CRASH COURSE FOR JEE-2022

Relations and functions-3

Most important concepts

BY : ARVIND SUTHAR
 𝑦= 𝑥
BASIC GRAPHS 𝑦=𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥2
𝑦

𝑥
GRAPHS OF BASIC FUNCTIONS

𝑦 2
Linear Functions: 𝑦 =− 𝑥+3
5
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
5
4
3
2
1
𝑥
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
−1
GRAPHS OF BASIC FUNCTIONS

The Absolute Value Functions : 𝐱 −𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐

𝑦= 𝑥 𝐲 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐

𝑦 = −𝑥 𝑦=𝑥

𝑥
0
GRAPHS OF BASIC FUNCTIONS

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2
𝐱 −𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐
𝑦
𝐲 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐
𝑦 = 𝑥2

𝑥
0
GRAPHS OF BASIC FUNCTIONS
𝑦 = 𝑥4
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 or 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 or 𝑦 = 𝑥 6 𝑦

𝑦 = 𝑥2

𝑥
−1 0 1
GRAPHS OF BASIC FUNCTIONS
𝑦 = 𝑥3
𝑦= 𝑥3
𝐱 −𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝑦
𝐲 −𝟖 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟖

𝑥
0
GRAPHS OF BASIC FUNCTIONS
𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 or 𝑦 = 𝑥 5 or 𝑦 = 𝑥 7

𝑥
GRAPHS OF BASIC FUNCTIONS

𝑦 1
1 𝒙 −𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝑦=
𝑦=
𝑥
𝒚 𝟏 −𝟏 Und. 𝟏 𝟏 𝑥
−
𝟐 𝟐

𝑥
GRAPHS OF BASIC FUNCTIONS
1
𝑦= 2
1 𝑦 𝑥
𝑦=
𝑥2

𝑥
GRAPHS OF BASIC FUNCTIONS
𝑦

Exponential Functions:
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑎 > 1

(0, 1)

0 𝑥
GRAPHS OF BASIC FUNCTIONS

Exponential Functions: 𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 0 < 𝑎 < 1

(0, 1)
𝑥
0
GRAPHS OF BASIC FUNCTIONS
𝑦
Exponential Functions:
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥 .

𝑥
GRAPHS OF BASIC FUNCTIONS

Logarithm Functions: 𝑦
𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥 (𝑎 > 1)
1

0 𝑥
1 2 3 4 5
−1

−2
GRAPHS OF BASIC FUNCTIONS

𝑦
Logarithm Functions:
𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥 (0 < 𝑎 < 1)

𝑥
GRAPHS OF BASIC FUNCTIONS

𝑦
Logarithm Functions:
𝑓 𝑥 = ln 𝑥

𝑥
GRAPHS OF BASIC FUNCTIONS
𝑦
Greatest Integer Function:
𝑦= 𝑥

𝑥
GRAPHS OF BASIC FUNCTIONS
𝑦
Fractional Part Function:
𝑦= 𝑥

𝑥
GRAPHS OF BASIC FUNCTIONS

Signum Function:
1, 𝑥>0 𝑦
𝑦 = sgn 𝑥 = ቐ 0, 𝑥=0
−1, 𝑥<0
1

𝑥
0
−1
GRAPHS OF BASIC FUNCTIONS

Trigonometric Function: 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑦

Domain:
Range:

𝑥
−2𝜋 −𝜋 0 𝜋 2𝜋
GRAPHS OF BASIC FUNCTIONS

Trigonometric Function: 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

Domain: 𝑦
Range:

𝑥
3𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
− −
2 2 2 2
GRAPHS OF BASIC FUNCTIONS
𝑦
Trigonometric Function: 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
Domain:
Range:

𝑥
−𝜋 𝜋 0 𝜋 𝜋
−
2 2
GRAPHS OF BASIC FUNCTIONS

Trigonometric Function: 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥

𝑦
Domain:
Range:

𝑥
−2𝜋 3𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
− −
2 2 2 2
GRAPHS OF BASIC FUNCTIONS
𝑦
Trigonometric Function: 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
Domain:
Range:

𝜋
𝑥
−2𝜋 −𝜋 2𝜋
GRAPHS OF BASIC FUNCTIONS 𝑦

Trigonometric Function: 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥

Domain:
Range:

−𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
𝑥
3𝜋
− −
2 2 2 2
Graph Transformations: y = a(sin(bx+c))+d
If we know the graph of y = f(x) ; (say, y = sinx Or y = x2 )

Can we plot graphs of (say) y = f(x + c) ; y = af(x) ; y = f(bx) ; y= f(x) + d

y = f(-x) ; y = - f(x)
 When you have a change in ‘x’ , change appears in Horizontal
direction only (i.e. x only whereas y remains constant)
Horizontal shifting Horizontal shifting (Left)
(Right) : :

(2,3) by 0.5 units : (2,3) by 0.5 units :

(0,5) by 5 units : (0,5) by 5 units :

(-9,-8) by 3 units : (-9,-8) by 3 units :

(0,0) by 4 units : (0,0) by 4 units :

y = sinx (given) , how to reach to y = sin (x- pi/2 ) ?

y= x2 (given ) , how to reach to y= (x + 2)2 ?

y= f(x) given , how to reach to y = f(x+2) ?

y= f(x) given , how to reach to y = f (x-3) ?

