and

=0.2,
F f.
mg are
Hs B m, m,
If block m, m,
wall. N
the
the the between on N
Then 1100
to fig., m/s). acting
perpendicular should
m, should
0.3. = and m.
in friction =10 forces g between g between
is 110 and What m,) m What
are shown floor
frictional m,
book of B.(g
mg move), = between + between u,.
and u. motion um,
force As coefficient block g
300 is is motion
the betweenB + m, m,
block. the (m, to friction
a on the x friction
tending andrelative and
relative
applying f. The
then 0.3 min
betweenm,
acting= kg move (H m, of
Mg F, = + no coefficient
49N
= 200 wal. friction forcef, just g no between is
4N
m,g m,+m,
no
by forcesthat to 100 is is
and
wall a
to of required a
(for there there m,+m2 F there
and 1x9.8
=F
N a
applying x friction
The essential 0.2 is tied coefficient
(H,m,gbe 0.2 friction
that for
m, F the
a B should and m, that
against string force = so and ot
fig. Mg and f, m, of coefficient
so
?
F in itis
F=:
=HF>
Mg by = F +F = =
um,g m,
heldof block a the f, F + on coefficient
minimum move,values, of =f, of a
on
F
value shownrest 4N
= to appliedvalue acceleration of
and value 4N,JN, ’ applied value
is at attached F m,g the
minimum is be k¡ to m,a
situation
0.2 tied limiting
minimum theminimum andminimumn
1 to 100 the F
max
forceand f= F u,
of book is is is f
system force
book S
a A B calculate B is
Example the is block
and Whenwith Then Whensurface
theand
m Sol.
For
m, m, Surface.m
The For But Example Solution f, When theand
A is Solution A A be For For he
Ex. Ex,
 Friction 33
Newton's Law of Motion &
ALLEN

4 N, u ,N,
H,N,
Sol. For m ,N for m,
m,g M,g

F- (m, +m,)g
For system a =
m, +m

F-p,(m, +m,)g
For m,, Hz (m,g)= m,a = m, m, +m,

Fmin = (m, + m,) (H, + Hg

there is no friction between m, and
Ex. When force F applied on m, and
between m, and m, is u. What should
m,

surface and the coefficient of friction

that there is no relative motion
between
be the minimum value of F so m

m, and m,

4N, N2
F
For m,
Sol. For m, N

mg

F
for system : acceleration = m, +m,
m,g
F Fmin = (m, + m)
tor m, : um,g = m,a = m m
m m,
Assume
Example
on block B and both are placed on a smooth horizontal plane.
placed increased according to law
In thegiven fiqure block A is force F pulling the block B horizontally is
lower block to be sufficiently long. The
F = 10t N

H=0.2,p,=0.1 10kg
B
20kg +F

smooth
force Fand acceleration just before slipping
(a) When does block A start slipping on block B? What will be
starts?
(a), what willbe acceleration of A ?
(b) When F is increased beyond the value obtained in part
Draw acceleration-time graph.
Solution
Direction of friction forces :
friction on it must be in forward
Block Amoves forward always, due to friction, therefore opposite because they
direction. Friction between two adjacent surtaces are equal and
pair.
make Newton's is third law action reaction
Range of Value of friction:
Before slipping starts, friction is static f,s 20 N
N
After slipping starts, friction is kineticf, = 10
 Maximum possible acceleration : = 20 N)
(when f =
only due to friction, its maximunm possible acceleration is a.
A can accelerate
m,g=100N

ma,=10a,M
So 20 = 10a,, a,y = 2 m/s
Block A
f=20N
IN,= 100N
Sequence of slipping : acceleration
the ground and carries A together with it. When
Since ground is smooth, blockB first starts slipping on
of A & B becomes equal to a... Block A starts slipping on B.
moving together with acceleration a,..
(a) Just betore the moment A starts slipping, both were
Considering them as a one body.
A
A (m +m)a,AM60
F=10t
B B

(On a smooth stationary surface we will not show the normal forces i.e. FBD of combined block showing
horizontal forces only).
Value of F F=60 N and Time 10t = 60 ’ t = 6s

(b) IfFis increased beyond 60 N, Aslides and kinetic friction acts on it. Now acceleration of A

10a, ’ 10 = 10a, ’ a, = 1m/s?

f=10
(c) When Fs 60 N, both are moving with same acceleration a. We treat them as one body.
A
1
B F-10t_ B
30a So 10t = 30a’ a =

3
-t

This acceleration increases to a,, = 2 m/s², when F = 60 N at t=6s.

