Oral Communication
talking to an ice cream
Unit lll
Intrapersonal Communication
Conversing with ur inner self by thinking. Convert
raw data to information , oraganize info and evaluate
to reach conclusion.
Interpersonal Communication
Communication with other people; face-to-face or
social media (video conference, chat room etc.)
1. Dyad – one on one communication between
two people. E.g. when u talk to ur classmate
or chat with bff. [two things of a similar
kind nature or group]
Dyadic Communication – interrelationship
between two. Unplanned interaction A
stranger can’t be considered. E.g. when a
stranger ask for direction.
Functions of Dyadic Communication
 Can be used to establish self-identity or
personal discovery.
 Find out how people will perceive you by
the way they talk to you or when they give
feedback about you as a friend or a person.
 You will know more about yourself or the
person your talking to.
 Gain information about things around you
can use that info to help you interact with
other people more effectively.
Types Dyadic Communication; Informal and Formal
Telephoning – most frequently and extensilvely
used. (formal or informal) depend on the
topic.Inloves two people talking through any
communication device.
Dication – two people communicate directly
through a communication device . Someone type or
input to send to its intendend receipient.
Face to face communication has the most
common form of dyadi communication.
1. Interview – two people interacting through
question and answer. Inquiry to obtain a
info.
2. Casual conversation – informal spoken
exchange of thoughts opinion that has no
formal purposes. E.g.
vendor to buy ice cream .
3. Dialouge – deepest, most personal and
intimate relationship are formed.
Stages of Dyadic Communication
1. Exploration – “fencing period” people try
to feel their way and asses each other ‘s
strengths and weaknesses. E.g Introducing
yourself by telling your name to a student
from other school
2. Interaction – most substantive part,
participant explore the topic to accomplish
the goals of their encounteter.
3. Termination – last stage where transaction
is completed and ended
2. Small Group Communication – three up to
twenty people, people exchange and evaluate ideas
to solve their problem E.g you meet your
groupmates in ur classroom for a project to disscuss
your common interest. This type of communication
allows u to express your views, analyze, and make
judgements.
Linear phase model (Bales, 1970) – all groups
performing given tas will go to the same series stage
in the same order.
Model of Decision Emergence (B. Aubrey Fisher, !
970) – based on linear phase model shows that a
small group will go through:
 Orientation stage - topic is introduced to
members
 Conflict Stage – argument on the topic arise
and members will give opinions
 Emergence Stage - where decision once
the conflict is resolved
 Reinforcement stage – decision is
reinforced.
Group Decision – there are opposing sides in a
group due to persuasion
Social Comparison Theory – members will listen
to each other’s views and find ‘socially correct”
side of the issue. But if they find themselves deviant
they may shift their opinion toward the xtreme
socially correct position the normative influence.
Persuasive Argument Theory – each member has a
prior knowledge of both sides, but they will be
persuaded by a greater amount of information that is
not known by other member the informational
influence
Public Communication speaker-audience
communication that involves larger audience
Mass Communication – uses of mass media, digital
media, new medi , social media to reach a larger
audience to spread out in diff. places ;print media
(newspaper, magazines, journals books)
Types of speech style
A. Intimate Style (Martin Joos) in The Five
Clocks (Broderick, 1967)
Defined:
 Have “extraction” and grammar innotaion
 Have the most informal because its
characterized by jargons
B. Casual Style – informal and conversational
E.g. She is funny without ever being mean I
am so lucky to have he. You don’t get to
choose if you get huert in this world.
C. Consulatative Style – in consultative
speaking a person asks another person a
question who responds by giving info or
advice. Consultative Selling, a two way
process done by two or more people, a sales
person gives his ideas to improve a product.
Suggest rather than decide
D. Formal Style uses formal and majestic
language, use parallel pattern. “I Have A
Dream” by Martin Luther King Jr.
