OPTICS

Sciene a dight):
Geemetnéal spki wane cptus
Gr

Ray opi
dght behane daffenen tl whew iE fallo ew a
bi4 ottct and a Amall ohpeck ( the dimenaue-
Cuanelemgth ef dlght
Baauin 6w ib hehanieur Ray ofottus
wane ohttuo

Ray ofzico Wane etius

Repleckiom Plane Munae Snterhenene
Spherical M DHtnauktew
Reptaukem p Puom Polariaattew
Slab
LJeno
>sfettcalu ingtuuments
PMiutmuope
TeleaspR
 eemetua
niden Ra
Retteaked Ra
REFLECTioN
(MOIIM1)
(PLANG SURFACE)

MEDIUM-3
Refrrackeda Rar
REFRA CTION

The Phenemenen st daght gettnq bach inhthe Same

medaun faemwhich t w imadent_ocalled
REFLECTION
The Pkenemenew in uhic dhizht meves t aneten
medium wyt the mediuum faem whid t o mubent
n catled REFRACTION.
NOTE
V,5
M-1)

(M-3)

8ut hene f':f(ie the reauevey G e dhyht

deconit Chamge a uwe_dhange the_medtum)
Thin Mbecaune, freguemy_olepondo wS8uAe Souuue
we nsas V 2:
nat V Changinry
hew w l also hamg
S acuwwn daht meED L t he pecd jt

C
iawediundiahtme ivt V

V kackie.

wder
C

whene a 2 Pernmeabu rei pru

Paromittvety
ka Eameaklu i a media
elenaruttivi 7

n glam 15
auuVauwm 1
n waten 2 1/3 = r3
4 wbat iun mediu,
and S
De The Phenemene of the Change in the batk
g . a it paaRD ohliqutly htem one tranapanent mediom
anethen calledrefrrackimw of ightt

GLASS
AIR AIR

GLASS AIR

GLASS

Aaght meves hren rans dight meveo Aoem denaa dight trONellg alery
to denaenmedum: to ranen medium. the nerumal paaat undeptese
dawn Refnacien
1Stdas c The ncdent rag, the refracted ray and
the marumal the irtenhate at the peint o nuidene
all die im the Same plame
dsa CSNELL'S LAIN)
The tabo_o the ine the angle c incidene
and the Sine of the angle of_rehractiow io C&natant
eru a gvewpaA e media
Mathenaftically Sin

Ta 2 Refrackie inder ef Second medkum or.t

firat medium

w e wiu ue 'n'_ ap rerative nden

Keacive inde_
The refracéve ndex o a medium for a dight
gvev wavelength may he depuned a lhe nato hbe e
Speed e dizht iw Vacuum
peed ih apecd in that medsum
vacuwm
peed dhapt w
Speed of Azht in meds'um
Relfracte inden a medium wYt Vacuum
aloo Called abostute rehracéveinden

V
NaL Ayac
Apel. V Amed

Vi

Xn i unik denand dimennusmdem

hyical Sigpikcanme neaacki ndex

The Value ofrefractiv indes gve infenmatom asout
he dinestiov berding netrautd ra
The nehractveinden a a medium i relatd the
peed dat:
n dam 3/2
t the ratio C the Apeed of dight an
fam tothat inw acuum :3
The speedf_dh gat_i glan i nd of
Abled w Vacuum.
Cauoe cefraciew dzht
=
Sin

thew >1 d in C> Sim r

6r I (
M-1 opticaly ranru
M-1 Gptically denaer

V,<V the 41 a d in i n
OT
M-12 I ()
ptically _demaeu
M-1 Optitally aner

Paisiple ReusaaikMk i t i
The Prinaple State that 4 he einal pathu ot a
ay ef dipht ajtr ik hap autfened Sevenal nejiectieno
a d refrautiem io aeenged, _ retrraces_i hath erack

ABN N

frrew Anell_daw RARER (1)

G neHtacken
- DENCER C2
Plar
A_Blane minnsn isplaced Ir a the poth BC mirno
The beam entAARD alng uM patiw
(arykth inaideuck CBN' R_and KAGN= i angle ot negnauten)
FrLe Smellh_laun
Sun
Fren &
Kebaactie thnsu Reckamngulan glaz alak

AIR

GLASS

AIR
Uag Snel%_dau Hen nefractiemat
cae Pg
-O LATERAL
Sun DLSPLALEMENI
fen faue R

MutkipgSin L in 1
Sun n
P SR_ .
C2 ¥ hene

Jun x in 1
Si Sun a

bnenged ray C tanallel madent rayAB.