Thereafter A starts slipping and its
acceleration provided by kinetic friction, drops toaconstant value a, =lm/s². However
on increasing according to equation acceleration of B keeps
10
F=10t
B 202 10t -10 = 20a, ’ ag = 1
'
1

Graph between acceleration and time

a (m/s')4

1 a=t/3
,-lm/s

t(s)
6s
INERTIAL AND NON-INERTIAL REFERENCE FRAMES
observed in motion, when it changes its position or orientation relative to another body or another set
Abody is
coordinate axes fixed with the body relative to which the
of bodies. A frame of reference consists of a set of
to measure position of the moVing boay and
motion is observed and a clock. The coordinate axes are required
the clock is required to measure time.
kinematical variables position, velocity, and acceleration are measured relative to a reference frame;
All the
we say that motion is essentially a relative
theretore depend on the state of motion of the reference frame and
or move identically, the body is observed
concept. When the reference frame anda body both are stationary reference frame and the body move in different
stationary relative to the reference frame. It is only when the
manner, the body is observed moving relative to the reference frame.
galaxies and other celestial bodies allare in
Now think about the whole universe where the planets, stars, in state of rest, we can attach a reterence
to each other. If any one of them can be assumed
motion relative
Such a body, which we assume in state of rest with
frame toit and define motion of all other bodies relative to it. reference frame attached to
absolute rest and the
respect to all other bodies in the universe, is known to bein
the very notion of the reference frame and the idea
it as most preferred reference frame. Unfortunately,
body anywhere in the universe at absolute rest.
motion as a relative concept, make it impossible to find a essentially meaningless. Now we
Therefore,the idea of absolute rest and a preferred reference frame become
category, we can have reference frames that move with
can have only two categories of reference frames. In one
frames that are in accelerated motion.
uniform velocities and in the other category; we can have reference
Consider a closed container on a goods train either
To understand the above ideas let us think an experiment. is
track. The floor of the container is smooth and a block
at rest or moving with constant velocity v. on a level with
relative to two reference frames, one fixed
placed in the center of the container. We observe the situation
theground frame both the container and the block
the ground and other fixed with the container. Relative to
relative to thecontainer frame the block isat rest as
are at rest or move together with the same velocity and
shown in the figure.

t=0s V a

at?

at v,t +Bat?

Uniformly moving container accelerates

Container accelerates from rest

Nowlet the driver of the train accelerates the container at uniform rate a. If the train were initially at rest.,
relative to the ground, the block remains at rest and the container moves forward. Relative to the container the
block moves backwards with the same magnitude of acceleration as with the container moves forward. If the
train were initialy moving unifornly, relative to the ground the block continues to move with the same original
velocity and train accelerates and becomes ahead in space. Relative to the container the block appears moving
backward with acceleration that is equal in magnitude to the acceleration of the container.
Now consider a man sitting on a fixed chair in the container. He is always stationary relative to the container. If
he does not look outs side, in no way he can know whether the container is at rest or moving uniformlu.
However. he can definitely say whether the container accelerates or not, by observing motion of the block
relative to the container. Because net forces acting on the block are stillzero, therefore observed acceleration
of the block can only be due to acceleration of the container as per Newton's laws of motion
Now we can conclude that there can be only two kinds of reference frames either non-accelerated or accelerated.
The reference frames that are non-accelerated i.e. at rest or moving with uniform velocities are known as
inertial reference frames and those in accelerated motion as non-inertial reference frames.
36 JEE-Physics
Newton's laws of motion:
Inertial Reference Frames and that can bethe only agent
conceived astwo-body
interaction
trame, any acceleration
producing
In Newton's laws of motion, forceis
observe motion of abody
from an inertial
laws arein perfect agreement with
observed
acceleration in a body. As far as weforces acting on the body. Allthethree frames.
reference
in a body can only be due to some laws holds true in inertial
the observed facts and we saythat allthe
Newton's laws of motion :
Non-Inertial Reference Frames and
torces acting on:t must be
motion relative to someinertial frame net
If a body is at rest or in unifom velocity observedrelative to a non-inertial frame, it will be observed
moving
zero. Now if motion of the same body is acceleration ot the non-inerisl
the
acceleration that is equal in maonitude and opposite in direction to But to explain this observed
with the body is purely a kinematical etfect.
trame. This observed acceleration of assume a foroo
non-inertial frame according to Newton's laws of motion, we have
acceleration relative to the onposite of
on the body. This force has to be taken equal to product of mass of the body and result of
must be acting this force is purely an assumption and not a
acceleration vector of the non-inertial frame. Since
body with any other body, it is a fictitious force. This fictitious torce is known as pseudo forre
interaction of the
or inertial force.

