11 VPAR-55 Lec Superfamily-Trichostrongyloidea

Superfamily
Trichostrongyloidea
JACQUIELYN A. BAYDO, DVM
Class Secernentea, Order Strongylida
Superfamilies
◦ Trichostrongyloidea
◦ Strongyloidea
◦ Ancylostomatoidea
◦ Diaphanocephaloidea
◦ Metastrongyloidea
Superfamily Trichostrongyloidea
Families:
1. Trichostrongylidae (9 genera) 4. Amidostomidae (2 genera)
 2 subfamilies 5. Molineidae (4 genera)
◦ Ostertaginae (5 genera)
6. Helligmonellidae (2 genera)
◦ Haemonchinae (1 genus)
7. Dictyocaulidae (1 genus)
2. Cooperidae (1 genus)
3. Ornithostrongylidae (1 genus)
Families:
1. Trichostrongylidae (9 genera)  2 subfamilies
1. Trichostrongylus ◦ Ostertaginae (5 genera)
2. Marshallagia 1. Ostertagia
3. Hyostronglus 2. Teladorsagia
3. Spiculopteragia
4. Mecistocirrus
4. Apteragia
5. Graphidium
5. Camelostrongylus
6. Obeliscoides
7. Libyostrongylus
8. Graphinema
1. Haemonchus
9. Impalaia
Superfamily Trichostrongyloidea, Family
Trichostrongylidae: Genus Trichostrongylus
Adult worms:
◦ Small, slightly reddish/brown in color
◦ Slender and hair-like (<7.0 mm long)
◦ Difficult to see with the naked eye
No obvious buccal capsule

Cephalic inflations are absent
Distinct excretory notch in the esophageal region
Male
Bursa: has long lateral lobes
Dorsal lobe: not well defined
◦ With a slender dorsal ray (cleft near its tip into two branches)
◦ Ventro-ventral ray: well separated from the other rays
Spicules: thick and unbranched
Gubernaculum is present
Species identification: based on the shape and size of the spicules
Female
Tail: bluntly tapered
No vulval flap
The vulva opens a short distance from the
middle of the body
Possess double ovejectors
Egg to infective L3:
~ 7 – 10 days under
optimal conditions
PPP: 2 – 3 weeks
Families:
2. Marshallagia 1. Ostertagia
3. Spiculopteragia
4. Mecistocirrus
4. Apteragia
5. Graphidium
5. Camelostrongylus
6. Obeliscoides
7. Libyostrongylus
8. Graphinema
1. Haemonchus
9. Impalaia
Trichostrongylidae: Genus Marshallagia
Species: Marshallagia marshalli
Hosts: Sheep, goat, deer, camel
Predilection site: Abomasum
Similar to Ostertagia spp. and can be

differentiated by its greater length (males 10–13
mm; females 15–20 mm)
Eggs: much larger than those of Ostertagia spp
Trichostrongylidae: Genus Marshallagia
Males
Have a long thin dorsal ray (which
bifurcates near the posterior extremity)
Spicule: The end is divided into three

small processes, surrounded by a
transparent membrane
The life cycle is similar to Ostertagia
except:
◦ L2 can hatch from the egg
Following ingestion:
◦ Larvae burrow into the abomasal
mucosa  form small greyish white
nodules (may contain several
developing parasites)
L5
◦ Emerge from the nodules around day
16 post infection and egg-laying is
usually apparent by 3 weeks
◦ Arrested development of larvae can
occur
Families:
2. Marshalliagia 1. Ostertagia
3. Spiculopteragia
4. Mecistocirrus
4. Apteragia
5. Graphidium
5. Camelostrongylus
6. Obeliscoides
7. Libyostrongylus
8. Graphinema
1. Haemonchus
9. Impalaia
Trichostrongylidae: Genus Hyostrongylus
Species: Hyostrongylus rubidus (Red stomach worm)
Hosts: Pig
Predilection site: Stomach
Slender reddish worms when fresh

