS
Pr es . al w ay s -ar

S upi ne and p p al sa . .

T
b ud i t T
b ud e n
,

bl ev b l iv i t
I Pr e s . al w ay s -ar

b ragt e b ragt
b fi nna b rann , b r u nno b r u n ni t bu r n
b r i st a b rast , b r us t o b r u st i t br e ak , bu r st
b ry na b rynt e b ry nt wb et IIb i ns te ad of Il a
t
'

b ry t a b ro b ru t it br e ak
bara b ar , b u ro b u ri t car ry , be ar
b ora b o rd e b or t o ug b t

bOta I or IIb pay a fi ne

l
de a I or( IIb ) d i v id e Pr e s . al w ay s -ar

d im pa d am p [d u m p o ] [d u m pi t ] f al l
,

d raga, d r og d ragi t pu l l d r aw
,

d ra
d ri e k a d rack , d r u ck o d r u ck i t d r i nk
d ri va d re v d r iv i t d r i ve
d ry pa d rOp d r u pi t
d ra a p Il b A l so p p . .
[d rape n]
T d rapo
d rap T , [d rapit ]
d v al j
as d v al d e s d v al t s
d y ka Il b or I
dOk

[fnu si t
APP IV . S T RON G A ND IRRE G ULAR VERBS 255

I NF INs PAST S U PI N E M EA N I N G R E M A R KS
fry s a frOs fru sit
fral sa IIb or I Pr es al w ay s .
-ar

fa P p ate r-fad d fan

. .
,

fi ck , fi ngo ge n
fast a IIb or I
fOre na I u ni te P p . . al so * fo re nt ;
f
i . FOr e nt a sta

t e rna
fOr gat a TfOrgat fo rgat i t f org e t No past pl u r f
fOrl ana I or [Il b ]
fOrnim fo rnam fO r , fo r nu m pe r ee i v e
ma nu m m o m it
fo rsm ada I seo fi at

T
fo rsm ad d e fo r sm at t
T
fo rso n a I or
*
IIb at one f or Pr es al w ay s .
-ar

f0rs v i n n a d i sappe ar S e e s v i nna

fOrv ar va I or IIa acq u i r e

ga a l go l er ow

IIa

git t ad e e ar e Pr es . al w ay s -
er ;

gat no pl u r . o f gat
gi t t
v
g i a, ge gav , gav o giv i t
( ge tt )
gj uta go t gj ut it pou r , east

gl id a g edl gl id i t g l i de
gl ii d j
a gl add e gl at t Pr es g l ad e r , gl ad j
. a
gl a fsa Il b or I
gnaga IIa or [I ] P p al so
. .
[gnage n ]
[gnagi t l
gnid a g aed gnid i t r ub

gri ap gre p gri i pt se i z e

g a
r ta gr at gr at i t w e ep P p i n fo r-gr at e n
. .

gr av a IIa d ig
i grov
P p gange n
. .

gi ck , gi ngo
gal da I P .
p . al so gu l den ,

l eg al

géil l a IIa or I
25 6 S T RON G A ND IRR E G ULAR VERBS APP I V .

I X F IN . PA ST SU P IN E NIE A NI NG R E M A R KS
gO ra
gj o rd e gjo rt d o m ab e
,

v
h a a h a h ad e
,
ha ft b av a Pr es si ng b ar or
. .

Th ave r ; pr e se nt
p l u r h av a 0
?
7.h a;
p p h av d
. .

h e tt e be cal l e d Pr es .
-e r

h e t ut
h i nu a h ann , h u nn o

t h ul po

h al l it

Ick e id as be too
l az y t o
l
k inga

k l u v it
Kl ii cka= b al cb , ou

Pr e s al w ay s
.
-ar

Past pl u r . s e ll e d
p

k ry m pa P p als o k ru m pe n ;
. .

st r .
f or m s not t r .

st r ai n

IIb i ns te ad of 113
Pr es k an , k u nna
.

k unnat
25 8 S T RON G A ND I RRE G U L A R V ER B S APP I V .

I S PI N . P A ST SU P I N E RE M ARK S
m i ta
s IIb or I Pr e s . al w ay s -e r
m ast e m ast S ee 256

m é tte M a; se e 2 53 ; 1
111 2 be ,
f ee l , be l ong s t o II I
m éi l a 1 13 or IIb A r c/ mi c, e x ce pt in
an f6 r ge n -m a a l
cu r tsy

snee z e

st i l e/z

be u se d to Pr es . si ng .

r id i t ri de
r u nni t r un, fl ow
cu t

sh ake

t e ar
cry , cal l Pr es al w ay s
.

r u k it , [ry sm oke

k it ]

[ru t i t , ry r oar

t it ]
m e e t, lz appe n Pr es . al w ay s o
ar

f e ar

cl e ar A r c/z ai c f or rO
Ja
ex pe r i e nce IIb i nst e ad of Na
se e P p
. . sed d

sag
si mm a sam , su mm o su mm it sw i m

I
sat t , su t t o su t t i t P p i n fo r-su tte n
. .
,

se at t [f6 r -su t e n
]
s u d it
j P p sj
. . u d e n or [su
d e n]
s u ngit
j
s u nga s 6 ng
j j s i ng
A PP I V . S T RON G A ND IRRE G U L A R V E R B S 259

I NFIN . PA S T SU P I N E IVI E A NI NG P E AIA R K S

s u nk a
j sj6 nk s u nk i t
j s i nk

sk a pa I or ( * IIb ) cr e ate r es al w ay s -ar

s k av a IIa scr a pe al so v
sk a e n

s k il sk i l d e
j
a

s k i na sk e n

s k i ra I or IIa
sk ii t
sk u t a
j j
sk u t i t

s k ol a sk u l l e Pr es . sk al l , sk o l a

sk o l at

I or (
*
IIb ) Pr es . al w ay s -ar

sk r e d sk r idi t m ove
sk re k sk r ik i t cry , s/z r i e k

I g l id e
s k r ann , sk r u n sk r u n n i t

no
sk re v sk r i v i t w r i te
IIb be com e P p al so sk r u m pe n
. .

sk r u m pi t w r i nkl e d
sk ro t sk r u t i t boas t
IIb sq u i r t S tr ong f or m n ot
sk v at t t r ansi t i ve
sk al v a Ha t r e m bl e No pl nr .
f
o sk al v
sk al v
sk ar , sk u ro

s l ank [sl u nk o ]
,

sl an t [sl u nt o ]
,

s l app sl u ppo
,

C
f . sl é ss fig h t

S t r ong f or m
t r ansi t i ve
2 60 S T RON G A ND IRRE G U L A R V ER B S APP I V .

S U P INE M E A NIN G REM ARK S

m el t S t r o ng f or m s not

t r ansi t i v e

g r e ase
car ve Pr e s .
-ar
or -e r

bl ow tlz e nose
e nsn ar e P p
. . al so *
1
'
sn ard

*
so na ato ne f or Pr e s . al w ay s —
ar

f
c . f6 rso na
so v

I or Il a sav e

I or (
*
IIb ) pl ay Pr es . al w ay s -ar

spann , spu n no spu n ni t spi n

sp ack r ,
spru ck o s r u ck i t
p cr ack

IIa spr e ad
sp ed r

sp r ang s pr u ngo s ru n g i t r an
, p
sp ratt [spr u t t o ]
, [ pru t t i t ] s tar t ju mp
s ,

IIb or I u p d a dy S pr at t a k i ck,
iz e s pr i nkl e , only IIb
spo r aj spo rd e ask , l e ar n Pr es . s i ng .
pass .

spii r e s , spo r s or
j j
u spars >
s t i ck a s t ack , st u ck o s t u ck i t st i ck S t ick a kn i t , be
l ong s to I
st e s t ig i t ste
g p
[st ang] s t u ngo st u ngit
, st i ng

st ank
[st u nk o ] [st nnk i t ]
, st i nk

s a t l , st u l o st u l i t st e al

IIb u pse t
t r ansi t i v e
st rid a IIa
fig h t
stre d st r id i t

st r é k st r u k i t st r oke

I f al l
s o t p
st and P p i n o v e r-st ei n
. .

s odt d e n , f6 r-st é d d
st ad a j st ad d e s t att e ng ag e Pr es . s i ng . st é
id e r
j
o r st éi d e r
262 S T RON G A N D IRRE G U L A R V ER B S APP I V .

S U P I NE M E A NI NG R E M ARK S
t am t t am e
t éim j
t
t éi m t
be l i ke ly t o Pr es . t o r , t 6 ra
t ort s d ar e Pr e s . t 6r s
v ari t be Pr e s . fir , aro
be co m e , be P p
. . vo r de n . 2 22

know Pr e s . vet

v e t at

v e tt a ve tte

g i ve w ay
w ant t o P r es v il l , v ilj
a

es al w ay s -ar

v r id i t

F or m s o f I nat si n
t r ansi t i v e ; v éi l t a

r ol l , on ly I
va mj
as v am j
ts nau se ate Pr es . v éi mj
es

v é m ts

v ant

P p al so
. . v u xe n

v u xit

be d e l i r i ou s Y ra d r if t , IIa
m ake cke e se

e at

i ncr e ase Pr e s al w ay s
.
-ar
APP V . B I B LI O G R A P H Y 2 63

A PPE ND IX V
’

BI BLI O GR A PHY .

Th e fo l l owi ng i s a l i st of the l e ad ing w o rk s h e l pfu l in t h e

fu rt h e r st u d y o f the S w e dish l angu age . Th e b oo k s t h at
are par
t icu l arl y ad a t e d fo r t h is p p u rp o se h ave b ee n i nd icat e d b y an ast e r
i sk . Th e o rt h ogra ph y h as b e e n i nd ica t ed , w h e re v e r im p o rt ant .

TE XT E D ITI ON S -
.

Th e fol l owi ng t e xt -e d i io ns , t e d it e d w it h E ngl ish no t es ( and

i nt ro d u ct io ns ) and S w e d i h E ngl ish v o cab u l ar ie s are at t h e p re se n t
s -
,

t im e ( Jan 1 1 91 4 ) ob t ai nab l e o r i n p re p a at io n T h e y are h e re

.
,
r .

e n u m e at e d i n t h e app ro x i m at e o rd e r o f d ifli cu l t y
r .

L A G ER L O F : S e l e c t i o n s fr o m S e l m a La ge r l cjf s Nil s ’
’
*

Ho l ge r s s o n s u n d e r b ar a r e s a ge n o m S v e r i ge e d i t e d ,

wi t h v o cab ul ary and no t e s b y A L OU I S E L M Q U I S T S t o ck . .

h o l m 1 91 2 P age s 1 8 7 (o f t h is t e x t
, . Ne w o rt h ograp h y , , .

T w e l v e sh o rt st o rie s .

GE I] E RS TA M S M in a F ojh a r e d it e d w i th v o cab u l ary an d n o t e s

'
*
,

b y J OS E P H A L E X I S R o ck I s l and 1 91 1 P age s 1 6 5 ( o f t h is
.
, .
,

t e xt , Ne w o r t h ograph y .

*
L A G ER LOF S E n He r r gé r d s s a ge n ed i t e d w i t h v ocab u l ary
’
,

and no t e s b y A L OU I S E L M Q U I S T S t ock h o l m 1 91 0 P age s

. .
, .

1 94 ( o f t h is te x t Ne w ort h ograph y
, , .

*
L A G ER LO F : V a l d a Be r at t e l s e r ed i t e d w it h v ocab u l ary and ,

no t e s b y J U L E S M A U RITZ S ON Ro ck I sl and 1 91 3 P age s 1 5 3 .

, .

(o f t h is t e x t , Ne w o r t h ograp h y S e l e ct e d sh ort st ories

, . .

*
NY BLOM S D e t Rin ge r e dit e d w ith v o cab ul ary and not e s b y
’
,

A L OU I S E L M Q U I S T S t o ck h ol m 1 91 0 P age s 73 ( o f t h i s
. .
, .
,

text A n o l d e r o rt h o g aph y
, C om e dy in o ne act r . .

*
H E D B ER G S Pé To r p a Gé r d ed it ed w it h v ocab u l ary and
‘

no t e s b y C A R L J B E R GM A N In p e parat io n . . r .

*
R U NE B ER G S Pam m S t é l s S é gn e r ed i t ed wi t h i nt rod u c
- ’
.

t io n v ocab u l ary and no t es b y A L OU I S E L M Q U I S T

, In p re p .
,

arat io n Ne w o rt h ograp h y
. .
2 64 B I B LIO G R A P H Y APP V .

*
TE GNER S F r i t h i o fs S a ga
’
t i n t rod u ct io n no t e s ,
e d i ed t wi h ,

and a b i b l io grap h y b y G E OR GE T F L O M C h icago 1 90 9 . .

, .

Pages 2 4 ( i nt rod u ct ion ) and 20 2 (o f t h is t e x t An ol d e r , ,

o r t h o gr ap h y I l l u st rat e d e d it ion
. .

*
TE GNER S ’
F r iti o fs S a ga , e di t e d w it h i n t ro d u ct io n , v o cab u

l ary and no t es b y A A
. . S TO MBE RG R . o ck I s l and , 1 91 4 .

Pages 1 97 ( of t h is , i n t rod u ct io n , 1 2; te xt ,
Ne w o rt h og ra ph y .

PR ON U N CI A T I O N .

*
E L M Q U IS T A L O U IS , . . Ph on olo gy of th e Sw e d is h La n
gu a ge . In p re ss . Ne w o r t h o gr a ph y . A d e t ail e d p re se nt at io n
of S w e d ish p ro nu nciat io n . I nt e nd e d fo r u se as a t e x t b o ok -

in sch ool s .

*
LY TTKENS , I . A .
, W U L FF F , . A .
, Sv e n sh Or d l i s t a m e d
u tt al s b e t e c h n in g och m e d s t av n in g e n l i gt
1 90 6 é rs c ir h u l é r . Lu nd , 1 91 1 . P age s 59 ( in t ro d u ct io n )
and 45 6 . Ne w or th ograp h y .

LY TTKENS , I . A .
, VVU LF F , F . A .
, S v e nsh u t t a l s -o r d b ok .

L u nd 1 8 8 9 Page s 6 8 ( i nt ro d u ct io n ) and 3 73 M u ch att e nt io n

, . .

i s giv e n t o t h e v ar i at io ns o f p r o nu n ci at io n i n d i fl e re n t fo rm s
o f st yl e and i n d iffe r e n t l o cal i t ie s .

LY TTKE NS I A , W ULFF F A S v e n s k a S p r é h e t s
. .
, , . .
,

Lju d l é r a L u nd 1 8 8 5 P age s 3 5 1 ( so u nd s ) 1 1 5 ( acce nt )

.
, .
,
.

*
D A NE LL G I D EON S v e n s h Lju d l é r a
, St ockh ol m 1 91 1
, .
, .

Page s 8 3 C o nsid e rab l e at t e nt io n is gi v e n t o p h o ne t ics

. .

*
NOREEN A D O L F V é r t S p r é h ( se e u nd e r gram m ars ) V o l
, , .

u m e s I and I I d e al w i t h S w e d ish p h o no l o
gy .

KOC K A X E L S v e n s h A h c e n t L u nd 1 8 78 —
, , 1 885 2 v ol u m e s . , . .

P age s 2 1 1 5 2 4 , .

KOC K A X E L D i e A l t u n d Ne u s c h w e d i s c h e a c c e n
, ,

t u i e ru n g S t rassb u rg 1 90 1 P age s 2 98
.
, . .

GR A MM A RS .

*
NOREEN A D O L F , , V er t S p r é h , h y sv e n s h gr a m m a ti h
i u t fé r l i g fr a m T h i s w o rk
sté l ln i n g . L u nd ,
1 90 3 ,

w h i ch is t o e m b ace 9 v o l u m e s i s i n p ro ce ss o f p u b l icat io n
r ,
.

V ol u m e s I ( page s I I ( p age s V ( p age s 706 ) and

a p art of II I ( p age s 1 60 ) and VII ( p age s 96 ) h av e b e e n pub
2 66 B I B L IO G RA P HY APP V .

S v e n s h U t t al s -o r d b o h ( u nd e r P RON U N C I ATION , ab ove ) .

Al l t h e gr am m ars m e n t io ned ab o v e e m p h asiz e s ty l ist i c difi er

e nod e m ore or l ess .

D I CTI O N A RI E S .

*
WENS T R OM 8 :
Or d b o h
HA R L O C K , S v e n sh -E n ge l s h .

S k ol u ppl aga S t ockh o l m 1 908 P ages 88 0 An o l d er o rt h o grap h y

. , . . .

BJ OR K MA N C G S v e n s h -En ge l s h Or d b o h S tockh ol m
, . .
,
. ,

19 02 P ages 1 3 60 An o l d e r o rt h o gr aph y (ol d e r t h an t h at of

. .

t h e p r e ce di ng b ook ) .

* LIN DG REN ERI K E n ge l s K-S v e n s h Or d b o K S k o l u pp

, , .
.

l aga S t o ck h ol m 1 909 P age s 6 73 and 5 0 ( p ro pe r n am es ) An

.
,
. .

o l d e r o r t h o grap h y .

SUN D EN D A Or d b o h é fv e r s v e n s k a s p r é h e t Stock
, . .
, .

h o l m 1 892 P age s 4 1 5 6 92
, . , .

D A LIN A F Or d b o h c v e r s v e n s k a s p r ah e t St ock
, . .
,
‘

h o lm 1 8 5 0 1 8 5 3
, Tw o v o l u m e s p ag es 8 96 772
, .
, , .

*
OST ER GRE N OLO F i s t h e au th o r o f a S w ed ish S wedi sh d ic
, ,
-

t i o nar y no w ( J an uary 1 1 91 4 ) i n p es s o r sh o rt l y t o go t o , r ,

p re ss B e i ng w rit t e n b y o ne w h o i s an au t h o i t y o n st y l isti c
. r

m att e rs t h i s b oo k w i l l b e a m o s t v al uab l e l e xi cogr ap h i cal h e l p

,

t o t h e s tu d e n t o f S w e d i h s .

S V E NS KA A KA D E M IENS Or d b oh é fv e r sv e n sk a s p ré

h e t . T h is i n v al uab l e w o k w h i ch wi l l e m br ace
L u nd , 1 8 93 r ,

a l ar ge nu m b e r o f v ol u m e s i s in p oce ss o f p u b li cati o n Up ,
r .

t o t h e p re se nt t im e ( J an u ary 1 1 91 4 ) t h e re h as appe are d : A ,

Bl ifva and C— D ik t a Th e l e t t er A e m b races 2 780 co l u m ns .

( tw o col um ns t o th e p age ) ; o f B 3 2 00 co l umn s h ave be en ,

p ub l i sh ed ; C e m b race s 3 04 col um ns ; o f D 1 344 co l um ns h av e ,

appe are d T h e re are at p e se nt t h ree bo u nd v o l um es w hil e

. r ,

v ol u me s IV and V are al m ost ful l A s th e w ork is b e in g pu b .

l ish ed at t h e rat e o f t w o sm all se ct io n s a y ear t h e annual o u t ,

l ay is v e ry sm al l N ot wi th st an d i ng th e com p ar ati v e l y sm al l .

portion of t h e com pl e t e w o k as y e t avail ab l e th e dicti onary r ,

i s al re ad y an e x t re m el y v al u ab l e w o rk o f refere nce .

*
S V ENS KA A KA D E M IE NS Or d li s t a Ofv e r s v e n s k a s p r e
h et 7 e d i t io n
. Stockh ol m 1 90 3 P ages 3 2 7 A standard .
, . .

w ork of r e fere nce sh o w i n

g t h e i n ecti o n fl of w or d s , b u t no t

gi v i ng d e fin iti on s . An o l d e r or t h o gr ap h y .
A PP V . B I B L IO G R A P HY 2 67

L U N D E LL J . . A .
, S v e n sh Or d li s t a St ockh ol m . , 1 8 93 . P age s 32
( i nt ro d u ct io n ) and 3 8 4 .

LY TTKE NS VVU LFF ; se e t

t h e i r d i c io n ar ie s giv e n abo ve u nd e r

PRON U N C I A T ION .

F RIESEN
’
*
M ORBN V ON , Or d l i s t a . S t o ck h o l m 1 906 , .

Page s 38 . S h ow s t h e d i ffe re nce s b e t w e e n t h e p re se n t o r t h og

r aph y and t h at u se d p rior t o t h e y e ar 1 90 6 .

S T U R Z EN B E C K ER
-
, V .
, Sv e n sh Or d l i s t a . St o ckh o l m ,
1 90 6 .

Page s 60 P u rp ose . sam e as t h e fore go ing .

OS T ER G RE N O L O F , , 5 000 fr am m a n d e ord med u tt al

och fd rh g 2 e d i t i on St o ck h o l m
l ar i n . .
,
1 90 9 Num ber 1 46

of
“
V e rd and is sm ask r ift e r Page s 6 1 ”
. .

E KBOHRN, O M . fr am m an d e or d o ch n am n

ti l l i Ka m hé och tte l edi tion

’
e d d e r as rle d n in g u .
4 .

Sto ckh o l m ,
1 90 2 , 1 90 4 . P age s 4 2 4 , 3 78 .

JO U R N A LS .

*
P U B L I CA T IONS O F T H E SO C I E T Y FO R T H E A D VANC E
M EN T O F S CA N D IN AV I A N S T UD Y P u b l icat i n f t . o s re e o

m e m b e rs o f t h e S o ci e t y A nn u al m e m b e rsh i p fe e , o ne d o l l ar
. .