Until now, we have learnt the idea that how we can apply
Newton's laws of motion in non-inertial frame to a body in
a
equilibrium in inertial frame. Now it is turn to discuss how
A
we can apply Newton's laws of motion to analyze motion in
non-inertial frame of a body,which is in accelerated motion Reference frames A is an inertial frame and B
is a non inertia!l frame.
relative to an inertial frame.

Consider a net physical force F in positive xdirection applied F= ma

ma
on the box. Here by the tem physical force, we refer forces
produced by two body interactions. Relative to inertial frame A,
the boxis observed to have an acceleration a -Y/m defined A net physical force imparts acceleration to
by the second law of motion and a force equal in magnitude and the box in inertial frame A.

opposite in direction to Fcan be assigned to the body exerting

Fon the bOK Constituting Newton's third law pair. Allthe three F mag
laws of motion hold equally wellin inertial frame A.

Relative to non-inertial frame B, the box is observed moving

A net physical force and pseudo force imparts
in x-direction with acceleration ä, =-,, which can acceleration to the box in non-inertial frame B.
satisfy Newton's second law, only if the fictitious force
Ë=-mã, is assumed acting together with thenet physical
force F as shown in the figure.

Now we can write modified equation of

Newton's second law in non-inertial frame
F+F, =m, ’F-F, =mag
Erom the above discussion, we can
conclude that in non-inertial frames
by introducing pseudo force in addition to
theconcerned body and the physical forces. The pseudoNewton's second law is made applicable
force equals to the product of mass of
of the frame of reference. acceleration the trame of reterence in adirection
of
onnosite totheacceleration
 Example acceleration 'a as shown
suspended from the ceiling of atrain movingwith an
A pendulum of mass m is
in figure. Find the angle in equilibrium position.
Solution
Non-inertial frame of reference (Train)
Tcos

Thory
Eng\01
pd5
ma
Tsin
E.B.D. of bob
mgmg
mg

respect to train, bob is in equilibrium

F.B.D. of bob w.r.t. train. (physical forces + pseudo force): with
LE = 0 ’ T cos = mg and EF, = 0
’ tan =
T sin = ma
A\koa

9 = tan

E
 CS

Example
The weight of a body is simply the force exerted by earth on the body. If body is on an accelerated platíorm,.
changed and this new wejoht :
he body experiences fictitious force so the weight of the body appears
called apPparent weight. Let a man of weight W = Mg be standing in a t.
We consider the following cases :

(a) (c) (d)

(b) a<g a > g
a = 0

W'= M(g - a) W= -M (g a)
(Negative)
W'= Mg
W'= M(g + a)

Case

(a) Ifthe lift moving with constant velocity vupwards or downwards. In this case there is no accelerated
motion hence no pseudo force experienced by observer inside the lift. So apparent weight W=
Mg Actual weight.
(b) If the lift is accelerated upward with constant acceleration a. Then net forces
acting on the
man are (i) weight W = Mg downward (i) fictitious force F,-Ma downward.
So apparent weight W= W + F,= Mg + Ma = Mg + a)
(c) If the lift is accelerated downward with
weight of man W= Mg always acts downward.accelerationa<g. Then fictitious force F = Maacts upward while
So apparent weight W'=W+F,= Mg - Ma = M(g-a)
Special Case
If a = gthen W= 0 (condition of
weightlessness. weightlessness).Thus, in a freely falling lift the man will experience
(d) If lift accelerates downward with
acceleration a > g . Then as in Case c. Apparent weight
W =Mg-a) is negative, i.e., the man
will be accelerated upward and will stay at
lift. the ceiling of the
Example
Aspring weighing machine inside a
to the scale reading if the lift is stationary litt reads 50 kg when a man stands on it. What would happen
moving upward with (i) constant velocity, and (ii)
Solution constant acceleration?
(6) In the case of
constant velocity of
weight = actual weight. Hence the lift, there is no fictitious force: therefore the apparent
reading of machine is 50 kawt.
(i) In this case the
acceleration is upward, the fictitious force ma acts
is more than actual weight i.e.
W'= m (g + a). downward, therefore apparent weignt