The Sut tm the pat inadent nay of dight
Omenguiny rem a nefaacng medkum t parallel tarrs
Called atenaldioplaemlant
Relaactiew Ánsuzha Comounattey o media
m Aiv 1

m Gloo 154

AIR (

WHTCR( Argeof enmensnu

n eqal to the angte
GLAS(3) c inudene

AR Cy

M-1 M-2.
The a4 etnafue
Sin
n

The ra*90ungre M- tM-3

Sin

fM M-3o M-L.
The rtay gum

Muth 0 x@
xx 1
Agaim 3 , ,

So
Real and abhaneant depti
Here a olbjeck'oio blaced at the battom a
bealnen
whe t f l e d wrtn_waten E_alppeay u y
the kject o auaed ap e the umoage io formed

I the Vntal
AI whic o Amallew t h a n
aanent depth
to e
AO ( e real depth)..

EYE

AIR

APMRGM

DEPTM
ITATER
REAL
DEFTA

becaus thu Suimmm peolh dept aApean he den

Shalleuertha aealkiy
tw
B0

As the S h e pupil o Amall the ray Gc wu

enten the eye onk ig 8i cleae toA The
I AL_and Bo A0
AD
AL
 2Refcackie inden= Real_depth
Aparent deptt

Sne L 1 sthen tha Vacauwm)

Sa, the appacent cdept io de lhanthe real depth

Neurmaabit
The heght thrugh which ar
obyect apeons
ta he naiaed i a denaer medium o called nsrral
Nonumal Ahitt a Real depti=Appanent depth
d _A0 AZ
Ao A
d A0-
dat_in alao talled dd t( 4 1neal depth
aD appanent ahift
hicunen
neknovtng médiem

Preblema
A_neckangulan gan alab nect, iw the bettom
B a frteungs fnate A ray ofdigat incudent on oaten
Surface a t aw amgle g 50 pansen ihneugh water ant
glam Calculate the angte e efrractew iv zom
hue that u fert watenio s_and lhat fen glan
60
 i : 50
ew Anelh daw
Sin50
Son r

Sunr in 50

Kefract at woten- am mtenfrace

Sin r
Sin r

SinT xSin 5o
r' 30-4

A ondnical esael ef diamettr 1ROrm Centauino 300T Cm

water A aimdrical lam Aiece ot dlametn m.
amd heght 8cm o placedinthe veael 44 he boto
the unden he gam piece u Seen b The fananal
rayp, decate do_magi The inden of reractorm
glam_o 60 amd hat of_waten 33

8 m
 Velef wate = 800 T Cm
Ve fglam biece TT (x8 128 T C
Tetal vel watent dan) (800t la8) T 948 TT C
Height of_uwaten desel frren bste
938 TT 25:48 m
TT2

Depth water aheve the glam piece

25:48 - 8 :
17 F8 Cm
Tetal appanentAhitt e the battom

=1:78- 81T
4 4 h t 2:66

So the ima4e i SeemattlCm abeve the battgm.

 Total nteamal re[lecki
whew a ray ght travels fremv a denoer ta a ranev
meddum bendo aula rcem the nenmal

amale e inuldemce (1), the r ()

orr a
park.cula i, becenm 90 nefracktd nay geneu
theSunaue
RARER
DENS ER

CCutcal anae
Th amale ot AMadence Called utcal angle C).
2
the ange e Yuldence i inuneased beyemd he
Crutica_ange he nay io not nefaackd buk geta
retlecttd bach theame medtum. Thin
10 Called phencme
tetalAnttnnal nelectiaw
_Catcal ange for a fain of media iy that ange
e nadene in the denoer medium forr whic
the angk o4 refractiew is10 1e
the
the nefrated
ay uaE the Sunhaceepanatin4the
twD media.
 ndutuaM feT Ltal inteamal nefleckew
dght dheuld tend to fruane fremv a n
optcally
denoen medium to aM fptically tarer meduum
) h e amgle et mudene iw the eptically demaen
Medium mut be gncate tha the Cwhal angle
ert the guen pain media
Relakeow_ hetween ukkal ange amd nefnaskie indea
Fre Anellh daw M-
CR)
Sin M-1
90=

