Reractew at _aApherica Sae

au_c ekate atrcted fer_tefractew at a plane

Suaftace ane applicable en nefrrackew a t aAphenical

Sunface aD well
Th tbecausea Amall penbeN a a Aphenical
Sunlace arund the pcunt fiadenme com be
rected a plane Aunfau
A Aphenical nefnackugSunjace Repanatc Dn epkical
MEdIa

Apentune
Paincpaai
C P

Ihe_aneao_a Aphemucal Surhace aNauable feru

nelaactiw 4(ailed tb 4tent
The geemetri Cente efaApherucal_refrtacu
Surhace alled d pete
T h e Centne cf the Aphene ef Auc the nefrractng
Surchaceia pant io callet thc CemteQf
urlatun (C)
The radus e tie Aphene whuci the reftattry
Sunpaewa pant _ Lalled it nadius f sua tune(8
The Strauiht olne paaaung thseugthe pele of a

Aphenical rekaacting Surfalte a r d t Centre ot

dunyatune i lalledtb prinapal axzi
Felow the aoumptem
A pount Seunceen the primapal aso
a Paranial rap(rnap clae to prundpal anio)
Amall abentune Rrthe refratkr Sutface
Ihege aAumpte CUnable LLk b e Small ahuu
ecROAaNY &r wathenmatcal calculatm)
 =
R

whene, 2 Refcackue_cmdes the medium Cotaury

LMadent Aayp
R:I eAthe imedium Centainung
refinaLted _layp:

Thuofenmula fer refrratkew ata Aphenual infae

amall apentune Can be used wit prepen gw
Cenwentw wheAhu an ceyect_is cn a nanen
medumm r i a denaun medtum.

Sejeck i n nanen nediun and the Siungace b cencae tumds

denaar medsur- Real image

L (nane
2C denaen
u-ve
+e
R +Ve

P fele
C_Cemie e Cuuntune

I Real imase f the cbject 0

Peunt N eny cleae to P
So
So PM S= veny amall, ad Ca be neglccted
a (emhauned to
 LOLM Anell daw
Sun
Sun
heAn N leed to , then K K ane ue Vey Smal
Sun tani amd Cun fan

ton
tan

Agam
A
A NOC R a
NCI, bat&

So R hae
dt
-P

tan&(Aa=A)
e A NMO
tand NM -
J OM

NMI,
ten B= NM
MI

ANMC
am NM
MC
 uttr ea 2,3,91 Cn 1, weave

(A-
OM MI MC

SUnce, N WA dere ta P PL M ur be aaumed

be aAUngle pout

NOTE 4 fehok mediun w aun then 1 and M A

_PnA makens4ounua
Thua fermula relatts the focal
e adeny to the nehecacttuc mdex enfh
the dens mattkial
of
amd Lad usyatune Gf Ch ttua Aunja.ce

ksspsphieox
TIun demLo uoedAo fhat_dUatanceD meaauned fre
Lt Sunae ma be {ikeneqmal to thtae meaQLuT ed
ATLAM 6ptical Centre
ebeck o a eent_object plated Cn the funapal a
Apentn Gthe_¬no do Amall
ALl the rays anepataxal ieihe make Amail
amgik uth the Cmao t o te_deny dace and
Wtth tthe pincpe aio

Deaivatta >
HenR
edum

C C

ha to anoume the Kem he veny hn

Hene, P fount ane eny cLee
Fer refractew at Suntae 1 object to Kept the
rLaren medium (A and twmagumam1Mage d
EAmed
For thw SuunhaLe, CU util_woe the Ormula
Ma-
R
So
So, we hae
- -O
-PO P,C

Forr the rrefnaciew at the SecendSunfate

beha¬) a bycct whuko Meaunt on a medium
md I t the mage

So
R

tPa
Acld &
t
Po p (%-4)( t
R ane
vey doeR)
Agaun, we haleunbAal asaumed P,CLfa ane alwneat
One pcnt Sa eCam uTutei

CO C
uTil s e tÁe agm Cementten Jon dem
NOO
NOw, uC

-Ra
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So
dens Mauen sermula