mg 1+
Hence scale shows a reading m(g+a) = 50+ 50a
kg t.
 NewiOn S

Example
balanced
Two objects of equal mass rest on the arm balance. Does the scale remain
opposite pans of an
when it is accelerated up or down in a lift?
Solution
Yes, since both masses experience equal fictitious forces in magnitude as well as direction.
Example
A passenger ona large ship sailing ina aquiet sea hangs a ball from the ceiling of her cabin by means of a long
thread. Whenever the ship accelerates, she notes that the nendulum ball lags behind the point of suspensio
and so the pendulun no longer hangs vertically. How large is the ship's acceleration when the penduilum sae
at an angle of 5° to the vertical?
Solution

The ball is accelerated by the force T sin5°. L5

5°
Therefore T sin5° = ma
ma<
- Tsin 9
ma<

Vertical component SF = 0, so T cos5° = mg FBD of ball

By solving a = g tan 5° = 0.0875 g = 0.86 m/s2 mg

mg
Example
Consider the figure shown here of a moving cart C. If the coeficient of friction between the block Aand
the cart is u, then calculate the minimum acceleration a of the cart C so that the block A does not fall.

Solution
The forces acting on the block A (in block A's frame ma

(i.e. non inertial frame) are :

For A to be at rest in block A's frame i.e. no fal,
mg

We require W = f, ’ mg = u(ma) Thus a =

Example
block and
Ablock of mass lka lies on a horizontal surface in atruck, the coefficient of static friction between the
is 5 m/s².
the surface is 0.6, What is the force of friction on the block. If the acceleration of the truck

|mg
ma
Solution
Fictitious force on the block F = ma = 1x5 = 5N
While the limiting friction force
F=uN = H_mg = 0.6 x1 x9.8 =5.88 N
As applied force F lesser than limiting friction force. The block will remain at rest in the truck and the force of
friction will be equal to 5N and in the direction of acceleration of the truck.
40
JEE-Physics ALLER
DYNAMICS OF CIRCULAR MOTION change its
to the path and continuously
Velocity vector points always tangent path even with constant speed and
direction, as a particle moves on acircular
acceleration,which always points toward
gve rise to normalcomponent of component of acceleration is known as
uie center of the circular path. This
centripetal (center seeking) acceleration and denoted bya,. Moreover, if speed
component along
also changes the particle will have an additional acceleration
known as tangential
ne tangent to the path. This Component of acceleration is The centripetal and
acceleration and denoted by a, tangential accelerations
The centripetal acceleration accounts only for continuous changein the direction of motion whereastthe
acceleration accounts only for change in speed.
tangentia
Considera particle moving on circular path of radius r. It passes point O

with velocity v, at the instant t =0and point Pwith velocity vat the instant
t traveling distance s along the path and angular displacement 0as shown
in the figure. Kinematics of this circular motion is described in terms of
linear variables as well as angular variables.
Kinematics of Circular Motion
Angular Variables Linear Variables
Angular displacement 9 Distance traveled s
d ds
Angular velocity o = Speed v
dt
dt

Anqular acceleration a = do d'e do

d's dv
dt dt2 d Tangential acceleration a, =V
dt ds

Centripetal acceleration a =
Relations between angular and linear variable in
Distance traveled S=r
circular motion :
Speed V= 0r
Tangential acceleration a, = ar

Centripetal acceleration a, = = ) r =)V

r
Application of Newton's law in Circular Motion :
Consider a particle of mass m moving with
circle of radius r as shown in figure. unifom speed v in a
It necessarily posses a
centripetal ma
acceleration and hence there must be a net forceF =F acting
F
always towards the center according to the
force F. acting towards the center is second law. This net
known as centripetal force.
SF=mã ’Fç =mac
When a particle is whirled with the
tension the string. The help of a string in a
in
qravitational
earth, between the sun and its attraction betweenhorizontal circle, the required centripetal force is the
a satellite
planets,
the centripetal forces and provide the and the electrostatic and the earth,
between moon andthe
attraction
necessary centripetal acceleration.between the nucleus and electrons are
 SOME WORKED O
Example #1
elevator descends so that the block of mass Mexerts aforce of
With what acceleration 'a' shown the
Mg
10 onthe weighing machine? [g= acceleration due to gravityl