Th e back n u m b e rs , w h ich e x t e nd b ack t o 1 91 1 , can b e pu r

ch ase d se p arat e l y Appl i cat io ns for m e m b e rsh ip m ay b e se nt
.

t o t h e E di t or , P ro f Ge o T F l o m , U ni v e rsi t y o f I l l ino i s , U r
. .

b ana, I l l inois Am o ng ot h e r t h ings t h e p u b l icat io ns co nt ain

.
,

ar t icl e s d eal i ng w i t h S w e d i sh g ram m ar and l i t e at u e o f v al ue r r ,

t o s t u d e nt s o f t h e l angu age Th e annou nce m e nt o f b oo k s pu b .

l i sh ed and ab o u t t o b e p u b l ish e d o n S cand i nav i an su b j e ct s

( bo t h i n t h is cou nt ry and i n t h e S cand inav ian co u n t ri e s )

d e serv es sp e cial m e n t i o n .

*
S PRAK OCH S T I L t i d s h r i ft fb r n y s v e n s h s p r é h fo r s h
‘

ni n g . Up sal a S w ed e n T h is j o u r nal is d e v o t e d e n t i e l y t o
, . r

t h e st u d y o f t h e S w e d ish l ang uage V al u ab l e and v arie d .

co nt e nt s co nt rib u t e d b y t h e l e ad i ng sch o l ars o f S w e d e n

, Th e .

an nu al su b scr i p t io n i s fo r A m e r ica i ncl u d ing p o st age , ,

S ub scrip t io n m ay b e se nt t o P ro f A L o u is E l m q u i t N o rt h . . s ,

w e ste rn U n i v e rsi ty Ev anst o n w h o i s t h e re p r e se nt at i v e

, ,

o f t h e j o u r nal i n A m e ri ca T h e re are fo u r o r fi e nu mb e rs . v

a y e ar . Th e b ack v o l u m e s w h ich e x t e nd b ack t o t h e ye ar ,

268 B I B LIO G R A P HY A PP . V

1 900 , canp u rch ase d fo r pe r v o l u m e

be . Th e e d i o rs t
are : Ol o f O s t e rgre n B e ng t He sse l m an and R u b e n , , s on Be r
g .

A M ERI CA N S W E D IS H .

Pe r so ns b o rn in t h is co u n ry , t p
and s e ak ing S w e d ish , i n al m os t
al l case s pe ak a fo m o f t h e l angu age
s h as b e e n m u ch i nfl u
r t h at
e nce d b y ( A m e r ican ) E ng l i sh In th e case o f t h e se t h e s t u d y o f - .

t h e S w e d i sh o f S w e d e n can h ard l y b e s u cce ssful u n l e ss t h e y u n d e r

st and t h e n at u re and e x t e n t o f t h i s i n fl u e nce Th e w o rk s h e re .

nam e d d e al w i t h th i s su b j e ct .

B ER G ER V V e r t s p r é h E t t b i d r a g t i l l h é n n e d o m e n
, .
, .

0 m ge l s k a s p r é h
e n e ts i n fl y t an d e pé sv e n sk a

s p ré h e t i A m e ri k a . R o ck I sl and , 1 91 2 . P ages 64 .

A N DREEN G US T AV D e t s v e n s k a s p r é h e t i A m e r i k a
, , .

Sto ck h o l m 1 900 N u m b e r 8 7 o f V e rd and i sm ask rift e

“
, . s r .
”

P age s 1 8 .

B ER G R U B EN GzS ON S v e n s h an i A m e r i h a S t u d i e r i
, , .

d e u t v an d r a d e s s p r é h In S PRA K OCH S T I L v o l IV .
, .

pp 1 ff Til l agg V o l V . pp 2 5 0 fi , .
, . .
,
.

E LM Q L IS T A LO U IS E t t o c h a n n a t r é r an d e s v e n s h a n
’

, .
,

In S PRA K OCH S T IL v o l XI
o

i A m e ri k a pp 1 7 fi.
, . .
, .

EL Q U IS A LO U IS A n d e r s In V i nt e rro so r C h icago 1 91 1
M T ,
“
.
, .
,
”
, ,

pp 3 5 ii A sk e t ch att e m pt ing t o sh ow h ow t h e l angu age

.
, .
'

m i x t u e h as i n act u al l ife o i gi nat e d

r r .

Z E TTE RS TRAND E A E n ge l s h a n s in fl vt an d e p a d e t , . .
,

s v e n sk a s pré h e t i A m e ri k a .In
“
U ngd o m s v éin ne n ,
”

Rock I sl and , 1 90 4 ( pp . 1 79, f ; . 2 04 —2 0 7 ; 243 , f ;

. cf . a so l pp .

3 4 8 , ii )

LITE R A T U RE .

S T EFFEN R S v e n s h Lit t e r at u r h i s t o r i a 2 edi ti on St ock

, .
, .
,

h o l m 1 90 7 , Page s 2 70 . .

W A R BU R G K A RL S v e n s h Lit t e r a t u r h i s t o r i a i s a m m an
, ,

d ag 7 e d i t io n St ock h o l m P I u st rat e d
r
e d i t io n
.
19 07 age s 1 7 2 l l .
, . .

1 908 P age s 2 1 9
, .
.

scn t cx r
H ENRI K , W A R BU R G KARL Il l u s t r e r a d , , ,

S v e n s h Lit t e r a t u r h i s t o r i a 2 e d i t io n Stockh o l m 1 91 1 . .
,

1 91 2 Two v o l u m es p ages 54 9 and 66 7

.
, .
 NO T E T O THE V O CA B U L A RI ES .

G e nd e r i s i nd i cat e d on l y i n t h e ca e of ne u t e r nou ns
s De
cl e nsio n i s i nd i ca te d by A ab ic nu m e ral s ( l 2 3 4
r , , , ,
No de
cl e nsi o n v e n in t h e case o f no u ns t h at are no t u se d i n t h e
i s gi -

pl u al V o w e l m od ificat io n is i nd icat e d b y p l aci ng t h e m od ifi e d

r .
-

v o w e l afte t h e d e cl e nsion nu m b e ; as h and ( 3 ii ) In t h e case

r - r , , .

o f fu r t h e r i rr e gu l ari t i e s t h e fu l l pl u al fo rm i s gi v e n
r .

Of s t o ng v e b s ( ST R ) t h e p ri ncipal part s are gi v e n In t h e

r r . .

case o f w e ak v e b s t h e C o n j u gat io n i s i nd i cat e d b y R o m an num e r

r

al s I IIa ( p ast t e nse

, , d e ) IIb ( p ast t e nse
,
-
, te ) I II S e e al o
,
-
, . s

l ist o f st o ng and i rre gu l ar v e rb s APPEN D IX I V

r , .

Th e st e ss w h e ne v e r n o t o n t h e fi rst sy l l ab l e i s i nd icat ed b y
r , ,

pl ace d aft e r t h e l o ng sou nd ; t h is m ark d oe s no t ne ce ssari l y sign ify

acu t e acce nt O n l y t h e p ri ncip al st re ss is ind icat e d
. .

F o r r e fe re nce s t o t h e gr am m ar ( p ro nu nci at i o n acu t e and gr av e ,

acce nt fo rm s , see t h e IN D E X OF W OR D S
, .
 SWE D IS H EN G LIS H - V O CABU L ARY 271

SWE DIS H-E NGLIS H V OCABULARY

A b ar , se e hi m

Ack o f , al as
b ara only just
,

f e ve ni ng ; i th i s b ar n n ( 5 ) ch i ld
a to n ( ) 2
.

o m -e n i n th e e ve ni ng
be , se e be dj a
'
ak u
'
t acu t e b e bo d d i nh abi ted

al d rig ne v e r
b e d j a, b e ( S T R , b ad , b ad o , be t t ) .

al l al l , e v e ry ; al l t e ve ry t h i ng t o ask , r e q u est , pr ay ; — o m

al l ared an al r e ady ask f or

be gy n ( IIb ) to beg i n
’
al ld e l e s e nt i r e ly na

b e n n ( 5 ) bone l eg
al l ra f
o al l , ve ry ,
.

l
a l s at al l b e rg n ( 5 ) m o u nt ai n h i l l r ock
.
, ,

b e rat ta ( I ) t o r e l at e t e l l
’
al l t m or e and m or e ; see al l ,

b e sOk n ( 5 ) v i s i t
'
al l t id al w ay s .

éi m t
al l t j
' '
éi m t ) al w ay s ,
al l t j b i n ( 4 ) bee
( or
.

’
constant ly cont i nu al ly b ib l io t e k n 5 ) l i br ary .
,

b i b l io t e k a r ie 3 ) l i br ar i an
’
and as , d ep .
, (I ) t o br e ath e
A nd e rs A nd r e w b i sk o p ( 2 ) bi sh op
and r a, se c annan b it a ( S T R b e t b i t it ) t o bi te
.
, , ,

an k o m st ar r i v al t
b i as , d ep .
, bi t e
annan ( n . anna t , pl u r . and d ef .
bj
u da ( ST R .
, bd , ud it )
bj to

and ra ) oth e r o fl er , i n v i te
'

d ifi e r e nt bd ud a
bj
anno rl u nd a ) o, se e

ansik t e n .
( 4 ) / ace
Ork al l é
bj ( m ai n st re ss on fi r st
sy l l abl e ) ( 3 ) bi r ch -l i ne d ave
arb e t a ( I ) t o w or k
arbe t e n (4 ) w or k .
nue

arm é ( 3 ) ar my b l ank br ig h t , pol i sh e d cl e an ,

at t conj th at ; t o ( w i t h i nf )
, .
, .
b l e v , b l e v e , b l e v o , se e b l i va
av of f r om by ; ofi
, ,
r
b l i, se e h l iva
av b il d a ( I ) t o i m ag e r epr ese nt b l ick (2 )
g l ance
,

avsl age n past par t of av sl a t o

, .
b l i nd bl i nd
kno ck of b l ir , see b l iva
h l iv a, bli ( S TR .
, blev , b l ivi t )
B t o be com e , g e t , be
b ack e (2 ) h il l b l o m m a ( l ) flow e r , bl ossom
'
hage ri n .
3 ) bake ry b l o m m and e bl oom i ng
b ak o m b l a bl u e
'
( or b ak o m ) beh i nd
2 72 S WE D IS H EN G L IS H V O CA B U L A R Y
-

lasa ( Il b ) to bl ow b ack ( 2 ) br ook

bo ( III ) t o l i ve d wel l ) b ar n ( 5 ) be r ry
.

bok ( 3 , b Ock e r ) book ba ra ( S T R b ar .

, , b u ro , b u ri t )
b o nd e ( 3 , 0) pe asant t o car ry , be ar , w e ar
b or , see bo b éis t best ; con j ju st
.
, as

b ord n .
(5 ) tabl e bat t re be t t e r
b ort aw ay , o f bOck e r , se e b ok
t
b o r a aw ay ; d ar ove r t h e r e boj a ( 1 1 a) t o be nd ; s ig be nd ,
t
b or re f ar th er f ur th e r ; b o r t e r st ,
st oo p
f ar th e st f u r th e st ,
b oj d be nt , be nd i ng
b o t a nik e r ( 5 ) bot ani st
'
b ond e r , se e b o nd e
b ra adj and ad v
, .
g ood fi ne .
, , , bO j
r a
(I ) t o beg i n
w el l
b red br oad , w ide D
b re d d 3) br e ad th , w i d e ne ss d ag ( ) y;
d i pa
-d a
a2 t o y; i
b re d v i d besid e
’
m o rgo ne n th i s m or ni ng ; om

b re v n .
( 5 ) l e t te r -e ni n t h e d ay -t i m e , a d ay
b rin ga (I or Il b , b ragt e ) t o br i ng d agak arl ( 2 ) w or km an
b ro ( 2 ) br i dg e d ags ; h u ru ( at ) w h at t i m e
b rod e r b ro r ( 5
, , b ro d e r ) br oth e r d al (2 ) v al l ey

b ro n , see b ro D anm ark D e n m ar k

b ro r , b rod e r d e (pl u r of d e n
see .
, etc .
) t h ey , t he
b ro t t as , d ep .
, (I ) to w r est l e , d e l s par t ly
st r ugg l e d em ( obj pl u r. .
f
o d e n, e tc
.
)
b ru ka (I ) to u se , be accu s th e m
t om e d t o den d e m ) th e
(d e t d e , , , it , t h at
b ru n br ow n d e n h ar th is ’
, th is o ne

b ru sa (I ) to r oar , r u sh d e nna ( d e t ta , d e ssa) th i s , th is

b rat t om i n a h u r ry ; h a( a)v one
t o be i n a h u r ry d e ras th e i r , th e i r s
b ran na ( 1 1 a) to b u r n ( tr ) d e ss
.
(g e n .
f
o d e n ) i ts
b rOd n ( 5 ) br e ad d e ss d e st o th e
.

, ( ad v ) .

b rO
d er , se e b ro d e r d essa th ese ; se e d e nna
b ur i t , see b éi ra d e st o , se e d ess
b y gga ( 11 a) to bu i l d d e t i t , th e th at , th e r e ; see d en
,

b y xo r , pl u r , t r ou se r s , br eeche s
.
d e tsam ma; m ed'
al l at once
b ad e both ; b ad e och both d e t ta, se e d e nna
and dig , se e d u
b ad o be d j a d in ( dit t , di na ) (fam i l i ar ) y our ,
, see

bat (2 ) boat
y ou rs ( si ng )
 2 74 S V E D IS H—
V
EN G L IS H V OCA BU L A R Y
fl agga (1) fl ag fy ra f o u r
fi e sta; de m ost (f o th e , f
o fa ( IRRE G . ST R .
, fi ck , fi ngo ,
th e m ) , m ost pe opl e fat t ) t o r e ce i v e , g et , be pe r
fi ick a (1 ) g i r l m i tte d t o
fl y ga ( T , flO S R
g , fl u gi t ) t o fly
. fit , pl u r , f e w .

fl y t a (S TR , fi O t , fl u t i t ) to fl ow ,
. fage l ( 2 ) b i r d
float far , se e fit
fiOgo , se e fl yga fat t , se e fit
fol k n .
( 5 ) pe opl e fange l se n .
( 3 ) pr i son
fort f ast q u i ckly ,
farg ( 3 ) col or

( 3 fOt t e r ; 5 d ifi m e ani ng ) fO a ( Il a) t o f ol l o w , accom any

lj
”
fo t , , .
p
f oot -s at , r e ci pr d ep . .
, accompany
'
fo t ografi (3 ) ph ot og r aph e ach o th e r , g o t og e th e r
fram f or th , f or w ar d , on , u p ,
fo llo , se e fal l a
to o ne s
’
d est i nat i on; fr am t il l fOns t e r n .
(5 ) w i nd o w
u p to fOr f o r , t o ; t oo ; fO r at t
( in or d e r )
fra m r bef or e , i n f r ont of t o ; fO r se d an , se e se d an ;

framm e th e r e , at one s
’
d e s t i na for sk u l l , se e sk u ll
’
t i on , ar r i ve d fo rb i past
fr anl at fO '
(or fr am a't ) f o r th , al ong rfat t ar e
(5 ) au th or
fr e d ag (2) F r id ay fOrh a
’
l l an d e n .
(4 ) ci r cu m st ance ,

fri f r ee cond i t i o n

f r isk w e l l fo rk l ade n .
(4 ) apr o n
fr i tt , see fri fOrn y
’
a (I ) to r e ne w

fru ( 2 ) l ady w if e M r s , , .
fOr si k t i
’
g car ef u l
fr u k t ( 3 ) f r u i t fOrst fi rst

fraga (1 ) qu est i on fO '

r sv i n na
( STR .
,
-sv an ’n
,
-
sv u n
'

fraga ( I ) to ask ( a q u esti on ) '

no , -sv u n n i t
) t o d i sappe ar
fran f r om fo rsOk n '
.
(5 ) atte mpt , t r i al
fr am m and e , i nd e cl adj , f ore i n,
g . . fOrsOk a
’
( Il b ) t o t ry , at te mpt
s t r ang e tOtt e r , see fo t
frii m stf or e m ost
fr On ( 4 ; 3 d ifi m e ani n G
g ) se e d
.
,

t rOk e n ( 2 ) ( y ou ng l ad
) y m i ss , ,
gal a ( IIa or STR ) to cr ow
M i ss
.

ga l en m ad , cr az y
fu l h o m e ly
'
gam m al o ld
fu nd e ra ( I ) t o po nd er , t h i nk;
gata ( 1 ) st r e e t
pa m ed i tate abou t gav , gi v a
se e
fu nno , se e fi nna
ge nast at once
fura ( 1 ) fi r —t ree
ge nom th r oug h
 S WE D IS H E N G LIS H
’
- V O CABU L A R Y 2 75

g e nu s n .
(5 )
g e nd e r ga tt , se e ga
ge t 3 , t get e r ) g oat gav o , see g i v a

gick , se e ga gar na g l ad ly , f ai n
gi fta ( Il b ) t o m ar ry ; s ig
gass , se e gas
( m e d ) be m ar r i e d ( to ) m ar ry , gOra
( Il a
o rd e
gj ) to d o , m ake
,

gi ngo se e g a ,
GOt eb o r g Goth e nbu rg
'

gi v a g e ( ST R g a v ga v o gi v i t )
H
,
.
, , ,

t o g i ve

gjo r t , see gora h a, see ha a v

l
g ad g l ad , h appy h ad e , se e ha a v
g l add e , se e gl a dj a b age l n .
(5 ) h ai l , h ai l stone
l
g as n .
(5 ) g l ass h al v h alf

gl adj
a ( Il a gl add e ) t o pl e ase , h al v v a h alf w ay
-
, g s

g i vepl e asu r e ( to ) ch ee r ; , h an ( h o no m ) h e
sig ( at ) r ejoi ce ( at i n ) , h and (3 ii ) h and ,

gl om m a ( 1 1 a ) t o f org e t h ans h i s

god g ood h ar , see ha a v

art ad ki ndh e ar te d
g od h j h ast igt ra pid ly , q u i ckly , su d d e nly

go sse ( 2 ) boy ha tt ( 2 ) h at

go t ,t see god h av n .
(5 ) se a, oce an

grav ( 2 ) g r ave h av a, h a ( h ad e , h af t) t o h av e
g re n ( 2 ) br anch h e l w h ol e , e nt i r e , al l

g re v e ( 2 ) cou nt h e l ig h oly

grov coar se , th i ck , l arg e h el l e r e i th e r ; i ck e h e l l e r ne i th e r

g ra g r ay h e l st ; v il j
a t o pr ef e r t o , l i ke

g ra a ( t STR .
, g ra t , g rat i t ) to best t o
w e ep h e l t w h o l ly , v e ry

g rav a ( IIa) t o d ig h em n .
(5 ) h om e

gr Ov re , see g ro v h e m , ad v .
, h om e
Gu d God h e m ifran f r om h om e

gu l y e l l o w h e m m a at h o m e
I
gu l na ( ) t o t u r n y e l l ow h e nne s , h e r , h e r s

g u m m a ( 1 ) ol d w om an h e rr (2 ) M r S i r .
,

ga ( IRRE G S T R gick gingo . .

, , , h e rre ( 2 ) g e nt l e m an m ast e r ,

gat t ) t o g o w al k ; ga u t o ch , h e rr gard ( 2 ) e st ate m anor ,

gag o o u t f o r a w alk h e ta ( IIb ) t o be cal l ed be one ’s ,

gang ( 3 ) t i m e ; e n once nam e

g ar ; i
' '
y este r d ay h ist o ri a (3 , h i st o r ie r ) story

g ar , se e ga h it h e r e h i th e r )
gas (5 , gass ) g oose éil p h elp
hj
2 76 S \V E D IS H- EN G LIS H V O CABU L A R Y
al pa at h e lp '
hj ( IIb ) t o h e lp ; -s i ge n k anna ( Il a ) to r e cog ni z e

e ach ot h e r éi l t o d e ath
ih j ’

art a n
hj (4 )
. h e ar t i l l a bad , bad ly
h on ( h e nne ) sh e i n i n; i n i i nto
h o no m , se e ha t l i nge n ( i nte t , i nga) no , no one ,

h o ppas , d ep ( ) to h ope .
, I none

h o s w i th , by , at th e h o u se f
o i nn e w i th i n , i n th e h ous e ; i n ne
h u m Or n 3 ) te mpe r i in ; ar i nne
’
.
(5 or (l i n t h e r e , wi th i n
h u nd rat al s by h u nd r e ds , h un i nt e n ot
'
d r ed s o f i n t r e ssan t i nte r est i ng
b u rn , h u r h ow ; d ags ( at )
w h at t i m e
h us n (5 ) h ouse
j
a y es w e l l
.

h u st r u -
r
) w if e ag ( m ig
j ) 1
ll
ha a ( ST R hOll , ha i l l t ) t o h ol d 30 y e s
.
, ,

keep
J o h an joh n
h ard h ar d
J oh ansso n joh nson
ba t
t i g v i ol e nt , h asty , i mpe t u ou s o rd
j ( 2 ) e ar th g r ou nd ,

h éi n f r o m h e r e , aw ay
j
o rd g u b be
( 2 ) (cu l t i vated ) str aw
h and a ( Il a) to h appe n bef al l
,
be r ry
hand e l se 3 ) occu r r e nce
j
u th e ( ad v ) .

hand e r , h and
see
j us t ju st
h anga ( Il a ) t o h ang
haut , se e h and a
h éi r h e r e k afi e n . co fl ee
ha (2) h or se ll
st ka a (I ) to cal l , s u m m on
hOg h ig h , t al l , l o u d k an , se e k u nna
hOglju d d l ou d , v o ci e r ou s
f k arl ( ) m an2
hOd
j (3 ) h e ig h t k asta ( I ) to th r o w cast ,

hOll , se e ha a ll kej sare ( 5 ) e mpe r or Kaise r ,

hOra
( Il a) to h e ar k il o n ( 5 ) k i l og r am
. l bs ) .