Sin CD)
wheny
LuhemieC Cauitcal anglk, nqo Hene, d C.

wn C Snc
un 90

f 4 the
the raner medwm auau, Ke 1 amd p

CwnC

Sukatasn2
water I33 4815
2 CAsuN gam
3 Denae pint fan 65 34 31
4) Damamd a4-41
2
A rnay ot aipt sallu ow the Aeriontal
face ot a ubical
gan alak at 85 what muat ke the
minimum d
dam,4 he tetal intena reteck 0can t a verotcal
Sn85' I004)

85, r:? c-?,p:? ,

At heri zental
tae,
Sin

At Ventfal faue,

Sun
mc

Sun
wnC
Sin(90-)

SUnC

HamC 004
Sin85
C=toan 004)
C A5'6
So a Sin 45s
414

ophintin h TIR
Spanhlomg diamand
Muag
chtica bnes
Totally nejieckng fruum
 MRAGE
t i
due shtical illusiem obarnued
a
tnw deerto
deento
towhic a ranetAen Seeo
duotamce ahead apond of water Serme
of him and AN whidh the
Ghjecto diks treea appean inuenteA Jurneumdin
EyE
deoenta, the daen F- coLD AIR
aUU cle0er t the Samd ae LDENSER
hetten hene rure
HOT AIR
CRARER)
onue medium bhawe
a_olenaerr
Ray faA tree trasena9
n demala nane medtum
So the nayp bend auwa
whem frsmtheNEAma
they neach te_doue _Aaye, they
inodent aB anden greatenn tho may be.
e Cuckical arg
Hemce,
ene
thes umdergootal imkeuna rejHecke
Caw aee wented an
image f the tree as u
it in neflecked.b a poel fawader.
7holluaier o Called a MIRAGE
OPTICAL FIBRE
io a deuice baaed G tstal iternal rreteckem by
which SignalsCam be tranahenned rem ne lecatiw
2t w a thun hain iheAATuctune uhene dgat entem
at
a t eneend amd deame ie a t he othu end uffering a
umben fotal intunal cetectisw uih dtte kose
enng
t aaed aramait LASER Aght
t cam be tuaed a pipe i melial
dight TT feld
 epbcal fikne Atuckune Cenaioh ef
Cene The Certralylinderical Core io made of hig
qualiky qlam refractive nden p
cladding The Certe Aumewnden by a glan et
nehnacke mden p amd
3 Bulfan Coakig Fer treviding Safelj and Atnength, the_Cone
laddung of eptcal hnes A0 enceed plaatu
ouet
BUFFER cOATING.
* *

OKORED

CLADDING

daddur, u-l 48

2 io nudent e
dagbt eme end t h efibne ata Amall ang
it gee inside and Supjens repeated TIR bce t C t the
ione matnal wyt_autv Leatnp
NaANo dea ntina un TIR, the eutcemung btam da of
an muc ntenah as the mcident beam
Evew i the hne u bent digt eaaily navels thrm
alen the Alhne
TOTALLY REFLECTING PRISMS
A Right angtdiumele) pruamie a 45- 90- 45 pruom
called a totnlly reteckng pruam

whenw a
ra fallo eftumally v any
tae m a pruam, i o inudemt
en the unaide faue
at 45 e a m
and gneaten hom Cnitcal
ande dr
qlam (42), %, TIR o
obaved
Theae pruums ane AOd N peniazsaa
Hene the rayiy deuíated lay 90

A
9These þrtam ane callld Pennepnim
Hene the image io unverted an
the nayp ane devcaktA treug 180

Thio pruarm ao alled

enekin4_baiam
Jhey are used w
nbculans amd
prseckienw danttnm
Thee þruamy unnent
a imag uitheut
deutakiw onayp
2 A fiak imaide water See the gutide worlea t_it
Centauned i a lene, - whic Subkends a cnde at
the Sunace water. calculale the nadusof the incde
4the fio ia at a depth f 2m and wale o 3
Gwew Sin4) = 48 5
tan(48 5 ) = I134

fre
h tanc
and

C48 59
ten C =
Again
= 3Xtan (48 51)
2X34
= 2:23 m.