Introduction to the Body

CHAPTER 1
Definitions

◼ Anatomy
◼ The study of the structure and shape of parts
of the human body
◼ From the larger structure down to the smallest
unit
◼ The way it looks; what it is made of
◼ Physiology
◼ The study of the processes and functions of
the human body and its various units
◼ The way it works
 Body Organization
◼ The human body can be organized into
seven levels:
◼ Chemical
◼ atoms and molecules

◼ Organelle
◼ small structures within cells

◼ Cell
◼ basic functional unit of the body

◼ Tissue
◼ groups of cells with similar
structure and function
◼ Organ
◼ two or more tissues that perform
one or more common functions
◼ Organ system
◼ groups of organs with common
functions
◼ Organism
◼ entire living thing; the individual
 Basic Needs of the Body
INTERNAL TRANSPORTATION

◼ Purpose of internal transport:

◼ Carry oxygen and nutrients
◼ From external environment to cells
◼ Carry carbon dioxide and waste
productions
◼ To the external environment
◼Return excess interstitial fluid to the
blood
◼ Systems involved:
◼ Cardiovascular
◼ Lymphatic
 Basic Needs of the Body
INTAKE OF RAW MATERIALS

◼ Raw materials:
◼ Food
◼ Energy source
◼ Oxygen
◼ Essential for
▪ The release of energy
from the nutrients
▪ All cellular activity
◼ Systems involved:
◼ Digestive
◼ Food is changed
(digested) so the body
can absorb and use it
◼ Respiratory
◼ Take in oxygen
 Basic Needs of the Body
ELIMINATION OF WASTE MATERIAL

◼ Systems involved:
◼ Respiratory
◼ Removal of carbon dioxide
◼ Digestive
◼ Large intestine excretes faeces
▪ Waste, undigested food, & fibre
◼ Waste products from liver
◼ Microbes
◼ Urinary system
◼ Eliminates waste products of catabolism
◼ Keeps balance of body water and blood pH
◼ Integumentary system
◼ Minor role through sweat
◼ Also eliminates heat
 Basic Needs of the Body
COMMUNICATION

◼ With the outside world

◼ Nervous and special senses
◼ Transmission of nerve
signals
◼ Respiratory
◼ Voice production
◼ Skeletal and muscular
◼ Provides movement that is
used in written and non-
verbal communication (ie
body language)
◼ Within the body (coordination)
◼ Nervous
◼ Endocrine
◼ Produce hormones
(chemical messengers)
 Basic Needs of the Body
PROTECTION AGAINST THE
EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

◼ System involved:
◼ Integumentary system
◼ Skin
▪ External covering
▪ Protective barrier between the
internal and external
environment
▪ Temperature regulation
◼ Membranes
▪ Lines passages which open into the
surface of the body
▪ Alimentary (gastrointestinal)
tract
▪ Respiratory system
▪ Secretes mucus to keep the
membrane surface moist and
lubricated
▪ Protects from friction, dust,
and microbes
Basic Needs of the Body
REPRODUCTION

◼ Systems involved:
◼ Female reproductive
◼ Provides oocytes

◼ Site of fertilisation

and foetal
development
◼ Male reproductive
◼ Produces and

transfers sperm cells

to the female
 Basic Needs of the Body
MOVEMENT WITHIN THE EXTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT
◼ Movement is essential to
◼ Maintain life
◼ Avoid danger
◼ Enjoy the environment and
others
◼ Communicate
◼ Most movement is voluntary
◼ Under the control of the will
◼ Involuntary movement (reflexes) are
usually protective
◼ Body elements involved in movement
include:
◼ Nerves
◼ Muscles
◼ Bones
◼ Joints
 Anatomical Terms
LOCATION AND RELATION
◼ Anatomical position
◼ Upright with arms at side and legs
together; head and hands facing
forward
◼ Directional terms
◼ Medial
◼ Near the median (middle) line
◼ Lateral
◼ To the side, away from the
midline
◼ Proximal
◼ End of part (of appendage)
closest to body
▪ Usually refers to bones
◼ Distal
◼ End of part that is farthest from
the body
▪ Usually refers to bones
Anatomical Terms
LOCATION AND RELATION

◼ Anterior or ventral
◼ To the front of the body
◼ Posterior or dorsal
◼ To the back of the body
◼ Superior
◼ A part nearer the head;
higher
◼ Inferior
◼ A part farther away from the
head; lower
◼ Central
◼ At the centre of
◼ Peripheral
◼ On or toward the outer
surface
Anatomical Terms
LOCATION AND RELATION

◼ Parietal
◼ Forming the wall of a

cavity
◼ Visceral
◼ Relating to an organ

◼ Superficial
◼ Confined to a surface

◼ Transverse
◼ Across
Anatomical Terms
LOCATION AND RELATION
Anatomical Terms
LOCATION AND RELATION

◼ Planes of section of the body

◼ Median plane (sagittal)
◼ An imaginary
longitudinal line
(plane) dividing the L
and R sides of the
body
Anatomical Terms
LOCATION AND RELATION

◼ Frontal plane
◼ An imaginary

longitudinal line
dividing the front and
back of the body
Anatomical Terms
LOCATION AND RELATION

◼ Transverse plane
◼ An imaginary

horizontal line
between the upper
and lower body
Systems and Cavities
SYSTEMS

◼ A system is a group of body parts (organs) that work

together to provide an essential function.
◼ The major systems are:
◼ Circulatory
◼ Cardiovascular and lymphatic
◼ Respiratory
◼ Digestive
◼ Urinary
◼ Nervous
◼ Reproductive
◼ Endocrine
◼ Muscular
◼ Skeletal
◼ Integumentary
Systems and Cavities
CAVITIES

◼ Dorsal cavity
◼ Cranial cavity
◼ Located in the

cranium
◼ Contains the brain

◼ Spinal cavity
◼ Contains the spinal

cord
 Systems and Cavities
CAVITIES

◼ Ventral cavity
◼ Thoracic cavity
◼ Located in the

chest
◼ Contains the

▪ Lower respiratory
organs
▪ Heart &
associated blood
vessels
▪ Oesophagus
▪ Lymph vessels
and nodes
 Systems and Cavities
CAVITIES

◼ Abdominopelvic cavity
◼ Abdominal cavity
◼ Located in the

abdomen
◼ Contains the

abdominal organs
◼ Pelvic cavity
◼ Located in the pelvis

◼ Contains reproductive

organs, lower urinary

& digestive organs
Abdominal Regions & Quadrants
◼ Abdominal regions
◼ Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac
◼ Right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar
◼ Right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac
Abdominal Regions & Quadrants
◼ Abdominal quadrants:
◼ Right upper quadrant, Left upper quadrant
◼ Right lower quadrant, Left lower quadrant
Body Regions

◼ Cervical - neck region

◼ Thoracic - chest area
◼ Lumbar - lower back
◼ Sacral - sacrum area
◼ Plantar - sole of foot
◼ Palmar -palm of hand
◼ Axilla - armpit
◼ Groin - depression between
lower abdomen and thigh
◼ Pubic - between the groins;
over pubic bone; genital
region
◼ Femoral - thigh
◼ Crural - leg