11 05 t ( 2 ) au t u m n ; i h os t th i s k l aga ( I ) t o co mpl ai n
au t u m n ; i -as l ast au t u m n k l app a ( I ) t o knock r ap cl ap , , ,

car ess ; -s
, r e ci pr d ep
. .
, car ess

e ach oth e r
i i n, i nto k l ock a (1 ) cl ock ; -n e t t
( at ) o ne
I (e d e r ) y ou (pl u r ) .
’
o cl ock ; -n t v a ( at ) t w o
’
o cl ock
icke not k na n .
(4 ) knee
i fra’n f r om
ko -r
) co w
ige n ' ag ai n
k om , se e k om m a
2 78 SWE D IS H EN G L I S H V O CA B U L A R Y
-

l at a ( S TR .
, l at , l at i t ) to l et , m oge n ri pe
sou nd ; bli l e ave f
o , l et m ogna ( I ) t o r ipe n, g r ow r ipe
al one , ce ase m o r see m od e r
,

lagga ( Il a ,
l ad e ,
l agt ) t o l ay , m orgo n ( 2 ) m or ni ng ; i m orgo n
si g l ie d ow n , g o t o bed t o-m or r o w ; i d ag pa - e n t h i s
pu t ;
l agst , se e l ag m or ni ng
lan n .
(5 ) d i st r i ct m o r se ; i th i s (past ) m or n i ng
lange l ong , f or a l ong t i m e m o t ag ai nst , t o t ow ar d ,

langr e , se e l ang l angt , , lange m u r ( 2 ) w al l

' '
lara ( Il a) t o t e ach , l e ar n; s ig m u se u m n ( 3 m u se e r ) m u se u m
.
,

l e ar n m usk e l (3 ) m u scl e
l arare (5 ) te ach e r m y ok e n m u ch
la m y ck e t m u ch v e ry
'
r ar in na ( l ) ( w om an ) t e ach er ,

l asa ( IIb ) to r e ad m am ay
lOft e n .
( 4 ) pr om i se m ah ad (3 ) m onth
lOrd ag ( 2 ) S at u r d ay m and ag ( 2 ) M ond ay .

m anga pl u r m any
, .
,

M m att e m ay

m al a ( Il a) t o g r i nd mOjl ig possi bl e

m an ( 5 , a; spe ci al m e ani ng m an ) mOr k d ar k

m an , h u sband mOr k b l a d ar k bl u e

m an one t h ey , pe opl e mOt a ( IIb ) t o m e e t , e ncou nt e r

,

m e d w i th t o
N
,

m e d an w h i l e
m e l l an be tw ee n a ong , i n t h e , m nam n n .
(5) n am e

m i dst of n arra (I) to f ool , d e ce i ve ; -s

,

m e n bu t d ep to fib
m e ra m e r m or e ; l ong e r
,
nat t (3 , a) nig h t ; i t o-n ig h t
m e t e r ( 5 ) m e te r i nch e s ) o m -e n d u r i ng th e nig h t
m i dd ag ( 2 ) noon d i nne r ,
n e d , ne r d ow n
m i g see j
,
ag n e df r O ( or '
n ed fo r ) d ow n
m il ( 5 ) m i l e ( S w ed i sh m i l e = ne d h angand e h ang i ng d o w n , l ow
E ng m i l es ) ne ge r (3 ) neg r o
m
.

m il d i l d g e ntl e , ne jno ; r e al ly
m in ( m i tt m i na) my m i ne , , ne k a ( I ) t o d e ny
m innas d ep , ( Il a) t o r e m e m be r
, . ne r , see n e d
m i nne n (4 ) m em ory , r em i ni s
. ne re d ow n
ce nce ne u t ru m n .
(3 or n e u t r a ) ne u t er
m i t t se e m in
, ui ( e r ) (f or m al ) y ou
mod e r , m or ( 2 , m od rar ) m oth e r nog e noug h , no d ou bt , surely
 SWE D IS H EN G L IS H V O CABU LA RY
- 2 79

no ga, i nd e cl .
,
accu r ate , par t i e o nsd a
( 2 ) Wed nesd ay
g
u l ar o rd n
( 5 ) w or d
.

N o rge Nor w ay o rdfOrand e

( 5 ) ch ai r m an
nor r nor th o ss , se e v i

n u now o v anf Or abov e

num e r a now , now ad ay s o v an (3 ) ( pe r son al ) e ne my

ny ne w
P
nypa ( ST R .
, n o p, n u pi t ) to pi nch ;
-s
,
d ep .
, pi nch pannl u gg ( 2 ) h ai r on t h e f or e
ny sa ( ST R .
, n Os , ny si t , or IIb ) h e ad , t uf t , f r i ng e
to sne ez e par n ( 5 ) pai r ; e t t
. a co upl e f
o

ny t t , se e ny par t isk par t i al , pr eju d i ce d

11 51 ( III ) to r e ach , ar r i ve at pe ngar , pl u r , ( 2 ) m o ney .

nade g r ace p ia no
'
n .
( 4 ) pi ano
nago n ( nago t , nag ra ) som e , any . pipsk agg n ( 5 ) i mpe r i al
.

so m e one , any one pl at s 3) pl ace

nago nsi n e ve r pl o ck a ( I ) t o pi ck g ath e r ,

nagra, see h ago n pIO t sl ige n s u dd e nly

nam l i ge n nam e ly po rt ( 2 ) g ate

né
ir whe n p rata ( I ) t o tal k , ch at , t al k n o n
a i nd e cl ne ar cl ose
n r a, , se nse

na
'
r m as t e supe r l of néi ra
,
.
p ( 1 ) pr i nce ss
r i nse s s a

nii s t ne x t p rofe s sor 3 0 re r ) pr of essor

' - '
,

h ast e ( 4 ) nest
n .
pro m e na d 3 ) pr om e nad e w al k
’
,

a d sat i sfi e d pro m e ne ra ( I ) t o w al k pr om e
'
, ,

a e n ( 4 ) .
p l e as u r e nad e
nOt ( 3 nO p ro no m e n ' '
t t e r ) nu t
, 3, 5 -
or no m i na) pr o
nou n

pé on , i n, at , o f , to
o 0, oh

ob e bod d u n i nh abi te d
R
o ch and rar r ar e , e x q u i si t e

ock s a al so t oo , re d , red o , se e ri d a

ot ta of ten r ed an al r e ady
o l y ck a ( 1 ) m i sf or t u ne re gna (I ) to r ai n

om ar o u nd , abou t , conce r ni ng , re sa ( IIb ) to t r avel , jou r ney , g o;

i n, f
o , d u ri ng , if; wh e th e r r ai se ; sig r i se , r ai se one s
’

o m tal a (I ) to r e l ate , te ll se lf , g et p
u

0 nd ang ry , e v i l ; pa ang ry at r e sand e (5 ) t r ave l er

( w i th ) ri d a (S TR .
, r ed , ri di t ) to r id e
2 80 SWE D IS H EN G LIS H V O CA BU L ARY
-

rik r i ch ; pa r i ch i n , abo u nd si st l ast ; t il l at l ast , fi nal ly

si tt a ( S T R tt tt o s u t t it
i ng i n .
, sa , su , )
ri k e n .
(4 ) k i ng do m to si t

ro ( III) to r ow j si ck
s uk

sju k d om ( 2 ) si ck ne ss
ro pe ace
ro a (I ) t o am use s u nga ( S T R
j .
, s ug , s u ngi t
j ) to
Ro m Rom e si ng

ro pa ( I ) t o cal l , cal l o u t , sh ou t , j
sal v se lf h i m se lf , , h er self , e tc .

cry
s ( 2 ) l ake se a ,

ros (l ) rose S JOIl g, S

jo ngo , se e j
s u nga

ro tt , se e ro sk a sk al l ), se e s k o l a

Ry ssl and Ru ssi a sk ad s ( l ) i nju ry

r att r ig h t ; ha a v be r ig h t sk ad a (I ) to h u r t
rod r ed sk ak a
(I) to sh ak e

8 sk al l , see sk o la
sad e , see saga a ( Il a sk i l d e
sk i l j , ) to se par at e ,

sad e l
( 2 ) sad dl e d i st i ng u i sh
saga
( l ) t al e story f ai ry -tal e
, , sk o -r
) s h oe
sagt , se e s aga sk o
g ( 2 ) f o r est w oods ,

sak
(3 ) th i ng , m at te r , afl ai r sk o gsb ack e ( 2
) w ood ed h i l l
sak ta, i nd e cl sl o w , sl ow ly
.
, sk o l a
( sk u l l e sk o l at ) sh al l , , wil l
sam m a th e sam e sk ol a ( 1
) sch ool
sat t se e si tt a satta
, , sk o m ak ar e (5 ) sh oe m ake r
satt e se e sa t ta
, sk o r , se e sk o
se ( IRRE G S T R sag . .
, , se t t
) to sk r at t a (I) t o l aug h
se e , l oo k ; se
pa l ook at ; se u t sk re v , se e sk ri v a
l ook , appe ar sk ri v a (ST R .
,
sk re v , sk ri vi t
) to
sed an , se n a te r w ar d s th e n
f , , af w r i te
te r , si nce , ag o; fOr se d an sk u ll ; fo r s k u l l on acco u nt of
ag o sk u l l e sh ou l d , w as to , w as sai d
se g la (I ) to sai l t o; se e sk o a l
se n , se e se d an
sk y m t a ( I ) to catch a g l i mpse o f
se tt see se
, sk y nd a
(I) to h u r ry , h aste n;
se x t o n si x t ee n
sk y n d a si h u r ry
g
sid a
(1 ) si d e sk iit a ( ST R .
,
sk ar , sk u ro , sk u
sig h i m se lf, h er se lf , et c ri t
.
) t o cu t
si m m a ( I or S T R sam , .
, su mm o , sk On be au t if u l
su m m i t
) t o sw i m sl age n se e 5 151
,

sin
( si tt , sina ) h i s he r ( s) , , e tc . sl o
g see sl a
,

sl ott n .
( 5 ) cas tl e pal ace , , ch ate au
28 2 SWE D IS H EN G L IS H V O CA B U L ARY
-

sv u l t o , see sv al t a t i d ig e ar ly
sv ar h ar d d izficu l t , , se v e r e t iga (STR .
, t e g , t e gat ) t o be si
sv al t a ( STR sv al t .
, , sv u l t o , sv u l l e nt
t it , or Il b ) to st ar v e t i l l t o , of , by , at , as; m or e , i n
svar ( j)a ( S T R .
,
svo r , sv u ro , svu ad d i t i on
'
r it
) to sw e ar t il l b a k a back
sy ( III ) t o se w t il ls u nt i l

sy n s ig h t; fa pa t o cat ch t il l sam
'
m ans t og e th e r
sig h t o f t im m e ( 2 ) h ou r
sy st e r ( 2 ) si ste r t isd ag ( 2 ) Tu esd ay
5 52
1 so , t h u s , th e n , as , ( or om i t ) tj
u gu t w e nty

s ad an su ch t o ffe l (l ) sl i ppe r
sé g , S ago se e se
, t og , se e t aga
sal d e , sa sal j a
l d e s se e , t o rs d ag ( 2 ) Th u r sd ay
sal e d es th u s accor d i ng ly , t ra pp a ( )
1 st ai r ; e n — u pp on

sal u nd a th u s i n th i s m anne r , th e se co nd floor ; t v a t rappo r

saso m as l i ke , u pp o n th e th i r d floor
saga ( Il a sad e sagt ) t o say tel l t o t h i nk , be l i e ve
, , , t ro ( III)
sal j a ( Il a sal d e ) t o se l l
, t rang t ig h t , n ar r ow
sam re w or se ; see d al ig t rad n ( 5 ) t re e
.

sand a ( Il a) to se nd t rfid gar d ( 2 ) g ar d e n o r ch ar d ,

sang 2 ) be d t ra d gard sm u r ( 2 ) g ar d e n w al l
satt n ( 5 ) m anne r w ay t ra d gard sm a
.
, st ar e 5 ) g ar de ne r
sat t a ( IIb satt e ) t o se t pu t
, , t rad a ( I ) to m e e t; -s t o m ee t
,

pl ace ; sig si t d ow n t rO t t ti red ; pa t i r e d of

sOk a ( Il b ) to se e k , l ook f or t rO t t na ( I ) t o be com e t i r e d ;
sOnd ag ( 2 ) S u nday
pit to g e t t i r e d of
sot sw ee t
t u rn comm on or n
, ( 5 ) i nch .
,

t u ng h e avy
T
t u se n th ou sand
t aga, t a ( ST R .
, t o g , t agi t ) to t ake t v i nga ( I or S T R .
, t v an g , t v u n
t al n ( 5 ) spee ch w or d s compe l
.
, go , t vu ngit ) t o
t al a ( I ) t o t al k spe ak; , o m, t va tw o
see o m t al a; v id s t v a ( III ) t o w ash
pe ak to e ach
-s

ot h e r t vatta (I ) t o w ash
t av l a ( 1 ) pi ct u r e ty f or , be cau se
t e a t e r ( 2 ) th e ate r
'
t y ck a ( Il b ) t o th i nk, be f
o th e
t e go se e t iga
, o pi ni on , f ancy ; o m l i ke

t e l e fo ne ra ( I ) t o te l eph one
'
t yg n .
( 3 ; 5 ) cl oth
t id (3 ) t i m e , lif e t y nga ( I l a ) t o w e ig h ( d own )
 SWE D IS H EN G L IS H -
V O CA B U L A RY 283

t ysk G e r m an; -a th e Ge r m an v ar i fr an or v ar ifr an ) f r om

'

l ang u ag e ; pa -a i n Ge r m an wher e , f r om w h i ch
Ty sk l and Ge r m any v ari t , se e v ara
t y st si l e n t , qu i e t v ar e j e ve ry , e ach

ta -r
) t oe v ar k e n ; e l l e r ne i th er
t aa l ( Il a) to e nd u r e , t ol e r at e , nor

be ar v aro m ( or v aro m ) '

abou t w h i ch ,
t ank a ( Il b ) t o th i nk ; path i nk abo u t w h at

f
O v ar t w here w h i th e r )
v at t e n n .
(5 ) w ate r

ul l w ool
v e ck a (1 ) w e ek
v e nt wh o w h om
u nd e r u nd e r , be ne ath , d u r i ng
,

u nd e r h al l a ( S T R -hOll , -
ha i ll t) v e ta ( IIb , v i sst e , v e t at
) t o kn o w
.
,
vi (05 5 ) we
to e nt e r t ai n
vid at , by i n , to
u nd e r l ig st r ang e , cu r i ou s , pe cu
,

v id w ide
l i ar
v idare f ur th e r m or e on
u nd r a (I ) t o w ond e r , ,

v id ga ( I ) t o w i d e n
u ng y ou ng
v ilj a ( II v i l l e v e l at t o w an t
t
u pp a )
, , to ,
w il l ; h av a w ant
“BBC ”P
v i l l v il l e see v il ja
( I ) to r epe at
, ,
u ppre pa
vin
of f r om ;
( 3 ) w i ne
n
u r ou t out f
.

ur o
,
v i nd ( 2 ) w i nd
ut ou t ; ga o ch ga t o g o ou t
v i n t e r ( 2 ) w i nt e r ; i th i s w i n
f or a w al k
te r
t
u an w i th o u t ; bu t
v i nt ras ; i l ast w i nte r
ute ou t , ou t o f d oo r s
v i ss t su r e ly cer t ai nly
u t var t e s , i nd e cl , ex ter nal
,

v e ta
.

v i sst e , se e
V
v it w h i te
v ack e r be au t ifu l , pr e tty v o re v o ro, , se e v ara
v ad w h at v ag ( 1 ) w ave
v ak na
(I ) t o aw ake va r ou r ou rs ,

v al d v al t
, , se e v al j a va r ( 2 ) s r i ng ;
p i th i s s pr i ng
v anl ig or d i nar v aras ; i l ast spr i ng
y
v ape n n .
5 ) w e apon V ad e r n .
(5 ) w e ath e r
v ar whe r e v iil w e l l , n o d o u bt I
, su ppose
var e v e ry v al j a ( Il a v al d e ) to ch oose, , e l e ct
v ar , v ara
se e v an ) f r i e nd
3
v ara ( S T R v ar v oro .
, , , v ari t ) to be v ii nd a ( Il a ) t o t u r n sig t u r n
v arf Or w hy v éi ni n na ( l ) ( w om an
’
) f r i e nd
284 SWE D IS H EN G LIS H V O CA B U L ARY
-

v anj a ( Il a v and e ) t o accu st om

,
al sk a ( I ) t o l ov e

v an t se e v and a
,
al sk ad be l ov ed
véi n t a ( I ) t o w ai t awai t e xpe ct , ,
an th an
varl d 2 ) w or l d éi ng ( ) m2 e ad ow

v arre compar at i ve of
,
e l ak ank a ( l ) w i d ow
va lxa ( IIb ) t o g r ow anu u st i l l y e t ,

appl e n ( 4 ) apple .

Y ar , are n , ar o , se e v ara
mpar at i ve of u ng at a ( S T R at fit i t ) to e at
y ngst , co
.
, ,

r ad e , pat i on av e n al so
y rk e n .
( 4 ) t o ccu

a ( 2 ) r i ve r O (2 ) i sl and
ak e r ( 2 ) fi e l d Od e , i nd e cl .
, d esol ate ,
an se e a
,
u ni nh abi t e d

i n n .
(5 ) y e ar o ga n .
( Ogo n ) ey e
at f or , t o , at Onsk a ( I ) t o w i sh
at e r ag ai n , once m or e Opp e n ope n
att a e ig h t Oppna ( I ) to ope n
Ora n .
( Oro n ) e ar
Ot s e rs o n
j Th e B al t i c
ad e l nobl e Ov e r ove r acr oss abou t , ,

ak ta i nd e cl g e nu i ne pu re
, .
, , Ov e ral l t ( or Ov e rall t ) e v e ry wh e r e
’

al d re compar at i ve of gam m al
, Ove rst uppe r m ost
al d st supe r l at i ve of gam m al
, Ov re upper
286 EN G L IS H SV E D IS H V O CA B U L A R Y
-
V

be am i ng st r al and e boy go sse ( 2 )

be at sl a ( sl o g , sl agi t ) br ai d fl éi t a fl ata (I )
be au t if u l v ack e r , sk On br anch g re n ( 2 )
be cau se d arfOr at t br e ad b r Od n (5 ) .

be com e h l i v a, b l i( b l e v b l iv it ) ,
br e ak ga O
s nd e r ( gick , gi ngo ,
be d ; g o t o l agga sig ( l ad e l agt )
fi

, ga tt )

bee b i n ( 4 ) . br e at h e and as (I )
bef al l h a nd a ( Il a) br eez e b ri s 3)
bef or e fO rr fram fo r ( or
,
br i dg e b r o (2)
i nnan br i ng fOra
( Il a)
beg i n b o r j a br oad b re d , v id
(I )
'
; b e gy n na ( Il b )
beh i nd b ak o m b ak o m '
e ft e r br oke n b r u t e n
( or

tt ) br ook b ack
(2 )
be h ol d se ( ag
s , se
b ro d e r )
be l i e v e t ro ( III ) br oth e r b ro d e r , b r o r (5 ,

be l ow u nd e r br o w n b ru n

be nch b a bu i l d b ygga ( Il a)
nk ( ) 2

be nd b O bO bu l l e t k u l a ( 1 )
ja ( Il a) , j
a si g

be nd i ng b Ojd bush b u sk e (2 )
be r ry b ar n (5 ) .
bu t m e n , t
u an

besi de b r e d v i d ’ bu tte r Or n sm .

be st b ast bu tte rfly fjii r il ( 2 )

be tt e r b éi t t re buy k O pa ( Il b )
be t w e e n m e l l an , e m el
’
l an by av , v id , m ed
Ork
bi r ch b j (2 )
bi r d t age l ( 2 ) C
bi r d -ch e r ry t ree h aggb u sk e (2 ) cal l k al l a ( I ) ; cal l ( ou t ) ro pa ( I )
bi sh op b isk o p ( 2 ) cal m l u gn
bi t; a l it e t cal m l u gn a (I )
bi te b i t a (b et , b i t i t ) ; b i t as can k u nn a ( k an ; k u nd e , k u nnat )
bl ack sv ar t capi t al h u v u d st ad 3, O)
bl ast o f wi nd v i nd st o t ( ) 2
f
car e u l fO rsik t i g
'

bl i nd b l i nd car ry b ara ( b ar , b u ro , b u r it ) ;
bl oom i ng b l o m m and e fOra ( Il a)
bl ossom b l o m m a (1 ) cast k ast a ( I )
bl ow b asa l ( Il b ) ; spr u ta I
( ) cat ch ; a col d
'
fo rk y l a sig ( Il a) ;
bl u e b l a; d ar k m Ork b l a —sig h t of fa sy n pa ( fick ,

boat b i t (2) fi ngo fatt ) ,

book b ok (3 b o ck e r ) cau t i o u sly fO

'
r si k t i t
,
g
botani st b o t a'ni k e r 5) ch ai r st o l
(2 )
both and b lad e ch ai r m an ordfo rand e
(5 )
 EN G L IS H SWE D IS H V O CABU L ARY- 287

ch ee k k i nd (3 ) w e k o pp (2 )
kOr sb a sk a
'

(5 ) ra ( sk ar sk ur o , sk u ri t
ch e r ry r n . cu t , );
ch e r ry-bl ossom k o rsb a rsb l o m m a off sk a ra av , av sk ara

<1 )
D
ch e rry t
- r ee ko rsb arst r ad n .
(5 )
'
ch est nu t t
- r ee e t réid n
kastan j .
(5) d ance dans (2; 3 )
ch i l d b ar n n .
(5 ) d ance d ansa ( 1 )
Ch r ist m as j ul pe r i od jul d ar k m O rk ;
g r ow — m o rk na ( I )
t id ; — pr e se nt j u l kl app ( 2 ) d ar k bl u e m O rk b l a

ch u r ch k y r k a ( 1 ) d aug h te r d o t t e r ( 2 O) ,

ci ty s t ad ( 3 a) ,
d ay d ag d ay of su nsh i ne
cl ap k l app a ( I ) so l s k e nsd a
g (2 )
cl at t e r k l appra (I) d e ad d O d
cl e ar fi nd a d e ar k ar

cl i m b s t iga u pp ( ste g , st i g i t )
cl oser narm ar e

cl o th t yg n .
(3 ; 5) d e nse t éi t
coal -bl ack k o l sv ar t d epth d j u p n .
(5)
cofiee k ad e n . d e se r t e d Od e , i nd e cl .

col d k al l ; cat ch a fo rk y l a ’
si g d esol ate Od e , i nd e cl .