 Transformation - 1
y = f(x) y = f(x + a)

If a > 0
y
y = (x + 2)2 y = x2

x
(–2,0) 0

graph shifts left

Transformation - 1
y = f(x) y = f(x + a)

If a < 0
y y = ⎜x ⎜ y = ⎜x – 2 ⎜

0 x
(2,0)
graph shifts right
Transformations - When f(x), transforms to f (x + a)

y = f(x) = sin(x)

Let's plot: y = sin(x + π/2) ; y = sin(x - π/2)

y = f(x) = x2

Let's plot: y = (x + 2)2 ; y = (x - 2)2

 Choose the correct option:

Blue Graph: y = sin(x - π/2) Blue Graph: y = sin(x - π/2)

(A) Green Graph: y = sin(x - π) (B) Green Graph: y = sin(x + π/2)
Transformations - When f(x), transforms to f (x + a)
 When you have a change in ‘y’ , change appears in Vertical
direction only (i.e. y only whereas x remains constant)
Vertical shifting (Above) Vertical shifting (Below)
: :

(2,3) by 0.5 units : (2,3) by 0.5 units :

(0,5) by 5 units : (0,5) by 5 units :

(-9,-8) by 3 units : (-9,-8) by 3 units :

(0,0) by 4 units : (0,0) by 4 units :

y = sinx (given) , how to reach to y + pi = sin (x) ?

y= x2 (given ) , how to reach to y + 2 = (x)2 ?

y= f(x) given , how to reach to y - 2 = f(x) ?

y= f(x) given , how to reach to y + 3 = f (x) ?

Transformation - 2
y = f(x) y + a= f(x)

y-2 = x2
y
y = x2

0 x

graph shifts up
Transformation - 2
y = f(x) y = f(x) + a

If a < 0

y y = ⎜x ⎜

y +3= ⎜x ⎜

0 x

graph shifts down

What is the minimum value of y in : y+5 = (sinx)

(a) -6
(b) -4
(c) -5
(d) 4
What is the minimum value of y in : y+5 = (sinx)

(a) -6
(b) -4
(c) -5
(d) 4
 Question
1
Draw the graph of y = x+4
 Question
1
Draw the graph of y = x+4

1
y =
x+4

x=–4
 Lets try to combine Transformations 1 and 2.

Question
1
Draw the graph of y = 1 + x+4
 Question
1
Draw the graph of y = 1 + x+4

Solution
1
y = 1 +
1 x+4
y =
x+4 y
y
y=1
y=1
x
x

x=–4
x=–4
Reflection about y - axis

(2,3)

(0,5)

(-9,-8)

(0,0)
Transformation - 3
y = f(x) y = f(–x)
y=2+x y=2–x
y y

x x
y=2–x

y = f(–x) will be mirror image of y = f(x)

with respect to y - axis
Example
y = x (x – 1) y = (–x) (–x – 1)
y = x (x + 1)
y y

x x
0 1 –1 0
Reflection about x -
axis
(2,3)

(0,5)

(-9,-8)

(0,0)

(-3,0)
Transformation - 4

y = f(x) y = –f(x)
y y
y = ⎜x ⎜

x x
y = –⎜x ⎜

y = –f(x) will be mirror image of y = f(x)

with respect to x - axis
Question
Plot y = –(x2 + 1)
 Question
Plot y = –(x2 + 1)

Solution
y = x2 + 1 y
y x
y = x2 0 y = –(x2 + 1)

x
0
Transformation 5

Multiply the y values by c

f(kx)
When 0<k<1 : horizontal stretching of f(x)

When k>1 : horizontal shrinking of f(x)

 Transformation - 5

y = f(x) y = f(kx)

y = sin x y = sin 2x
y
y=1

3π
x
0 π π 2π
2 2
y = –1
Transformations - When f(x), transforms to f (ax)

y = f(x) = sin(x)

Let's plot: y = sin(2x) ; y = sin( ½ x)

y = f(x) = x2

Let's plot: y = (2x)2 ; y = (½ x)2

Transformations - When f(x), transforms to f (ax)
 y = sin x y = sin (x/2) y = sin 2x
y
y=1

