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Gross Anatomy
The gross anatomy section of the respiratory module is rather interesting. The main organs in
question are the lungs and the spotlight falls on the relations of various structures to each
other. With this guide, this section will be a breeze!

1) Recommended Books 📚
Standard Books

Gray’s Anatomy for •The best diagrams for bones, mediastinum, and lungs
Students
(4th edition) •Written in a simple, easy-to-understand way

KLM Clinically •Relevant tables for joints, nerves, and blood vessels
Oriented Anatomy
(8th edition) •Cross-sectional diagrams for mediastinum

•Clinically richer - sufficient clinical correlates to give you ample

knowledge for the exam

Netter’s Atlas of •Detailed illustrations - particularly important for understanding the

Human Anatomy relations of thoracic viscera, mediastinal contents, and cross-sections

Short Revision Books

BRS Anatomy •Reserved for last-minute revision before your exam
(9th Edition)

2) Chapters to be Covered
If you are using Gray’s If you are using KLM

Chapter 3: Thorax Chapter 4: Thorax

Page 126-139 •General description Page 290-316 •Bones

•Muscles •Apertures
•Bones •Joints
•Blood vessels •Movements
•Diaphragm •Muscles
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•Cavities •Fascia
•Lungs •Nerves
•Anterior mediastinum •Blood vessels

Page 143-189 •Muscles Page 326-355 •Lungs

•Bones •Overview of mediastinum
•Blood vessels
•Diaphragm
•Cavities
•Lungs
•Anterior mediastinum

Page 223-235 •Trachea Page •Superior mediastinum

•Esophagus 382-403 •Posterior mediastinum
•Posterior mediastinum •Anterior mediastinum

Page 236, •Surface anatomy Page 404 •Surface anatomy

238, 240-243

3) Smart Sets to Save Time

Using your MedAngle premium subscription, be sure to go through these smart sets:

● Overview of the Thorax

● Bones of the Thorax
● Divisions of the Thorax
● Thoracic Muscles and Diaphragm
● Pleura, Lungs and Tracheobronchial Tree
● Thoracic Vertebrae Anatomy

4) Study Strategy
As important as it is to know the syllabus, you should also have a pretty strong strategy to go
about it. It is best to follow the sequence given in your official study guide. Talking about how
to go about a particular topic, the well-known drill to follow is to watch a video, read the text
and then consolidate your knowledge and to assess how much you have retained, what are
your weak areas, and how you can improve yourself. That’s where Smart Sets | MedAngle and
Test Mode | MedAngle comes in. Test Mode is particularly great for when you’re done with
most of your syllabus, and/or a few days before your modular exam.
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5) Friendly Advice
Give yourself a gap of two or three days after you’ve read the textbook and then practice
questions.

6) Important Topics ⭐
Significance of the sternal angle
True and false ribs
Muscles of inspiration and expiration
Neurovasculature of the thoracic wall
Differences between right and left bronchi and their divisions
Openings of the diaphragm
Pleural recesses
Bronchopulmonary segments
Relations of each lung (especially with mediastinal contents)
Pleura and fissures of each lung
Contents and divisions of the mediastinum (excluding middle mediastinum)
Azygous and hemiazygous venous system

7) Other Resources*
● Osmosis (for videos)
● The Thorax - TeachMeAnatomy (for a quick overview of any particular topic)

General Embryology

1) Recommended Books 📚
● Langman’s Medical Embryology (14th edition): A much more concise book as compared to
KLM
● The Developing Human Clinically Oriented Embryology (11th Edition) [KLM Embryology]: A
more detailed book with excellent diagrams.

2) Chapters to be Covered
If you are using KLM If you are using Langman

Chapter 9 Body Cavities and Mesenteries Chapter 14 The Respiratory System

(only the diaphragm part)
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Chapter Fourth Week (only folding)

5

Chapter Respiratory System

10

3) Smart Sets to Save Time

Using your MedAngle premium subscription, be sure to go through these smart sets:
● Formation of Lung Buds, Diaphragm and Other Structures
● Larynx Development
● Maturation of Lungs

4) Video Resources*
● Ninja Nerd

General Histology
You have to focus more on microscopic anatomy, so you should pay attention to the
histological features and prominent characteristics regarding the structures you study. Also it
would be really good if you search for images of histological slides and try to differentiate
between them. Histology is significant for theory and viva questions.