weighing machine

(A) 0.3 g (B) 0.1g (C)0.9g (D) 0.6 g

Solution Ans. (C)
FBD of block : Mg -N= Ma; Nowaccording to question
N= Mg N
10

Mg
Mg 10 --0.9g
SO a =
M
Mg
Example #2
An astronaut accidentally gets separated out of his small spaceship accelerating in inter-stellar space at a constant
acceleration of 10 m/s². What is the acceleration of the astronaut at the instant he is outside the spaceship?
(A) 10m/s? (B) 9.8 m/s (C) Om/s2 (D) could be anything
Solution
When the astronaut is outside the spaceship,the net external force (except negligible Ans. (C)
spaceship) is zero as he is isolated from all interactions.
gravitational force due to
Example #3
If the string is pulled down withaforce of 120 Nas shown in the fiqure, then the
acceleration of 8 ka block would be

12N Bkg
(A) 10 m/s? (B) 5 m/s?
(C)Om/s
Solution (D) 4 m/s?
Ans. (B)
4120

120-80
FBD of 8 kg block: a = = 5 m/s2

8g
 & Fric
ALLEN Newton's Law of Motion
Example #4
In the shown situation, which of the following is/are possible?
K=1000 N/m m,=40kg;
sm ooth
F m,=60kgrooTO horizontal
surface

(A)Spring force = 52 N, if F, = 40 N
and F, = 60N
(B) Spring force = 52 N, if F, = 60 Nand F, = 40 N
(C)Spring force =0, if F, =Fz= 100 N
(D) Spring force 0, if F, = 0.2 N and F, =0.3 N Ans. (A,B,D)
Solution
IfF,Fz, then system willmove with acceleration so spring force + 0
20 1
If F, = 40N& F, = 60 Nthen m, + m, 100 Gm/s
1
and spring force = E, + m,a = 40 + (60) = 52 N
If F, = 60 N& F, = 40 N then spring force = 52 N

Example #5
If the lower spring is cut, find acceleration of the blocks, immediately after cutting the spring. LLLLLW

Solution
Intial stretches
m
3mg mg
& lower =
Xupper k k
2k
On cutting the lower spring, by virture of non-impulsive nature of spring the stretch
in upper spring remains same. Thus,
2m

2m

Lower block : 2mg= 2ma => a =g

2img

4
k(Kp)

Upper block
m fa k
(3mg
k ) mg = ma’ a = 2g
mg

Example #6
The force exerted bu the floor of an elevator on the
toot of a person standing there is less than the actual
of the person if the elevator is weight
(A) going up and slowing down (B) going up and speeding up
(C)going down and slowing down
(D) going down and
Solution speeding up
If N<ma then N = m(g-a) = Ans. (A,D)
elevator is goingdown with acceleration or
elevator is going up with
 48 JEE-Physics ALLEN
Example #7
lf a body is placed on a rough inclined plane, the nature of forcesacting on the body islare)
(A) gravitational (C) nuclear (D) weak
(B)electromagnetic
:olution Ans. (A,B)
When abody is placed on arough incined plane, it is acted upon by a reactional force due to plane (electromagnetic in
nature], africtional force due to roughness of plane [electromagnetic in nature) and agravitational force (due to its mass).
Example #8
For shown situation let B
A
N, = Normal reaction between A&B
N, = Normal reaction between B & C m, M,
Which of the following statement (s) is/are correct ? smooth

(A) IfF, > F, then N, z N, and F, < N,N, <F, (B) IfF, < F, then N, > N,
(C) If F, = F, then N, = N, (D) If F, = F, then N, N,
Solution Ans. (A, B, C)
If F, >F, the system moves towards right so N, <F, N, <N, &F, < N,
F, <N, or N, <E,
If F, <F,, the system moves towards left so N, <N,
If F, = F, the system does not move.

