Lh6

1henmo dy nawMALa

sndm oditou 0wwa

G ) wwnd khaun qnmaihadive watonakip

Sudom vowd wwownainn

h pand he wwnvu mder oAUvduon u nld

Omd Xe hamanmW
Pehow wn.owndanaa

Amvu Sulem + wbwnding-

aOpm yekuwn
asLOma

w y.
/pn nken humm Sod

in hndn thuu wo hama o

emem

whomdana
-q-Pa
madr o omdntiny wasunia.

e) Isolated Lydin
k is wikh uham
ku

n Uoud inuaded veal; hhamea lau.

-RLtownks
Stade ol th uskon
twwtopediea mdh apa Pveuimv) am
amn

kwweena T) oadovm wit opoaikion o t h akem

vul ko lse sperititd in d r o danile a mkm

Thaa c a u d state voiaka o dat untionA

stato
h aarnd owm o iwa amdu nal
b not O

ThOwR whidn dapmd wpm p a , a

caldpah untime. EqOAk (w), kaak (a) t

DotAaARA

1)sob0u
PuaA ii olamd, de 0

sochon
Voum u onalant dv-o

i) Isothuwmad
Temphane u onalam , dt= o

w) Aialaki
No haad Ynamae laulwem
Suoundiu

)Ceupho
Sustm smdingoa diftuum dhamap
Omdnalhmy
heww ko ik iirial ste saxe
Lwkanv wnd tensave_po pleA
SmtensavepopA* mdspandom o miak

E+T, , wmpln huak tapacit, moonowkaey wdhale

spae hat capanaly tontawaatim , damky
,

Entemav
ntenv pops bependa 0
qway i p
matko
2enthalpn Haak capoiywp3ndehnal
wham, iboa annay

A mola propty vom vodn o uena ve

Popaku md han, it comea inkepandend

MwAs nd w inkenaive phpky

HLat
dns oadued ow o n u y , vohadh is tamaanad

dwu ko kenparalw dnPoa. . a

pah b
ntion

o th matmm +V
Ha vn
-v

HaCapaty
eak epuhaius by J
e AT
AT Je iK , khz co-hu e-Ra Capauly

At cotenn P)
A coatai V)
 w
Mola hs paily (m)
Kanmpaal ma
Ha

meu ewhalame
CAT

Unt J
nAT

Speui hat eapauty (s)

HLal qninud hais rperalw
o p o md wmt

AT

Ut m K
mAT

n AT sAT
= = CAT =
ms

Cv
1sodhome , =ly
Iso baat, Lp
| ,AT-o
Isotwnma,
) Adinbni
KavanlbAu wnd

Kevule phouAA.
n skep md o nvo

LomplukdA).k inhwleaiwnaly dous.Mad o

Lquubm al mn peint,ikh

ounNn hApiddy. Sys ren is An ulm

g h
nhhow An yoww inikid and inal stapa.
ananna

Knonal Ahn w t mama khe ofhu tha

,mananical

P-V wA NouPV N

a-npmaieno
Cow AANm methamncal taonk .

opp l
Hee, Pel-re
dw P v
dV
dW -P
S . d vRvenulda
-
W pham
aAl souanie proebs
V-on ow
. dv >
PAv

P atom

W:-PAv =PSAv

Wonk
dona

) AV

Fa9 nP aman,

+v ompAAADM
AV V , - V, =

W =- P AV -ve

-V

FOA 0 pAMOM, V<V,

om AV Vz-V,

W -P AV)= tve

NOTE o k As a
Pan a cdion

T n

a mdn wwe = dv

Nou, N= - \Pdv
V

fv=nT
 nATVN
TConalat, V

nRT
Av -nRrmv

= 2 3 03 nAT Lon

LnaavuiNL ushww.
Cowlamd
w -fv-P,Av nrmal AhAaMHa

wwua daab ati P.hot

- 2 mos An id q0 p omded avovll o

LL to 10L d 22 . anomnd 2 m bna Xomal A
aCal d a >oue done NvOAble

solhewa
W:
2 303 n T Rg

- 2, T 5o0u V, I L , V t0L

W-2-303 X
2 x 50 Lo
-2- -2302 R

) R 2 Ca mal k R 8314 /wlk

- 2303 2 - 2'303 x 314 T
b). -P., V,-V)
- 2 odm1DL- L)