1) Recommended Books 📚
● Medical Histology by Laiq Hussain: Text and Atlas (5th Edition)
● Weather’s Functional Histology (6th Edition)

2) Chapters to be Covered
If you are using Laiq If you are using Wheater’s

Chapter 17: The Respitory System Chapter 12: Respiratory System

3) Smart Sets to Save Time

Using your MedAngle premium subscription, solve the following questions to strengthen what
you have learned:
● Respiratory Epithelium
● Histology of Nasal Cavities, Nasopharynx, Larynx & Trachea
● The Bronchial Tree
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● Alveoli and Alveolar Ducts

● Pleural Membrane

Biochemistry
Respiratory biochemistry isn’t as extensive as locomotor, so heave a sigh of relief. Still, don't
take this module lightly. The relevant topics need to be studied thoroughly and you'll have to
pay attention to the clinicals as they will further reinforce the theoretical side of the curriculum.
Doing so will ensure that your preparation is top-notch.

1) Recommended Books 📚
Lippincott Illustrated Reviews Biochemistry (8th Edition) and The Textbook of Medical
Biochemistry by MN Chatterjea (8th Edition) will be your go-to books as they contain all of the
relevant information and will help you build solid concepts pertaining to this module. It is also
recommended to go through the lecture slides and keep an eye out for relevant clinicals. Short
books will not help you aptly prepare for the test.

2) Chapters to be Covered

If you are using Lippincott If you are using Chatterjea

Chapter 17 Phospholipid, Chapter 41 Acid-Base Balance and Imbalance

Glycosphingolipid, and
Eicosanoid metabolism
(only the phospholipid
segment is relevant for
biochemistry)

3) Important Topics

Phospholipids ⭐
You should be able to explain the classification of phospholipids and their functions as well as
how phospholipids are synthesized and degraded. The discussion of surfactant is also
important and you should be able to relate this to and elaborate on acute respiratory distress
syndrome.
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Acid-base balance ⭐
You should know how acid is produced in the body, as well as examples of volatile and
non-volatile acids. Recall the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, you'll be relating it to the
body's pH regulation. You'll appreciate the different kinds of buffer systems established in the
body, especially the respiratory and renal systems. It will also be important for you to
understand what the anion gap is and how it arises. Pay attention to the interpretation of
arterial blood gas (ABG) tests.

Respiratory & metabolic pH disturbances ⭐

You should be able to define key terms (e.g. pH, buffer, acid, base) and recall the normal values
of these parameters. Most importantly, you must be able to understand how respiration
(ventilation) and metabolism (renal excretion) constitute homeostatic mechanisms for
regulating pH.

Respiratory compensation mechanism and arterial blood gases (ABGs) ⭐

It is vital that you learn how to interpret ABGs. You should be able to look at test reports and be
able to identify whether it is a case of acidosis or alkalosis and if it is respiratory or metabolic.
You should also be able to determine what compensatory mechanisms are at play. The topic of
arterial blood gas analysis is detailed in the biochemistry journal and should be referenced
from there.

5) Smart Sets to Save Time

Using your MedAngle premium subscription, test your knowledge and reinforce your concepts
using these smart sets:

● Acid-Base Balance
● Acid-Base Disorders
● Surfactant Synthesis

6) Video Resources*
● Ninja Nerd
● Osmosis

7) Friendly Advice
Respiratory biochemistry can be easily tackled as long as you study effectively. The process of
regulating pH carried out by the lungs and kidneys looks complex on the outside but the
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concept is simple to understand. However, the clinical aspect of it, particularly interpreting
ABGs, can be tricky and will require practice. Don’t forget to go through the acute respiratory
distress syndrome clinicals and ensure that you solve questions on MedAngle for
reinforcement.

Physiology
Respiratory physiology is extremely important and is one of the major subjects of this module.
The concepts you learn in physiology will enable you to understand the complexities and
pathological conditions of the respiratory system. Having a good grasp of this subject will be
invaluable.