( Il a) d e sti nat i o n ; at fram m e ; t o

col or féi rg 3) fram
col u m n k o l on n
'
(3 ) d i e d O ( d o g , d o tt )
com e k omm a ( ko m , kom m o , d zfl i cu l t s v ar
k om m it ) d i sappe ar fOrsv i n na
’
-sv an
'
n,

co mpl ai n k l aga (I ) -s v u n ’n o
,
-sv u n '
ni t )
fO d i st r i ct l a
'
cond i t i on rh al l and e (4 )
n . n n .
(5 )
const antly al l t am
j
’
t ( or am t )
al l t j d o gO r a ( gj o rd e ,
gjo rt
)
cost kos a t (I ) d octor d o k t o r ( 3 , d o k t o r e r )
'

cott ag e s t u ga (1 ) d og h u nd (2 )
cou nt ry l and n (3.
, a; 5) d ol l d o ck a ( 1 )
co u pl e of e tt par d ou bl e d u bb e l
co u r se l opp n .
(5 ) d ou bt ; no nog
cow ko -r
) d o ve d u v a (1 )
cr e ep k ry pa ( k rOp , k ru pi t ) d ow n ne d , ne r , ne d fo r ( or -fo '
r )
cr ow n k r o na (l ) d r e am of ana ( I )
cr o w n k rOna ( IIb ) d r ess k l anni ng (2 )
cr u sh k ro ssa (I ) d r ess k l éi d a si g ( Il a)

cry ou t r o pa (I) d r ess-g ood s k l éi nnin g st yg n 3; 5)

cu l t i v ate d , se e st r aw be r r i es d r in k d ry ck (3 )
 E NGLIS H S \V E D IS H ~
V O CABU L A R Y

d r i nk d ri ck a ( d rack , d ru ck o , f al l fal l n .
(5 )
d r u ck i t ) f al l fal l a ( fOl l fal l i t ) ; asl e ep
,

dr i ve j aga ( I ) s o m na
(I )
d u ck and (3 , a ) f ar l angt ( l angre l angst ) ,

d u ri ng o m f ar th e r v id a e l angre
r ,

E f ast fo r t
' f at fe t
e ach ot h e r v ar an d ra
f ath e r fad e r far ( 5 fad e r )
, ,

e ar ly t id igt
f ee l k anna ( Il a) k anna m e d sig ,
o rd ( 2 )
e ar th j f e tch h am t a ( I )
e asy -ch ai r v il st ol (2 )
f e ve r fe b e r ( 2 )
e at him ( at ant )
f ew ; a na
,
gra
e dg e o f t h e w at e r st rand b r add (2 )
fi ddl e fi o l ( 3 )
’

e ig h t att a
fi el d ak e r fal t n ( 5 ) .

e mper or k e j
sar e (5 )
e nd an d e (or find a) ( 2 ) fig h t sl ass ( sl ogs sl at t s ) ,

e ne my fi e nd e
fi nd h u na ( fann fu nno i nn u i t ) , ,

(pe r sonal )
o v an (3 ) fi ne v ack e r
E ng l i sh e nge l sk , e nge l sk a
fi n i sh sl u t a ( I )
E ng l i sh m an l m an
fi r st fOrs t ; at fo rst
e n ge s
(5 a)
—
fi t r e e f u ra ( 1 )
,
r
e n ou gh nog

e nt i r e h el
fi ve fe m
e nt i r e ly al l d e l es
fl ag fl agga ( 1 )
flash b l ix t ra ( I )
E ur o pe E u ro p a '

e ve n e ns
fl ee fl y ( III)
float fl y t a ( fl o t fl u t i t )
e ve ni ng t
af o n k v al l th i s
,

i aft o n ; i n th e — 0m floor ; on th e se cond en t rapp a

aft o n e n
up
p; on t h e th i r d t v a t rap
e ve r nago nsi n
por u pp
e v e ry v ar e ,j v ar
flo u r i 1 n
e ve ry th i ng
.

al l t

w h er e Ov e ral ’
lt o ve ral l t
fl ou r -bag i (2 ) l sack
e ve ry
(or )
fl ow fl y ta (fl O t fl ut it )
e v il 0 nd
,

m i nati on x a me n '
fl ow e r b l o m m a ( 1 )
a m ina
’
ex a e -
) fl owe r g ar d en b l om st e rt rad gard
-
ex pl ai n fOr k l a ra
(I )
’

e x te nd s t r ack a <2 )
ut ( Il b ) flu tte r fl add ra ( I )
ey e Oga n .
( Ogo n )
ey e-l ash Ogonh ar fly fi y ga ( fl é g fi u gi t )
(5 )
.
n .

fly fl u g a ( 1 )
F
f oam sk um n .

f ace ansik t e n .
(4 ) f ol l ow fO lj
a ( Il a)
f ai r sk On f ood m at
2 90 E NGLIS H S WE D IS H e
V O CA B U L A R Y

al pa
h e lp h j ( IIb ) ; e ach oth e r i nto i n , i n i , t i l l
al pas
hj at i sl and O(2 )
h er h e nne ; h e nne s ; re fl .
, it den (d e t ) ; de t

( tt
si ,
si na ) i ts d e ss ; refl s i n ( si tt
.
, , si na )
h e re b a s a
'

r ; h it h i th e r ) i t se lf sig ;
jlv
h e rs h e n ne s ; fl re si n ( si tt si na )
J
.
, ,

h e r se lf sig ; éi l v
sj

h idd e n d o l d je w el ad e l st e n ( 2 )
h i d e -and -see k k u rra go mm a joh n J o h an
h ig h h O g
-r e
,
-st
) joh nson J o h ansso n
h il l k u l l e b ack e (2 ) joy l u s t
h i m h o no m ju mp h o pp a ( I)
'
h i mse lf al v
si g ;
j s ju st ny ss; ju st th e n i d e t sam m a
[z ip bone h ijft ( 3 )
-
ju st as l i k a l ik asa ,

h i s h ans ; si n ( si tt si na )
,
K
h ol e h al n ( 5 ) .

ke ep h al a l (h o l l h al il t)
h o m e h e m ; at h om e h e mm a
,

ke r ch i ef h al sd u k (2 )
h om e h e m n (5 ) k i l og r am k i l o n ( 5 )
.

(I )
.

h ope h o ppas
'
ki nd h e ar t ed go d h jart ad
h or i z o n h o ri so n t 3)
k i ng k o nu ng k u n g ( 2 ) ,
h or se h as t (2 ) k i ng d o m ri k e n ( 4 )
h ost b a (2 )
.

r
kne e k n a n ( 4 )
h o u se h u s n ( 5 )
.

kn if e k niv ( 2 )
h ow h u ru , h u r
knock sl a ( s l og sl agi t ) ,
h owl t j
uta (t t , tj
u t it
) know k a n na ( Il a) ; v eta (vet ;
h u m an l if e m anni sk o l iv n .
(5 ) v iss t e v e t at )
h u m bl e Odmj uk
,

h u r l k as a t (I) L
h u r ry sk y nd a
( sig ) (I ) ; be i n a l abor atory l ab o rat o 'r i u m n .
(3 ,

h a b ratt o m -o 'ri e r
)
h u rt sh ad a
(I ) l ady d am 3 )
l ake s (2 )
l amp l am p a (1 )
l and l and n .
(3 , a; 5 )
l arg e st or ( s t o r re ,
st Orst )
l ast sis t; at t il l si st , sl u t l ige n
i m ag i ne t ank a sig ( IIb
) l aug h sk r at t a
(I )
i n i , o m , pit ; i n th e r e d ari n 'ne l e ad fO
; ra
( Il a)
i n add i t i on d éi rt i l l
( or d art il l )
’
l e af b l ad n . l ov n .
(5 )
i nte r est i ng i nt re ssan't l e ar n l bi ra la
( Il a) , ra sig
 E N G LIS H -
S \VE D IS H V O CA B U L ARY 2 91

l edg e kl ippav sat s (3 ) m an m an ( 5 , a) ; k arl ol d

l eg b e n n ( 5 ) .
g ub b e (2 )
l esson l axa (1 ) m any m anga, pl u r .

l e tt e r b r e v 5) n . m ar ch m arsch e r a ( I )
'

l i br ar i an b ibl io t e k a r ie (5 ) [Mar ch m ars

’

l i br ary b ib l io t e k n
’
.
(5) m ar ry gift a ( Il b ) ; be m ar r i e d
l ie l igga ( l ag , l e gat ) gift a sig
l if e l i v n (5 )
. m e m ig
l if e ti m e m annisk ol iv
- n ; l iv st id
. m e ad ow (2 )
ang

l if t l y ft a ( Il b ) m e an m e na ( I )
l ig h t ly l at t m eet m O t a ( Il b ) ; t r afl a (I ) ,
t ra f
l i ke so m fas
l i ke t yck a o m ( IIb ) m e te r m e t e r 5 )
l i nd e n-t r e e l in d ( 2 ) m i d st ; i n t h e of m e l l an

l i ne r and ( 3 a) ,
m i l e m il ( 5 )
l i on l e j o n n ( 5 ) . m i l l k v ar n ( 2 )
l i ste n l y ssna ( 1 ) m i l ler i l nare m il l er ’
s

l i te r l i t e r 5 ) ser v ant i l nard rang ( 2)

l i ttl e l i t e n ( l i t e t , l il l a, m i l l -w h e e l k v ar nh j
ul n .
(5 )
a l it e t m i ne se e my
,

l i ve b o ( III ) ; le a v ( Il a) m i sf or t u ne o l y ck a ( 1 )
l i v i ng l e vand e M i ss t rOke n (2)
l ock l o ck ( 2 ) m om e nt O go nb l ick n ( 5 ) .

l ong l ang ( l éingre , l angst ) ; l ong , m oney pe ngar pl u r , .

f or a l ong ti m e l éi nge ; n o l on m or e m e ra m e r ; fl e ra -e ) ; t i l l
,

g er i ck e l ang re m or ni ng m o rgo n th i s — i
l ong l ang t a (I ) d ag pa m o rgo ne n i m o rse ,

l ong i ng l angtan m ost m e st ; fl e st a -e ) ; m ost of

l ook se ( sag
) ; se u t ; l ook
, se t t th e t i m e fO r d e t m e s ta

at se pa; l ook f or so k a ( IIb ) ; m oth e r m o d e r m o r ( 2 m o d rar )

, ,

l ook ou t ak t a sig ( I ) m ou ntai n b e rg n . b e rgsh Od

j
l ou d h O g (3 )
l ove a l sk a (I ) m ou th m u n (2)
l ow l ag ( l agre , l agst ) Mr . h e rr 2)

l oy al t r oge n
l u r e l o cka (I ) m u ch m y ck e t
m u se u m m u se u m n 3
’
-ee r ) ’

M
.
,

m u st m ast e
m ake go ra ( gjord e , gj
ort ) ; sk a m u tter m u m l a ( I )
Pa (1 ) my m i n ( m i t t m i na) ,
2 92 EN G L IS H SWE D IS H V O CABU L A R Y
-

N ’
o cl ock k l o ckan ; ( at ) e ig h t

nam e nam n n be o ne s
’
nam e
l o ck au att a
k

pa t i l l o n l
.

of av i
he a t ( Il b ) , , , ,

nar r ow t ra r an gre , t r ang st ) ;

of av
ng ( t
of te n o ft a
s m al
oh ack
n at u r e n a u t ’
r (3 )
naug h ty e l ak
ol d gam m al ( al d r e , al d st )
o n pit , o m , i ; v id ar e
ne ar n ara

ne ck ha l s (2 ) once
gang ;
en m or e en
gang
t ill ; at ge n ast
neg r o n e ge r (3 )
one e n ( e tt ) ; m an
ne ig h bor g rann e (2) ’

n e i th e r n or v ark e n
o ne s se l f s ig ; s ig S al v
j
o nly e n d ast , b ar a, b l o t t
nest h ast e n .
(4 )
o nly e nd a
ne u ter n e u t ru m n .
(3 , n e u t re r ;
-
e )
onw ar d fr am at ( or fram at ) ’
ne u t r a )
ne v e r al d ri g
ope n O ppe n
ope n O ppna ( I )
ne v e r th e l ess and a, i ll
a a fal l
ne w n y
oppos i te m o t sat t
nex t n ast a
or e l le r
or ch ar d t rad gar d
n ig h t na t t ( 3 a) ,
2
)
o th e r
n o ne ; j no d ou bt n og , v al ; no
an n an ( annat , an d ra )
l ong er ick e l ang e i ck e r m e ra ou r , ou r s v ar
,

ou t u t e ,
no i nge n ( i nge t i nga) ,
ut ; ou t o f (ut ) ur; ou t

nobl e kid e l o f br e ath andfad d

n oi se b rak n .
o u t er m ost y t t e rst
ou ts i d e u te , u tanfo r
none i nge n ( inge t , i nga)
m id d ag ove r Ov e r ; t h e r e d ar bo rt a
noon ( )
2
ow n e ge n
noond ay s u n m id d agssol
n or e l l er ; se e ne i th e r

Nor way N o rge pai nt m al a ( I )

not i ck e , j i nt e pai r par n ( 5 )
e , .

n oth i ng i nge n t i ng ; bu t i ck e pal ace sl ot t n ( 5 ) .

annat an pal e b l e k
now n u ’
par e nts fo ral d rar pl u r ,

O (3
.

nu t n t , n Ot t e r ) par i sh sock e n ( 2 )
par t i cu l ar no ga i nd e cl , .

pass g a ( gi ck gi ngo gat t ) ; , ,

ou t g a u t u t ga ,

p st fO
'
a r bi

pastu r e h age ( 2 )
 EN G L IS H SWE D IS H V O CABU L AR Y
-

r i ve r a
t fl od (3 ) sh e h on
r o am v and (I )
ra sh i p sk e pp n .
(5 )
r oar b r u sa ( I ) ; d a na ( l ) ; vr al a sh oe sk o -r
)
I
( ) ; ry t a ( r o t r u t it ) ,
sh oe m ake r sk o m ak are 5)
r ol l r u l l a ( I ) sh or e s rand t (3 , a) ; f
o l ake
st rand
r oof t ak n (5 )
.
s
r ose ro s ( 1 ) sh o u l d sk u l l e

r ou nd r u nd sh ou t sk r i k a ( sk re k , sk ri k i t )
sh r i e k sk r ik n
r oy al k u ngl ig (5 ) .

ru m bl e d ana (I ) sh u dd e r ry snin g ( 2
)
r un spr i nga ( sp rang , spr u ngo , s i ck sj uk

spru ngi t ) si d e s i d a ( 1 )

s ig h su ck a ( I
r u sh b ru sa (I ) )
s ig h t ; cat ch o f tasy n pa ( fick ,

fi ngo , fat t )
sai l se g a l (I ) s ig n s p ar n .
(5 )
s m an ( 5
s ai l or , a) s i l e nt t y st ; be t iga ( teg ,
t e gat )
sam e sam m a e) - si l k si l ke n .
(4 )
s and sand si nce r e ly arl igt
sat i s fi ed a d s i ng j
s u n ga (s ug ,
s u ngi t
j )
S atu r d ay l Ord a
g e ve ni ng s i ng l e e nd a -e
)
lOrd agsk v éi l l
(2 ) s i st e r sy st e r (2 )
s ay s aga ( sad e , sag t) si t s i tt a ( satt , su t o , t su t t i t );
scar ce ly k nappt d ow n sa t ta si g ( satt e , satt )

sch ool sko l a (1 ) s i t u ate d ; be l igga ( l a g , l e gat )

se a h av n .
5) s i x te e n se x to n
se cond , se e floor sky h im m e l (2 )
se cr e t h e m ligh e t 3) sl ee p so v a ( so v , so v it ) ; g o to
see se ( sag ,
se t t
) so m na (I )
se e d fro n .
(4 ; 3) sle nd e r s m éirt , s m al
see m sy n as (Il b ); se u t (sag ,
se tt ) sl i p gl id a (g led , gl i d i t )
f sj
se l al v sl i ppe r t o fl el (1 )
se l l sa l j a (sal d e sal t ) , sl ow ( ly ) sak a ; t m é ni ngo ms

se nd sa nd a ( Il a ) ; ski ck a ( 1
) s m al l l i t e n ( l it e t , l il l a, sm a; min
se r v i ce t jal nst 3 ) d r e m i nst )
,

se t ga ne d ( gick gi ngo , , gatt ) sm e l l d of t a (I)

se w sy ( I II ) sm il e le ( l og l e tt ) ,

sh ad ow sk u gga ( I ) s ne e z e n y sa ( n O s ny sit ; , or Il b )
sh ake sk ak a ( I ) so 5 51

sh al l k om m a at t ; sk ol a ( sk al l ) so u k ; m il d
f t mj
 EN G LIS H S W E D IS H V O CA BU L A RY
-
29
5
sol d i e r
’
so l d a t 3) st r e n
g th k raft ( 3 )
so m e n ago m ( nago t nagra ) s t r e t ch s t r ack a
( IIb )
'
,

so m e t h i ng nago t st r i ke sl a ( sl og sl a
, gi t )
soon s nar t , fo rt st r ong st ark
sooner fOrr su ch s ad an
soug h s u sa (I ) su m m e r som m ar i n ( d u r i ng )
s e ak
p t al a (I)
spee d far t m ras ; su m me r
so ’
s h e at so m
spi n spi nna ( sp ann ,
s p anno , m ar varm e
spu nn i t
) su n so l
(2 )
spi r i t and e ( 2 ) i
s u nsh ne so l sk e n n .

spr e ad b re d a ( Il a) ; b re d a
ou t su r p r i se d fOr vanad
’

s ig s w al l o w sval a
(1 )
spr i ng ar
v th i s i v ar ; l ast sw an s v an ( 1 ; 2 ; 3 )
i v ar as S w e d e ( e n ) s v e nsk 2
( )
spr i ng k al l a ( 1 ) S w e d e n S v e r ( i ) ge
spr i ng spr i nga ( sp rang spr u n S w e d ish s v e nsk ; t h e
, go , l ang u ag e
pru ngi t )
s
sv e nsk a; in pa sv e nsk a
st ai r s t rapp a (1 ) sw e e tly lj
u vl i t
g
st and s t a ( st o d , st at t ) sw i ft ra pp
st ay st an na (I )
st e al al a ( st al
st j st u l o ,
T
, st u l i t
)
p b rant
st e e t abl e b o rd n .
(5 )
ste epl e t o r nspir a ( 1 ) t ake t aga , ta ( t og , t agit )
annu ( or
st i l l s t il l a t al k t al a (I )
stone s t e n ( 2 ) t al l l ang h O g ,

s top stamn a ( I ) t e ach e r l a rar e

( w om an )
st or k s t o rk ( 2 ) l arari n'na ( 1 )
st or m st or m t e l l b e ra
(2 ) t ta ( I ) ;
’
sa a
g ( sad e ,

sto r m s t o r m a ( I ) sagt ; t al a o m
) ( fo r ) ( I ) o m ,

st ory h i s t o r ia (3
'
, saga (1 ) ta a l
st ou t t j ock te n t i o
st r ang e u nd e rl ig ; e ge n t e r r or s krack
st r ang e r (de n) ok and a -e
) t h an i n
st r aw be r r i e s ; ( w i l d ) sm u l t ron t h at at t ; m v ad ;
so , det , den
n .
( cu l t i v at e d —
) jo rdgu b
( de t , de )
be (2 ) th e d e n (de t , de ) ; j
u , d e ss, d e s
st r e ak st ri m m a
(l ) t o ; see 40
st r e am fl od (3 ) th e ate r t e a t e r
'
(2 )
st r e e t gat a (1 ) th e i r d e ras, sin ( sitt , sina )
2 96 EN G L IS H SWE D IS H V O CABU L A R Y
-

th e m d e m t r e e t r ad n .
(5 )
th e m se l v es si g , s éil v a
j tr u e ak t a , i nd e cl .

th e n ( 1 21 , d a t ry fOrsOk a
’
r e ft e r ( or se ( Il b )
( d a)n , sit Tu esd ay t i sd ag l ast i t is
t h e r e d ar , d e t , di t t h i th e r ) ; d ags
ove r dar bo r t a t ug sl i t a
( sl e t , sl i t i t )
t h ese d e ssa tu r n and a ( Il a) v and a
v , s ig ;

th ey d e , m an d r i v a ( d re v d ri vi t ) ,

t h i ck gr o v ( gr o v re , gro vst ) t w o t va
th i cke t sk ogsd j u
p n (5 ) . U
ug h hu
t h i ng i ng nt sak ( 3 )
.

t ank a ( IIb ) ; u ncl e farb ro r m orb ro r ( 5 )

th i nk t y ck a ( Il b ) ;
u nco nsci o u s u t an m ed v e tand e
t ro ( Il l )
u nd e r u nd e r
th i s d e nna ( d e tt a, d e ssa)
t h oug h t t ank e ( 2 ) u nd e r st and forst a ' - ’
st o d , -st at t )
’

u ne asy o ro l i
th oug h tf u l tankfu l l g
th r e e t r e u n i nh abi te d o b e b o dd

th r oug h ge no m u nt i l l
ti l s

th r o w k as a ( ) t I up u pp, u pp e ; u p on pa; p to
u

fram t i l l
t i e b i nd a (b and , b u nd o , b u nd i t )
t ig er t ige r ( ) 2 u pon pa
til l ti l l us 05 3

t i m e t id gang at t h at u se b ru k a (I )
den t id e n ; w h at f
u se u l ny t t i g
pé . at
h u r u d ags ; a l ong lange u su al gv anl i

t ip spe t s ( 2 ) u su al ly v anl ige n

t i r ed ( f) o (pa) ; be com e
t r ot t u t te r u ppgi v a - av
g ,
-
ga o ,v
( of ) t rOt t na ( pa) ( I ) v it )
t o t i l l fO
, r at t fO
,r at t m e d
pa , , , ,

v id , m ot v acant l e dig
to-d ay i d ag v al l ey (2 )
d al
t og e th e r t i l l sam ’m ans ve i l l a ( I)
j
t o-m or r ow i m o r go n v e ry m yck e t , al l ra, S jal v
t ong ue t u nga ( 1 ) v i ci n i ty narh e t

t oo fO o ck s a
r, v i l l ag e by (2 )
t op t o pp ( 2 ) v i ol e t v i o
'
l 3)
’
t ou ch b e ro ra ( Il a) v i ol e t co l or e d
-
v iol e t t ’

t ow ar d ( s ) m ot v i si t b e sOk n '
(5 )
.

t ow n s tad ( 3 a) , v i si t b e sOk a ’
( IIb )
tr ai n t ag n .
(5 ) vo i ce r Ost ( 3 )
2 98 EN G LIS H SWE D IS H V O CA B U L A RY
-

y e t annu ( or
y i e l d v ik a ( v e k , v i k it )
y e ar a t n .
(5 ) y ou d u ( d ig ) ; ui ( e r ) ; I ( e d er )
y e l l ow gu l y ou ng u ng

y es j a, j o y ou r , y ou r s d i n ( dit t , d ina) ; e r,

y este r d ay i gar ; m or ni ng i ed e r

morse y ou r se lf d ig, e r, e d er
 IN D E X OF S U BJ E CT S 2 99

IND E X OF S U BJE C T S .

