Medi Call FCPS – 1 | Physiology - Cell Physio

PHYSIOLOGY

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Medi Call FCPS – 1 | Physiology - Cell Physio

✦ N.I.H USA, Pg. ,

6. Phospholipid membrane ☛ Both polar ( Head end ) and non-polar (

Cell Physio
Tail end ). (Amphipathic Molecules)
7. Muscle membrane is relatively permeable to ☛ Water (Aquaporin
channel)
8. Cell wall is protected by ☛ Lipid breakdown products
9. Tyrosine kinase receptors are present in ☛ Cell membrane (Enzyme-
linked)
10. Function of cholesterol in cell membrane of Lipid bilayer ☛ Permits
ion movement (Affects ion channels)
11. Cell membrane contains ☛ Ionic bonds (Electrostatic attraction )
Cell Envelop Endoplasmic Reticulum
1. True about plasma membrane: (Med 17 June 2021 (A.N) +5 in
12. Feature of Nuclear Membrane is? (Surg 23 April 2019 (E) +4
past) - ID: 15762
in past) - ID: 711
Ⓐ Bilayer of phospholipid with intermix protein and cholesterol
Ⓐ Has no pores Ⓑ Is produced by Smooth ER
Ⓒ Continuous with RER Ⓓ Continuous with mitochondria
Ⓑ Bilayer of cholesterol with 1 layer of phospholipid
Ⓒ Bilayer of protein Ⓓ Bilayer of Carbohydrates Ⓒ ✪ Many Integral proteins ➜ form membrane pores ➜ water and
watersoluble substances, especially ions diffuse
Ⓐ Cell membrane basic structure ✪ Endoplasmic reticulum ➜ connected with space between two
✪ Lipid Bilayer ☛ Thin, Double-layered film of lipids membrane surfaces of nuclear membrane
__◉ Lipids Types ☛ Phospholipids, Sphingolipids, Cholesterol ✪ ✦ Guyton, Pg. 13, 15
Proteins ☛ Large globular ➜ Interspersed in lipid film
13. Protein synthesis occur in which of following ? (Surg 16
__◉ Integral Proteins ☛ Protrude all way
June 2021 (A.N) +15 in past) - ID: 22942
__◉ Peripheral Proteins ☛ Do not penetrate Lipid layer
✦ Guyton, Pg. 12 Ⓐ RER with Ribosomes Ⓑ SER
Ⓒ Mitochondria Ⓓ Nucleus
2. Growth factors at cell bring about effects by working on
(Med 23 Feb 2023 (A.N) +2 in past) - ID: 24929
Ⓐ RER with Ribosomes attached ☛ mRNA moves from nucleus to
Ⓐ Nucleus Ⓑ Cell Membrane ribosome ➜ As ribosome builds amino acid chain, chain is pushed
Ⓒ RER Ⓓ SER into cisternal space of RER ➜ When proteins synthesis completes, they
collect and RER pinches off a vesicle.
Ⓑ Cell Membrane ☛ specific receptors on cell membrane ➜ Growth ✦ Ganong, Pg. 43 ✦ Guyton, Pg. 33
factors bind ➜ initiates cell growth or differentiation.
14. Organelle needed for steroid metabolism and
Nucleus. ☛ some signals can affect nucleus and change gene
Detoxification (Gynae 17 Feb 2021 (M) +9 in past) - ID: 24311
expression,But not for majority
✦ Ganong, Pg. 57 Ⓐ Mitochondria Ⓑ RER ,
3. Phospholipid importance in cell membrane ? (Surg 17 Nov Ⓒ SER Ⓓ Peroxisome
2022 (M)) - ID: 83054
Ⓒ SER ☛ site of steroid synthesis in steroid-secreting cells and site of
Ⓐ Water insoluble Ⓑ Polar and non polar ends detoxification processes in other cells
Ⓒ Non polar end impermeable to water ✦ Ganong, Pg. 44

Ⓑ Phospholipids are crucial in cell membrane because they have a 15. In protein synthesizing cells basophilia and Blue
polar (hydrophilic) head and nonpolar (hydrophobic) tails ➜ This staining with H and E is due to which of following reasons?
(Med 2 Dec 2021 (A.N) +26 in past) - ID: 34063
structure allows them to form a lipid bilayer, creating a barrier that
separates inside of cell from outside Ⓐ SER Ⓑ Ribosomes
Nonpolar ends of phospholipids are indeed hydrophobic, water can Ⓒ Mitochondria Ⓓ Golgi
still pass through cell membrane via special protein channels, making
this option less accurate. Ⓑ RER contain ribosome ➜ Basophilic ➜ Blue staining with H and E
✦ Guyton, Pg. 12 ✦ Leeds Uk, Pg.

4. What kind of bond is present between proteins and lipid 16. Self Replicative Organelles Peroxisomes, contain
bilayer in a membrane? (Gynae 22 Feb 2023 (M) +12 in past) - ID: Oxidase enzyme, are developed by? (Med 15 Feb 2022 (A.N) +5
19395 in past) - ID: 2805

Ⓐ Covalent Ⓑ Hydrophilic Ⓐ Golgi Apparatus Ⓑ Mitochondria

Ⓒ Hydrophobic Ⓓ Covalent and hydrophobic Ⓒ RER Ⓓ SER

Ⓒ ✪ Integral proteins ☛ joined to lipid bilayer by ➜ Hydrophobic Ⓓ Peroxisomes ☛ Formed by self-replication (or by budding off from
✪ Peripheral ☛ joined by ➜ Non Covalent Electrostatic force SER ) rather than from Golgi apparatus
✦ BRS Physiology, Pg. 1 ✦ Guyton, Pg. 16

5. A young woman has signs of viral hepatitis. She has 17. Function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) (Med
nausea for last few days and mild scleral icterus On 22 Feb 2023 (A.N)) - ID: 68638
laboratory investigations, her ALT and AST are elevated
Ⓐ Lipids and Steroid synthesis Ⓑ Ca2+ handling
What cellular damage leads to their elevation? (Med 25 May
2023 (M) +5 in past) - ID: 19478 Ⓒ Drug detoxification Ⓓ TAG resynthesis
Ⓔ All
Ⓐ Cell wall Ⓑ Mitochondria
Ⓒ Cell membrane Ⓓ Lysosomes Ⓔ SER ☛ multiple functions include lipid and steroid synthesis,
calcium ion handling, drug detoxification, and triglyceride (TAG)
Ⓒ Plasma membrane ☛ Normally impermeable to enzymes resynthesis.
If Damaged in Liver ,heart diseases ☛ enzymes release in
extracellular space ➜ marker of cell damage

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Medi Call FCPS – 1 | Physiology - Cell Physio

18. Nissel’s body is composed of: (Med 25 May 2023 (A.N) +22 in 37. Nucleolus ☛ No limiting membrane (RNA and protein)
past) - ID: 16617
38. Stain used for staining nucleus is ☛ Hematoxylin
Ⓐ Mitochondria Ⓑ Golgi apparatus 39. True about Messenger RNA ☛ Messenger RNA has a codon (3
Ⓒ SER Ⓓ RER nucleotide sequence)
40. Nuclear Membrane ☛ Has pores (Allow small particles)
Ⓓ Nissl Body / substance ☛ Large granular body found in nerve
cells ➜ combination of stacks of RER, interposed with rosettes of free Cytoskeleton
polysomes
✦ Sceincedirect Elsevier, Pg.
41. Triple pattern of microtubules present in which cellular
structure? (May 2023 (A.N) +6 in past) - ID: 3882
19. Ribosome composition (Radio 23 May 2023 (A.N) +2 in past) -
ID: 83458 Ⓐ Flagella Ⓑ Centrioles
Ⓒ Cytoplasmic microtubules Ⓓ Stereocila
Ⓐ Protein Ⓑ DNA
Ⓒ Protein + RNA Ⓑ Centrioles are typically made up of nine sets of short microtubule
triplets, arranged in a cylinder.
Ⓒ Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal proteins and ribosomal RNA
(rRNA) that together form large and small subunits. 42. A medical student was studying a microscope slide of
transitional epithelium. He noticed unduly thick and darkly
20. Bounded by single membrane ☛ ER and Peroxisomes (Vacuole, stained luminal plasma membrane of surface cells. It is
Lysosomes and Golgi) most likely due to (CPSP Demo) - ID: 17632
21. Lipids storage and formation occur In ☛ Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ⓐ An artifact Ⓑ A layer of glycocalyx
(Enzymes)
Ⓒ Aggregation of cytoskeletal elements
22. Basophillia of pancreatic cells is due to ☛ Ribosomes (On RER) Ⓓ Oblique section of plasma membrane
23. Leydig cells ☛ Have high level of SER (Scattered RER.)
Ⓒ Cytoskeleton forms structural support of cell and gives dark
24. Paneth cells ☛ Rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum
staining under microscope and in contracted part of transitional
Nucleus epithelium aggregates may appear dark
✦ N.I.H USA, Pg.
25. Which of following cell organelle contain double
membrane and in contact with RER? (Gynae 8 Sep 2017 (A.N) 43. Cytokeratin function (Eye 23 May 2023 (M)) - ID: 84309
+8 in past) - ID: 1161
Ⓐ Cytoskeletal Ⓑ Enzymatic
Ⓐ Nucleolus Ⓑ Centriole Ⓒ Secretory Ⓓ Barrier
Ⓒ Ribosomes Ⓓ Nucleus
Ⓐ Cytokeratins are intermediate filament proteins that provide
Ⓓ Double Membranes ☛ Nucleus, Mitochondria, Plastids structural support to epithelial cells➜ crucial component of
➊ Nuclear outer membrane ☛ continuus with RER cytoskeleton, contributing to cellular strength and integrity.
➋ Nuclear Inner membrane ☛ continous with lamina
✦ Guyton, Pg. 17 44. Microtubules are part of (Eye 23 May 2023 (M) +9 in past) -
ID: 17560
26. Site of sister chromatid attachment to spindle fiber
called (Dent 16 Nov 2022 (M) +2 in past) - ID: 37123 Ⓐ Centrioles Ⓑ Cell membrane
Ⓒ Peroxisomes Ⓓ All of above
Ⓐ Centrioles Ⓑ Microtubules
Ⓒ Kinetochore Ⓓ Centromere Ⓐ Centriole is a small set of microtubules that are arranged in a
specific way and involved in cell division.
Ⓒ Sister chromatids attach to spindle fibers at their ➜ kinetochores.
All ONE LINERS Below and other CONTROVERSIAL MCQs 45. Cytokeratin is made of ? (Anesth 14 June 2021 (A.N) +13 in
past) - ID: 13005
are present on MediCall App in Full MCQ form !
Just search relevant Keyword in App search bar and Ⓐ Glycoproteins Ⓑ Intermediate filaments
find Full MCQ with Explanation & Reference Ⓒ Microtubules Ⓓ Microfilaments

