UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

EDUCATION HIGH SCHOOL

science 9
learning module 1
DEALING WITH
PROJECTILE AND
MOMENTUM
This learning module is for the consumption of officially enrolled students of the University of
Santo Tomas Education High School only.

No part of this learning module may be copied and reproduced without permission from the
authors. All rights reserved.

This learning module may not be reproduced in any form, stored in any retrieval system, or
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For permission requests, kindly contact the author at lbdasas@ust.edu.ph

First Edition.

© 2023 Pauline Faith Bernate, Gabriel Harold Choa, Julia Juco, Tristan Jan Narca & Danielle
Angela Taccad
All rights reserved.

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

EDUCATION HIGH SCHOOL
SCIENCE 9
LEARNING MODULE 1
F=mv/t
LESSON 3:

Impulse, Momentum and

Collision
I=Ft
p=mw
 LEARNING TARGETS
In this learning module, you should be
able to:

Relate impulse and momentum to

collision of objects (e.g., vehicular
collision)

Distinguish between elastic and

inelastic collisions.

Infer that the total momentum before

and after a collision is equal.

Apply the law of conservation of

momentum to real-life situations.

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

EDUCATION HIGH SCHOOL
SCIENCE 9
LEARNING MODULE 1
 INTRODUCTION

Momentum is a commonly used term in sports. When a sports announcer

says that a team has the momentum they mean that the team is really on
the move and is going to be hard to stop. The term momentum is a
physics concept. Any object with momentum is going to be hard to stop.
To stop such an object, it is necessary to apply a force against its motion
for a given period of time. The more momentum that an object has, the
harder that it is to stop. Thus, it would require a greater amount of force
or a longer amount of time or both to bring such an object to a halt. As
the force acts upon the object for a given amount of time, the object's
velocity is changed; and hence, the object's momentum is changed.

You may have observed this a number of times if you have watched the
sport of football. In football, the defensive players apply a force for a
given amount of time to stop the momentum of the offensive player who
has the ball. You have also experienced this a multitude of times while
driving. As you bring your car to a halt when approaching a stop sign or
stoplight, the brakes serve to apply a force to the car for a given amount
of time to change the car's momentum. An object with momentum can
be stopped if a force is applied against it for a given amount of time.

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

EDUCATION HIGH SCHOOL
SCIENCE 9
LEARNING MODULE 1
 HOW MUCH DO YOU
KNOW?

GUIDE QUESTIONS:

a. Imagine that you are running very fast when suddenly,

someone blocks your path. What do you think will happen?

b. Why do you think so?

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

EDUCATION HIGH SCHOOL
SCIENCE 9
LEARNING MODULE 1
 CHECK THIS OUT
VIDEO ACTIVITY. Watch this material as your introduction to our topic. This
video material contains an introduction to the impulse-momentum
computations. Answer the guide questions given in the Blackboard
Discussion Board.

Link: https://youtu.be/hODlmGK7pl8

GUIDE QUESTIONS:

1. What is the equation for getting the impulse of an

object? What is its unit?
2. What is the equation for getting the momentum of
an object? What is its unit?

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

EDUCATION HIGH SCHOOL
SCIENCE 9
LEARNING MODULE 1
EXPLORE AND
INVESTIGATE

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

EDUCATION HIGH SCHOOL
SCIENCE 9
LEARNING MODULE 1
EXPLORE AND
INVESTIGATE

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

EDUCATION HIGH SCHOOL
SCIENCE 9
LEARNING MODULE 1
 LET'S TALK ABOUT IT
IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM

Linear momentum, or simply the momentum of an object, is the product

of the mass of the object and its velocity. Using p as a symbol for
momentum.
p=mv
Momentum is a vector quantity with a direction the same as the velocity.
The SI unit for momentum is kg m/s.

Every moving object has momentum, which may be large or small

depending on its mass and velocity.