Example #9 to 11
A
smooth pulley P, of mass 2 kg is lying on a smooth table. A light string passes round the pulley and has masses
1kg and 3kg attached to its ends. The two portions of the string being perpendicular to the edge of the table so
that the masses hang vertically. Pulleys P, and P, are of negligible mass. (g=10m/s²)

A
Ikg
B
3kg
9. Tension in string is
(A) 12 N (B) 6 N (C) 24 N (D) 18 N
10. Acceleration of pulley P, is
(A) 2 m/s? (B) 4 m/s? (C)3 m/s? (D) 6 m/s
11. Acceleration of block A is
(A) 6 m/s? (B) 4 m/s? (C)3 m/s' (D) 8 m/s²
Solution
9 Ans. (B)
Let acceleration of P, = a ; acceleration of A= a, acceleration of B=a,
a, +a,
Byconstraint relations a, .6)
2
Now for pulley P, : 2T = 2a, T- an.(i)
For block A: 1g-T= 1(a,)’ 10-T =a,..ii)
For block B:3g -T = 3(a,) 30 -T =3a,..(iv)
T
By putting the values of a, a, & a, in equation (i) T (10- T)+10 - 3
2 ’T=6N
10. Ans. (D)
Acceleration of pulley; a, = T 6 m/s
11. Ans. (B)
Acceleration of block A: a, = 10-T = 10-6 = 4 m/s?
 ALLBN Newton's Law of Motion & Friction 49
Example 12
Five situations are given in the fiqure (All surfaces are smooth)
B A B
A B A
2m F F 2m m 2m 2F

A B
B A
IV ’ 2F 2m Im m 2m

Column-I Column-II
(A) Accelerations ofA & Bare same (P)
(B) Accelerations of A & B are different (Q)
(C) Normal reaction betweenA& B is zero (R)
D) Normal reaction between A& B is non zero (S)
() V
Solution Ans. (A) ’ (P,R,S, T);(B) ’ (Q): (C) ’ (Q,R,S) : (D) ’ (P, T)
F F
I:a, = a,, = 0 &N0 I|: a = 2m' &N=0

F 2F F F
Ill: a = m' ag 2F F &N=0 IV: aa = & N= 0
2m m 2m m m

2F
V: a ag &N 0
3m
Example #13 to 15
Abody of mass 10 kg is placed on asmooth inclined plane as shown in figure. The incined plane is moved with
a horizontal acceleration a.

’a=4m/s

13. The normal reaction between block and inclined plane is :

(A) 92 N (B) 44 N (C) 56 N (D) Can't be determined
14. The tension in thread is :
(A) 92 N (B) 44 N (C) 56 N (D)Can't be determined
15. At what acceleration 'a' will the body lose contact with the inclined plane ?
(A) 10 m/s? (B) 13.33 m/s (C) 3.33 m/s² (D) 6.66 m/s²
Solution
13. Ans. (C)
FBD of block w.r.t. inclined plane

)F =0’T cos 37°-N sin 37°- ma = 0

37:
4T-3N = 200........)
)E =0Ncos 37° + Tsin 37° -10g =0 ma

’4N + 3T = 500 ......1)

By solving equation (i) &(i),N= 56 newton 10g
14. Ans. (A)
From abOve equation, T = 92 newton
T
15. Ans. (B)
ma
To lose contact, N=0

tan 37° = mg 3 10 40
= 13.33m/s? mg
ma 4 9 3

Example #16
A block of unknown mass is at rest on a rough horizontal surface. A force F is applied to the block. The
the fiqure shows the acceleration of the block w.r.t. the applied graph in
force.
tacceleration
(m/s)

0 6 10 Applied force
F(N)

Themass of the block and coefficient of friction are (g = 10 m/s)

(A) 2 kg.0.1 (B) 2 kg, 0.2 (C) 1 kg, 0.1 (D) can't be determined
Solution
Ans. (B)
Acceleration of block, a = F-umg ’a=
m

From graph;slope = m 2
’m= 2kg and y-intercept; - ug =-2 ’ = 0.2
Example #17
A body is placed on an inclined plane. The coefficient of friction between the body
and the plane is u. The plane
is gradually tilted up. If 0 is the inclination of the plane, then frictional force on the body is
(A)constant upto0 = tan'(u) and decreases after that
(B) increases upto = tan'() and decreases after that
(C)decreases upto = tan'{u)and constant after that
(D) constant throughout
Solution
Friction force F = mgsin0 if 0<tan-u) and F=umgcos0 if 0>tan(u) Ans. (B)
which increases upto = tan'(u) and then decreases.