27. Major content of nucleolus is (Anesth 23 May 2023 (M) +14 in Ⓑ Cytokeratins ☛ keratin proteins ➜ made up of intermediate
past) - ID: 12712 filaments ➜ found in intracytoplasmic cytoskeleton of epithelial tissue
✦ Ganong, Pg. 39
Ⓐ Small RNA Ⓑ DNA
Ⓒ Proteins Ⓓ Lipid 46. RBCs produce ATP with help of glycolytic enzymes.
This reaction takes place in? (Gynae 22 Feb 2023 (A.N) +3 in
Ⓐ Nucleolus main function is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and past) - ID: 34722
ribosome biogenesis
Ⓐ Cytoplasm Ⓑ Nucleolus
Ⓒ SER Ⓓ Mitochondria
28. Chromosomes ☛ composed of DNA and non-histone proteins (In Ⓔ Centriole
Nucleus)
29. Basophilic Bluish staining by hematoxylin ☛ Nucleus (Acidic DNA) Ⓐ ✪ Mitochondria ☛ Fatty acid oxidation (β-oxidation), acetylCoA
production, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, ketogenesis
30. A cell active in protein synthesis will have ☛ Prominent dark
✪ Cytoplasm ☛ Glycolysis, HMP shunt, and synthesis of
Staining nucleolus (Enlarged)
cholesterol (SER), proteins
31. Radiation Injury Effects ☛ Nucleus (DNA) ✦ First Aid, Pg. 72
32. Of centered nucleus Is present In ☛ Plasma cells
47. Ciliary Movements (Surg 16 Feb 2022 (E) +4 in past) - ID:
33. Perinuclear Cistern: ☛ Bounded by inner and outer nuclear 37367
membrane continuous at nuclear pore
Ⓐ Actin/ Myosin
34. Heterochromatin ☛ Inactive form of DNA Ⓑ Intermediate filaments/Desmin
35. rRNA synthesis occur in ☛ Nucleolus (Ribosome biogenesis) Ⓒ Microtubules/Dynein arm
36. Nature / Type of protein is dependent on ☛ Sequence of Bases In
DNA
Ⓒ EXPLANATION

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Medi Call FCPS – 1 | Physiology - Cell Physio

48. Which structure is produced by basal bodies (DENTAL 16 Ⓒ ✪ Cadherins ☛ Cell to cell attachment ➜ Desmosomes
Aug 2022 (A.N) +2 in past) - ID: 16404 ✪ Integrins ☛ Transmembrane linkers between ECM
and Cytoskeleton ➜ hemidesmosomes
Ⓐ Cell wall Ⓑ Microfilaments
✦ Robbins, Pg. 12
Ⓒ Cilia Ⓓ Slime capsule
63. Which intracellular connection has cell- cell transfer
Ⓒ Centrioles, from which basal bodies are derived, act as anchoring characteristics? (Med 23 Feb 2023 (A.N) +3 in past) - ID: 77968
sites for proteins that in turn anchor microtubules, and are known as
microtubule organizing center (MTOC). They prduce cilia and Ⓐ Gap junctions Ⓑ Tight junctions
flagella.These microtubules provide structure and facilitate movement Ⓒ Desmosome
of vesicles and organelles within many eukaryotic cells.
Ⓐ Gap junctions ☛ Cytoplasmic channel between two cells having
49. Best marker in pt with increasing swelling in thigh and no bone Lowest resistance ➜ Fastest conduction
connection on Xray ☛ Vimentin (Type III intermediate filament) ✦ N.I.H USA, Pg.

50. Absolute bone conduction zero Keratin and vimentin are found in 64. Intercellular junction like a spot weld between cell and base ☛
cancers are ☛ Intermediate filaments Hemi desmosome (Attach cells to basal lamina )
51. Man with painful thigh muscles, xray show mass lesion, muscle 65. Gap junctions ☛ Cytoplasmic bridge for electrical conduction
marker ☛ Desmin (Intermediate filament ) (Connect cytoplasm of 2 cells)
52. Actin and actin-like filaments contain ☛ Microfilament 66. Connexins are part of ☛ Gap Junctions (12 connexin proteins)
53. Glycocalyx contains ☛ Carbs moities (Pericellular matrix) 67. Structure having a protein channel with lowest resistance ☛ Gap
54. Related to centrosome ☛ Centrioles (Pair) junction (Fastest conduction)
55. Basal body present in ☛ cytoplasm (Under cell membrane ) 68. Thymic-blood barrier contains ☛ Tight junction (Prevent
macromolecule transport)
56. 2nd abundant component of protoplasm of most cells ☛
Protein (10-20 %) 69. Cells of simple columnar epithelium are connected by ☛ Tight
junctions only (Claudins)
57. Keratin and desmin collectively called as ☛ Intermediate filaments
70. Gap junctions are ☛ Excitatory (Low resistance)
Cellular Junctions
71. Cytoskelatal structure that connects extacellular matrix to inter-
58. Which of following is communication between cells cellular desmosomes ☛ Intermediate filaments (Desmosome)
which prevents unwanted materials from passing through
them ? (Surg 16 Feb 2022 (E) +7 in past) - ID: 1027
Cellular Enzymes
72. Peroxidase, catalase enzymes are present in: (Med 19
Ⓐ Tight junctions Ⓑ Zona adherens
Nov 2022 (M) +15 in past) - ID: 15742
Ⓒ Desmosomes Ⓓ Gap junctions
Ⓐ Lysosome Ⓑ Golgi apparatus
Ⓐ Tight junctions ☛ Occluding junctions or Zonulae occludentes Ⓒ Ribosomes Ⓓ Peroxisome
➊ Bind cells together Tightly
➋ Prevent molecules from passing in between cells Ⓓ ✪ Lysosomes ☛ contain hydrolase (digestive) enzymes
✦ Jaypee, Pg. 22 ✪ Peroxisomes ☛ contain Catalase and Oxidases
✦ Guyton, Pg. 16
59. Loss of adhesion in GIT cells occurs due to? (Surg 15 Aug
2022 (E) +1 in past) - ID: 34729 73. Clearance of unfolded, damaged or defective proteins
is function of ? (Surg 19 Feb 2019 (E) +5 in past) - ID: 22650
Ⓐ Collagen Ⓑ Actinin
Ⓒ Fibronectin Ⓓ Myosin Ⓐ Proteosome Ⓑ Lysosome
Ⓒ Golgi complex Ⓓ Peroxisome
Ⓒ ◉ Tumor cells attach to each other by E.cadherin ➜ Down regulation
of E.cadherin ➜ Dissociation of attached cells ➜ Cells attach to Ⓐ Proteasomes ☛ protein complexes ➜ degrade only unneeded,
laminin ➜ Destroy BM via Collagenese ➜ Attach to fibronectin in ECM unfolded or Damaged proteins by proteolysis
and spread locally Lysosomes ☛ Hydrolase enzymes ➜ Digests normal or abnormal
✦ Robbins, Pg. 221, 194
proteins
✦ Guyton, Pg. 87
60. Transient adhesion involves (Surg 23 Feb 2023 (M) +9 in
past) - ID: 34495
74. Glucocerebrosidase in which organelle? (Patho 15 Nov
2022 (M)) - ID: 83028
Ⓐ Selectin Ⓑ Actin
Ⓒ PECAM Ⓓ Myosin Ⓐ Lysosome Ⓑ Mitochondrion
Ⓒ Golgi apparatus Ⓓ Endoplasmic reticulum
Ⓐ Selectins ☛ lectin-like adhesion glycoproteins ➜ mediate leukocyte
rolling ➜ reduce velocity of leukocyte movement along endothelial cell Ⓐ Glucocerebrosidase ☛ an enzyme that resides within lysosomes
➜ allow for firm adhesion. ➜ specifically breaks down a lipid called glucocerebroside into glucose
and ceramide ➜ Deficiency of this enzyme leads toGaucher's disease
61. Which of following cytoskeletal structure connects
extracellular matrix to intracellular ? (Med 30 Sep 2020 (A.N) 75. Organelle that binds carbohydrates with protein
+10 in past) - ID: 18099
forming glycoproteins, enclose them in Secretory vesicles,
Ⓐ Cadherins Ⓑ Microfilaments and release is? (Med 17 Nov 2022 (A.N) +7 in past) - ID: 593
Ⓒ Microtubules Ⓓ Integrins
Ⓐ RER Ⓑ SER
Ⓒ Golgi complex Ⓓ Mitochondria
Ⓓ Integrins ☛ Transmembrane linkers between ECM
and Cytoskeleton ➜ hemidesmosomes
Ⓒ Proteins formed by Ribosomes ➜ sent to adjacent RER matrix ➜
✦ Robbins, Pg. 12, 21 ✦ N.I.H USA, Pg.
Vesicles budd off from E.R having formed proteins ➜ E.R Vesicles fuse
62. Which adhesion belongs to CAM family responsible for with Golgi Apparatus ➜ proteins further processed into
Cells to cells adhesion during embryonic development ? glycoproteins and packaged in vesicles ➜ Lysosomes and Secretory
(ENT 15 Nov 2022 (M) +19 in past) - ID: 17628 vesicles then pinches off from Golgi ➜ transported inside and out of Cell
✦ Guyton, Pg. 22
Ⓐ Integrins Ⓑ Selectins
Ⓒ Cadherin Ⓓ Laminin 76. Lysosome has secretion against bacterial iron because
they contain ? (Med 15 Feb 2022 (E) +7 in past) - ID: 18116