1) Recommended Books 📚
Standard Books
Guyton and Hall’s Textbook •Very detailed book
of Medical Physiology
(14th edition) •Gold-standard

Physiology by Costanzo •Concise - if you think Guyton is too extensive for your taste,
(6th edition) then this one's for you

•Some concepts might not be covered

Short Revision Books

BRS Physiology •Reserved for quick revision right before the exam

Pocket Companion to •Good for quick revision of the main points in Guyton
Guyton and Hall Textbook
of Medical Physiology
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2) Chapters to be Covered

If you are using Guyton

Unit VII Respiration

Chapter 38 Pulmonary Ventilation

Chapter 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, and Pleural Fluid

Chapter 40 Principles of Gas Exchange; Diffusion of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Through
the Respiratory Membrane

Chapter 41 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Blood and Tissue Fluids

Chapter 42 Regulation of Respiration

Chapter 43 Respiratory Insufficiency - Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Oxygen Therapy

Chapter 44 Aviation, High Altitude, and Space Physiology

Chapter 45 Physiology of Deep-Sea Diving and Other Hyperbaric Condition

If you are using Costanzo

Chapter 5 Respiratory Physiology

Structure of the Respiratory System

Lung Volumes and Capacities
Mechanics of Breathing
Gas Exchange
Oxygen Transport in Blood
Carbon Dioxide Transport in Blood
Airways Control of Breathing
Integrative Functions
Ventilation/Perfusion Relationships
Hypoxemia and Hypoxia
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3) Important Topics

Mechanics of respiration ⭐
The muscles involved in respiration and the various pressures affecting the movement of air
during inhalation and exhalation.

Pulmonary volumes and capacities ⭐

It is extremely important to have a good understanding of the different pulmonary volumes and
capacities and their relation to each other. You should be able to find out an unknown lung
volume/capacity from the given values. This topic usually has numerical questions.

Pulmonary circulation and V/Q ratio ⭐

This includes the blood flow through different zones of the lungs and the factors affecting the
ventilation/perfusion ratio.

Diffusion of carbon dioxide and oxygen ⭐

You should be familiar with the various mechanisms involved in the movement of CO₂ and O₂
across the respiratory membrane as well as the partial pressures of both gasses.

Oxygen transport and oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve ⭐

This topic was discussed in blood biochemistry as well. The factors affecting the shift of the
oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve are very important.

Regulation of respiration⭐
You should be able to explain how the steps of respiration are regulated by specific centers in
the brain.

Pulmonary abnormalities ⭐
The types of diseases that affect the respiratory system such as emphysema, pneumonia,
atelectasis, asthma, and tuberculosis along with their pathophysiology.

4) Practicals

This module includes the following practicals for physiology, which you can cover from your
practical book:

Measuring normal respiratory rate using power lab

Hyperventilation
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Re-breathing
Heart rate during breath holding
Spirometry (measuring lung volumes and capacities)

5) Smart Sets to Save Time

Using your MedAngle premium subscription, immediately consolidate the knowledge gained
from the book with questions from the following smart sets:

•Mechanics of Breathing
•Functional Organization of Respiratory Epithelium
•Lung Volumes and Capacities
•Ventilation and Perfusion Relationships
•Pulmonary Circulation
•Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Gas Exchange and Transport
•Regulation of Respiration
•Hypoxemia and Hypoxia
•Integrative Functions
•Respiratory System Under Stress
•Aviation, High Altitude and Space Physiology

6) Video Resources*

•Ninja Nerd
•Boards and Beyond
•Osmosis

7) Friendly Advice

Since respiratory physiology is slightly lengthy, make sure to allocate a specific portion of your
time every day to this subject during your module. Do not leave it for the last minute! There
are a lot of graphs, mechanisms and figures that are important to know and it will take time to
fully understand them. Make a list of important values mentioned in this chapter and revise
them frequently in order to memorize them well. Practicing questions is essential as this will
enable you to get an idea of how concepts are tested in exams.

BEST OF LUCK! YOU GOT THIS.

*Please note that MedAngle has no affiliation with the quoted video resources. Therefore, we cannot officially
comment on the credibility of these resources.