3π
x
0 π 2π 4π
y = –1
Transformation 6

When 0 < k < 1 : vertical

kf(x) shrinking
of f(x)
When k>1 : vertical stretching of
f(x)
Transformations - When f(x), transforms to af (x)
Transformation - 6

y = f(x) y = kf(x)
y y = ⎜x ⎜ y y = 2⎜x ⎜

x x

⎜x
y y= ⎜
2

x
 y = sin x y = 2sin x y = 0.5sin x
y

y=2

y=1
y = 0.5
x
–2π –π 0 π 2π
y = –0.5
y = –1
y = –2
7
Graph Transformation - 7
y = f(x) y = f(|x|)

y=2+x y = 2 + |x|
y y

x x
1 –1 1
 Question
Plot y = 7 – ⎜x ⎜
 Question
Plot y = 7 – ⎜x ⎜
y = 7 – ⎜x ⎜
Solution
y y
y = ⎜x ⎜

x
x
y y = –⎜x ⎜

x
y = x ( x–1)
y

x
0 1 y = | x|(|x|–1)
y

0
x
–1 1
 8
y = f(x) y = ⎜f(x) ⎜
Graph Transformation - 8

y = f(x) y = ⎜f(x) ⎜
y
y = x2 – 4

–2 2 x

y
y = ⎜x2 – 4 ⎜

x
–2 2
y = x(x – 1) (x – 2)

x
0 1 2
y = ⎜x(x – 1) (x – 2) ⎜
y

x
0 1 2
Question
Plot y = ||x2 – 1| –1|
 Question
Plot y = ||x2 – 1| –1|

Solution
y = x2 y = x2 – 1
y
y
x
x
 Question
Plot y = ||x2 – 1| –1|

Solution
y = ||x2 – 1| –1 ⎜
y = ⎜x2 – 1| –1 y
y

x x
Transformations of the graphs of functions from y=f(x) here c > 0

f(x) + c
f(x) - c
f(x + c)
f(x-c)
f(-x)
-f(x)

cf(x)

f(cx)
 Composition of Function
Composition of the 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) is defined as 𝑓𝑜𝑔(𝑥) and 𝑔𝑜𝑓(𝑥) and is
denoted as:

i. 𝒇𝒐𝒈 𝒙 =𝒇 𝒈 𝒙
ii. 𝒇𝒐𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒇(𝒇 𝒙 )
iii. 𝒈𝒐𝒈 𝒙 =𝒈 𝒈 𝒙
iv. 𝒈𝒐𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒈(𝒇 𝒙 )
Composition of Function

𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 𝑔: 𝑌 → 𝑍
𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑓 𝑥 )
𝑔𝑜𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑍
𝑓 𝑔

𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑓 𝑥 )

𝑋 𝑌 𝑍

𝑔𝑜𝑓
 Find 𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑔 𝑥 ) and 𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑓 𝑥 )
Q. (i) 𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑥
(ii) 𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
 Lets consider if 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 and 𝑔: 𝑌 → 𝑍 are defined as 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 and
Q. 𝑔 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 1 where 𝑋 = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 4} and 𝑌 = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} and
𝑍 = {−1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 11, 12}. Then find : 𝑔𝑜𝑓 0 , 𝑔𝑜𝑓 1 and 𝑔𝑜𝑓(4)
Q. Find 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 , 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6
Q.
𝑥+1
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = , then find
𝑥−1

(i) 𝑓𝑜𝑓(𝑥)
Q.
𝑥+1
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = , then find
𝑥−1

(ii) 𝑓𝑜𝑓𝑜𝑓(𝑥)
Q. Suppose that 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2𝑥 . Then 𝑓[𝑔 𝑥 ] is

A 𝑥 𝑥 2𝑥+1

B 𝑥 2𝑥 2𝑥

C 𝑥 2𝑥 𝑥+1

D 𝑥 2𝑥 2𝑥+1
 If 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑥 , 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 1 then find the domain of
Q. 1) 𝑔𝑜𝑓(𝑥)
2) 𝑓𝑜𝑔(𝑥)
Composition of Piecewise defined Functions
1 − 𝑥: 𝑥≤1 −𝑥 ∶ 𝑥≤0
If 𝑓 𝑥 = ቐ 𝑥 − 1: 1 < 𝑥 ≤ 3 and 𝑔 𝑥 = ቐ 𝑥 + 5 ∶ 0 < 𝑥 < 3
5 − 𝑥: 3>𝑥 𝑥2 + 1 ∶ 𝑥≥3

(i) 𝑓𝑜𝑔(3) (iii) 𝑓𝑜𝑔(−1)

(ii) 𝑓𝑜𝑔(2) (iv) 𝑓𝑜𝑔(3+ )
Composition of Piecewise defined Functions
1 − 𝑥: 𝑥≤1 −𝑥 ∶ 𝑥≤0
If 𝑓 𝑥 = ቐ 𝑥 − 1: 1 < 𝑥 ≤ 3 and 𝑔 𝑥 = ቐ 𝑥 + 5 ∶ 0 < 𝑥 < 3
5 − 𝑥: 3>𝑥 𝑥2 + 1 ∶ 𝑥≥3

(v) 𝑓𝑜𝑔(2+ ) (vii) 𝑓𝑜𝑔(0+ )

(vi) 𝑓𝑜𝑔(−1− ) (viii) 𝑓𝑜𝑔(−1+ )
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