N ote . R e fe p aragraph s u n l e ss p
r e n ce s p age ) p re ce d e s
are t o .

r e fe r e nce ; 1 n t e ; fn
1 . foo t no t e Co l l o co l l oq u i al .
- . . .

ab b re v iat io ns u se o f p e r iod 2 5 , l at i v e i n p e di cat e 1 6 4 ; nu m e r ,

r ,

ab l au t se e v o w e l ch ange
, al -
313; p re d icat e ad j s, .

abst r act nou ns d e f form 1 2 5 i nd e fi n i t e

,
1 4 8 ; p e d i cat e ad j
.
,
°

,
r .

ab st r act n o u ns i n -an de f i n fl e ct e d p 1 6 fn 1 ; p 2 5 , .
, .
, . .
,

i nd e f App e nd i x I I 2 1
.
,
fn 3 ; p re di cat e s u p e r l at iv e u n
, , , .

acce nt ( acu t e grav e ) 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; , i n fl e ct e d 1 6 4 ; co m p a i o n 1 5 8

, ,
r s ,

se e al so u nd e r h e ad i ng A C 1 67 ; e e al so p o p e r ad j e ct i v e s r

C EN T i n e ach l e sso n ; for ad v e r b s 1 7 1 ; 1 72 ; co m pari so n , ,

st re s se e st e ss
s, r 1 73 ; 1 74 ; p ro no m i nal ad v co m .

act ion se e t erm in at i v e cu rsi v e

, p o u nd s 1 72 1 n 2 ( cf 2 64 , , , , , . .
,

p o int act io n d u at i v e co m
-
, n 4 ; 267 n 3 ; 2 8 1
r n 3 ; 28 9 , .
,
.
,
.
,

l t e d o d e r of ( m o v ab l e ) ad r
p e

acu t e see acce n t

, v e rb s 1 4 1 ; se e n e gat i v e s ,

ad d re s s fam i l iar and fo r m al

, ag re e m e nt of p e d icat e ad j , , r .

35; and n 1 ; co l l ( u se o f w i t h su b j e ct p 1 6 t n
. . 1 ; p , .
, . .

t i t l e ) 3 9 2 ; p 1 7 i n 2 and
, , 25 tn 3 ; o f v e rb w i t h su b j e ct
.
, .
, . ,

3 ; d e f ad j i n add r ess 1 4 7 4 ;
. . co l l 5 3 1 ; aft e r d e t 2 3 5 n , , .
, , , ,

s r t e e t add re ss 3 2 2
- 267
, n 1 ; p 2 0 7 fn 1 , . .
, .

ad ie ct i v e 2 9; 6 0 ; 64 ; 76 79; 1 4 7
, al ph ab e t 1 ; nam e o f l e tt e s 2 0-
, s r ,

1 5 3 ; i nd e fi ni t e fo r m 2 9; 6 0 ; 6 4 ; ani m at e v s i nanim at e ge nd e , .
, r,

76 ; 1 5 1 ; d e fi ni t e fo rm 28 and n 1 ( cf p 3 5 fn
-
7 7 79; 1 , , , . . .
, .

1 5 1 ; n o case s 5 5 n ; ge n form ,
p ro nou ns 3 6 ; g nit i v e 5 6 ;
, . .
, e ,

w h e n u se d su b t an t i v e l y 1 5 0 1 1 8 ; 1 1 9 ( co l l
s 1 34 2) , , .
, ,

e nd ; 1 6 3 ; 1 64 ; cf 2 6 5 ; u se of apost roph e w i t h p o p e r n o u n s
.
, r

d e f fo m 7 7 ; 1 4 7 ; p 91
. r , tn i n s so u n d 1 1 2 ; o t h e rw ise no t .
, .
-
,

1 and 2 ; u se o f i nd e f fo r m u se d i n ge n i t i v e 55 .
, ,

76 ; 1 4 8 ; o m issi on o f pre po s ar art icl e se e i nd e fi ni t e ar t icl e d e f .

, ,

t ie l e 1 4 9 ( cf p
, 91
tu i ni t e art icl e ( fo m ) p e po si
. .
, . r ,
r

u se d as no u ns 1 5 0 ; no t e s o n t i v e d e fi ni t e ar t i cl e
,

i n fl e ct i on 1 5 1 ; fo rm i n -e 1 5 1
, auxiliar ie s 2 4 7 2 63 ( w i t h re fe r , , ,
-

n 8 ; d e cl e nsio n o f l i t e n
. 1 52 ; e n ce s t o o th e r p ar t s o f t h e ,

i nd e cl ad j 1 5 3 ( co m p ari so n
. .
, gr am m ar ) ; co nj u gat io n al so , ,

1 58 , n 2 ; 1 65 ; p. 1 03 £ 11 1 ; 1 94 5 ( cf p 2 3 fn 1 ) ; o m i s
.
, .
, . .
, .

u se d as ad v 1 73 e nd ; su p e .
, si o n o f at t p , 1 8 4 fn 1 ; au x i l i r , .
, .
3 00 IN D E X OF S U BJ E C T S
ar ie s o f f u t u re 1 3 6 ; au x i l iari e s ,
com pou nd s , t
s re ss , 2 , 6; sy l l ab i

of p e fe ct syst e m 1 8 1 ; 1 8 5 n
r , , . ca t io n po u nd ad v e rb s
,
21 ; co m ,

1 ; o m is i o n o f au x i l i a y o f p r e s
s r 1 72 1 and n 1 and 2 ( co l l
, , . .
,

p e f and p ast p e rf 1 8 2 ; co m p o u n d v e r b s 2 2 9
,

e nt r . . ,
1 79 , ,

p 1 1 8 fn 6 ; p 1 5 0 fn 1 ; p
.
, . .
,
. . 23 2 ; cl o se l y and l oo se l y at
1 51 i n ; co l l
,
1 91 1 ; au x i l iary .
, ,
t ach e d v e b co m p o si t io n 2 2 9 r -
,

o f p e f i nf o m i t t e d 2 4 2 n 2 ;
r . .
, , . i nse p arab l e se p arab l e and in ,

au x i l iary p assi v e 2 2 2 ; 2 2 3 ; cf
-
, . v e rt ibl e co m p o u nd v e rb s 2 3 0 ; ,

2 2 4 ; c0 11 2 2 8 2 ; au x i l iary su b
.
, ,
- i n se p arab l e se p a ab l e and i n ,
r

j u nct iv e 2 0 8 ff ; 2 1 3 ti ; co l l
, ,
.
, . .
, v e t ib l e p r e fi x e s 2 3 1 ; p ast pa
r , r

2 20 , 1 t icipl e 2 3 0 n 1 ; p e se nt pa
, , . r r

b ase fo r m ,
-
u se d fo r E ngl ish t i cipl e p 1 80 f n ; co l l, 23 7
.
, . .
,

p p osi t io nal p h rase 1 2 0 ; ge ni

re ,
co nce ss io n 2 5 3 2 ; p 1 95 fn 2
, , .
, .

t i v e fo r b ase fo m 1 2 1 -
r , co nco rd , se e ag r ee m e n t

b o rro w e d w o rd s se e fo re ign , cond it io ns , o m issio n o f am , 1 4 0

b rand s o f se e m e can t i l e , r ( cf . 21 5, e nd ); u se o f sc
i, 1 3 9,
capit al iz at io n , 23 ; 24 n .
3 46,( cf . co ll .
, 1 co n

case , 55 ; se e ge n i i t ve , j
o b e ct i ve t r ary t o act , 2 1 5 ; 2 1 6 f
cl ass , se e
ge ne ric cong re s si v e -act io n, se e p o in t
coll oq u ial is m s , se e u nd e r . h e ad ac t io n
i ng C OLLO Q U I A LIS M S in ugat i o n ,
co nj 1 8 0 -1 8 3 ; sy st e m o f,

e ach l e sso n 82; 1 80 ; 1 8 3 ; w e ak v e rb s, 80 ;

com m a, 2 7 1 A ; st r o n g v e r b s 8 1 ;
80 , 1 80 ,
,

co m par at i v e , se e co m p a i so n
r B ; v ow e l m o dificat io n 1 1 c ; -
, ,

co m pariso n o f ad e ct i ve s se e al so F i s t
, j 1 58 ( S e co nd T h i rd ) r ,

1 67 ; «w e , -as t, 1 58 ; -r e
,
-st
, W e ak C o nj ugat ion S t o ng , r

1 5 9 1 6 2 ( acce n t , s ee 5 ,
-
3 c; C o nj u gat io n p re se n t p ast , , ,

v l
o w e -m o d i ficat io n , se e 1 1 , b ); p assiv e e t c , .

i nd e cl i nab l e j
ad e ct i e s , 1 5 8 , n v co nso nant s q u ant i t y 7 ; pro n u n
.
, ,

2; cf . 1 65 an d p . 1 03 , tu . 1 ; ciat io n , 1 3
-1
9
d e cl e nsi o n o f co m p ar at i v e , 1 63 co nt r ary t o fact , se e co nd i t io ns ,

( cf .
per d e cl e nsio n o f su u nre a l
l at i v e 1 64 ; com pari so n w i th
, conv e r s at io n , s ee col l o q u i al i sm s
m er a m est 1 65 ; s u p e rl at i v e cu rs iv e act ion , p 81 fn 2 ; 222
, , .
, .
;
i n case o f t w o o b j e ct s co m cf 2 23 n ; p 1 6 2 , fn 1 2 24 ;
.
, . . .
;
p a e d 1 66 ; ab sol u t e u se o f com
r , 24 0 , n . 1 ; cf . p . 1 8 8 , fn . 1

pa at iv e and su p e r l
r 1 67 .
, d at e , e xp re ssio ns o f, 3 22
com parison of ad v e r b s 1
, 73 ; 1 74 d ecl e nsio n, 54 -5 6 ; se e F ir st (Se c
com pl e t e d act ion p ast p art ici
, o n d , T h i rd , F o u r t h , F ift h ) D e
pl e , 2 23 , n ; 24 1
.
, n .
cl e nsio n ; for i rre gul ar no u ns ,
 302 IN D E X OF S UBJ E C T S
fo r e ign w o rd s , a l ph ab e t , 1 ;
- m e asu re , etc .
, for ge n ,
u se d .

st re ss , ; 8 7 , n 6 an d 7 ; 90
2, 1 . 1 20 ;ge ni t i v e o f t i t l e s i n p l ace

( )
é ; acce nt , 5 , 1 ; d i h h o ngs , p t o f po sse ss i v e s , 3 9, 2; fo l l o w e d
1 2 ; c, 1 9, I b and c ; n , 1 9, 5 b y d e f ad j, 1 4 7 , . . 1 ; ge n . of

a 2; fo re ign fo r ms of nou ns , pe rso nal p ro nou ns , 62 ; ge n .

1 1 3; p . 61 , fn .
3; p . 64 , fn . 1 u se d fo r b ase -fo rm , 1 21 ; till
and 2 ; fore ign no u ns i n 3 d e cl .
, w i t h ge n v e r b s 1 72 .
, 1 22 ; i n ad , ,

8 7, and n 7 ; cf p 4 6 fn 3 ;
. . .
, .
3 ; no ge n o f ad j e ct i v al w o r d s .
,

i n 3 and 5 d e cl , . 1 1 1 , 1 ( col l .
, 5 5 n ( cf 6 7 4 co l l )
,
. .
, , .

1 1 7, no u ns i n - m a, p .
53 , ge o g raphi cal nam es d e f fo r m , .
,

fn . 1 ; -e r i n 5 d e cl 1 06 , 5; . 1 28

ne u e r t o f fo re i g n ad j i n -t , 1 5 1 , .
g r av e , se e acce nt
n 4 ; v e rb s , 1 8 4 , n
. . h ar d v o w e l s , 1 0 ; cf . 1 1

fo r m al , se e add re ss h o l i d ay s , n am e s o f , ca p i tal .
, 24 , 3
Fo u rt h D e cl e nsi on, 94 -96 ; cf . p . h y pot h e t ical com par iso n , 21 5;
4 6 , fn 1 . 216

fr act io ns , 3 2 0 , 2 i m pe r at iv e , 2 43 ; of de po ne n t s ,

fu t u r e , p r e se n t u se d fo r fu tu e r ,
24 3 ,
n . 1; fo rm i n -0 m
, 243 , n .

1 35; au x i l i ar v f u re
- u
t . 1 3 6 ; p as t 2 ; o rd e r w i h su b j e ct e x
t p e sse d r ,

fu tu re ,
252, 1 ; cf . 26 1 , 1 243 , n .
3; sa me as st e m p , .

fu t u re pe r fe ct , 1 8 5 , n . 1 ; p . 1 20 , 7 , fn ;
1 1 . co ll .
,
246 , 3
fn 3 ; co.
,
1 91 2 ll .
, i m pe rfe ct , se e p ast
ge nd e r , 2 8 ( cf 4 1 ; .
g ram i m pe rso nal v e rb s , 23 5; s -fo r m
m at i cal ge nd e r , 2 8 , n .
3; n at ( p ass i v e ) ,
23 5 .
3
u ral ge nd e r , 28 , n .
4; n am e s inanim at e , ge nd e r , 28 , 2 , an d n .

of t ow n 79, fn 4 ; d i
s, e tc .
,
p . . 2 ; 3 6 ; p 3 5 fn 3 ; ge n , 5 6 ( co ll ,
.
, . . .

al e ct p 3 5 , fn 3 ; d is r ib u t io n t 6 7, 8; ll
, 1 1 1 1 9; co 1 34 , 2
. .
.
,

o f ge n d e r i n d ecl e nsi o ns , se e ind e finit e art icl e , 31; p fn ; . 22 , .

th e de c l e nsio n ; ge nd e r as d i s s no ge ni i e , 5 5 , tv n ; sy nt ax o f
.

t ri b u t e d i n t y p es o f no u ns i n
( o m i ssio n ) , 1 23 ; 1 24
t h e v ar iou s d e cl e nsio n s Ap , ind e fi nit e fo rm of e ct i v e s ,
ad j
pe nd i x I se e ad j e ct i v e
g e ne r ic u s e of def . fo rm , 1 25 i nd e finit e fo rm of nou ns , 40 ; p .

ge nit iv e , 5 5 ; p a ad igm
r
, 5 9; p op r 22 , fn ; t i t l e s , 3 9,
. 2; 1 2 9; ih
er n o u ns , 1 12; 1 1 8, e nd ; fo r def . fo
ft e r d e nna s am r m a ,

e ign e nd ;
ge n .
, 1 1 3, al so o f i n m a d e n ( d e t e r m i nat i v e ) 2 68
, ,

ani m at e , 5 6 ; 1 1 8
( col l .
, 1 34, and n 1 ; p 2 08 .fn 1 ; de .
, .

u se o f p re po si t i onal p h rase for fi esta 2 98 ; i n d ef fo rm t h ou gh

, .
,

ge ni t i v e 1 19
( co l l, 1 34 .
, , d e f i n m e an i ng 1 4 7 ; p 91 fn
.
, .
, .

b ase -fo rm o f nou ns i nd icat in 2 68 , n

g 1 ; . 1
 I NDEX OF S U BJ E C T S 3 03

ind e finit e pronou n s , 2 92 -3 09; m at e r ial , no u ns o f, def . fo rm ,

s pe cial t ant i v e s ub s fo r m s , 2 65 ; 1 25 ; p .
74 , fn . 1

i nd e fi ni t e re l at i v e s , 3 09 m e asu r e , no u ns i nd icat i ng , 1 06 ,

ind i re ct st at e m e nt , f
i n i ni i t ve , 4; u se of b ase -form , 1 20

24 2 , n . 1 ; co l l .
, 246 , 2 m e rcant il e pl u ral , p 4 6 fn 2 .
, .

infinit iv e , 242 ; 4 4 ; 46 , 3 ; p
cf . . m od al , se e au x i l i arie s
1 1 7 , fn .
; f u t u r e i nf , p 1 83 , . . m od ificat ion of v ow e l s , 1 1 ; 2
fn ; . u se and o m i ssio n o f al t , d e cl 68 , n 4 ; 3 d e c , 8 7 , n 4
.
, . l . .

242 , 1 p re posit io ns
; i nf . wi th , and 5 ; 5 d e cl , 1 06 , 3 ; l ist o f .

et c 2 4 2 2 ; i nd i re ct st at e m e nt
.
, , , n ou n s , App e ndi x I 4 ; com p ar ,

24 2 n 1 ( co l l
, . 24 6 au x .
, , at i ve , 1 5 9 1 6 2 ; I I co n j
- p 1 28 .
, .
,

il iary o f p e rfe ct i nf o m it t e d . , fn .
94 , 1 an d 2
1 ; 1

24 2 n 2 ; p u r p o se 2 4 2
, . n 3; , , . m onos y ll ab ic infinit iv e s , v e rb s
aft e r 120 m se 2 3 9 n 2 ; w ord s , , , . t
w i h , 44 ; cf .
46 ; 1 95 and n . 2 ;
p l ace d b e t w e e n att and i n f .
, 2 03 , 1 an d 2 ; co l l .
,
20 7, 1 ; no

1 42, e nd , and n . p re s e su b j u nct iv e

.
-
, 208 , n . 1 ;
i nse par ab l e , se e co m p o u nd s ne v e r 0 m i n i m p e -
r at iv e , 243 ,

i nt e nsi v e jd l v
’

pr onoun , se e s n . 2

( i nd e x o f w o rd s ) m onosy l l ab ic no u n s , 68 , 1 and
int e r rogat iv e pr ono u ns , 28 2 2; 8 7, I ( cf n 94 , I; 1 0 9;

2 8 9; sp e ci al su b st an t i v e fo r m s , d ist rib u t io n of m o nosyl l ab l e s

2 6 5 ; w i t h som as su b j e ct s i n in v ar io u s d e cl e nsi o n s , App e n
g ,
2 8 9, po it io n o f a go v e r ni ng
1 ; s d ix I , I; acce n t wi h def t . ar

p re po sit io n 2 8 9 2 ; w it h som , . t i cl e , 5 2 , 1 ( cf .
5)
k e l st 3 0 8 ; ad m ont h s , n am e s o f, ca p i t al .
, 24 ,

v e rb ial co m p ou nd s , 2 8 9, n .
3; b a se -f r m
o fo r ge n , 1 2 0 , . e nd

inv e rs ion, 1 3 9; 1 4 0 ; am o m i tt e d , m u t at ion , se e m o d i fi cat io n

1 40 ; 5 , e nd ; u e s i o n s ,
21 q t p 83.
,
ne gat i v e s , 1 00 ; o rd e r , 101 ; 141 ;
fn 1 ; i m e ra i e , 2 4 3 , 11
. p tv .
3 1 3 9, n . 1 ; 1 42 , n ; . u se o f jo , p .

in v e rt i b l e , se e co m o und s p 5 7 , fn .
5
k ind s o f, se e m e rcant il e nou ns , sy n t ax Le sson IX ;
,
i rr e g
l it e rar y
l l o q u ial i sm s
, se e co u l ar no u n s , 1 0 9, fi ; . se e th e
l i v i ng b e ings se e ani m at e , v ari o u s d e cl e nsio ns ( F i rst ,

l oan w o r d s se e fo e i gn
-
, r S e co n d , T h i rd F o u rt h , , F ifth ) ,

m al e 4 ; 69, n 5 ;
s e x, 28 , n . . 1 0 7, p ro p e r no u n s ge ni t i v e
, ge n ,

n 5 ; 1 5 1 , n 8 , b and c ;
. . 2 66 , d e r for e ign w ord s
, , d e cl e nsio n ,
n 1 ; App e n d ix I I I , 1
. et c .

m ascu l ine , 2 8 , n 4 ; p 3 5 , . . fn . nu m b e r , se e m e asu r e , si ngu ar , l

3; cf . m al e se x p l u ral
 IN D E X or S U BJ E C T S

nu m e r al s , 3 1 2 -3 2 2 ; l i s t o f card i b e rs , p .
7 9 fn , . 2 ; o rd e r wi th
l m ar k s dd d ar nar , ock ,
' ’

o r di n a s , 1 3 9, n 2;
n al s and 3 1 2 ; re , , .

o n car d i nal s , 3 3 3 7;1 - 1 re m ark s oeksd , ave n , m e d , 1 05 , 5; f ar

on 8
o r di na s ,
3 ; o r m a i o ns l 1 f t se d an , p . 1 25 , fn . 2; se

t
co nne c e d w i h card i nal s , 3 9;
1 t ul , p . 1 25 , fn . 1 ; v ad

t
fo r m a io ns co n ne c e d w i h o r t t f or ,
2 86 ; vi l ke n so m h e l st ,

d inal s , 3 2 0 ; e x re ssio ns o f im e , p t 3 08

3 2 1 ; d a e , a d d t
re ss , 3 2 2 ; u se o f o rt h og r aph y , s e e u nd e r h e ad i ng
p p
r e o si i ve ar icl e , t 92 , fn 4 t p . . OR T HO G RAP HY i n L e sso ns
1 1 I V V VI VI I VIII IX
j , se e o r d e r
o b e ct , , , , , , ,

e ct iv e case ,
ob j 1 86; 1 8 7; 2 64 ; X X I X III
, ,

co ll .
,
1 91 5 ;,
i n i n d i re c s a e t t t part ici pl e p ast 2 4 0 ; 2 4 1 ; cf 2 2 1 , , .
,

m e nt 1 ; aft e r d e t ar c0 11 ; ad e , 1 5 1
'

24 2 , n .
n . 2 ; .
, 246 , 1 -
, n . 8
,

( v ar ) ,
2 64 , n .
3; af e r t an a ; co m pari so n 1 65 ; co nnect i o n ,

2 73 , 2 w i t h s u p i ne 181 ; p 1 60 fn ,
.
, .