Sample Problem
How fast must Superman run to have the same momentum as a 2500-kg
train moving at 4.5 m/s in the same direction? Assume that the mass of
Superman is 120 kg.

Given: mass of train = 2500 kg

mass of Superman = 120 kg
v = 4.5 m/s

Solution: 120 kg (v) = (2500 kg)(4.5 m/s)

v = 93.75 m/s

Practice Exercise (By Yourself)

Which has a greater momentum: a cheetah with a mass of about 74 kg
and a running speed of up to 31 m/s, or an elephant with a mass of 7000
kg running at 18 km/hr?

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

EDUCATION HIGH SCHOOL
SCIENCE 9
LEARNING MODULE 1
 LET'S TALK ABOUT IT
The product of force and the time it acts on an object is called impulse.
Impulse is represented by a capital letter J

J = Ft

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

In a closed and isolated system, the total momentum of the objects
before and after the collision are equal.

NEWTON'S 3RD LAW OF MOTION states that for every action, there is
an equal yet opposite reaction. It implies that when two objects
interact, they exert equal forces on each other.

For example, in the game of billiards, when the cue ball hits the
other ball and both of them are moving, still the momentum is
conserved. Remember, that a momentum is a vector quantity, it has
magnitude and direction. When the cue ball travels toward the other
ball, it carries some of the momentum with it. The rest is transferred
to the second ball. Therefore, none of the momentum was lost.

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

EDUCATION HIGH SCHOOL
SCIENCE 9
LEARNING MODULE 1
 LET'S TALK ABOUT IT
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

Using an equation, we can say that the total momentum (p) before
the objects interact with one another (p initial).

p initial is equal to the total momentum of all of the objects after

they interact (p final).

p initial = p final
(m1v1 + m2v2 ...) initial = (m1v1 + m2v2 ...) final

Example:
Two children on skateboards are initially at rest. They push each
other so that eventually the boy moves to the right while the girl
moves in the opposite direction away from each other.

Recall the 3rd law of motion, the force that the girl exerts on the boy
and the force that makes the girl move in the other direction are of
equal magnitude but opposite direction.

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

EDUCATION HIGH SCHOOL
SCIENCE 9
LEARNING MODULE 1
 LET'S TALK ABOUT IT
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

Sample Problem
Two ice skaters stand together. They "push off" and travel directly
away from each other, the boy with a velocity of 1.50 m/s. If the boy
weighs 735 N and the girl, 490 N, what is the girl's velocity after they
push off? Consider the ice to be frictionless.

Given: v boy = 1.50 m/s w boy = 735 N

v girl = ? w girl = 490 N

Before we solve for the girl's velocity, let us get first the MASS of the
boy and girl.

MASS reflects to the amount of matter an object contains, while

WEIGHT refers to the force gravity applies to an object.

Formula: w = mg

Formula: m = w/g

m boy = 735 N / 9.8 M/s2 = 75 kg

m girl = 490 N / 9.8 M/s2 = 50 kg

Solution:
Total initial momentum = Total final momentum
p initial = 0 (it started at rest) p final = m1v1 + m2v2= 0

- m1v1 + m2v2

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

EDUCATION HIGH SCHOOL
SCIENCE 9
LEARNING MODULE 1
 LET'S TALK ABOUT IT
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

Therefore, the two children must have equal and opposite

momenta. Take note, that the sign indicates the direction of the
motion and because they are moving in opposite direction, they
should have an opposite signs.

- mboy vboy = mgirl vgirl

-(75 kg)(1.50 m/s) = (50 kg) (v)
-112.5 kg m/s = 50 kg (v)
-112 kg m/s / 50 kg = 50 kg / 50 kg

-2.25 m/s = v girl

Guide Question:
1. Does the negative sign in the girl's final velocity represent the
direction of her motion compared to the direction of the motion of
the boy?

2. Does the speed of the girl compare reasonably to the speed of

the boy?