 Also known as fixed speech
 It is most the most formal
communicative style that is often
used in respectful situation or
formal ceremony
E.g. Pledge of Allegiance, Shakespeare’s
plays, Weddings, Introduction of each other
between acquaintance
E. Frozen style - It uses formal words and
expressions
“Toyota’s sales bounced back in March as
substantial discounts helped to win back customers
who had been shaken by the firm’s mass safety
recalls.”
Casual/ Informal expressed counterpart:
“Did you see Toyota’s sales figures? Looks like the
discounts have actually worked.”
– Most often seen in writing than in speaking
– This speech style is expected to be presented
in complete sentences with specific word
usage
– Its usually elaborate complex sentences and
noun phrases are well structured, logically
sequenced, and strongly coherent
– It does not allow ellipsis (like omissions),
contractions, qualifying modal adverbials
(like probably, possibly, evidently, surely,
certainly and subjectively markers )
“This whole blogging thing is getting kind
of
E.g. Job Interview, Business Trip, Dinner party,
Prestigious Ceremony, Meeting, academic Papers
Consulatative Style - Known as the Third Level of
language
It is unplanned speech.This speech style uses
listener participation and feedback. The two
defining features of this style are:
(a) the speaker supplies background
information
(b) the listener participates
continuously
E.g. when a student is talking to his teacher, a
student recite in class
Casual or Informal - Style This style is used in
conversations between friends and insiders who
have something to share and have shared
background information. There is free and easy
participation of both speaker and listener. It is
marked by various degrees of implicitness because
of intimacy between speaker and listener
A simple greeting with those you know well
might probably be the causal:
 “Hi”
 “Hey”
 “What’s up?”
 “How is it going?”
 “How do you do?”
 “Nice to meet you, Mr./Mrs./Ms., Dr., Rev.”
 “ Will you please excuse me for a moment?”
 “Excuse me”
  Casual or informal style have ellipsis, allows
the use of slang, profanity, and
unconventional English words E.g. uses of
contaction, use of slang, uses of simplified
grammar.
Intimate Style - This style is used in conversations
between people who are very close and know each
other quite well because having a maximum of
shared background information. with a high
incidence of significant nonverbal communication,
such as gesture, facial expression, eye contact and so
on.There is free and easy participation of both the
speaker and listener, and is far more elliptical
E.g. Telling ur gf or bf that u love them, telling ur
bff about your secret and darkest problems, asking
for family adviceabout serios matter.
The purpose of the different types of speech is to
help people know the specific approach they should
use in every situation,person and place.
Knowing these things can help one prevent
misunderstandings and arguments from happening
because if they dont watch what they say, theyd look
disrespectful infront of others.
Types of Speech Act
A. Locution – refers to the act of saying
something. Locutionary acts are “ roughly
equivalent to uttering a certain sentence.
There could be meaning to what you said
depending on how you say it.
B. Illocution – act performed in saying
something. Illocutionary act is a speech act
made in utterance with a particular
illocutionary force where a speaker asserts,
suggest, demandsm promises or vows.
10 kinds of Illocutionary Acts
1. Command - has an imperative form “
Please pass the rice”
2. Complex Illocution – has a negated
illocutionary force. Has 3 types:
 Conjuctive illocutionart act –
performance of two acts in one
utterance “ I will sleep, but will
I wake up?” (combination of
assertion and question)
 Illocutionary conditional –
consist of illocutionary act and
stated condition for the
performance of the act “ I will
slepp when I become sleepy”.
 Illocutionary denegation – made
b y complex negation of its
illocutionary force “ I will sleep,
but I will not sleep.
3. Defective Illocution – on eor more of
the preparatory conditions of act are not
met. “ Pease pass the fish sauce” but
there are no fish sauce in the table
4. Direct Illocution – only the
illocutionary force and proportional
content are expressed “Can you pass the
salt?” is an enquiry about the hearer's
ability to pass the salt.
5. Elementary Illocution – does not have
negetaed illocutionart force “ I demand
that I be paid on time”
6. Exclamation – utterance made with
srong emotion “ What a strong typhoon
it is!”
7. Indirect Illocution – when a speaker
expresses another illocutionary force.
 Anticipatory Illocution –
question about the
condition o fnecessary
“Would you like some more
coffee?”