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Medi Call FCPS – 1 | Physiology - Cell Physio

Ⓐ Mitochondria Ⓑ Golgi apparatus

Ⓐ Oxidases Ⓑ Proteases Ⓒ RER Ⓓ Cytoplasm
Ⓒ Catalases Ⓓ Hydrolases
Ⓐ Mitochondria ☛ possess their own genetic material and ribosomes
Ⓓ ✪ Lysosomes ☛ contain hydrolase (digestive) enzymes ➜ can Self Replicate
✪ Peroxisomes ☛ contain Catalase and Oxidases ✦ Guyton, Pg. 17
✦ Guyton, Pg. 16
92. When more energy is needed by cell what happens to
77. On H and E staining a student sees hollow structure mitochondria? (Med 16 June 2021 (E) +9 in past) - ID: 2578
around nucleus. What it could be: (CPSP Demo +4 in past) - ID:
17622 Ⓐ Mitochondria divide
Ⓑ Self replication using own DNA
Ⓐ Golgi apparatus Ⓑ Lysosomes
Ⓒ Swelling of mitochondria occur
Ⓒ Ribosomes Ⓓ Endoplasmic reticulum
Ⓓ Simple diffusion
Ⓑ CPSP KEY
Ⓑ Mitochondria ☛ possess their own genetic material and ribosomes
78. After glucose entry to body, energy is generated to ➜ can Self Replicate ➜ Provides more energy when needed
oxidases and water by (Med 16 May 2022 (E) +4 in past) - ID: ✦ Guyton, Pg. 17
72141
93. Cardiolipin is present in which organelle? (Surg 22 Feb
Ⓐ Mitochondria Ⓑ Peroxisomes 2023 (A.N) +16 in past) - ID: 22768
Ⓒ Lysosome Ⓓ Nucleus Ⓐ DNA Ⓑ Golgi complex
Ⓒ Cell membrane Ⓓ Mitochondrial membrane
Ⓐ Mitochondria are primary site of energy generation through
oxidative phosphorylation. Ⓓ Cardiolipin ☛ Only found as Major Lipid of Mitochondrial
(Ganong , 26th Edition, p. 28) Membranes ➜ Essential for normal function
✦ Harper's, Pg. 201
79. Fats packaging and formation of secretory vesicles
takes place in which of following? (DENTAL 16 Aug 2022 (A.N) 94. Which organelle converts glucose and Oxygen into CO2
+8 in past) - ID: 22187
+ H2O and generates energy?Energy House of cell and
Ⓐ ER Ⓑ Golgi complex major synthesis of ATP occurs in? (Dent 23 May 2023 (A.N) +7 in
past) - ID: 19640
Ⓒ Cell membrane Ⓓ Mitochondria
Ⓐ Mitochondria Ⓑ Golgi apparatus
Ⓑ Lipids formed by S.E.R ➜ sent through E.R Vesicles to Golgi Ⓒ RER Ⓓ SER
Apparatus ➜ further processed and packaged in vesicles ➜ Secretory
vesicles budd off from Golgi Ⓐ Mitochondria ☛ extract energy from food through cellular
✦ Guyton, Pg. 21, 22 respiration ➜ Energy is released in form of ATP ➜ Power Bank of cell
✦ Guyton, Pg. 16
80. Function of lysosomes ☛ Microbicidal, Autophagy, Autolysis and
Digestion. (and Regression) 95. Only inherited from mother to child is (Anesth 23 May 2023
81. Fatty acid and glycerol combine in ☛ Golgi Apparatus (M) +21 in past) - ID: 13146

82. Oxygen dependent microbial killing or bactericidal effect is by ☛ Ⓐ Nucleus Ⓑ Mitochondrial DNA
Myeloperoxidase (Act on H2O2) Ⓒ Cillia Ⓓ G.appratus
83. Macrophages for Ingestion by phagosytosls, enzymes are stored In
☛ Lysosome (Phagolysosome ) Ⓑ Mitochondrial DNA ☛ Inherited exclusively from mother
because mitochondria in mammalian sperm are usually destroyed by
84. H2O2 is produced and destroyed in ☛ Peroxisome (Oxidation)
egg cell after fertilization
85. Glycosaminoglycans Sulphatlon process occurs in ☛ Golgi ✦ Ganong, Pg. 36
Apparatus
96. Increased number of Mitochondria is present in apical layer of ☛
86. Alcohol detoxification is through ☛ Peroxisome (Catalase) Ciliated cells (Consume much energy)
87. Very long chained fatty acids are catalyzed in ☛ Peroxisomes (Not -----
metabolized in mitochondria)
88. Lysosome contains ☛ Acid phosphatase (Acidic pH) 97. Amount of water weight in unit volume of air is (Anesth
15 Feb 2022 (M)) - ID: 72474
Mitochondria
Ⓐ Density Ⓑ Mass
89. Proton gradient is present in ? (Surg 19 Feb 2019 (A-N) +4 in Ⓒ Volume
past) - ID: 22583
Ⓐ Density ☛ Mass per unit volume of a substance ➜ (density =
Ⓐ Mitochondria Ⓑ ER
mass/volume).
Ⓒ Golgi complex Ⓓ Nucleus
- ID: 77865
Ⓐ Mitochondria ☛ ATP is formed by oxidative phosphorylation
➤ Proton gradient across mitochondrial membrane produce high- Ⓐ Endoplasmic reticulum Ⓑ Ribosome
energy ATP Bond Ⓒ Golgi body Ⓓ Glycogen
✦ Ganong, Pg. 11
Ⓓ Inclusions ☛ are cytoplasmic molecular aggregates such
90. Cell organelle containing DNA is: (Surg 15 Aug 2022 (E)) - as pigments organic polymers and crystal
ID: 76411 Examples ☛ Fat droplets and glycogen granules are examples of cell
Ⓐ Mitochondria Ⓑ Golgi body inclusions.
Ⓒ ER Ⓓ All 99. During which phase of cell cycle, cellular content of
DNA is doubled? (Med 16 May 2022 (E)) - ID: 76910
Ⓐ Answer-
Ⓐ Mitotic phase Ⓑ G1 phase
91. student is watching organelle under microscope which
Ⓒ G2 phase Ⓓ S phase
is in dividing stage, Which organelle can actively self
replicate other than Nucleus? (Gynae 16 Nov 2022 (M) +13 in Ⓓ Answer-
past) - ID: 21698