Example #18
Ablock is placed on a rough horizontal surface anda
horizontal force F is
force Fis increased from zero in small steps. The graph between applied applied
to it as shown in fiqure. The
force and frictional force f is plotted by
taking equal scales on axes. Thegraph is
(A)astraight line of slope 45°
(B) a straight line parallel to F-axis
(C) a straight line parallel to fraxis
rough F
(D) astraight line of slope 45° for small Fand a straight line
parallel to F-axis for large F.
 ALLEN Newton's Law of Motion & Friction 51
Solution Ans. (D)

45

Example # 19
Aforce Fpushes ablockweighing 10 kg against avertical wall as shown in the fiqure. The coefficient of friction between
the block and wallis 0.5.The minimum value of Fto start the upward motion of block is g= 10 m/s]

0.5
|10kg
37

(A) 100N (B) 500 N (C) s00 N (D) can't be determined Ans. (B)
Solution
4
N= Fcos37° = F
5 and to start upward motion Fsin37° = 10 g + uN N
Fcos370

5 F-100+(05)FF- 500 N Fsin370

37°
F
10g mN

Example #20 block

short side on the same inclined plane (see figure). The
Ablock is first placed on its long side and then on its I. A possible explanation is
slides down in situation II but remains at rest in situation
m
Situation-II
Situation-I

in situation-l.
(A) The normal contact force is less
situation-Il because the contact area is less.
(B)The frictional force is less in
(C) The shorter side is smoother.
more.
(D) In situation-1, frictional force is Ans. (C, D)
Solution coefficient.
This is due to less frictional force or low friction

Example # 21 distance from

uniform ropeof length L is pulled by a constant force F. What is the tension in the rope at a
A
the end where it is applied?
Solution
tension in the rope at
Let mass of rope is M and T be
F P
A
point P, then. Acceleration of rope, a = M

Equation of motion of part PB is F - T = (ml) a

B
F +F
F
’T = F -(m) a = M
Example # 22
A block of mass 2 kg slides down an inclined lane which
makes an angle of 30° with the horizontal. The
coefficient of friction between the block and the surface is V3
0) What force must be applied to the block so that the block
() What force should be applied to the block so that it moves down the plane without acceleration ?
can move up without any
Solution acceleration ?
Make a 'free-body diagram of the block. Take the force of
friction opposite to the direction of motion.
Project forces along and perpendicular to the plane
perpendicular to plane N= mg cos
along the plane F+ mg sin - f = 0 P

(:: there is no acceleration along the plane) f=uR

F+ mg sin - uN = 0 ’ F+ mg sin =| mg cOs
m g s i n

F = mg (u cos 9 - sin 0) = 2 x 9.8( V3 mgcos0

cos 30° - sin 30)
mg
)-30°
V3 3 1
- 19.6( 2
X
g)= 19.6(G=4.9N
(i) This timne the direction of F is reversed and that of the
frictional force is also reversed.
.. N= mg cos :F= mg sin +f

3 1
’F=mg (ucos 9+ sin 0) = 19.6( ) = 24.5 N
Example # 23
A block of mass 1 kq sits on an incline as
shown in fiqure.

(a) What must be the frictional force between block and incline ifthe block is
not to slide along the incdine when the
incline is accelerating to theright at 3m/s??
(b) What is the least value u can have for this to happen?
Solution
N= m(g cos37°+a sin37) = 1(9.8x 0.8 + 3x0.6) = 9.64 N Da cos 37

mg sin 37° = ma cos 37°+f

ma

(a) f= 19.8 x0.6 -3 x0.8) = 3.48 ma sin 37 mg sin 37

mg cos 37

f 3.48
(b) f= uN =0.36
N 9.64
 54 |JEE-Physics ALLEN
8. In the arrangement shown in fiqure, pulley is smooth and massless and all the
strings are light. Let E, be the force exerted on the pulley in case (i) and F,
the force in case (ii). Then (i) (ii)

(A) F, > F,
(B) F, <F, 4m
2m
4m

(C)F, =F:
(D) F, = 2F,
9. In the figure, the blocks A, B and C of mass m, each have accelerations
a,, a, and a, respectively. F, and F, are external forces of magnitudes 2mg
and mg respectively.

(A) a, a, = ag m Im m

(B) a,>ay>a F -2mg

2n
m

F,=mg
(C) a,=a, a,>a
(D) a,>a, a,=a,
10. In the arangement shown in figure m, = lkg, m, = 2kg. Pulleys are massless
and strings are light. For what value of M the mass m, moves with constant
velocity ( Neglect friction)
2
(A) 6 kg (B) 4 kg
m
(D) 10 kg m
(C) 8 kg
A trolleuis beingpulled up an incline plane by aman sitting on it (as shown in figure) He annios a foroo f