Opt at iv e , p 1 4 9, fn 1 1 ; co m p o u nd v e b s 2 0 n 1 ;
. .
3 r , , .

o r d e r of w o r d s , 1 3 9- 1 4 2 ; p 83 , . d e po ne nt s 2 4 0 n 2 ; i n au xi l i , ,
.

i n 3 ; cf p 2 1 , fn ; i n v e r sio n ,
. . . . a y p assi v e
r - 2 2 2 ; cf 223 n , .
, .

1 3 9; in v e rsio n wi h t 0 m om i t part icipl e p re e nt 2 3 8 ; 2 39; , s ,

t ed , 40 ; 1 se e a l so i n v e rsi o n ; co l l 246 1 ; co m po u nd v e rb s
.
, , ,

t e cl au se s 1 4 0 ; ne ga
su b o rd i n a , p 1 8 0 fn ; i nd e cl inab l e 1 5 3 ;
.
, .
,

t i v e w or d s 141 ; p 23 in 2; ,
.
, . co m p a i so n 1 65 ; cl au se
r in ,

1 01 ; 1 39 n 1 ; m o v ab l e w rd s
, . o pl ace o f circu m stant ial p ar t i
(i ncl u d ing n e gat i v e w o rd s ) , cipl e , 2 3 9, n . 1 ; w it h pre pos .

1 41 ; p 8 5 fn 1 ; m od i fi e rs
.
, . , ar t icl e ,
1 0 7, n . 6
1 42 and n ; co l l . .
,
1 46 , 5; al t pass iv e , 2 2 1 -2 2 4 ; p assiv e 2 2 1 ;
s- ,

t
w i h i nf .
, 1 42 ; q u e st i o ns , p . 83 , 2 22 , n . 2; au x i l iar y p assi v e -
,

fn . 1 ; i m p e rat i v e , 2 43 ,
n .
3; 2 2 2 ; 2 23 ; d i st i n ct io n i n u se be
w ish e s , p . 1 51 , fn ; . co m p o u nd tw ee n s- ass i p ve and au x i l iary
v e rb s , 2 2 9; 23 0 ; p osi t i on of ob p assi v e , 2 2 2, n . 2 ( cf . co l l .
,
2 28 ,

j
e ct , v
ad e rb s , etc .
, i n l o ose l y 22 1 , n . 1 ( cf . 225 , n .

a tt ach e d fo rm o f v e rb co m p o -
2; acce nt , 2 2 7, su b st i t u t e s

si t i o u 23 0 n 2 ; p o si t io n o f
, , . p assiv e ( m an 2 2 1 n 4 ; see
fo r .
, ,

v e rb i n re l cl au se w i t h re l . . m an i n i nd e x o f w o r d s ; act i v e ,

su b j e ct o m i tt e d 2 8 1 n 2 p r e p col l 2 28 , age n t , 2 2 1 n
; , , .
, .
3
o si t i o ns w i th re l and i nt e rro p ast p art ici
g . .
( cf . 2 28 , 1 ,

p ro no u ns 2 8 1 n 1 ; 2 8 9 2 ; ge n , , .
,
pl e , 22 1 , n . 2 ( se e p art ici pl e ) ;
i t i ve and no u n p 28 fn 1 ; , .
, . p ast p art u se d as ad j 2 2 3 n ; . .
, ,
.

posse ssw e s aft e r n o u n i m p e rso nal u se o f s -p assive ,

6 7, 4 ; st ree t nam e s and num 23 5 3 ; i m p e rat iv e

, 24 3 n I; , , .
 IN D EX or S U BJ E C T S

prog re ss iv e , 4 7 ; 2 4 5 ; 2 3 9. n 4 i v e d e po ne n t s , 225 , n . 1 ; cf .

p ro g re ss i v e -act ion
, se e d u ra i e tv 23 3 3» n .

pro no m inal ad v e r b s , 1 72 , 1 , n 2 . r e l at ionsh i p, no u n s i nd ica ing t ,

pr onou ns , no ge n o f ad j pro . . d e f fo r m. i nst e ad of o sse ss p

nou ns , 5 5 , n ; ge n o f s u b stan . . ive , 1 27

tiv e p ro no u ns , 265 ; p r o nou n s re l at i v e pr o no u ns , 2 74 2 8 1

-
; spe

in ad d r e ss, se e add r e ss ; se e cial su b s an t t i v e fo rm s , 2 6 5 ; re l

p e rsonal p osse ssi v e d e m o n

, ,
tv
a i e omi tte d , 28 1 , and n . 2;

st rat i v e r e l at i v e i n t e r o gat i v e
, ,
r , fo l l o w e d b y ad j . in def . fo r m ,

i nd e fi ni t e r e fl e x i v e i nt e nsi v e
, , , p 91 fn 2 ;
.
, . u se o f re l . l
c au se s ,

r e ci p ro cal d e p o ne n t s co l l .
, 2 91 , 1 ; ad ve r b i al co m

p r o nu nciat ion st re ss 2 ; acce nt , , , po u nd s 2 8 1 n 3 ; se e al so i n

, ,
.

3 5 ; q u an t it y 6 ; 7 ; v o w e l s 8 1 1 ; d e fi ni t e r e l at iv e s u nd e r i n d e fi
- -
, ,

d i p h t h o ngs 1 2 ; co n so nant s 1 3
, , n it e p o no u ns r

1 9; p ro n u n ci at i o n o f l e tt e rs o f re st ri ct iv e se e d e t e r m i nat i v e
,

al p h ab e t 2 0 ; se e al so L e s o n s
,
s S e co nd D e cl e ns io n , 6 8 -70
I XVII I u nd e r h e ad i ng PRO
-
S e cond W e ak Co nju gat ion , 1 92
NUNCIATION 1 94 ; 1 80 , A; i r re g u l ar v e rb 1 94 ; s,

e ct iv e s
prope r adj , ca p i t al 24 , 2 191 , 3 st e m p 1 1 7 fn , .
, .

pro pe r ge n o f, w h e n
nouns , . s e m ico l o n, 26

e nd i ng i n s-so u nd , 1 1 2 ; ge n o f . s e par ab l e , se e co m po u nd s
pl ace n am e s , 1 18, e nd ; wi h t s ing u l ar v e r b w it h
pl u ral s u b
d e f ad j, . .
4 7 , 3 ; ro e r gro u
1 p p p j
e ct , co ll .
, 5 3 , 1 ; w i h ni , 4 9 t
nam e s , pt
ca i al , 2 4 , 4 ; cf 2 4 , 2
. . s o ft v ow e l s , 1 0 ; cf 1 1 ; 1 4 ; 1 9, .

pu nct uat ion, 2 5 -2 7 ; se e a l so I b;

9, 2 b 1

p t ph e
a os r o s pok e n l angu ag e , see co l l o q u i al

pu r pos e , 2 4 2 , 11 3 . i sm s
y
q u ant it , 6 ; 7 ; see al so fre u e n t q st e m -v ow e l of v e r b s , p 1 1 7 fn .
, .

r e m ar k s u nd e r h e ad i ng of s t r e e t -nam e s d e f fo rm u se d , .
,

PRONUNCIA T ION i n L e sso ns 1 28 , e nd

I XVIII t
s t r e s s , 2 ; cf 3 ; 4 ; é , 90 ; t i l e s be
-
.

q u e st ions o rd e r p 8 3 fn
, 1 ; , .
, . fo r e p o pe r nam e s p 1 9 i n 3 ;
r ,
.
,
.

no au x il iary v er b 4 7 -
, p re fi x o p 5 1 fn 2 ; ad v e rb ial .
, .

r e ciprocal d e pone nt s , 2 25 n 1 co m po u nd s n 1 ; affi x

.
; 1 72 1 , , , .

cf . 2 28 , 3 p ro nou n i n co m po u n d v e rb s 2 2 9; 2 3 0 ;
, ,

2 64 , n . 8 st re ss sh ift i n no u ns 8 7
- n 6 , , .

xi v e pronouns pe rsonal
re fl e
, S t rong Co nj
u g at ion . 2 00-20 3 ; 81 ;
and p osse ssi v e 1 8 7 ; 1 8 8 ; 2 64 ; - 80 , B ; 1 8 1 ; i rre gu l ar
,
97 99; 1
233 2 23 4 v e rb s , 203 ; p 1 3 9 fn ; st e m
.
, .
,

re fl e xi v e v e r b s , 2
3 3 ; 2 3 4 ; re fl e x p . 1 1 7 , fn .
 IN D EX OF S U BJ E C T S 3 07

st y l e , l l oq u ial ism s
se e co fn . 1 , p . 6 0 , fn . 1 ; cf . 1 1 1 , 1

subj u nct i v e ( e su b j a n d a ux - .
( co l l .
, 1 1 7, acce n t , 5, 3 b
i l ia y u b j )
r 208 2 1 6 ;
-s fo r m s ,
-
, t h i rd pe rson s ingu lar , w it h o u t
20 8 - 2 1 2 ; m e ani ng o f t e nse s , 21 3; e ndi ng -r , 1 3 6 , n 2; .
93 , n ;
1 .

w ish e s , 2 1 4 ; u n re al co nd it io ns 20 2 , n ; . p . 1 4 8 , fn .
3 ; cf pas .

and hy p o t h e t ical p arisons

co m , si ve , 221

21 5; su m m ar y , 21 6; p a sive s ,
Th i r d We ak Conjugat ion 1 95 ; ,

22 1 ; p . 1 5 9, fn .
; no p re se nt 1 80 A ; i re gu l ar v e rb s 1 95 n
, r , , .

su b j . of ve r b s w h o se i n f . e nd s 1 ; p 132 fn ; st e m p 1 1 7 fn
.
, .
, .
, .

in s t re sse d vow el , 20 8 , n . 1 ; t i m e e x p e ssio ns o f 3 2 1

, r ,

v owel of p ast su b j . in t
s ro ng t it l e s cap i t al
, 24 1 ; u se d in .
, ,

ve bs r , 208 , n . 2 ; co l l .
, 2 20 , 1 ; ad d re ss, co l l .
, 3 9, 2 ; d ef . and

fo r co nce ssio n , se e co nce ssio n i nd e f . fo r m , 1 29 ( cf .

s u pe r l at iv e , dec l e n sio n o f, 1 64 l agg a bo r t t i tl ar n a, 9, fn p . 1 .

( cf p . . 1 02, fn . ab so u e u se , l t 5 ; u ns re sse d , t p . 1 9, fn 3 ; lz e r r , .

1 6 7 ; -as te , 1 51 , n 8 a ; u se d w i h
. t 68 , n 5 ; f u r sz ,
‘
. p 3 4 , fn 2 ;
. .

i nd e f . no u n , 1 67; p .
91 , fn . I; 1 06, n . 2 ; w it h i m pe r
su p e l at i v e r of two o b e c s co m j t at iv e p , . 1 8 6 , fn .

pa e d r v o w e l m o d ificat io n
, 1 66 ; -
,
t one . 3 ; 4
1 1 b ; s e e com p ari o n
, s u m l au t , se e m o d i fi cat io n
s u p i ne 1 8 1 ( cf p 1 60 fn u nre al co nd it ions , 21 21 6;
, . .
, .
5;
v o w e l o f su p i ne i n st ro ng v e rb s , cl au se s of h ypot h e t ical co m
20 1 n 1 ;
, cf co l l 207 . 6; . .
, ,
p ari so n , 21 5; 216

u se d al o ne i n p r e e n t and p ast v e r b al nou n, 2 3 9, n

s .
3
p e rfe ct 1 8 2 ; cf p 1 5 0 fn 1 ; , . .
, . v e rbs , t v l p 1 1 7 fn ;
s e m - ow e s, .
, .

p 1 5 1 fn ( col l
.
, su . .
,
se e C o n j u gat i o n F i s t S e co nd
( , r ,

p ine al o ne i n p e rfe ct i nf 2 4 2 .
, ,
T h i d ) W e ak C o nj u gat io n
r ,

2 ; s u p i ne aft e r au x il i ar S t ro ng C o nj u gat io n S u b ju nc
u .

y in ,

s t e ad o f i nfi ni t i v e co l l 2 63 ; t i v e I nfi ni t i v e e t c progre
, s
, , , ,
. .

at co l l si v e re fl e x i v e p ast
'
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-
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act io n
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s u prad e nt al s , 1 3, 3 p r e se nt p e rfe ct v ow e l ch ang e ,

-
,

s y ll ab icat ion , 21 22 e tc ; i rre gu l ar v e rb s , se e u nd e r

; .

s y nt a xL e sso n IX
, of no u n , th e v ar i o u s co n u gat io ns and j
t e nse se e p re se n t p ast p e se nt
, , ,
r Appe nd i x I V
p e rfe ct p ast p e rfe ct fu t u re , , ,
v ow e l -ch ange in s t rong v e r b s ,

fu t u e p e rfe ct r 8 1 ; 97-99; 2 0 0 ; 2 0 1 ; cf 5 7, . p .

t e r m inat i v e act ion p 8 1 fn 2 fn 2 ; 1 3 8 , fn p

7; 1 36, n 1 ;
; , .
, .
. . . .

2 23 n ; 2 24 ; 2 4 0 , n 1 n ; 1 38, n 2
, . .
; 24 1 , .
.

p . 1 8 8 , fn . 2; 2 4 9, n . 1 v ow e l s , q u ant i t
y, 6 ; p ron u nci a
Th ird D ecl e ns ion, 8 7 8 9; p .
53 ,
t io n , 8 ; 9; h ard and so ft , 1 0 ; m od
3 08 IN D EX OF S U BJ E C T S

i ficat io n , 1 1 ; d ip h t h o ngs , 1 2 w is h , 21 4; su

w e ak v e rb s , 80 ; 1 80 , A se e fn . 1 ; o rd e

F i st ( S e co nd T h i d ) We ak
r , r
'
w ord -o rd e r ,

C o nj u gation w rit t e n l ang

w e igh t , se e m e asu re al ism s
310 IN D EX OF W OR D S

bank d e cl p Ce d e r sclz z ol d
'

, .
, . 6 3 , fn . 1 bl d , i nfl e x .
,
1 51, n .
5 , pr .
, 1 3 2,

bar a, co ll .
, 8 6, 1 and 7 b
bar n ge nd e r ,,
28 , n . 1 ; bok , p l ur .
, acce n t , 92 , clz , pr .
, a and c

pr , 6 ,. n . 2; 1 ; 8 7, n 5 ; . p . 6 3 , fn . 1 1 a and 4

be , 20 3 , 2 ; p re s . pa t r .
, bo nd e , pl u r .
,
acce n t , d , pr 1 3 2 ; cf 1 3 , 3 ;
. , . .

23 8 , ll si l e n t , 1 6 and c ; 1 8
n . 1 ; co .
,
20 7 , 92 » 1 ; pr , 9, 3 a .

1 ; se e be dj
a bar d pr , 1 3 , 3 ; 6 , n 2
,
. . d ag , pr , . co l l .
, 75 , 8 ;
be acce n t , t2 3 6 ; s r e ss , bor t , bor t a, 1 7 2 , 2 , n ; . p 3 7 , fn
. .

2 29, 1 ; i nse p
p ar 1 6 2 .
,
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,
d ag ak ar l , pr .
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1 6, a

be dja 200 ; 2 0 3 2 ; p ,
bo tan i ke r u su al l y ac ,
.
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1 4 2 fn 1 ; p
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ac 1 78 , 3 ; .
,

6 ; p re p ar t ns 1 74 . 2 .
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beg r ava ac ; co nj u ga 131 fn 1 ; co l l
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t ion p 1 3 9 fn 1 , 5 ; br ag t ( e ) pr
. 18; , .
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, 53 , 5
begy nna ac ; co nj Ph on 3 8 n , . .
, .
, . 191 , 6 ; 3 1 1 , 3 ; se e d e n
1 92 b ; co l l , 1 99 5 br o ( d e ) r acce n t 1 1 6 .
, , , , ,
-d
el , -d e l s
, fr ac i o ns , t
be lz and l a ac 2 ; 1 06 3 an d n 2; p co ll 3 24 , 3
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,

be lz ar ska ac 6 1 fn 1 and 2 ; co l l d e l a, co l l
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be lz b z/ a d e l s , ad v
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be l dg m ng ,
'

br or br od e r d e m , pr 6 , n 1 ; col l
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,

be rg , pr .
, 9, 1 c; 1 9, 2 b ry na, p . 1 28 , tn 5 . 1 91 , 6 ; se e d e , d e n

a 2 br d tt om , acgr . de n , 78 ; pe r
ar t icl e ,

be r at t a, ac b r ad pr co l l s o nal , 3 6 ; 1 86 , and n ;
'

. . .
, 93 , 3 .
, .

be r ti tte l se , ac . by gg t , pr .
, 1 8; h on P . 2 64 ; pr , 9 1 c ; 6 , n .
,
.

be tr a/ct a, ac .
38 1 ; co ll .
, 1 91 5 ; de ,

bety d e l se , ac . bd d a, 3 0 0 ; co , 3
1 1 , 2 ll . m o nst r .
, 2 66 ; 2 6 7 ; 2 68

bi , ge nd e r , 28 , n . 1 bd d ad e r a, 3 06 ; col l and n . 1 ; cf . 2;

ll l at i v e
'

bz i nse p x, 23 1 31 1 , 2 co .
, 2 73 , 8; re ,

bi bl i ote k , d e cl
°
'
.
,
1 1 1 , 1 bad e , u su al l y gr . 2 74 ; 2 79; 28 1 , n . 1 ;
Bi rg i tt a pr , 1 5 5 b ,
.
, bri e/z e n , d e f . sing , p . co ll .
, 2 91 , 4; su mma
i rkm an ac
'

, . 61 fn 4 , . ry , 2 7 1 ; p . 2 09, fn . 1 ;
bl i , bl i b a bci gg e ( d e r a) bd d a de , det dem
‘

se e se e se e , ,

bl i nd pr , , . co ll .
, 1 5 7, 4 ( de r a ) d ess , d e ns d e r as ,

bl i v a, 2 0 3 , 2; 1 38 ; p re s . bar a
'

,
2 00 den d ar ,
’

d e m o ns t r .
,

part .
, 23 8 , n . I; au x batt r e ,
‘

p . 1 1 0, fn 5 . 2 66 , 3 ; co l l ,
and n . .

i l i ary , 2 5 0 ; 2 2 2 ; co ll . , bar a, 2 59 2 73 , 5 ; r e l a i e , 2 74 ; tv
20 7, 1 barja, co ll .
, 1 99, 5 2 8 0 ; st r e ss , p 2 1 8 , fn ; . .

bl om m a, pr , 9, 3 . a 6, pr .
, 1 9 , 1 co l l .
, 2 91 , 4
bl ott , col l , 86 , 1 . cc, pr .
, 1 9, 1 b 2 de n e na , se e e n
 IN D EX O F W OR D S 3 1 1

d en b ar , 3 9, 1 ; 2 66 and d e tsam m a ; i - d nbbe l , 3 1 9 2 ; p 2 4 2 , .

,

n .
3 se e d e nsam m a fn 2 ; co l l , 3 2 4 4
. .
,

d e nna, pr , 9, . 1 c ; 2 66 ; de tta, r e p re se n t ing any dy l ik , 2 69; co l l .

,
2 73 ,

2 68 ; cf 267 , . 11 . 1 -
3; e x p re ssio n , 2 67, n . 2 ; 9
co ll
3 9. I ; 2 73 ,
.
, se e d e nna dd, 1 3 9, n . 2; p . 88 , fn .