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Medi Call FCPS – 1 | Physiology - Cell Physio
100. Damage to which of following would cause loss of
Muscle tone? (Med 23 Feb 2023 (M)) - ID: 83357
Ⓐ Pacinian corpuscles Ⓑ Ruffini corpuscles
Ⓒ Meisseners corpuscles Ⓓ Golgi tendon organ
Ⓓ Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) are proprioceptive sensory receptors
embedded at junction of muscles and tendons ➜ sense changes in
muscle tension ➜ regulates muscle tone.
101. Which part of intermediate filaments involve in cell
repair? (Surg 16 Aug 2022 (M)) - ID: 84150
Ⓐ Desmin Ⓑ Vimentin
Ⓒ Cytokeratin Ⓓ Microtubulin
Ⓑ Vimentin ☛ a type of intermediate filament protein that is
predominantly expressed in mesenchymal cells ➜ maintains cellular
integrity and provides resistance to stress.
During cell repair, ➜ vimentin reorganizes to support cellular
architecture and facilitate healing process.
Cytokeratin ☛ primarily found in epithelial cells, not mesenchymal
cells ➜ maintains structural integrity of these cells + play a role in cell
repair,But Vementin is broadly involved in cell repair across various
tissue types.
✦ N.I.H USA, Pg.
102. Ovarian granulosa cells are part of: (Gynae 16 Nov 2022
(M)) - ID: 83968
Ⓐ Germ cells Ⓑ Ovarian follicles
Ⓒ Theca cells Ⓓ Oocyte
Ⓑ Ovarian granulosa cells ☛ surround and nourish developing
oocyte and produce hormones such as estrogen ➜ are component of
ovarian follicles.
103. In cell cycle G2 phase is between ? (Gynae 24 May 2023
(M) +6 in past) - ID: 20162
Ⓐ S and M Ⓑ G1 and S
Ⓒ M and interphase Ⓓ S and G1
Ⓐ DNA replication occurs during this S (synthesis) phase. Gap 2
During gap between DNA synthesis and mitosis, cell will continue to
grow and produce new proteins. At end of this gap is another control
checkpoint (G2 Checkpoint) to determine if cell can now proceed to
enter M (mitosis) and divide.
104. Basal bodies are derived from (Med 25 May 2023 (A.N) +13
in past) - ID: 36406
Ⓐ Centrioles Ⓑ Procentrioles
Ⓒ Golgi apparatus Ⓓ Ribosomes
Ⓐ EXPLANATION
105. In S1 phase ☛ Duplication of DNA occurs (S (synthesis))
106. Golgi tendon organ ☛ Looses muscle tension (Relaxation)
107. Barr body Is found In ☛ Interphase
108. Plasma membrane thicknesss ☛ 7.5 to 10 nm
109. Most growth factor have receptors on ☛ Plasma membrane of
resting cells
Transportation
Diffusion
1. Glucose facilitated diffusion is increased by : (Med 23 May
2023 (A.N)) - ID: 84323
Ⓐ Increasing electronegativity of cell
Ⓑ Increase activity of Na potassium ATPase
Ⓒ ATP-dependent uptake
Ⓑ Glucose facilitated diffusion ☛ Is dependent on sodium gradient
across cell membrane ➜ Increased activity of Na-K ATPase pumps more
Na out of cell ➜ Creates a more favorable gradient for sodium (and
glucose) to enter cell via co-transport.Even though facilitated diffusion
doesn't directly use ATP, Na-K ATPase, which maintains sodium
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gradient, is ATP-dependent. increasing activity of Na-K ATPase can
indirectly increase facilitated diffusion of glucose.
2. Exchange of gases like O2 and CO2 from alveoli to blood
is through? (Gynae 16 Nov 2022 (M) +20 in past) - ID: 19280
Ⓐ Passive diffusion Ⓑ Simple diffusion
Ⓒ Facilitated Ⓓ None of those
Ⓑ Simple diffusion is process of gas exchange between alveolar
compartment and pulmonary capillary blood following Fick Law
✦ Kaplan Physiology, Pg. 164
3. Transport of D. and L. glucose proceeds at same rate
down an electrochemical gradient by which of following
processes? (Med 17 Nov 2022 (M) +1 in past) - ID: 83926
Ⓐ Simple diffusion Ⓑ Facilitated diffusion
Ⓒ Primary active transport Ⓓ Cotransport
Ⓔ Counter transport
Ⓑ Glucose ☛ moves down its concentration gradient via facilitated
diffusion, a passive process that requires a carrier protein, GLUT
(glucose transporter).
Primary active transport ☛ movement of molecules against their
concentration gradient using energy, typically from ATP but glucose
typically moves via facilitated diffusion, not active transport.
4. Local anesthesia cross placenta by? (Gynae 15 June 2021
(A.N) +10 in past) - ID: 27846
Ⓐ Simple diffusion. Ⓑ Passive diffusion
Ⓒ Facilitated diffusion Ⓓ Active transport
Ⓐ Lidocaine and Bupivacaine ☛ Lipid soluble ➜ cross placenta by
simple diffusion
✦ Oxford, Pg.
5. Passive diffusion occurs from (Anesth 15 Aug 2022 (M)) - ID:
82432
Ⓐ Placenta Ⓑ Amnion
Ⓒ Both a and b
Ⓐ Placenta ☛ composed of several layers of cells ➜ acting as a barrier
for diffusion of substances between maternal and fetal circulatory
systems.
6. Across cell membrane diffusion increases due to ? (Surg
16 June 2021 (M) +6 in past) - ID: 21172
Ⓐ Water content Ⓑ Protein solubility
Ⓒ Lipid solubility Ⓓ Bipolar nature
Ⓒ More Lipid solubility ☛ More Rate of membrane diffusion
✪ Lipid soluble substances ☛ oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and
alcohol ➜ Diffuse across lipid membrane with ease.
✪ Water soluble substances ☛ ions, glucose and urea ➜ Can't cross
lipid membrane without facilitation
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7. Oxygen travel into capillaries by ☛ Simple diffusion (Fick Law)
8. Insensible loss from skin ➜ 350 - 350 ml ◉ loss from lungs ➜ 350 -
650 ml
So combined insensible water loss is around 600 - 800 ml
9. Loss of water by evaporation and insensible loss from body depends
upon ☛ Core body temperature
10. rate of diffusion of solute across cell membrane depends upon ☛
Total area of membrane surface and chemical gradient across surface
(Fick’s law)
11. Related to movement of molecules across capillary membranes ☛
Ficks Law
12. Water transport through process of ☛ Filtration
13. O2 and CO2 diffuse through cell membrane bcz ☛ They are lipid
soluble (Lipid bilayer)
12
Medi Call FCPS – 1 | Physiology - Cell Physio

14. Equalization of gases on both side of membrane: ☛ Simple
diffusion (Downhill)
15. Movement of glucose from higher to lower conc is called ☛ Simple
diffusion (Downhill)
16. Substance has to cross semipermeable membrane by simple
diffusion will ☛ Not be saturable (No carrier proteins )
17. Type of transport not via carrier protein is ☛ Simple diffusion
(Conc. gradient )
18. Diffusion is inversely proportional to ☛ Thickness of membrane,
Molecule size (and Charge )
19. Relative diffusion capacity depends on size of particle ☛ Water＞
Urea＞Glucose＞Inulin (Aquaporins)
Active Transport
20. In endocytosis inside membrane protein (Gynae 16 Nov
2022 (M)) - ID: 82901
Ⓐ ✪ H - K Pump ☛ proton pump of Stomach ➜ spends ATP to
exchange potassium ions into Parietal cells with H+ ions ( primary
active transport ) ➜ Secretes Acid
✪ Co and Counter Transports with Na ☛ Secondary Active
✦ Ganong, Pg. 48 ✦ Guyton, Pg. 57
26. Patient with vomiting developed hypokalemia with
some gastric problem, IV potassium given. How will it
enter intracellularly? (Surg 16 Feb 2022 (A.N) +10 in past) - ID:
21743
Ⓐ H-K pump Ⓑ Na-K pump
Ⓒ Freely move Ⓓ Leaky channels
Ⓑ ✪ Na-K Pump ☛ Major source of Active K+ transport
into cells ➜ Pumps three Na+ outside and Push 2 K+ into cell
✪ Leak Channels ☛ Specially found more in Nerve membranes ➜ 100
times more leaky to K+ than Na ➜ Rapid inflow of K+
✦ Guyton, Pg. 63, 63

Ⓐ Mitochondria Ⓑ Clathrin 27. Glucose and amino acids absorption in intestinal cells
Ⓒ Nucleous (Radio 15 Feb 2022 (M) +6 in past) - ID: 15561

Ⓑ Clathrin-mediated endocytosis ☛ occurs at membrane Ⓐ Facilitated Transport Ⓑ Pinocytosis

indentations where protein clathrin accumulates. Clathrin molecules Ⓒ Secondary Active Transport Ⓓ Endocytosis
have shape of triskelions, with three “legs” radiating from a central
hub Ⓒ Glucose absorption in intestine and renal tubules is mediated by
✦ Ganong, Pg. 46 secondary active transporters (SGLT-1 and SGLT-2) ✪ Other than
Intestine and Renal , Glucose transport across membrane is carried out
21. Drug weight more than 1000 Dalton will move into cell by facilitated diffusion via glucose transporters (GLUT). ( Guyton )
via ? (Dent 16 Nov 2022 (M) +6 in past) - ID: 19418
28. A molecule having 1000 dalton weight will be transported by ☛
Ⓐ Facilitated diffusion Ⓑ Simple diffusion Carrier transport (Endocytosis)
Ⓒ Pinocytosis Ⓓ Active transport
29. Active transport differs from Passive transport because ☛ Requires
Ⓒ Weight ＞ 1000 Da ☛ V. Large sized molecules ( e.g Vit B12 ) ➜ energy by anhydride bond (High energy)
transported via Endocytosis ( Pinocytosis ) 30. Transport which depends upon thickness ☛ Diffusion (Inversely)
✦ Katzung, Pg. 9 ✦ American Academy, Pg. 31. Oxygen ☛ transported through Simple diffusion (Lipophilic )
22. Receptor mediated endocytosis (Anesth 15 Aug 2022 (M)) - 32. Active transport ☛ Against electro-chemical gradient (Carriers)
ID: 82438
33. Transport through cell membrane involving Actin, myocin and
Ⓐ Cell lysis by porins Ⓑ Clathrin clathrin ☛ Pinocytosis (Vesicle)
Ⓒ Option C 34. Sodium Bile acid co transport in ☛ Ileum (Enterohepatic circultion)
35. Example of carrier mediated counter transport ☛ Na - glucose
Ⓑ Major route for endocytosis in most cell is mediated by molecule
transport
clathrin. This large protein assists in formation of a pit on inner surface
of plasma membrane of cell This pit then buds into cell to form a coated 36. Secondary active transport occurs via ☛ Na
vesicle in cytoplasm of cell 37. Primary active transport ☛ Uphill movement
23. Glucose and Amino acids are transported from Gut and 38. Active transport across cell membranes ☛ Is not increased by
Renal Tubules to blood through ? (Surg 16 May 2022 (A.N) +9 in hypothermia
past) - ID: 15859 39. Depends on Na- dependent transport ☛ Amino acids
Ⓐ Active transport Ⓑ Sec active transport 40. Active transport ☛ occurs for Few drugs (Passive for Most )
Ⓒ Simple diffusion Ⓓ Facilitated diffusion 41. Active transport ☛ Carrier mediated

Ⓑ Secondary active transport ( Co-Transport ) ☛ In Intestine and
Renal Tubules ➜ Sodium moves out of cells by primary active
transport ➜ large concentration gradient across cell membrane
develops ➜ this gradient provides energy ➜ pull Glucose and Amino
acids along with sodium through cell membrane with help of carrier
proteins
✦ Guyton, Pg. 57, 57, 57
24. Active transport of ions across cell membrane of a cell
is mainly due to (Med 15 Feb 2022 (A.N) +3 in past) - ID: 36352
Ⓐ Carriers Ⓑ Enzymes
Ⓒ Pumps Ⓓ Receptors
Ⓔ Structural proteins
42. Carrier dependent transport ☛ Depends against gradient
Facilitated Transport
43. Passive movement across membrane by carrier
proteins ? (Med 6 Nov 2018 (E) +5 in past) - ID: 21775
Ⓐ Simple diffusion Ⓑ Facilitated diffusion
Ⓒ Passive active transport Ⓓ None of these
Ⓑ Facilitated diffusion ☛ Passive transport ➜ No energy needed
But special transport proteins needed to facilitate diffusion
✦ Guyton, Pg. 51
44. Transport of glucose across placenta is carried out by?
(Gynae 22 Feb 2023 (M) +8 in past) - ID: 5564