L
-19 oK n

1am L 1813T
NO1E=

418
L Ca
-8xb 2

-ve
Uoauoti
,
NOTE foa uoau

Ccdedod Oae don

Sam
ww
Cw

2 m

V Lonst

, -P(av
-5(4-
JL - 5 akm l

W= -Vu A - (AV)
ho as a i dotkwi
oakun
- 2(1-A)
AR n tnve l3 «? = 6m
No, w
akn L
akm . ot
O+-t5+0 *
Awathan mathod
totc AQ A - akmt

wank= o
0 AB V o = Lochoie
 Ax koX a owwwm anecined sitl kh suykemn

Cowwwwny TC- E t E fofenin. m

K iwiu m

ataki dm to
amd nuewlsion, tntenco
ax o D o motionn
mdwm am

ownowa Vibioma
ovulokom

dakmmnd e a a l thaar
Albsomuta vaa tamw@ e

COmay hamain^ howw ma

Stake umotim

tsiv op
i
HtFiaa o homody namna

Totwugy wivda u toatam

du-datdw ALomnptnar
sinu hey a pdth unti

ChmaF

1) Tsouhanme
V-Loat,W 0

stod io mMMAonaa, o s
Tsothewma
AT 0

AE= At

omay loat in k n huar

spptd)

u Adiabakie

w O N L don Ah tnpRnao e m a wmna.

No anena m

v) Lsobat
AE qt
un pamds, L8kdan w qa= -Ve

-pAV
A eAV

Cwthwle
iinodue roalmake amuam dhamge aa
o wa awt PALAAw
AX coafon voluma,

H-+v ny s AE

U+PV

AX A t . PhAAMl, df=0

.'dH = de Pdv

AHAE +PAV
SPAv PAV ( ' Pomtat)
No
-

AH = AL

Fhom law, AC +
oAC-
 AM e neAT
pham
NOTE AE n ,AT | onat ie m o s
P
PA

V ol',

AM
At
mdan Consto
Hu,se nd AH

Hia Atde hundkio

AH-ve
hadion
AH: tve mdofhumue

bie m bukwom AH ama An wot sinium lon

sdkd d on iaunid moma
ARDAA
M

produts
Vg vo oneone

o olaa Aeoms Alo dumks.

toatam Kompam wnd

hn, at

fv T, PVs T

PvV,) =Ms -Ma) T ol

chamae in
n0
Av An,T
i m i a in An AC + V, we

AM AE An KT.|
 plau
AE
L - Combwaliou CMOH a) takas Pa a 2 .

AH

OM (R)+ 30, Lo,9)+ 3 H,o ()

a)
S Hau,
2-3-1

AH Au+ 21+232K

10o T m l
-314 /m k

Comb wati uakiona

-231A:2 3mn nawm xdLhanmi

AH -Ve

We kno hw
T Aw
, ,AT AH
A- Au+ DPv
APv AnAT
Au4 RAT
Fnpn,
.pT A1t AT APV ART
ROTt

-ynR
 Ehapn hamge -A,H a uadtin(Riactiom uthalpu

aMlon
acompma
H= nihalay thannge

= Sum o nthalpica ophodmcts)

-(Sumanthalpiea ondante

tke-AM
a) Stamdand omhalpy
whun al partiipakina zumlal mnas
Enthaley thama
nthan atondandl stta't.its PA om
seccaied lopeatwe a iba)

AH dAain phase namaAmaliom

mel
A H -Enthadpy thm dwing mlkina
Sold i stondand itate
Mlin sseld s mdoBhawnc - AH *V
Du

A H Amoum o hiad qunud to vapemg

V
amd stmdard
o a quid ar om
T
mol

PhaaAnn IGaa) i.eatomdanu Conditiowu

A -Snthale omae shom mal

SoAd. smatann s l e a ak atamdand Londations

solid>q)
* The magitnda inluadtioma dRmd pom
po
hu sheotla
et h m o a . uda ikuastioma.
s
0 n t h a d p y la vap.i AVOP an H,o (H-boni)
mOna thm tor tH toeH, (dipou dipoda inemion).
Stondand adhadp_ ahmadiom
Stamdand lhaley tham Xha awnatn o
Lompownd om mants in tiin
e mola. of a

nut ata sadeaA

AM
Eq Cowpoumd.. is

&Louttkuaat auds

Ca0 + Catd3 AM -(363 kTo

A, d no AH CaD, u at

0wwad ow okikun.it tald, elrapnle), 0,(q))

bu ww xhu owwpownda.