21 1 , fn ; as e rs . p . d ig , co l l .
, 1 91 , 6; see 5; p . 1 27, fu . 1

pr o no u n , 2 66 , n 5; . da co m p ar .
, 1 61

co ll .
, 2 73 ,
10 ; -e
,
2 66 , din , pr .
, 6, n . 1 ; 65 ;
n . 1 ca p i tal 23 ; 2 64 ; 3 2 ; .
,
d ar , 1 3 9, n . 2

d e nnes, i d io m , 3 5 ; i n p o e t y and e l e d d 7f 0 r ,
'

2 70 ; r ac .

co ll .
, 2 73 , 9 v at e d s ty l e p 1 7 fn , .
, . d ar i nne , se e in
d e ns , 2 66 , 267 ; 2 ; co l l 3 9 2 e nd db ,
’

n . 2; .
, , 20 3 , I

co ll .
, 2 73 , 6; se e de n d i st r i kt , d e cl .
, 1 1 1 , 1 d b d l ig , pr
'

.
, Phon . 1 4,
d en sam m a, p . 2 04 , dit, 1 3 9, n . 2 B 2 c

fn djup, pr 6 d od s , till
'

. 2 .
, 1 se e

d e nsam m a, acg r ; 2 66 dju r , pr

’

. .
, I6 e, 90
an d n 4 ; as . p e rs
pr o . djav zcl , pr
'

.
, 1 6; d e cl .
,
-e,
’

3 d e cl , . p .
4 6, fn .
3
n o u n , 2 66 , n 6 ; co l ,
. l . 68 , n 3 .
-
e i n ad j, . 1 51 , n . 8;
2 73 , 10; -e
,
2 66 , n 1 . d so , 25 col l .
, 1 5 7, 1 ; cf . Ap
d e r a, i nd e fin it e pr o d oce nt , pr , 1 9, . 1 b 1 ; pe n d i x II I
no u n s , 3 0 6 as t i tl e , 1 2 9 e -su b u nct i v e , j 208 ;
d e r as, 6 2 ; 2 64 ; no t re d oktor , acce nt , 92 , 4 co nce ssio n , p . 1 95 .

fl e x , 1 88 ; se e d e n
. and 5 ; d e cl , 8 7 , n . . 6 fn . 2 ; p ass .
, p . 1 59 ,

p
d ess , e r so nal , 6 2 ; 2 64 ; d om de m ) , co l l .
, fn ; co l l ,. . 2 20 , 1

n o t re fl e x , 1 88 ; co , . ll .
53 , 4 e de r , 2 64 ; acce n t , 2 7 2 ;
6 7 , 3 ; d e m o nst r , . 2 66 -d om
, 2 d e cl .
, 68 , 4 ca p ital .
, 23 ; co l l .
,

and n 2 ; i d io m , . 2 70 ; d ot te r , acce n t , 74 , 2 ; 2 73 . 4; se e 1
co ll .
, 2 73 , 6; se e den d e cl , 6 8 , n 4 ;
.
35, . p . E ( de ) r s, 2 64 , n .
5
d ess , ad v . wi h t co m p .
,
fn . 2 ef te r ,
ac .

175 ; c0 11 , 1 79, 3 . dr , 25 eg e n , 303 ; 1 4 7 . 11 5e ;

d e st o , u su a y gr ; ll . se e d r a(g a) , 2 00 ; 203 , 2; co ll .
, 1 5 7, 3
p r e ce d i n
g w o rd p res p art . .
,
23 8 , n . 1 ; E gypte n , ac .

d e t , pr .
, 9, 1 c ( col l .
, co l l 20 7 .
, , 1 and 2 egy pt i e r ,
ac ; .
pr .
, 1 4;
39 , e x pl e t i v e , d r ottni ng , 75 , 7 co ll .
, 1 9. 7 b 3
23 5 , n .
; re p re se nt i ng D r ottni ngg atan , col l , . ej , pr .
,
1 2 ; ne ga tive s ,

any e x p re ssio n , 2 64 , 1 34 , 6 1 00 ; p 5 5 , fn
. .

n . 2 ; 267 , n . 2; de t ar ,
'

d a, ca p i t al .
, 23 ; u se , -e l, d i s r i b u io n t t of

wi h t j
o b e ct i ve , 2 64 , 35; p .
7, fn 2 and 3 ;
1 . no u ns in v ari o u s de
n 3 ; co l l
. .
, 1 91 , 5; se e 3 9, 2 e nd ; 2 64 cl e nsio ns , Appe ndi x
d en d u bbel , 3 1 9, 2 I , 3
 3 1 2 IN D EX OF \V ORD S

e l ak , co m p ar 1 61 e nt 23 1 and p . 1 72 , F al u (g r a v a) , 1 1 8, e nd

and n . fn . 2 f ar , se e f ad e r
e l e m e nt , d ec l .
, 1 1 1 , 1 e nt l e d ig a, p . 1 72 fn , . 2 f ar a 2 00 ,

e ll e r , ac . e n v ar , 2 95 ; co l l , 311
.
, 2 f at t ig ( t ) , pr .
, 1 8;
-e l se , 3 d e c l p .
, .
4 6 , fn . er 3 2 ; 3 5 ; 4 8 ; 4 9, n 2 ;
,
. P h on .
38; co l l .
,

3; p .
4 7 . fn 3 ; A 1» 2 64 ; co l , 3 9, 2 ; 2 73 , l .
f e be r ac , .

pe ndi x , 2, n 1 I .
4 ; se e 1 , n i , e d e r f e m pr 6 n , .
, , . 1

e n , pr , 6 , n 1 ; ar i cl e . . t , er i nse p .
,
23 1 fi l osofi e 1 1 3 ,

3 1 ; nu m e ral , 3 3;1 -e r
,
dist ri b u t io n of F i nl and , co ll .
,

t
s re ss , p .
78 , fn . 2 ; no u ns in v ar io u s d e 1 5 7 4 ,

p ro no u n , 3 04 ; co l l .
,
cl e nsio ns, Appe nd ix fi nn ( e ) s; det n .

3 1 1 . - 23 3 ,
fn .
3; I , 3 fjar d e d e l
'

, 3 20 , 2 an d
cf .
3 05 , n . 1 ; en i san
'
-
e r a, acce n t , 1 90 , 1 ; n .
'
2 ; co ll .
, 3 24 , 3
de r , e n ock e n , co l l .
, t
s r e ss , 2, 3; 1 co n j .
,
69, n . 2 ; co l l

3 2 4 . 5 ( cf 3 1 9. en 1 84 , n .
75 , 2

oclz annan, se e an -e r t
i, s r e ss , 2, 4; 3 fl er a —
e) , r are l y ac ; .

nan ; e n ocli v ar , 2 95 ; d e cl p 4 6 .
, .
, fn 3 . 298
co ll .
, 3 1 1 , 2; d e n e na , p ass .
, 22 1 , n . 1 ; fi e st a -e
) ,
2 98

3 05 ; v ad f or en, se e 2 25 , n 2 ; c0 11 228 , 4 f or t 9, 3 a; co m
. .
, , pr .
,

v ad E sai as pr , .
, 12 par , 1 74 , 1 .

en, pr . ang ) , 1 9,
-essa
, t
s r e ss , 2 , 3 f at , d ecl , 8 7 , n 5 ; 1 06 , . .

5 a2
’
cl , p ro n o u n , co ll .
, 4; p
6 3 , fn 1 ; t i l l
. .

’
e n, p rono u n , co ll .
, 1 91 , 5 f ats pr ,
.
, 1 32
1 91 » 5 e n, pr .
, 12 f otog r afi ,
d ef .
, co ll .
,

-
e n, d i s ri b u t io n t of -e u m , 3 d e cl .
, 8 7, n .
93 , 1

no u ns in v a iou s de r
3 ; 88 , n 4 ; . p .
46 , i a 3 .
f r am f r am m e , , pr .
, 6,
cl e nsi o ns , App e nd i x E u r opa, pr .
, P h on 3 5 . n . 1 ; or th P h o n .
, . 1 8;
I , 3 e v ang e l i u m , acgr ; . 1 72 , 2, n .

e nd a 3 02
-
e ) , pr .
, P h on .
4 9, 4 n , .
f r amf d r , u su al ly gr ; .

e ndast , col l , 86 , . 1 e x am e n , 1 9, t
s r e ss , fn 3 p . 1 24 , .

-e nd e
, p e s p art 2 3 8 ; r . .
, 9; d e c l .
, 1 1 3; p . 64 , f r am d t , al m o st a ways l
v e b al no u n 2 3 9 n 3
r , , . fn . I ac .

e nd e r a, 3 06 f a (d e ) r , d e cl .
, 1 06 , 3 f ri , i nfl e x .
, 1 51 ,
n .
5
en f al d ig , p . 24 2 , tu . 2 and n p . 2 ; . 61 , fn . 1 F r i d olf ac
e ng e l sk , ac ; .
pr .
, 1 9, 5 and 2 ; co l l .
, 1 1 7, 7; F r i t i of ac
b acce n t pl u t tl es
, r .
, 1 1 6, 2 fr u ,
w i h ti , co l l .
,

e ng e l sm an , acgr ; .
f akt u m d e cl 1 1 3 , .
, 3 9, 2
or th .
, 24 , 2
f al d ig 3 1 9 2 ; p 2 4 2 , , .
, f r u nt i m m e r ge nd e r ,
,

e nke l , 3 1 9, 2 ; p . 24 2 , fn . 2 ; co ll .
, 3 24 , 4 28 , n . 1 ; d ef l ur , . p .

fn . 2
f al l a , 2 00 p . 6 2 , fn . 1
3 4 1 IN D EX OF W OR D S

Il jal m ar e n , pr 6 Iz or a, wi t h i nf n
‘

2 3 9,
‘

b and , 8 7, n .
4; P ru .
, 1 .
, .

f a flor a 262 ,
"

kjalpa, pr , 1 6
’

col l 93 . 3 .
,
. 2 ; , 3
h andske , pr .
,
1 6, c lijd r t a pr , .
, 1 6 ; 95 , n . h ostas , 1 72 , 3
h ans, 6 2 ; 2 64 ; no t t e 1 and 3 ; p . 2 8 , fn 2 ; . i , i n ad v . p h rases , 1 72 ,
flex .
, 1 88 ; se e k an co l l .
, 1 05 , 2 3
h ast ig t , pr .
,
1 8; P h on Holg e r sson . ,
ac ; .
pr .
, 1 , 4 9; 2 64 ; cap i tal , 23 ;
cf 5 0 ; co l l ,
38 1 03 . .

li av a, co n j .
, 42 ; 71 ; li on , pr .
, 9, 3 a; 6, n . 1 ; - i , 3 d ecl .
, p .
4 6 , fn .

1 95 , n ; . p . 1 30 , fn 5 ; . P h on 8 , b ; 3 6 ; 2 64 ;
. 1 3 ; co ll .
, 93 , 1

1 94 , 5 ; p 3 1 1 ,
fn 4 ; . se e h e nne , h e nne s i cke , 1 00 ; p .
5 5 , fn
23 8 , n I ; au i i ar y , . xl h onom , pr , h on 1 4 . P . co ll .
, 3 9, 3
1 8 1 ; 2 4 8 ; co , 3 9, 4 ll . A 3 and 2 2 , 4 ; col l , . if r d n , pr , 2 2 6 .

li e l , 1 4 9, n ; cf 2 97 . . 1 91 , 5; se e I anz ig e n , pr , 6 , n . . 1 ; 14

1 8; Ph on . 120 /e l l , d e c l .
, 1 1 1 ,
1 i lijal pr
'

, .
,
1 6
lz r , -i ke l 6, n
3 8 ; c0 11 , 1 5 7 , 4 . 25 pr , .
, . 1

lz e l l e r , ac . h u nd r a, u s u al ly ac ; . i l l a, co m p ar .
,
1 74 , 2

lz e l l r e , 1 74 , 2 316; 3 13, n . im p .
51 ,
fn . 2

k e l st , 74 , 1 2; 3 0 8 ; 3 0 9; lz u nd r ad e , 3 1 3 , n . i n, i nne , 1 72 , 2, n ;
.

p . 2 3 5 , fn . 2 h u nd r at al s , th Ph on 1 8 se e -t al s ( ) or .
,
.

Iz e m , h e m m a, 1 72 , 2, h u r ( n ) d an s t e ss p i n p 5 1 fn 2 ,
r , . .
, .

n ; . or th .
, P h on . 1 8; 2 20 fn 1 ; 2 8 2 ; 2 8 8 ;
, i ng 2 d e cl 68 4
.
-
,
.
, ,

pr , 6 , n I. . co l l 2 91 8 ( acce n t
.
, i ng e n 2 93 ; cf 2 94 ; o r
, , , .

Ii e nne , co l l .
, 1 91 , 5; p 2 2 5 fn 1 )
. der 1 4 1 ; 1 42 n ; in
, .
, ,
.

se e li on h u st r u d e cl 1 09; cf g e t co l l 3 1 1 1
, .
, .
, .
, ,

h e n nes , 62 ; 2 64 ; no t co l l 67 4 .
, i ng e nd e r a 3 06 , ,

re fl ex ,
1 88 ; see li on Iz u v nd pr P h o n 1 4 i ng e nt i ng 3 0 7 ; o rd e r
, .
, .
, ,

He n r i k ,
ac . A 3 ; co l l 1 1 7 9; 1 4 1 ; 1 4 2 n .
, , , .

lz e r r , t i tl e , co l l .
, 3 9, 2 ; d e cl 1 1 1 2 .
, i nna s t re ss 2 3 ,
-
, , ,

p i tal lz dl l a, —
1 2 9; no t ca ,
24 , 2 00 ; pé pro , i nne , se e in
1 ; cf h e r r e .
gr e ssi v e , 245 and n . i nr e , co m p ar .
, 1 62
Her r an p , . 1 8 7 , fn . 2 1 and 2 i nte , 1 00 ; co l l .
, 3 9, 3
h er r e , d e c l .
, 6 9, n 3 ; . h ar d , pr , 6 , n 2 . . i nl e t , se e i ng e n
6 8 , n 5 ; se e m i n . h d r d na, pr , h o n . P . 1 4 i nt ressant , pr .
, P h on .

-lz e t
, 3 de c , 4 6 , fn l p . . . B 2 c 4 9, 3 b
3 b an , i nse p .
, 23 1 -ipe l , pr , 6 , n 1 . .

ne t a Iz ar ad , d e cl e nsio n , -i sk s t r e ss
‘

94 , 3 , 1
, ,
2, 5

h i m m e l , d ef .
, p .
35, 1 1 1 2 su pi ne , col l .

fn . 1 bag, co m p ar .
, 1 5 9; 2 0 7, 3
h i stor i a, ac ; d e cl , . . p . b og ( s ) t , pr .
, 1 8 -i te l , pr .
, 6, n . 1
2 8 , fn 2 ; 4 7 , fn . p . . 2 li bg lju d d , pr
'

.
, I6 l i tn 3 1 4 ,
 IN D EX OF W OR D S 315

-
i nm , 3 d e cl , 8 7 , n 3 ; koka, co l l , 1 91 , 3 . . .
f , pr
L ag er l o .
, Ph on .

p 4 6 , fn 3 ; 88 , n 4 komm a, 200 ; p 5 7 , fn
i

. . . . .
42, n .

j, pr , 1 9, 3 ; q u an t it y o f 2 ; au x il iar y , 2 6 1 fu t ,
. . l ag t , pr .
,
1 8; Ph on .
38
p re ce d . vo w e l , 6, n . 1 1 36, 1 ; fu t . p e rf .
,
1 85, an d n ; o r h . t .
, 1 96 , 2

ja, se e j o n . 1 ; kom m a, or th .
, l and , pr , co ll , 1 5 7 , 4 . .

jag , pr .
, 1 9 3; ,
co ll Ph o n . 1 8 Lappl and , ac ; pr , . .

3 9, 6 ; 2 64 ko ng r u e n t , pr .
, Ph o n . co l l .
, 1 1 7, 10

jesu s , ge n .
je su , 1 1 3 4 9, 3 b le , 20 3 , 1

konkr e t , pr .
, Ph o n .
4 9, l e v a, 1 94 , 3
jO, P 5 7 ) fil .
5 3 b
-l ig , t
s re ss , 2 , 5
j o/i annes , ac . konst nar , st r e ss , p .
46 , l igg a, 2 00 ; 20 1 ,
2 ; 20 3 ,

ju i n q u e st io ns , p 8 3
, . , in 4 .
3; p rogre ssi ve , 24 5 , n .

i n 1 ; w i t h co m p ar ,
. . kon ang , k u ng , pr .
, 9, 2

75 ; co l l , 1 79, 3
1 .
3 b ; 68 , n 5 . l i kad an , 2 6 9; s r e s s , t p .

ju l , ca i al , 24 , pt .
3; i Kr i st as , ge n . Kr i sti , 20 8 ,
fn 4 .

jnl as 1 72 3 , , 1 13 l i k ( a) som , u su a y g r ll .

jnn i ac cap i t al , . .
,
24 , 3 Kr onobe rg , t
s re ss , p .
p r , 2 1.8 ,
a ; w i h su b t
70 , i n 2 . j u nct iv e , 21 5
Kal m ar ( l an ) , kry mpa, 2 0 3 , 3 l i ka( sd ) so m , 1 75
1 1 8, e nd kr ona, 1 2 8 , fn 5 p . . L i nd e r , ac .

kan , pr , 6 , n . . 1 ; or th .
, ku nd e , pr , co ll , 1 4 6 , . .
-
l i ng , 2 d e cl .
,
68 , 4
P
h on 1 8 , b ; . se e ku n 7 ; se e ku nn a or th .
,

no ku ng , se e kon ang 90
‘

ko nske , pr , . 1 4, n . k nnn a, 1 38 ; 1 36, n . 2 ; l i te n , in fl e x .

,
1 52 ; 1 51 ,
k api t al , 1 1 1 , 1 194 , 5 ; p . 1 26 , fn . 10 ; n . 1 ; co m par .
, 1 61 ;

k ar l , pr .
, 1 6 , a; co ll .
, xl
au i iar y , 254 ; se e pr , co l . l .
, 1 5 7, 3
1 1 7, 8 kan , kan d e l i te r , ac .

Kar l , pr .
, 1 6 , a; Kar l k v ar t ( s ) , 3 2 0 , n . 2 ljnd pr , .
,
1 6
den st o r e , o rt h .
, k v al l , d e f , co l . l .
, 1 46 , i ljns, pr .
, 1 6
Kar l sson ,
ac . 6 L ond on , ac .

Kat ar i na , ac . ky r ka, pr .
, 1 4; Ph o n . l ov a pr , 9, 3 b , .

kejsar ( e ) , pr .
, 14 ; 1 2 ; 24 , 2 , n . Ins 1 0 6 , 3 and n 1
, .

1 06 , n 2 . kopa, pr , 1 4 ; kopt ( e ) .
, ly ckl ig t v i s , o rd e r , 1 4 1 ;
k i l o , ac ; pr , 1 4 ; d e c1 . . .
, co ll
86, 5 pr , 1 8 ; h o n 3 8
. P .

1 06 , 4 ; 5 3 , fn 1 p . . kor sbar , acg r . l dg , co m p ar .

, 5 9 and
1

kj, pr , 1 5 . 1 , pr , 1 3 , 2 ; cf 1 3 , 3 ;
. . n ; . l dg t , pr , 18; .

kn , pr , 1 7 si l e n t , 1 6 an d a Ph on
.
38 .

b ut , pr .
, 1 7; de f .
, 95 , l abo r at or i u m , acgr ; . l dg ( v ) pr , co
e rb , . ll .
,

n . 1 ; co ll .
,
1 05 , 1 8 7, n 3 ; 8 8 , n 4. . 2 0 7 , 2 ; se e l igg a

ko, d e cl .
, 1 09 l ad e , co ll .
, 1 99, 2 l d ng , co m pa r .
, 1 59
 I N D EX O F WO R D S

l d ta , 2 00 x il iary
; au , m d ng e n pr , .
, 1 9 5 b; , ,

2 60 ; i m p e rat i v e 24 3 ,
2 28 , 7 298 ; co l l .
, 3 1 1 , 4;
an d n . 2 ; l d ta bl i , m ig , pr .
, co l l .
,
1 91 , 6; m d ng a ,

2 50 , n . 2 e nd se e jag m d nne , o rd e r , p . 83 ,
l ag g a, 1 94 , 2 ; p . 1 30 , m il ,
1 06 , 4 fn . 1

fn .
5 ; pr .
, 1 97 ,
2 ; se e m in , pr .
, 6, n . 1 ; 65 ; m d ste , 2 56

l ad e , l ag t Ph on . 8 , b ; 3 2 ; 2 64 ;
1 m dl l e , se e md
Phon m annz ska pr
'

l ag st , pr , 1 8 ; m in m in h er r e ,
'

. .
38 ru , ,
.
, 1 4, n .

l ang e , co m p ar .
,
1 74 ,
co ll .
, 3 9, 2 m onst e r def , . pl u r .
,

1 ; l ang r e , p 1 10 .
, fn . 1 m i nd r e m i nst , , 1 61 ; p . co ll .
, 1 1 7, 5
Mr ,
au x i l iary ,
257 101 , fn ; . 1 7 n , pr 9, 5 ; cf .
, 1 3, 2 ; 1 .

l d s n i ng , pr .
,
Ph o n . 1 4 M i nd r e A si e n ,
ac ; . 13, 3 en , 1 6, d ;
'
si l t
B 2 c or th .
, 24 , 4 q u an i y o f r e ced tt p
l opa, p . 1 3 9, fn . 1 ; pr .
,
m i ss in se p .
, 23 1 i ng o w e , 6 n 1 v l , .

20 5 , b m o( d e ) r , acce n t , 74 , p ro no u n , co ll

m q u ant i t y
, of p re ce d 2; 6 8 , n 4 and 5 ; . p .
1 91 , 5
i ng v ow e l , 6, n . 1 3 5 , fn 2 ; co , 75 , 3 . ll .
—
nad , 3 d e cl .
, p .
46,
-
m a, no u ns e nd i ng in , m og na, pr , h o n 1 4 . P . fn 3 .

p5 3 , fn 1
. . B 2 c Nat i onal m u se u m , pr .
,

m al a, 1 93 , n . m or , se e mod e r 9 7 b 2 ; ge n ,
1 , . 1 1 3
m an , 1 06 , 3 and 4 ; p M or a ( socke n )
.
, 1 1 8, ne d , 1 72 , 2 , IL ; 0 0 11 ”

60 , fn 6 ; o r h , 6 , . t . 11 . e nd 70 1 ; 1 79,
1 , 1

1 ; Ph on . 18 ; co l l .
,
m org on d e c l , .
, 68 , n .
ne df or , ac ;
'

. t
s r e ss , p .