Ⓒ EXPLANATION Ⓐ Na-glucose antiport Ⓑ Na-k-glucose cotransport

Ⓒ Simple diffusion Ⓓ Biport (co-transport)
25. Which of following is an example of primary active
Ⓔ Facilitated Diffusion
transport in cell? (Med 15 Feb 2022 (A.N) +3 in past) - ID: 3639

Ⓐ H-K pump in stomach Ⓔ Glucose ☛ Large molecules ➜ mostly facilitated diffusion

Ⓑ Na-glucose co-transport in intestine
Ⓒ Na- Amino acid co-transport in intestines
Ⓓ Na- Calcium counter transport
◉ Initial pregnancy ☛ Oxygen and Glucose both transported by ➜
Simple diffusion
◉ Late pregnancy ☛ Fetus Glucose need rises too high ➜ facilitated
diffusion of glucose through placental membrane ➜ via Non
Insulin dependent Glucose transporter ➜ GLUT3

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Medi Call FCPS – 1 | Physiology - Cell Physio

✪ Biport (co-transport) ☛ occur from lower to higher conc. ➜ Ⓐ Cell swelling Ⓑ Cell shrinkage
intestinal epithelial cells Ⓒ Apoptosis
☢ If No trimester mentioned then FACILITATED ＞ SIMPLE Ⓓ Difficulty in generation of action potential
Click and view Reference in MediCall Application
✦ Guyton, Pg. 1059 ✦ Ganong, Pg. 432, 433 Ⓑ ✪ Hypernatremia ➜ Increase osmolarity of ECF ➜ Water will be
diffused from intracellular compartment to extracellular ➜ Cell
45. Similar b/w Facilitated and active transport ☛ Carrier mediated
shrinkage
(Energy) ✦ Guyton, Pg. 316
46. Amino acids are transported from GIT cells to blood through ☛
60. Composition of normal saline isotonic to blood and
Facilitated diffusion (Lumen to cell by active)
other body fluids? (Surg 22 Feb 2023 (A.N) +7 in past) - ID: 14722
47. Example of facilitated diffusion ☛ Fructose in Small Intestine (GLUT
5) Ⓐ 0.9 gm in 10 ml distilled water
Ⓑ 9 gm in 1000 ml distilled water
48. V-max always occurs in ☛ Facilitated diffusion (Carrier proteins
Ⓒ 0.9gm in 100 ml distilled water
saturated.)
49. Transport maximum of substance means ☛ Maximum transport of Ⓑ ✪ Normal saline is 0.9% saline ☛ means there is 0.9 G of salt
substances across membrane (Saturated) (NaCl) per 100 ml of solution, or 9 G per liter ➜ 154 mEq of Na per liter
50. Transport maximum ☛ Inc of substance does not increase and much closer to isotonic
movement across membrane (Saturated) ✦ Guyton, Pg. 310

51. Common b/w facilitated diffusion and co-transport ☛ Both use 61. Osmotic pressure depends upon which of following
carriers proteins factors? (Radio 15 Nov 2022 (M) +8 in past) - ID: 10
52. Maximum renal tubular transport ☛ Lactate (Glucose ＞ Lactate)
Ⓐ Number of solute Ⓑ Size of solute
53. Transport tubular maximum for proteins: ☛ 30 mg/min (Max. limit) Ⓒ Type of solute Ⓓ Chemical composition
54. Glucose transport across membrane due to its concentration
difference occurs by ☛ Facilitated diffusion (GLUT) Ⓐ ✪ Osmotic pressure is amount of pressure required to stop
osmosis.
Osmosis ✪ It depends on number of particles, per unit volume of fluid, not on
mass because each particle exerts, on average, same amount of
55. Cause of hyponatremia is which of following ? (Med 24th
Nov 2020 (E) +7 in past) - ID: 20378 pressure, regardless of its mass, against membrane.
✦ Ganong, Pg. 6
Ⓐ Increased water intake Ⓑ Increased salt intake
Ⓒ Decreased water intake Ⓓ None above 62. Plasma colloid osmotic pressure is maintained by? (Med
15 Nov 2022 (A.N) +2 in past) - ID: 5563

Ⓐ Excess water-drinking / SIADH ➜ water shifts from hypo- Ⓐ Plasma albumin Ⓑ Plasma globulins
osmotic ECF into ICF ➜ Dilutional Hyponatremia ➜ Cerebral Edema ➜ Ⓒ Globulins Ⓓ Fibrinogen
neurological manifestations ( water intoxication )
✦ Davidson, Pg. 358 Ⓐ Osmotic pressure determined by number of molecules dissolved
rather than by mass of molecules
56. Which Solution is not Isotonic to Plasma ? (Anesth 29 Aug
2021 (A.N) +10 in past) - ID: 12315 ◉ Albumin ☛ has most number of Molecules ➜ contributes 80% of
total colloid osmotic pressure
Ⓐ 5% Dextrose Ⓑ Human Plasma Proteins ◉ Globulins ☛ 20% of total colloid osmotic pressure
Ⓒ 0.9% N/S Ⓓ Ringer Lactate ✦ Guyton, Pg. 196

Ⓐ 5 % Dextrose in water is packed as an isotonic solution but 63. RBCs were kept in Hypertonic solution of Urea what
becomes Hypotonic once in body because glucose (solute) dissolved in would happen? (Radio 21 Feb 2023 (A.N) +9 in past) - ID: 19301
sterile water is metabolized rapidly body cells Ⓐ Shrink transiently and return to original volume
Click and view Reference in MediCall Application Ⓑ Shrink then swell then Lyse Ⓒ Swell and Lyse
✦ Lippincott Nursing, Pg. 83, 83
Ⓓ No Change
57. Hyponatremia with increased ECF volume is usually
seen in? (Radio 16 FEB 2021 (M) +6 in past) - ID: 19715 Ⓐ Remember ☛ Cell membrane is freely permeable to Urea
➤ Cell placed in Hypertonic Urea solution ➜ more solute conc outside
Ⓐ Excessive water intake Ⓑ Dehydration cell ➜ water rushes out of cell ( water loves solute ) ➜ Cell would
Ⓒ Hypertonic Saline infusion Ⓓ Cardiac failure Shrink initially ➜ then Urea being freely permitted by membrane would
equilibrate tonicity by moving into cell ➜ water too moves inside ➜ cell
Ⓐ When large amounts of water are consumed, kidneys may not be returns to original volume with time
able to excrete excess water, leading to dilution of sodium Click and view Reference in MediCall Application
concentration in extracellular fluid ✦ American Physio. Society, Pg.
(Ganong , 26th Edition, p. 721).
64. Movement of Water from Cell To extra cellular space takes place by
58. What happens to RBCs in Urea solution ? (Med 17 Aug ☛ Osmosis (Downhill)
2022 (A.N) +10 in past) - ID: 22214
65. NaCl in 0.85% N/saline ☛ 0.85 gm NaCl in 100 ml = 850
Ⓐ No Change Ⓑ Shrink mg/100ml (0.85 g)
Ⓒ Swell up and Lyse Ⓓ Swell then Shrink 66. 9% saline solution means ☛ 9 gm in 100 ml of distilled water
67. To make 1 M Solution 180g of glucose should be dissolved in ☛ 1
Ⓒ Urea solutions ☛ mostly Hypotonic 300 mM
Liter (1 M = 1 mole in 1 litre water)
◉ Cell placed in Any hypotonic solution ➜ more solute conc inside cell
➜ water rushes into cell ( water loves solute ) ➜ Cell would Swell up 68. Osmosis is ☛ Passive process ➜ determined by Osmolarity (Solute
and Lyse conc.)
Remember ☛ Cell membrane is freely permeable to Urea so even if -----
cell is placed Isosmotic urea solution , it will turn hypotonic due to urea
freely movement into cell 69. Which mechanism is primarily responsible for chloride
✦ BRS Physiology, Pg. 29 ✦ American Physio. Society, Pg. , transport in thick ascending limb of loop of Henle? (Med 23
Feb 2023 (M)) - ID: 83555
59. Effect of hypernatremia on body is: (Gynae 22 Feb 2023 (M)
+6 in past) - ID: 33726 Ⓐ Cotransport Na / K / Cl Ⓑ K+ / cl- cotransport
Ⓒ Na+ / H+ exchanger Ⓓ Na+ / Ca2+ exchanger

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Medi Call FCPS – 1 | Physiology - Cell Physio

Ⓐ Thick ascending loop of Henle ☛ electrolyte reabsorption occurs
via a cotransporter protein (Na-K-2Cl symporter) ➜ simultaneously
moves (Na+), (K+), and (Cl-) from tubular fluid back into bloodstream
➜ maintains body's overall fluid and electrolyte balance
Cell Potentials
Resting Potential
1. Resting Membrane potential is due to? (Med 2 Dec 2021 (M)
+5 in past) - ID: 12503
Ⓐ K+ Ⓑ Na+
Ⓒ Ca++ Ⓓ Cl-
Ⓐ Membrane is 100 times more permeable to K+ than Na+ ➜ K+ leak
out even in a resting cell ➜ Major contributor in R.M.P ➜ -86 mv out
of -91
✦ Guyton, Pg. 64
2. Adaptation of receptor potential of skin transducer (Med
15 Feb 2022 (A.N) +3 in past) - ID: 37513
Ⓐ Constant stimulus decrease in receptor potential
10. Neuromuscular junction, action potential starts with
influx of? (Surg 16 Nov 2022 (A.N)) - ID: 83048
Ⓐ Calcium Ⓑ Sodium
Ⓒ Potasium
Ⓑ Depolarization ☛ Stimulus ➜ Na+ influx ➜ Change in polarity ➜
Opening of voltage gated Na+ ➜ Massive Na+ influx ➜ Depolarization
✦ Ganong, Pg. 90
11. Which of following decreases height of action potential
? (Gynae 22 Feb 2023 (M) +17 in past) - ID: 21269
Ⓐ Hypokalemia Ⓑ Hyperkalemia
Ⓒ Hyponatremia Ⓓ None above
Ⓒ Sodium influx ☛ Depolarization ➜ Action potential starts
Hyponatremia ☛ Height, Rate and Amplitude of A.P decreases
Hyperkalemia ☛ RMP decreased and membrane becomes partially
depolarized ➜ Initially, this increases membrane excitability. However,
with prolonged depolarization, cell membrane will become more
refractory and less likely to fully depolarize
✦ N.I.H USA, Pg. , ,