◦ Males: around 5–7 mm
◦ Females: 6–10 mm
The body cuticle is both transversely and longitudinally striated with 40–45 longitudinal
striations
Life cycle
◦ The free-living and parasitic stages: similar to those of Ostertagia in cattle
◦ Infection: through oral ingestion of L3.
PPP: ~ 3 weeks
Hypobiosis of L4
◦ May occur following repeated infection, or be induced by seasonal changes
◦ Often seen in older animals
◦ In sows: these hypobiotic larvae may resume their development during the periparturient
relaxation of immunity and/or early lactation  increase in the fecal egg count
Small cephalic vesicle: present
Male
Bursa: well developed; the dorsal lobe is small
There is a well-developed narrow telamen
Spicules are equal, short, thinning distally and bifurcate into two branches
Families:
3. Spiculopteragia
4. Mecistocirrus
4. Apteragia
5. Graphidium
5. Camelostrongylus
6. Obeliscoides
7. Libyostrongylus
8. Graphinema
1. Haemonchus
9. Impalaia
Trichostrongylidae: Genus Mecistocirrus
Species: Mecistocirrus digitatus
Hosts: Cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, pig
Male:
◦ Spicules long and narrow and fused together for the majority of their length; the tips are
surrounded by a spindle-shaped tube.
◦ Dorsal ray is symmetrical
Trichostrongylidae: Genus Mecistocirrus
Female:
◦ Slit-shaped vulva; positioned near the tip of the tail
◦ There is no vulval flap
Families:
3. Spiculopteragia
4. Mecistocirrus
4. Apteragia
5. Graphidium
5. Camelostrongylus
6. Obeliscoides
7. Libyostrongylus
8. Graphinema
1. Haemonchus
9. Impalaia
Trichostrongylidae: Genus Graphidium
Species: Graphidium strigosum (Rabbit strongyle)
Hosts: Rabbit, hare
Predilection site: Stomach, small intestine
Adults are reddish worms when fresh

◦ Male: 8–16 mm
◦ Female: 11–20 mm
The cuticle possesses 40–60 longitudinal lines and thin transverse striations
Male
Bursa:
◦ Lateral lobes of the bursa are large
◦ Dorsal lobe small
Spicule:
◦ Long slender, spicules
◦ Terminate in several branched points
Life cycle: direct
Infection is by ingestion of infective larvae
◦ Develop to the adult stage in the stomach in about 12 days
Families:
1. Trichostrongylidae (9 genera)
1. Trichostrongylus
2. Marshalliagia
3. Hyostronglus
4. Mecistocirrus
5. Graphidium
6. Obeliscoides
7. Libyostrongylus
8. Graphinema
9. Impalaia
Families:
3. Spiculopteragia
4. Mecistocirrus
4. Apteragia
5. Graphidium
5. Camelostrongylus
6. Obeliscoides
7. Libyostrongylus
8. Graphinema
1. Haemonchus
9. Impalaia
Trichostrongylidae: Genus Ostertagia
Species: Ostertagia ostertagi (Brown stomach worm)
Hosts: Cattle, deer, rarely goat
Adults: slender reddish-brown worms with a short buccal cavity.

◦ Males: 6–8 mm
◦ Females: 8–11 mm
The cuticle in the anterior region is striated transversely whereas
the rest of the body is unstriated and bears around 30
longitudinal ridges.
Families:
3. Spiculopteragia
4. Mecistocirrus
4. Apteragia
5. Graphidium
5. Camelostrongylus
6. Obeliscoides
7. Libyostrongylus
8. Graphinema
1. Haemonchus
9. Impalaia
Trichostrongylidae: Genus Haemonchus
Species: Haemonchus contortus (Barber’s pole worm)
Hosts: Sheep, goat, cattle, deer, camel, llama
Adults: large size (2.0–3.0 cm)

Female:
◦ Fresh specimens: the white ovaries winding spirally
around the blood-filled intestine produce a ‘barber’s
pole’ appearance.
◦ Buccal cavity: small and contains a small lancet-like
tooth.
◦ Vulva: usually protected by a cuticular flap which can
have a range of shapes.
Anterior body: prominent cervical papillae.
Male:
◦ the lateral lobes of the bursa are large
◦ the dorsal ray is small and asymmetrical.
Life cycle:
◦ Direct and the preparasitic phase is typically trichostrongyloid.
◦ The females are prolific egg layers.
◦ Eggs: hatch to L1 on the pasture
◦ May develop to L3 in as short a period as 5 days
◦ Under cool conditions: development may be delayed for weeks or months
After ingestion
◦ Exsheathment occurs in the rumen
◦ Larvae molt twice in close apposition to the gastric glands
◦ Just before the final molt: they develop the piercing lancet (this enables them to obtain
blood from the mucosal vessels)
Life cycle:
Adults:
o They move freely on the surface of the mucosa.
PPP:
o Sheep: 2–3 weeks
o Cattle: 4 weeks

11 VPAR-55 Lec Superfamily-Trichostrongyloidea

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11 VPAR-55 Lec Superfamily-Trichostrongyloidea

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Superfamily

No obvious buccal capsule

Similar to Ostertagia spp. and can be

Spicule: The end is divided into three

Slender reddish worms when fresh

Adults are reddish worms when fresh

Adults: slender reddish-brown worms with a short buccal cavity.

Adults: large size (2.0–3.0 cm)

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