Wa)+ ) 2
HBalq A -228 T |ol
Tw is -as net AH aA 2 mula aowm a Imu
should omd-), ), bu,
+ He, AH-364 kT

Oten 1 9MDthomie
ndntwwmie H -ve (o) LAH tve(mda)
Thumodemnca equatm
A badawuul hnira qnadi
toagthw with s AxH
V Lald a Ihwwwb dhamntadl
quatiom.
Fe,0,()+31la) 2e(s) +3h,o() A,H: -33.3 Am
* aing AH valu, shouo thad mthalp m aamiv
popnky tha above hnadkiom
lo ove ntiom, -33.3 k J o

Askan al an halved,

Fe,3+ F +H,0
halved ie k E33) T|md
en, A,H qks
- 66Tme
hom 4
AHL alved -dupemd m maten
axdnve ophk

enmiLa an AL v e d , tha
4 VAADd.

N * 3, 2 NH ) 2NH, G a)+ 3H,a)

AnH= 19 kSmol.

Hasasows onatam Ha umwatio

voal sap, han
atm okra plaw

its A the LUw

o th atamdand omthalpiea q
wmdiate hactioma wko
s i d the Dvnadl
th
a davidd oat he wn dempehakw
emphakwu
Ltiem mw

A A,H, + AnH+ AHg

AnH
A

AM A,M-A,+A,",+,,
 onuaoua
Enthal pie on dslkrl duga
aAH- slamdard nlhapy mwawtiom

Corbuutiow o mel o tH, talea ploue a 29 k I atun

Ater combualio, 0,a) phodud mdH0)

26 ohea baathd taledake the att mkaler
oomakis o Co,q) amd H,oit) -313.5 kT a

md -285.93 ksn wap

StWo uid,
eqhite)+ 3 n,G)A ) ai -))
CM,a)+ 15,o,(ta,q)+sA,o0) ;A -3263 ulmd
)
c
lplh) 0.(a)
+
o,) ; A - -

31 3*5 kImo
AM -28 5 83 km
ovDy
v

3 3 n+ 0, 3M0 A 35-5 md. V)

w)6L+3 +o,
A-321g.5 kslmsl
Nova, o ovosAm

6 Lo3M,0 M + A =3201

3 Halq+ + o + 3H,o
epaphile) +
A -48 5 m
6tlqmphile) +3M,l9) C,M,(0)
 Enthadey oAtomigatien
md bond
Enthaey damge o luai
t oltain atovma in t h go Phaa
Cowplstol
AAD Lald bond disociate onthalpx8D
E).
Nals) Na),A, =108-4 J hnl

R ,

H
A
dnssovA in a sdveut

h iom leave thia ondud paakkio thu Ouptal

mo aa in s , hu iolvation ha
V

at
t h gmL

AG(

Loti lhalpt
wfownd u Je nt halpy dhwnge
ohndn OCcwa h
MolamoAa m
LDA opomd
dissouta iwo i ,
 bon-Maur ydo Enthley dingomn)
FoxNat
Nal Nalal , A

)Nala Nala)+ I
uG) >ula D- (Desoueke 2ndhalpy)

i
vN a)+i - Natl)
&Nal)+ula Natal); A
owm Hss as.
A +IE+ E+,
Lat

Calulaked
+pontomealy
A Spolano

amd
verard 0 m 9NAAna

A spow oma.on awiion

wt a2xohahwn
anndotheme

Ais n dha
emuan dhu disn lan higwn
,
>n dhamia Aeakia ths ditoadu muw
pid
i u a o ondn, koANamqewmanlt.) wi w

bwd ko w he prod

i a ake uwetiom , k ui H

H L a nouAALA Tompnaw i he mennR

AVaAethaokie wwtio o paiida. n th tupdo

Noa, a malem o q h T, s i have g h

a ous T uhave Asus S

addad to lous T sskem wl
9H
n hmdomnas (As),ma, ewbepy
queatn hama
vopiGna ko T.
thownmeS A Anveuw

As
T

tot As AS
sw
s is in eq libmum.
As-o
mwwwwm wMopy
No howe

spemtanity
Lnbb u wn1
G H -TS
ATS
AM-TASa toat tep TA SAT
AG ok Cova T,
AT# 0

AG 0 0 Ci ve), he p
powtmDuA
AG o 4 , tha paowAs w o n -spovdamo a
AH shoJA b - ve . AA tve, it owd
AS ehowld +v
bAaA khm tAS:

2q uliliwn
,M
Aa
A A. -RT LukK
A -2-303 RT log K
AH TAS