12. Currents caused by opening of which of following

Ⓐ EXPLANATION
channels contribute to Repolarization phase of action
3. In Resting membrane potential, Na-k gradient is potential ? (Radio 24th Nov 2020 (M) +6 in past) - ID: 12701
maintained by ? (Med 21 Feb 2023 (A.N) +7 in past) - ID: 23222
Ⓐ Na Channels Ⓑ K+ Channels
Ⓐ Efflux of potassium Ⓑ Influx in Na Ⓒ Ca++ Channels Ⓓ None
Ⓒ Efflux of Na Ⓓ Na/K atpase
Ⓑ Repolarization begins at peak of depolarization :
Ⓓ Na+-K+ ATPase ☛ pumps 3 Na+ outside and 2 K+ inside ➜ ➊ K+ channels open ➜ ↑ K+ efflux
provide an additional contribution to resting potential ➜ -4 millivolts ➜ ➋ Na+ channels close ➜ ↓ Na+ influx
maintains RMP ➤ Potential ☛ again ↑ Negativity inside ➜ ㊉ to ㊀ 90 mV
✦ Guyton, Pg. 64 ✦ Guyton, Pg. 65

4. What is an anion gap? (Gynae 16 May 2022 (M) +11 in past) - 13. Potential recorded after stimulating nerve trunk
ID: 13824 (depolarization) is? (Surg 17th Feb 2021 (M) +4 in past) - ID:
24716
Ⓐ Unmeasured cations and unmeasured anions
Ⓑ Measured cations and measured anions Ⓐ Compound potential Ⓑ Biphasic potential
Ⓒ Measured cations and unmeasured anions Ⓒ Uniphasic potential Ⓓ Spike potential
Ⓓ Measured anions and unmeasured cations
Ⓐ Compound action potential (CAP) ☛ a signal recorded from
Ⓑ Anion Gap ☛ difference between primary measured Cations ( Na+ a nerve trunk made up of numerous axons. It is result of summation of
and K+) and primary measured Anions ( Cl- and HCO3-) in serum many action potentials from individual axons in trunk.
✦ Medscape, Pg. ✦ American Academy, Pg.

5. Which of following, causes hyperpolarization of RMP, 14. Hyperkalemia leads to which of following? (Med 23 Feb
decreases neuronal excitability by change in resting 2023 (M) +1 in past) - ID: 33641
membrane potential ? (Radio 23 May 2023 (A.N) +13 in past) - ID: Ⓐ Decreased Action Potential Ⓑ Flaccidity
21013
Ⓒ Tachycardia Ⓓ Powerful contraction
Ⓐ Hypokalemia Ⓑ Hypoglycemia
Ⓒ Hyperkalemia Ⓓ Hypocalcemia Ⓑ Hyperkalemia ➜ partially depolarizes membrane ➜ becomes less
negative ➜ ↓ RMP in cardiac fibers ➜ ↓ Action Potential intensity➜ ↓
Ⓐ Hypokalemia ☛ causes hyperpolarization of RMP (RMP becomes contraction + ↓ Conduction
more negative) ➜ greater than normal stimulus required to initiate Leads to ☛ Dilated Flaccid heart + Arrythmias + Bradycardia
action potential ➜ cells become less excitable and A.P duration is ✦ Guyton, Pg. 121
prolonged 15. Most initial event in cardiac musclc depolarization is?
✦ N.I.H USA, Pg.
(CPSP Demo +3 in past) - ID: 34992
6. Resting membrane potential is achieved by ☛ Diffusion of potassium Ⓐ Na influx Ⓑ Ca efflux
outside cell (K leak channels) Ⓒ Ca influx Ⓓ K influx
7. Cell ☛ Low intracellular pH as compared to extracellular Ⓔ Na efflux
8. Na/K pump acts by ☛ Pump Potassium Against gradient (Spending
ATP ) Ⓐ Depolarization ☛ mainly due to opening of sodium channels ➜
allow Na+ to flow into cell.
Action Potential
16. Hyperpolarization in post synaptic membrane is due to
9. Action potential in cardiac cells increases in ? (DENTAL 16 Aug 2022 (A.N) +11 in past) - ID: 13223
extracellular by? (Radio 15 Aug 2022 (A.N)) - ID: 84172
Ⓐ Influx of Na Ⓑ Eflux of Cl
Ⓐ Na and calcium Ⓑ K and calcium Ⓒ Efflux of K Ⓓ Efflux of Ca
Ⓒ Na and K Ⓓ Mg and K
Ⓒ After action potential is over ➜ outflow of K+ ions occurs for almost
Ⓐ Action potential in cardiac cells depends on Na and Ca a Second ➜ more negative charge inside ➜ Hyperpolarization ➜
Sodium ions ☛ role in depolarization phase ➜ inward sodium decreases excitibility of fiber ( inhibitory post synaptic potential IPSP )
Calcium ions ☛ role in plateau phase, prolonging AP ➜ self excitation will not occur due to even more negativity beyond
RMP ➜ sooner this hyperpolarization due to K+ outflow will seize ➜

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Medi Call FCPS – 1 | Physiology - Cell Physio
Ⓑ Most control systems of body act by Negative feedback
Negative feedback ☛ a system's output acts to reduce or dampen
processes ➜ resulting in less output ➜ e.g Thermoregulation,
osmoregulation, body glycemic control, insulin regulation, CO2 and BP
regulation etc
Positive feedback ☛ magnify a process or increase its output ➜ e.g
Blood clotting, Childbirth contractions, nerve impulse generation etc
✦ Guyton, Pg. 8, 9
18. Why encapsulated myelinated fibers are fastest (Surg 18
Nov 2022 (M) +19 in past) - ID: 34468
Ⓐ Saltatory conduction Ⓑ Gene manipulation
Ⓒ Synapse Ⓓ Low gap junction
Ⓐ ✪ Myelin sheath ☛ increases axonal conduction velocity ➜ by
reducing capacitance of axonal membrane and allowing saltatory
conduction
✪ Saltatory conduction ☛ electrical impulse skips from node to node
down full length of axon.
19. All or none phenomenon Occur at ☛ Axon hillock
20. Conduction velocity of propagation in an axon is increased by ☛
Decrease in membrane resistance
21. Regarding myelinated fibres ☛ Na/K conductance in nodes
(Saltatory conduction)
22. At synaptic cleft ☛ Na enter through ligand gated channel
23. Most important for release of neurotransmitter ☛ Ca (Exocytosis of
ACh)
24. Ligand gated Ach receptors present at motor end plate (Na+
influx )
25. Acetylcholine ☛ Act on postsynaptic channel which are voltage
sensitive (Na+ influx )
26. In voluntary contraction, descending pathways cause excitation of
☛ Both alpha and gamma motor neurons (Coactivation)
27. Conduction in nerve fibers is slow down due to ☛ Non-myelinated
(0.25 m/sec)
28. Decreased conduction velocity in nerve fiber is due to ☛ Dec
diameter and demyelination (Myelin sheath: insulator)
29. No Action Potential after nerve is placed in Sodium Free water
medium and threshold stimulus is given.
30. On excitatory synapse: ☛ Cation influx on post synaptic through
ligand gated channels (Excitatory postsynaptic potentials)
-----
31. Blood-nerve permeability barrier ☛ Perineurium
32. Polymyositis Is associated with ☛ Endomysium
33. Train of four, having 2 twitches ☛ 80 %
34. Neuron hypokalemia ☛ Decrease excitiability
Muscles
Smooth Muscle
1. Which statement is true about Gap junctions? (Surg 1 Sep
2021 (M) +9 in past) - ID: 443
Ⓐ Are absent in cardiac muscle
Ⓑ Present in cardiac and smooth muscles
Ⓒ Absent in smooth muscle Ⓓ Present in skeletal
muscles
Ⓑ Gap junction ☛ forms channels between adjacent cardiac
muscle fibers ➜ quick passage of current between cells
Gap junction ☛ Present in Both Cardiac and Unitary smooth muscle
cells and Absent in Skeletal
✦ Ganong, Pg. 118
2. In smooth muscles, calcium binds with actin and which
to generate forces (Med 17 Nov 2022 (A.N) +3 in past) - ID: 83199
Ⓐ G protein Ⓑ Calmodulin
Ⓒ PLC Ⓓ Calsequestrin
Ⓔ Myosin
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Ⓑ Smooth muscle cells do not contain troponin, like in skeletal
muscle cells ➜ Ca2+ binds to calmodulin when muscle cell contracts ➜
This calcium - calmodulin complex removes caldesmon from actin sites
where myosin will attach (myosin light-chain kinase MLCK
phosphorylates myosin)
✦ Ganong, Pg. 116
3. Regarding preferential thorough fare channel correct
statement is (May 2023 (A.N) +9 in past) - ID: 72157
Ⓐ Small caliber Ⓑ Having smooth muscles
Ⓒ Open on demand
Ⓓ Present at origin of precapillary sphincter
Ⓔ Increase capillary valve
Ⓑ Thoroughfare channels ☛ Smooth muscle ＞ Have precapillary
sphincter ＞ open on demand
✦ Ganong, Pg. 568, 569 ✦ GRAY'S, Pg. 131
4. Diff b/w skeletal and smooth muscle ☛ Ca calmodulin present in
smooth muscle (Instead of troponin)
5. Smooth muscles ☛ Don’t fatigue (Slow contraction)
6. Smooth muscles ☛ Mononucleated (Strictly )
7. Smooth muscle does not have ☛ Intercalated disc
8. Muscle involved in myogenic reflex ☛ smooth muscle (To changes in
BP)
9. Smooth muscle of alveoli work by ☛ 02/k
10. Denervation of Kidney causes ☛ Increase vascular smooth muscles
tone
Skeletal Muscle
11. Thick filament of skeletal muscle contains which of
following ? (Med 21 Feb 2023 (A.N)) - ID: 23476
Ⓐ Actin Ⓑ Myosin
Ⓒ Dynein Ⓓ Kinm
Ⓑ Thick filaments consist primarily of protein myosin. Each thick
filament is approximately 15 nm in diameter, and each is made of
several hundred molecules of myosin. A myosin molecule is shaped like
a golf club, with a tail formed of two intertwined chains and a double
globular head projecting from it at an angle.
12. A band consists of (ENT 23 May 2023 (A.N) +4 in past) - ID:
84264
Ⓐ All of actin and a little of myosin
Ⓑ All of myosin and no actin Ⓒ All actin and no myosin
Ⓐ A band is a part of sarcomere, functional unit of muscle fibers ➜ It
contains entire length of a single thick filament (myosin) and includes
overlapping portions of thin filaments (actin).
13. Calcium ions trigger muscles contraction by binding to:
(Med 25 May 2023 (M)) - ID: 76168
Ⓐ Actin Ⓑ Myosin
Ⓒ Troponin Ⓓ Tropomysin
Ⓒ Calcium ions bind to troponin ➜ This causes a conformational
change in tropomyosin ➜ Exposes binding sites for myosin on actin
filaments ➜ contraction to occur.
14. Posture maintenance by increase and decrease of (Surg
22 Feb 2023 (M) +1 in past) - ID: 83052
Ⓐ Muscle Spindle Ⓑ GTO
Ⓒ Nuclear bag Ⓓ Alpha motor neurons
Ⓐ Muscle spindle ☛ ✪ Present in skeletal muscle ✪ Consist
of intrafusal fiber ✪ Supplied by gamma motor neuron
✦ Ganong, Pg. 229, 229, 231
15. Which of following is true regarding skeletal muscle ?
(Med 22 Feb 2023 (A.N) +10 in past) - ID: 23058
Ⓐ Belly throughout length Ⓑ Origin proximal and movable
Ⓒ Insertional distal and movable
Ⓓ None of above
17
Medi Call FCPS – 1 | Physiology - Cell Physio