3. Why do they have different speed?

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

EDUCATION HIGH SCHOOL
SCIENCE 9
LEARNING MODULE 1
 LET'S TALK ABOUT IT
COLLISION

It is an encounter between two objects resulting in exchange of impulse

and momentum.

In any collision, there must be conservation of linear momentum, but this

can express itself in a variety of ways depending on the type of collision.

Collisions are categorized according to whether the total kinetic energy

of the system changes.

Kinetic energy may be lost during collisions when:

It is converted to heat or other forms like binding energy, sound, light
(if there is a spark),etc. and
It is spent in producing deformation or damage, such as when two
cars collide.

ELASTIC COLLISION

One in which the total kinetic energy of the system does not change, and
colliding objects bounce off after collision. The objects involved remain
separate after the collision. This collision, total kinetic energy and
momentum are conserved, the objects will bounce off with one another
with no energy lost even after the collision.

INELASTIC COLLISION

One in which the total kinetic energy of the system changes (converted to
some other form of energy). Objects that stick together after collision is
said to be perfectly inelastic. They are two separate objects collide after
which they move together as one. One example are asteroids, the
collision is inelastic and they fuse together to form a larger body.

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

EDUCATION HIGH SCHOOL
SCIENCE 9
LEARNING MODULE 1
 BUILDING
CONNECTIONS
Let us now make sense of the things you have read and
viewed thus far. Answer the following reflection questions
using the space provided. Write down your ideas and
provide supporting details to better explain your answer.

What does it mean when

we say that momentum is
conserved, and how does
this apply to collisions?

When a heavy truck

collides with a passenger
car, the occupants of the
car are more likely to be
hurt than the truck
driver. Why? (Assume
that the truck and the car
are both traveling at the
same speed at the
moment of impact.)

Suppose you catch a

baseball and then
someone invites you to
catch a bowling ball with
either the same
momentum or with the
same kinetic energy as
the baseball. Which
would you choose?
Explain.

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

EDUCATION HIGH SCHOOL
SCIENCE 9
LEARNING MODULE 1
 CONCEPT CHECKPOINT
Learning Checkpoint! At this point,
you can clearly distinguish the the
different parts of the reproductive
system and its function.

Can you properly explain impulse,

momentum and collision? I am
confident that you can now very
well distinguish and explain these
topics.

You are now at the end of this

learning module. Do you still have
questions in mind? Is something
unclear?

If you have some more questions, you can go back to

the other parts of this learning module and review your
notes accordingly. You can post your questions in the
Discussion Forum for this learning module in our virtual
classroom. You can also raise your questions during
our synchronous class discussion.

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

EDUCATION HIGH SCHOOL
SCIENCE 9
LEARNING MODULE 1
 REFERENCES
Alfonso, F., Banlaga, G., Retone, L. (2017). World of Science for Critical

Thinkers. The Library Publishing House , Inc.

Sanibel Sea School. (2020, June 24). Homology and analogy - a lesson in

biology. Sanibel Sea School. Retrieved January 15, 2023, from

https://www.sanibelseaschool.org/experience-

blog/2020/6/24/homology-and-analogy-a-lesson-in-biology

Fossil. National Geographic Society. (n.d.). Retrieved January 15, 2023,

from https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/fossil

Analogous structures - definition and examples: Biology online. Biology

Articles, Tutorials & Dictionary Online. (2022, June 12). Retrieved

January 15, 2023, from

https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/analogous-structures

Rizzo, C., Donald., (2016) Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology.

Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd

Biology 2e, Ecology, Ecology and the Biosphere, Biogeography | Opened

CUNY. https://opened.cuny.edu/courseware/lesson/838/overview.

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

EDUCATION HIGH SCHOOL
SCIENCE 9
LEARNING MODULE 1
Photograph by Ramiltibayan (2015), distributed under a CC-BY-SA-4.0 license.
Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Albertus_Magnus_Building.JPG
Note: Changes were made from the original image.