1 1 7, 8 3 ; pr .
, 73 ; 1 6, b; co l l .
, 45 , in 2
1 .

m an , p ro nou n , 3 04 ; 75 , 8 n e d r e , acg r .
, 1 69, 1 ;
22 1 , n 4 ; co l l
. .
, 31 1 ,
m or se , 72 , 3 1 co m p ar .
, 1 62
3; cf . 2 28 , 1 m us , 1 0 6 , 3 , and n . 1 neg e r , ac .

M at te u s M atte i , , m u se u m , u sua l ly ac ; . nej, pr , . 1 2; 6, n . I; p .

31 1
pr , 8 , 2 , n ; 8 7 , n 3 ;
. . . 1 1 4 , fn . 2

m ed , 1 05 , 5 ; pr .
, co ll .
,
88 , n 4 . ne r (e ) ,
se e ne d
m u ske l ne u t r u m ,
“

1
70 , 4 , ac . u su al l y ac ; .

m e d i ci ne , pr .
, 1 9, 1 b my cke n , co m par .
, 1 61 ; pr .
,
Ph on .
35; 1 1 3
I; 1 1 3 my cke t pr , .
,
co l l .
, 53 ,
ng , pr , . b; sy l l ab
m e n pr , .
, 6, n . 1 ; Ph o n .
5 i cat i o n , 22, n .

1 8, b u d , 2 53
v ; 2 08 ; ui 3 5 ; 4 9; 2 64 ; co l l
,
.
,

m e na, co ll .
, 1 91 , 3 214; p . 1 4 8 , fn .
3; p .
3 9, 2 ; ca it a , 2 3 p l .

m e r ( a ) , m es t , acce nt , 15 0 , fn . 2 - n i ng , 2 d e cl .
, 68 , 4
1 69, 1 ; 1 61 ; 1 65 ; 1 67 ; m d nad , co ll .
, 93 , 3; ni o , co ll .
, 3 24 , 1 ; p .

73 ; 1 74 , 11
1 .
ju ni ( e t c ) . 1 20 , 24 5 , fn . 1

m e ter , ac ; 1 06 , 4 . e nd ; 1 30 nog , o rd e r , 1 4 1
3 8 1 I N D EX OF W OR D S

ll m o ry a
’

n .
4; 2 68 ; co .
,
2 73 , 9; 1 4 9, n ; 1 8 7 , n . 23 3 . s , 1 94 , 1 ; pr .
,

1 0 ; sam m e , 266 , n . 1 n . 2 I 97 , 2

jo pr ti l l sno r t , o rd e r , 1
'

sclz , p r .
,
1 3, 4; 1 9, 6 b ; s ,
.
, 1 3, 4; 4 1 ; pr .
,

sy l l ab icat io n , sj 6, n
'

22 , n . oss pr , .
, 1 32, a . 2

; w it h i nf se . 1 3, 4; I 4 ; sy l socke n , ac ; pt 73 ; 69»
se , 20 3 ,
1 .
, p r .
, .
,

2 3 9, n . 2 ; fd se , 2 6 2 , l ab icat io n , 22 , n . n 4 ; co l l
. .
, 75 , 4
3; se ut, p . 1 25 , sko (l t) , co ll .
, 1 46 , 2 so m , re l a ti ve ,
2 74 ; 2 75 ;
fn . 1 -
sko p , 3 d ec l .
, p .
46 , cf 2 77 ; cf. . 2 76 , n . 1 ;
pa
'

se d an , co m r .
,
1 62 , fn 3 .
p .
5 , fn 5 ;
21 . 28 1 ,
n .

e nd ; 1 74 , 3; p . 1 02, skilja, pr .
, 14; 1 94 , 1 1 ; af e r al l t t , p . 21 7,
fn . 1 ; p . 1 1 0, fn . 6; sk j , pr .
, 1 5 2 ; s ig n

co ll .
,
1 46 , 4 ; for sko , 1 09 o f su b e c j t ,
2 78 ; 2 8 9,

se d an , p . 1 25 , fn . 2 skog s backe , pr .
, 1 8 1 ; 3 09; so m lz e l st , 3 0 8
seg l a, pr .
, Ph o n . 1 4 B skol a, 2 5 2 ; fu tu re , 1 36, som , wi h t sub j u nct i v e,

2 c 2, and 11 . 1 -3 ; co ll .
, 21 5 ; wi h t ob j co l l .
, .
,

se n , se e se d an 46 , 2
1 2 73 ,
2

se nar e ; den 3 20 , n . sk u l l e , su b u nc j tiv e , so m l ig 30 1 ,

O
‘
1
2 08 ; 210; p . s o m m ar , 6 8 , n 3 ; 6 9,
.

Si, pr .
, 14 9, fn 3 : . p . 1 5 0 , fn . n . 2 ; or th P .
, hon 1 8 . .

si d e n , d e fi ni te p , . 61, 2 ; se e skol a a ; co l l .
,

fn 4 . sky nd a, pr .
,
14 so m r as , 1 72 , 3
sig . sk al va, pr
‘

.
,
1 4; p . 1 3 9, s ow t, 30 1
co ll .
, 1 91 , 6 fn . 1 so n , 8 7 , n .
4 ; acce n t ,

S ig r id , ac .
skank ,
'

p . 6 3 , fn . 1
pl u r n 92 , 1 ; PM 9 3 ,

s i m m a, 2 0 3 , 4; p . 1 42, ski m , pr .
, 1 4; con u j b ; co , 86 5 ll .
,

in 3 .
gat io n , 2 00 so v a, pr , 9, 3 b ; 200 2 .

s i n pr , .
, 6, n . 1 ; 2 64 ; skon , pr
’

.
, 1 4 p .
5 7 , fn . 2 ; p . 1 3 8 , tn .

p w)
0

1 88 ; . 1 22 , fn . 1 and si ne 3 1 9, 4 , 7
2 ; 3 04 sl og , pr , co l l , . . 20 7 , 2 ; spe l a co l l ,
.
, 1 91 , 3
s i st , 1 62 , e nd se e sl d sporj a 1 94 1
, , 1 ; pr .
. 97 .
s i tt a, 2 0 3 , 3; p rogre ss sl u t a, 2 0 3 , 4 2

ive , sl d , sl dss , 2 2 5 ssi , 9, 6 b

24 5 , n 2 203 1
.
, ; pr , . 1
sj pr , 1 3 , 4 ;
, . sy l l ab i and n . 1 ; se e sl og st ad , acce n t , pl u r .
, 92 ,
t
ca io n , 2 2 , n . sl akt , ad
j .
, 1 53 1 ; co ll .
, 86 , 4
j
s ak , pr 13 .
, , 4 sm ei , 1 52; co m pa r .
, S tj b pr " 1 3, 4; 1 9! 6 b
sju ng a
pr , .
, 1 3, 4; 1 9, 1 60 ; p . 1 01 ,
fn . st jal a
‘

,
2 00 ; 20 2 , n .
; pr .
,

5 b S m al and ,
’

ac ; .
pr .
, 1 9, 6 b
sju tt i o, u su a l ly ac . co l l .
, 1 34, 5 jar na pr
st
'

, .
9, 6 b
,
1

jal v pr p
'

3 , 4 ; t , pr , m al l a, 3 9, fn S tjar nlz ok
’

s
pr , 1 9, 6 b
1
'
- ’

, .
, . s . 1 . 1 .
,

1 8; P h o n 3 8 ; 2 64 , n . . sm d l t a , p . 1 3 9, fn . 1 S t ock/1 0 1 m , acgr .
 IN D EX O F W OR D S 3 19

st od , pr .
, col l .
, 20 7 , 2 ; sal ja , 1 94 . 1 7 a ; co ll .
, 3 24 , 1 and

p . 1 4 3 , fn 3 .
( stog ) sall an , o rd e r , 1
'

41 6; p . 24 5 , fn . 1

stor , co m p ar .
, 1 59 sand e r ; i 3 1 9, 3 ; tjd na, co l 3 l .
,
1 91 ,

st r ande r , pl u r .
,
ac . co ll .
, 3 24 , 5 t ofl e l , ac ; 5 7 , n ; 5 8 , n . . .

s/u d e r a, ac ; 1 8 4 , n sat t a, 1 t r e nne , 3 1 4 ; co l l , 3 2 4 ,

‘

. .
94 , 2 .

s t u d i u m , ac . ac ; . 2

st d , 20 3 , 1 ; p
gre ss ro co ll .
, 1 34, 5 t r e tt i ( o ) , u su al l y ac .
;
iv e , 2 ; se e stod sand e r , ac 315; fn 1
.
p 24 5 . .
;
sfé d a. 1
'

j 94 , I ; p . 1 3 0 . t , pr , 1 3 , 2 ; . cf . 1 3, 3 co l l 3 24 , .
, 1

fn . 2 ; 1 -t o m i ed, tt co ll .
, su Tr ol l /z atte
'

( kanal ) ,

st ove l , ac
'

.
; pr .
, p . 1 36, p i ne an d p ast p ar t .
, 1 1 8, e nd

fn . 1 1 20 7 ,3 ; d e f s i ng , 5 3 , . . t r d ng , co m p ar .
, 1 59
S ve n , pr , 6 , n 1 . . j tv
3 ; ad e c i e s , 1 5 7 , 3 ; and n .

sve nsk , pr 9, 1 c; .
, my cke t . 5 3 , s pr .
, co ll .
, 1 05 ,

s ve nskt , co ,
86, 5 ; ll .
’
t p ro nou n , co l l i , 1 91 , 6
t
o r h , 24 , 2 . t r adg d r d , u su a lly ac ; .

S ve nsso n ac , . ta (g a ) , 2 00 ; 2 03 , 2 ; pr .
, 1 6, c

S v e r ( i )g e , ac ; .
pr .
, 1 9, 23 8 , n . 1 ; co ll .
,
20 7, 1 tu , 3 1 4
2 a 2 t al a, co ll .
, 1 91 , 3 t u m , pr .
,
6, n . 1 ; 1 06 ,

sval a,
'

j p . 1 2 9, fn 3 .
72 , 3 ; 3 1 9, 5
1 4 ; ge nd e r , p . 6 0 , fn 5 .

s v ol t a, 2 00 ; 20 3 , 4; p . te , p .
4 6 , fn 2 . l u ng , co m pa r .
, 59 1

1 3 8 , fn 4 . te at e r , acgr . Tu r ki e t ,
ac ; 1 . 28

sv ar U) a Teg ne r t u se n , ac ; 3 1 3 , n ; 3 1 6
' ’

, 2 00 ; pr .
, 20 5 , , pr .
, 1 9, 2 c; . .

b or th .
, 90 t u se nd e , 3 1 3 , n .

sy n d s , p . 1 28 , fn 5 . t e l ef one r a, ac ; . 1 84 , n . t ve nne , 3 1 4 ; co ll .
, 3 24 ,
sy ste r , acce n 74 , 2 t , t i , pr , . 19, 7 b 2

set , wi h t s u b o r d i nat e t id ig ( t ) , pr .
,
1 8 ; co l l .
, t v i ng a, 20 3 , 4; p . 1 42,
l
c au se , 1 3 9, n .
3; 2 28 , 7 fn 4 .

co ll .
, 1 46 , 1 ; sé t ig a, 20 3 , 3 t vd , w i t h bd d a, bagg e ,
so m, 1 75 til l , pr .
, co l l 53 , 6 ;
.
, 3 00
sd d an , ac ; 2 69; . p .
93 , wi h t ge n .
,
1 22 ; til l t vd , v e rb , 203 , 3; p .

fn ; co l , 2 73 , 1 1 l . d ods , pr , . 1 8; 1 77 , a; 13 2 , fn ; co l . l .
, 20 7 , 7
sd l e d es , u su a y gr ll . Ph on 3 8 . t v att a, co
'

, ll . 20 7 , 7
sd so m , co l l 2 20 , 3; t i l l baka, ac ; pr . .
, co l l .
, ty , co l l .
,
p . 1 2 7, fn . 2

sdso m ( om ) , wi h t 2 28 , 7 Ty skl and , ac .

su b u n ct i j ve ,
21 5 t i l l s am m ans , acgr . ty sk ( t ) , or th .
, 24 , 2;

-t i n 86 , 5
sli g o ,pr , .
g , 307 pr , co l l
. .
,

1 and 2 ; P h o n 3 8 an d . t i o, co ll .
, 3 24 , 1 té , 1 0 9
n ; 1 94 , 2 ; p 1 3 0 fn 5
. .
, . tj, pr , 1 9, 7 a . t d l a, p . 1 28 , fn 5 ; . 1 93 ,

sd ke r , ac . tjug o , tjug u , pr .
, 1 9, n .
3 20 IN D EX OF W OR D S

tamja, p . 1 2 9, fn 3 . v ar , p ast o f v ar a , pr .
,
n . 2 ; or th .
,

fo r , 258 co ll .
, 207, 2 Ph on . 1 7 ; au i iary , xl
t or as , p . 1 3 0 , fn 3 .
25 5 ; co l
99, 3 l .
, 1

u, pr .
, 8, 2 , 11 . 200 ; p .
3 8 , fn 7 ;
1 . v i t/z e n , acgr ; r e l at i e , . v
m m , i nse p .
, 23 1 co ll .
, 3 9, 6 ; su b ju nc 2 74 ; 2 76 ; 2 8 1 , n 1 ; p . .

u nd i n se p .
, 23 1 t i v e p 1 4 8 fn 2 ;
, .
,
. 2 1 5 , fn 5 ; co l l , 2 91 , . .

u nd e r , ac . au x i l iary 2 4 9; i n pas ,
2 ; i nt e rro g .
, 2 8 2 ; 284 ;
u nd r e , ne gr .
, 1 6 9, 1 ; si v e 2 2 2 ; 22 4 ; p
, 1 62 .
,
p . 2 23 , fn ; . p . 2 20 , fn .

co m pa r . . 1 62 fn 1 ; w i t h p a t p ar t
. s .
, 3 ; pr , . co l l .
, 2 91 ,
10

u ng , co m pa r .
, 591 2 23 n ; 24 1
, n ; p as t
.
, . z 'i l ke nd e r a, 28 2 ; 28 7

-u n
g, , 2 d e cl . 68 , 4 fo p re se n t 2 44 ( co l l
r , vi n, p .
4 6 , fn . 2 ; ac
u n i ve r si te t , pr .
,
8, 2, 246 . 4) ce nt , p l u r , 92 . , 1

n . v ar and r a , u su a l ly g r .
; v i nte r , ac ; . v i nt r as ,

u pp( e ) ,
1 72 , 2, n ; . 26 4 , n . 8 1 72 , 3
co ll
3 4 , 1 ; 1 79, 1
.
, 1
'

v ar annan , v ar t r e dje , v i sa, co l l .

, 1 91 , 3
Up(p) sal a, o r h , 90 ; t . etc .
,
2 95 , n . 2 Vi si ng so,
‘

t
s re ss , p .

u ni v e r si te t , 1 18, v ar d a, pr .
, 20 5 , b; p . 1 06 , fn 3 .

e nd 1 3 8 , fn 7 ; 1 3 9, fn . p . . wig . 5 7 . n ; 5 8 . n . .

-u s
,
def .
, 1 0 7, n .
3 1 ; au i i ary , 2 5 1 ; xlin v d r , 4 8 ; 6 1 ; 2 64

ut e ( ) , 172 , 2, n . p assi e , 2 22 ; v
2 24 ; v d r as , 1 72 , 3
v, pr .
, 18 co ll 5 .
,
2 28 , v ad e r , ac .

o u , se e v ad , v ar v ar d e r a 3 0 6 al , o rde r , co m
'

, v 1 41 ;
vacke r , ac 66 , v ar e n d a, 2 95 , n
.
, 2 .
3 par , . 1 74 , 2

v ad , re a l t iv e , 2 74 ; 2 78 ; v arf or ac , . vei l/ b . 1 94 . 1 ; pr
28 1 , n . 1 ; in t e r ro g .
, v ar if r d n , ac ; s re ss , . t 2

282 ; ; pr , 285 c ll o p 1 25, fn 3 v an , 6, n 1 ; o rt h

. .
, . .
pr .
, . .
,

1 3 4 , 4 ; v ad f b r
( ) j l Ph on
‘

en a , v ar e , 296 ; co l 31 1, 2 .
, . 1 8, b
282 ; 2 8 6 ; col l .
,
2 91 , 7 v ar s , 2 74 ; 2 77 ; 2 76 , n . Vane r n ,
'

acgr .

v an i nse p .
,
23 1 2 ; co ll .
,
2 91 , 3 v anja. 1 94 . 1 ; pr ~
. I 97 .

v anl ig , pr .
, Ph on . 1 4 v atte n , ac . 2
B 2 c v ede r i nse p .
,
23 1 v ar de r a , ac .

v ape n , ac ve m 6, n 28 2 v or l d , 6, a
'
.
, pr .
, . 1 ; ; pr .
, 1
v ar , p r o no u n , 2
95 ; v ar 28 3 ; p . 2 20 , fn . 2 Var m l and ,
‘

acg r ; .

oclz e n , 2 95 ; v ar s i n , ve r b , 1 1 1 ,
I col l .
,
1 3 4 , 5
2 95 . n . I; e n och v ar , 1 31 , fn . Vaste rg otl and , co l l
col l .
, 31 1 , 2; v ar 2; fd v e t a, 2 6 2 , 3 I S7 . 4
tr e dje , e tc se e v ar vi 2 64 Vast e r ds
.
, ,
( stad ) ,
1 1 8,
ann an vid ,
pr .
, co ll .
, 1 34, 4 e nd
v ar , ad v .
, pr .
, col l .
, Vi kt or , ac . Vat t e r n ,
'

acgr .

75 . 8 vi l ja va
‘

. 1 94 . s; x a, 2 0 3 , 4
3 22

N OT ES AND C ORRE C T I ONS .

6 , no te
I t m u st no t b e i nfe r e d t h at t h e a o f lzjar t a i n 1 3 3
2 .
r
'

i s l o ng No e x am pl e s o f a l o ng v o w e l b e fo r e r t w e e i n t e nd e d t o
.
r

b e gi v e n ; ar t i s an e x am p l e .

“ “
9 1 b ,
U n st re sse d e i n e nd i ngs i s al o l i k e t h e
.
a i n ago s
”

39 1 It m ,
u t no t b e i nfe r r e d t h at d e n I
.
zsar i s in t h e w i t t e n r

l angu age fo l l o w e d b y t h e n o u n i n t h e i n d e fi nit e fo r m .

no t v e ry co m m o n e so m e t i m e s occu r s
’

0 I n a few w o ds r
9 . , ,

al so m e d ial l y t h o u gh u sage v arie ,

In p ro p e r nam e s h o w e v e r s .
, ,

m d ial e i s m or e co m m o n as i n Teg ner t h e e x am p l e g i v e n i n t h e

'
e , ,

g ram m ar .

O m i t t h e e x am pl e : H an d og (fr 1 8 70
1 24 .
.

P age 97 v o cab u l ary L and m ay al o h av e t h e p l u al l and e r

,
. s r .

P age 1 28 fo o t no t e 5 In ad d it io n t o t h e v e rb s h e re l ist e d as
,
- .

i r e gu l a l y b e l o n gi ng t o Il b t h e e are a nu m b e r o f v e rb s t h at i n
r r ,
r

t h e p o k e n l angu age m ay h av e t h e fo r m s o f IIb t h o u gh b e l o n gi ng

s ,

t o o t h e r co nj u gat io n s S ee 1 91 3 .
, .

214 2 Th e i n v e sio n w h e n om i s o m i tt e d sh o u l d p e rh ap s
, . r , ,

h av e b e e n e x p e s l y st at e d ( cf 215
r e nd ; i t i s r e fe
)s ed to 1 40 .
, rr ,

b e ginni ng ) i n t h e foo t no t e -
.

2 29 2 R e ad : Th e v e b p rope no rm al l y st and fi rst

“
, . r r s ,

In case o f e m ph asi s t h e affi x m ay s t and fi r st .

28 1 no t e 2 O b e v e t h at al so t h e v e rb i n t h e p ri ncip al cl au se
, . s r

st an d s l ast i n t w o o f t h e e x am p l e s gi v e n .

289 R e ad : W h e n an i n t e r ogati v e is t h e su b j e ct o r m o d i
“
. r ,

fi e t h e s u b j e ct o f an i nd i e ct q u e st io n
s , I am r e fe rri ng t o r ,

ad j e ct i v e p ro no u ns and t h e g e n i t i v e o f t h e i n t e r o gat i v e s r .

2 97 l ine 4 W h e n h e ] m e ans al l i t i s al w ay s i n t h e d e fi n
,
“
.

i t e fo m ; cf p age 1 2 6 fo o t no t e 1 2
r .
,
-
.

App e nd ix I 1 F ro m t h e u se o f t h e w o rd “ o nl y i n t h e case
, .

o f t h e e x am pl e s o f m o n osy l l ab l e s i n t h e F i r st D e cl e n si o n i t m u st ,

no t b e i nfe r e d t h at al so t h e o t h e r e x am pl e s a e t h e o n l
r
y o ne s r .

S im i l ar l y i n Appe nd i x I 3 , .

Appe nd i x I 2 B b Th e e x am pl e Iz u st r u g iv e n u nd e r I rre gu l ar
, .
, ,

i s p u rpo e l y o m i tt e d fro m t h e ge ne ral iz i ng re m ark s i n t h e co l u m n

s

t o t h e e x t e m e l e ft r .