Ⓒ Skeletal muscles move body. Skeletal muscle contractions pull on
tendons, which are attached to bones. If contraction of muscle causes
muscle to shorten, bone and, thus, body part will move
16. With rapidly repeated stimulus to a skeletal muscle
activation of contractile mechanism occur repeatedly
before any relaxation has occurred (Continuous
contraction without relaxation) and individual response
run into one another such a response is called: (Gynae 22 Feb
2023 (A.N) +8 in past) - ID: 35053
Ⓐ Tetany Ⓑ Tetanus
Ⓒ Tetanic Contraction Ⓓ Atony
Ⓒ Tetanic contraction ☛ sustained muscle contraction ➜ evoked
when motor nerve that innervates skeletal muscle emits action
potentials at very high rate.
17. During contraction of sarcomere which part remain
same length: (Gynae 17 Nov 2022 (M) +7 in past) - ID: 34021
23. Skelatal muscle doesn't help in providing glucose to blood bcz of ☛
Lack of Glucose-6 phosphatase (Muscle glycogen not used)
24. Tropomysin’s function ☛ Blocks mysoin binding sites on actin
(Prevents contraction)
25. Contraction that occurs repeatedly without any pause is ☛
Tetanization (Motor nerve)
26. Muscle radiating excess heat during exercise is ☛ Shortening heat
27. Skeletal muscle are supplied by ☛ Sympathetic and Somatic
nervous system
28. Skeletal Muscle Heat production is due to ☛ Contraction
29. Cross bridges in skeletal muscle are formed By ☛ Myosin (Binds to
actin)
30. Cholinergic vasodilation of skeletal muscle small arteries
hypothalamic stimulation Causes an intense increase in internal
diameter of small arteries in skeletal muscles
Cardiac Muscle

Ⓐ I band Ⓑ A band 31. Unique property Of cardiac muscles: (DENTAL 16 Aug 2022
Ⓒ M line Ⓓ Z lines (A.N) +18 in past) - ID: 29106

Ⓐ Not easily fatigued Ⓑ Gap junctions

Ⓑ A bands ☛ dark bands contain myosin filaments, as well as ends of Ⓒ 70% O2 consumption at rest
actin filaments where they overlap myosin ➜ remain fix in legth during
contraction Ⓒ ✪ Uniquely Heart has highest oxygen consumption per tissue mass
I bands and H-zone shorten. This causes Z lines to come closer of all human organs ➜ 70% of available oxygen is extracted
together. in coronary circulation at rest ( only ∼ 20–30% in brain, kidney, and
✦ Guyton, Pg. 75, 76
splanchnic circulations )
18. Excessive exercise for 4 hours, which of following will ✪ Single-unit smooth muscles contains gap junctions, to allow a rapid
he raised in muscle tissue? (Med 23 Feb 2023 (M)) - ID: 71058 spread of depolarisation and they never get tired easily
✦ Oxford, Pg. ✦ Guyton, Pg. 263
Ⓐ Lactate Ⓑ Glycogen
Ⓒ Pyruvate Ⓓ Myoglobin 32. Decrease stretch receptor on (Surg 16 Aug 2022 (A.N)) - ID:
82507

Ⓐ Excessive exercise, ➜ body's demand for energy exceeds aerobic Ⓐ Cardiac muscle Ⓑ Skeletal muscle
metabolism ➜ anaerobic metabolism increases, producing lactate as a Ⓒ Lungs
byproduct ➜ lactate accumulates in muscle tissue ➜ muscle fatigue and
muscle soreness. Ⓐ Strech receptor ☛ In lungs ( Prevent overinflantion), On muscle
spindles ( Prevent muscle tear)
19. Property of skeletal muscle under light microscope and
Less on cardiac muscle ( in right atria )
low magnification (Med 23 Feb 2023 (M)) - ID: 83325
✦ Guyton, Pg. 540 ✦ Ganong, Pg. 232, 232
Ⓐ Appears homogenous Ⓑ Fibers are not visible
33. Best example of a striate muscle that rhythmically
Ⓒ Cannot see any bands Ⓓ Dark and light band
myogenically contracts in a synchronised fashion: (Gynae 22
Feb 2023 (M) +5 in past) - ID: 16432
Ⓓ Under low magnification, a light microscope reveals striated
appearance of skeletal muscle, which consists of alternating dark and Ⓐ Cardiac muscle Ⓑ Skeletal muscle
light bands due to alignment of proteins within muscle fibers. Ⓒ Iris Ⓓ Ciliary body

20. Characteristics common between skeletal n cardiac Ⓐ Cardiac muscle ☛ like skeletal muscle has cross-striations, but it is
muscle: (Gynae 22 Feb 2023 (M) +9 in past) - ID: 24465 functionally syncytial and contract rhythmically in absence of external
innervation due to pacemaker cells that discharge spontaneously
Ⓐ Transverse striations
✦ Ganong, Pg. 99
Ⓑ Increase intracellular ca before contraction
Ⓒ Both are striated Ⓓ Lack Sarcomeres 34. Due to increase calcium in plasma (Gynae 22 Feb 2023
(A.N)) - ID: 83878
Ⓐ ◉ Cross or Transverse Striations common between Skeletal n
cardiac muscles Ⓐ Increased calcium in plasma makes cardiac muscles flacci
◉ Increase intracellular ca before contraction Common between Ⓑ Increased calcium in plasma makes cardiac muscles excit
skeletal and Smooth Ⓒ Increased calcium in plasma has no effect on cardiac muscle
◉ Sarcomeres common between Skeletal n cardiac muscles Ⓓ Increased calcium in plasma leads to cardiac arrest
◉ Smooth muscle cells lack sarcomeres
◉ Smooth muscle lacks striations
Ⓑ Elevated calcium in plasma ➜ lead to increased intracellular
✦ Ganong, Pg. 99, 115 calcium ➜ trigger for muscle contraction in cardiac cells.

21. Feature of skeletal muscles is ? (Radio 15 Aug 2022 (M)) - 35. Distinct feature of cardiac muscle (Gynae 22 Feb 2023 (A.N))
ID: 82575 - ID: 83879

Ⓐ Each nerve fiber innervate One skeletal muscle fiber
Ⓑ Each Muscle fiber innervated by One motor neuron
Ⓑ One muscle fiber in a muscle is innervated by one, and only one,
motor neuron (make sure you understand difference between a muscle
and a muscle fiber).
One motor neuron, however, can innervate many muscle fibers
22. Heat produced after rest of Muscle is called ☛ Maintenance heat
Ⓐ Receives blood supply from arteries directly arising from aorta
Ⓑ Draw 70-80%oxygen from blood of arteries
Ⓒ Have single nuclei
Ⓓ Draws 70-80% of oxygen from blood of veins
Ⓑ Cardiac muscle is highly oxygen-dependent and extracts about 70-
80% of oxygen.
Single nuclei is a characteristic of skeletal muscle cells, not cardiac
muscle cells.

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36. Faster spread of impulse in cardiac muscles through Ⓒ Muscle stretches ➜ Inverse stretch reflex activated ( Golgi tendon
cardiac myocytes and Heart works as syncytium because reflex) ➜ Contraction of muscle fibers decreases ➜ Prevents muscle
due to ? (Gynae 22 Feb 2023 (M) +23 in past) - ID: 19597 from stretching beyond a safe limit.