This illocutionary act has the direct force of a
question about a condition for the appropriateness
of offering coffee. However, the speaker believes
that if the addressee would like some coffee, then
an offer of coffee will be accepted. Thus, the
question has the indirect force of an offer of
coffee.
 Hedged performative –
illocutionary force is
expressed by a perfprmance
verb “May I ask if you're
married? has the indirect force
of I ask if you're married.”
 Rhetorical question – a
question is not generally used
with expectation “can birds
fly?”
8. Non-Defective Illocution – all the
presupportions of proporstional content
conditions, preparatory conditions, and
sincerity .
9. Question – interoggative
 Alternative Question – two or
more possible answers that only
one is true “Are we eating in or
out this evening?” “or”
  Tag question added after
statement to request
confirmation. Bias of the
speaker toward one answer
“The bus stop's over there, isn't
it?”
 Wh- question – interoggatve
pro form “ why, where, what,
who, when?”
 Yes-no question a question that
answers “yes or no”
10. Statement – declarative form “ It is a
sizzling summer day”
Perlocution (response)
What one does by saying something.
Perlocutionary acts mean what we bring or achieve
by saying something, convincing, persuading. It’s an
act of saying something while at the same time not
saying something. E.g. “Fire” his listener or
audience may hastily leave the building is they are
inside one
According to Harnish in Devitt & Hanley, 2003
“The perlocutionary acts are speech acts that are
carried out by a speaker making an utterance as the
act of causing a certain effect on the hearer.
Unlike locutionary act, perlocutionary act are
external to the performance Speaker’s
perlocutionary act is an act of achieving an
perlocutionary effect on hearer.
Types of Communicative Strategy
A. Nomination – to write an effective
nomination speech, acandidate needs a
summary of what kind of person is right
for the officeand why he is th eone
imbuded with such characteristics. “ The
New Frontier” By Sen. John F. Kennedy
B. Restriction – process of eliminating some
topics that a speaker finds hard to express
or is not knowledgable about. Some ways
to use restrictions:
 Topic Avoidance – allows th
speaker ro prevent occurrence of
the topic that may present
difficulties.
 Message abandonment – the
speaker does not further explain th
etopic
 Meaning replacement – speaker
diverts the general meaning of
topic info something that may not
be generally accepted.
 Message reduction – speaker
reduces the original message and
reports the same ideas with less
precision.
C. Topic Control – social equals use a neutral
starting point or opening in a conversation,
talking about weather to establish their
relationship. This may lead to self-related
comment that fovuses on the speaker
comment that fovuses on the listener.
D. Topic Shifting – speaker move from one
topic to another mark key points in a
spoken sicourse. A rhetorical deception
where a one person in a discussion subtly
mnage to change to topic to another
related but diff topic.
E. Repair – process of being bale to identify
your mistakes and dinfing simplier or
better words to use so you rlistener an
understand you. “I think British
education….the characteristics of the
british educational systemis that…Ah…
the students can, ah…get knowledge
through independent study…..”
F. Turn- Taking – organizes the distribution
of flow of speech between two participants
of interaction. Process where one
participants talks, then stop and give floor
to another participant who starts talking,
so we obtain distribution of talk across two
participnats (Raux, 2008)
 Adjacencty pairs – automatic
sequences of a first and second
part
John: I won the first prize in the
poetry contest!
Matthew: Oh, congratulations
John: thanks
 Turn allocational component –
which describes how turns are
allocated among participants
Martha: Mary, would you like
some pinapple juice?
Mary: yes, please
Martha: John you want some?
John: no, thanks
G. Termination – strategy is important in
communication because the failure to
communicate the end of relationship can
 lead to fear and anxiety on the part of the
other person involved. Succesfully ending
a conversation depends on the situation
and replationship on the other person
involved.
Tips to end a conversation:
1. Give a reason why you have to leave the
conversation
2. Use body language to show you want to
end the convo
3. Make a statement to summarize
4. Introduce the person to someone else
5. Get back to your phone.