Ⓐ Fast upstroke Ⓑ Plateau 47. Group of students observing a dead body having
Ⓒ Ca channel Ⓓ K channel rigidity and stiffness. mechanism of Rigor mortis is? (Med 25
Ⓔ Gap junctions May 2023 (A.N) +21 in past) - ID: 35200

Ⓔ Gap junction ☛ forms channels between adjacent cardiac Ⓐ Failure of Troponin, tropomyosin, actin filament to separate
muscle fibers ➜ quick passage of current between cells
✦ Guyton, Pg. 109 Ⓑ Failure of Cross bridges of myosin to separate
Ⓒ Increase in ATP concentration
37. Type of muscle in heart (Dent 16 Nov 2022 (M)) - ID: 17587
Ⓓ Separation of Actin myosin crosses bridges
Ⓐ Straited muscle Ⓑ Smooth muscle
Ⓒ Skeletal muscle Ⓓ UNSTRIATED Ⓑ Rigor Mortis ☛ Several hours after death, all muscles
of body go into a state of contracture. rigidity results from loss of all
Ⓐ Cardiac muscles are striated with a single central nucleus in which ATP, which is required to cause separation of cross-bridges from actin
actin and myosin are arranged regularly. filaments during relaxation process.
✦ Guyton, Pg. 88
38. Why heart doesnt undergo tetanization (Surg 24 May 2023
(A.N) +13 in past) - ID: 21641 48. Sarcomere lies between: (Surg 24 May 2023 (A.N) +14 in
past) - ID: 35019
Ⓐ Long refractory period Ⓑ Short refectory period
Ⓒ Half refractory period Ⓓ No refractory period Ⓐ Two Z-Lines Ⓑ Two A-Lines
Ⓒ Two I-Lines Ⓓ Two Y-Lines
Ⓐ ◉ Absolute refractory period ➜ During phases 0 to 2 and about half
of phase 3 ➜ cardiac muscle cannot be excited again Ⓐ Sarcomere ☛ Repeating unit between two Z-lines
✦ First Aid, Pg. 456
◉ Relatively refractory ➜ until phase 4
Longer Refractory periods ➜ Tetanization cannot occur 49. Part of NMJ in skeletal muscle adjacent to
✦ Ganong, Pg. 114 neurotransmitter area (Med 17 Nov 2022 (A.N) +1 in past) - ID:
82869
39. Cardiac muscles are specialised type of ☛ Skeletal muscle (Same
contraction pattern) Ⓐ Motor end plate
40. Subclass of myosin in cardiac muscles ☛ Both alpha and beta Ⓑ Is less sensitive to neurotransmitter
(Isoforms) Ⓒ Converts neurotransmitter to active form
Ⓓ Contain vesicle that secrete neurotransmitter
41. Cardiovascular change in geriatric: ☛ Decrease elasticity of
myocardial (Degeneration)
Ⓐ Motor end plate ☛ a chemical synapse that is formed at sites
42. Permanent cells are found in ☛ Cardiac tissue where terminal branches of axon contact a target muscle cell.
Muscle Contraction
50. Common muscle protein for smooth and striated
43. A protein that is important for contraction of skeletal muscle? (Surg 22 Feb 2023 (A.N)) - ID: 83297
muscle but not smooth muscle: (ENT Feb 2023 (M) +2 in past) -
Ⓐ Actin Ⓑ Calmodulin
ID: 33925
Ⓒ Myosin
Ⓐ Myosin Ⓑ Actin
Ⓒ Troponin Ⓓ Ca-ATPase Ⓐ Actin is a common protein found in both smooth and striated
(skeletal and cardiac) muscles
Ⓒ Troponins are absent in smooth muscles but play major role in
51. Contraction of skeletal muscles involves activity of a
skeletal muscle contraction
✦ Ganong, Pg. 115
large number of muscle proteins. protein required for
muscles relaxation is (Med 23 Feb 2023 (A.N) +5 in past) - ID:
44. Which of following intermediate filament is present in 37431
muscle cell ? (Radio 23 May 2023 (M) +6 in past) - ID: 23289
Ⓐ Calcium back to sarcoplasmic retinaculum
Ⓐ Keratin Ⓑ Vimentin Ⓑ Tropomyosin Ⓒ Calciquestrin
Ⓒ Desmin Ⓓ Nestin Ⓓ Troponin Ⓔ Actin

Ⓒ ◉ Desmin ☛ intermediate filament (IF) protein occurring
exclusively in muscle and endothelial cells ➜ present throughout
smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscle cells
◉ Nestin and Vimentin ☛ not unique to muscles
✦ N.I.H USA, Pg.
Ⓐ During muscle relaxation, ☛ sarcoplasmic reticulum actively
pumps calcium back into lumen ➜ reducing cytosolic calcium
concentration ➜ This allows troponin to change its conformation ➜
enabling tropomyosin to block myosin-binding sites on actin.
(Guyton , 13th Edition, p. 85

45. Calcium in Skeletal muscle endoplasmic reticulum is 52. Common muscle protein for contraction in All types of
bound with (Med 25 May 2023 (M) +8 in past) - ID: 2853 Muscles ? (Med 23 Feb 2023 (A.N) +7 in past) - ID: 37154

Ⓐ Desmin Ⓑ Calmodulin Ⓐ Calmodium Ⓑ Actin and Myosin

Ⓒ Myosin kinase Ⓓ Calsequestrin Ⓒ Troponin Ⓓ Tropomyosin

Ⓓ Calsequestrin ☛ protein inside reticulum can bind up to 40 times Ⓑ Actin and myosin are both proteins that are found in every type of
more calcium muscle tissue. Thick myosin filaments and thin actin filaments work
✦ Guyton, Pg. 94 together to generate muscle contractions and movement.
46. What is true about inverse stretch reflex: (ENT 23 May 53. Actin is bound to Z line by (Med 15 Aug 2022 (A.N) +3 in
2023 (M) +1 in past) - ID: 84330 past) - ID: 33590

Ⓐ Muscle spindle cells Ⓑ Regulate tension in muscle Ⓐ Myosinin Ⓑ Laminin

Ⓒ Doesn't let muscles stretch beyond a limit Ⓒ Capsinin Ⓓ Actinin
Ⓓ Is monosynaptic

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Ⓓ Actinin ☛ binds Actin molecules to Z-line, which forms borders 67. Tremors ☛ Alternate contractions on each side of muscle spindle
of sarcomere. 68. Cardiac and skeletal muscle difference ☛ Tetanization
✦ Ganong, Pg. 101
69. Myocardial contractility is best correlated with intracellular
54. Man present emergency with fracture of shaft of femur concentration of ☛ Calcium
cast is applied after few months later when cast removed
70. Male is exercising which statement is true ☛ Cardiac muscle carries
gastrocnemius muscle size reduced due to: (Surg 30 Nov 2021
70 - 80% blood during exercise
(E) +7 in past) - ID: 26560
71. Similarity b/w skeletal and cardiac muscle ☛ Contains T tubule
Ⓐ Decreased actin and myosin
Ⓑ Decreased blood supply
Ⓒ Denervation

Ⓐ Resting in cast ➜ immobilised in cast ➜ diminished functional

activity ➜ Decreased actin and myosin ➜ Disuse atrophy
✦ Harsh Mohan, Pg. 37

55. G protein phospholipase C increases intracellular

concentration of? (Eye 30 Nov 2021 (M) +10 in past) - ID: 23016

Ⓐ Ca ions and IP3 Ⓑ Magnesium

Ⓒ Calcium Ⓓ None of above

Ⓐ Hormones activate transmembrane receptors ➜ activate enzyme

Phospholipase C ➜ catalyzes breakdown of PIP2 into two second
messengers ➜ IP3 and DAG ➜ IP3 mobilizes calcium ions from
mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum ➜ smooth muscle contraction
✦ Guyton, Pg. 934, 935

56. Ca binds with ☛ Troponin (Contraction)

57. Heat produced in excess of resting heat during contaction is called
☛ Initial heat (Activation heat)
58. During muscle contraction ☛ I band shortens
59. A rest actin is covered in its active site by ☛ Tropomyosin
60. Protein involved in power stroke of muscle ☛ Myosin
61. Calcium releases in muscle from ☛ Sarcoplasmic reticulum
(Contraction)
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62. What intermediate filament is found in zona adherens

(Surg 16 Feb 2022 (E)) - ID: 68650

Ⓐ Actin Ⓑ Myosin filament

Ⓐ Macula adherens (desmosomes) which contain intermediate

filaments. zonula adherens junction lies below tight junction (occluding
junction). In gap between two cells, there is a protein called E-cadherin
- a cell membrane glycoprotein.

63. During Prolonged exercise muscle involves which of

following mechanism to meet calorie need: (Gynae 22 Feb
2023 (A.N)) - ID: 78421

Ⓐ Fat uptake
Ⓑ Fatty acid release from adipose
Ⓒ Fat oxidation Ⓓ All of above

Ⓓ Prolonged exercise, ➜ muscles use a combination of fat uptake,

fatty acid release from adipose tissues, and fat oxidation to meet
calorie need ➜ Initially body uses carbohydrates (glycogen) for energy,
but as exercise continues, it gradually shifts to using fats for energy.

64. Proprioception is provided by muscle spindle due to

(Med 23 May 2023 (A.N)) - ID: 84246

Ⓐ Alpha 1a Ⓑ Type Ib afferent fibers

Ⓒ Type II afferent fibers Ⓓ Type III afferent fibers

Ⓐ Proprioception ☛ Muscle spindles have sensory endings ➜ Type

Ia afferent fibers wrap around middle of intrafusal muscle fibers ➜
provide CNS with information about muscle length and velocity of
muscle length change.

65. Creatinine produced by ☛ Skeletal muscle

66. Muscles are strong due to ☛ Multipinate

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Medi Call FCPS – 1 | May 2023 Papers