REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
− Covers the whole chapter 2 in the research study
− More information appears every day averaging
600 new scientific articles
− The number of nursing journals is also increasing
dramatically, and multitude of research reports is
available in whole text electronically. Thus,
conducting a literature review is more enlightening
now than in the past
LITERATURE REVIEW
− Refers to the present state of knowledge
regarding the problem which means that it keeps
the researcher updated when it comes to the topic
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of interest. It also helps in finding out the recent
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resources which will give the researchers current
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thought about the research topic.
− Consist of a summary of publications
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PERTINENT to the research. If you plan to
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conduct a study, be sure to examine first the
literature for the information about the previous
studies which can be relevant to the clinical
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problem that you are interested in.
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− Establishes research credibility which means
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that it increases the researcher’s knowledge about
the problem of interest specially if that particular
problem is not familiar to the researchers. And
aside from that, literature review help researcher
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to know every details of the study so that any
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critiques or questions will be handled and
answered by the researcher if there are relevant
literature review. It helps the researcher to become
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more believable and the results would become
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more acceptable as true, real, and honest.
− Cite work being done and recent publications
from other institutions as well as from researcher’s
own, to establish the relationship between the
proposed research and that of others. It
determines the gaps and inconsistencies of the
literature about the subject, concept, or problem. It
also uncovers research findings that supports
evidence-based practice. The researcher can also
compare and contrast results of previous
researches so at to establish their relationship on
significance of findings of previous study to the
current study being conducted.
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− Relevant to the specific objectives. In research
perspective, critically reading and using the
literature review for the study is essential to mean
the objectives. So, the main goal is to develop the
foundation of a sound study but is also used for
others scholarly, education, and clinical practice
activities. When you say relevant studies, this are
those with direct bearing on the problem of
concern.
e.g. To determine the level of effectiveness of
the implementation of garbage segregation is
Sitio Balwarte; the elated literature should also
talk about level of compliance on proper
garbage disposal, level of awareness. The LR
must be related to the concept or the main
objectives of the study. What is important is its
relevance to the research objectives.
− Brief but concise, in order to hold the reader’s
attention. In some advisers, they expect a lengthy
related literature especially in a graduate proposal,
but it is advisable to be brief and concise for us to
avoid confusion and not to go away with the
specific objectives.
PURPOSE OF LITERATURE REVIEW
1. To familiarize with the current state of
knowledge on the research topic
− The researchers will gain more information,
ideas, and become more acquainted about
the research study.
2. To ensure that researchers not just repeating
what others have already done
− This is to avoid duplication; thus, it is
important to rephrase and acknowledge the
author in writing literature review.
3. To identify gaps in knowledge and unsolved
problems that the current research can
address
− This is to address the inconsistencies and
what needs to be improved in the current
research.
4. To develop theoretical framework and
methodology
− As researchers, you will gain more insights,
ideas where you will be guided and directed
to the appropriate theoretical framework and
methodology as these are considered as the
backbone of a research study. If the
 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

framework and the methodology are − If the study needs for replication and helps in the
inappropriate, the research problem will not synthesis of the strength and weaknesses as
be addressed or answered. well as finding of a variable study on a problem.
5. To provide an overview of the key findings Theory and Literature Review
− The literature review will be used by the − Establish what theories that already exist that
researcher to support current findings as can be applied in a current research.
this will provide explanation or description of − Determine the relationship between the
the result of the currents study. literature and theory basing on the current or
previous study conducted
− As to what degree the existing theories have
RELATIONSHIP OF THE Review of the been investigated and to develop new
literature to theory, research, hypothesis to be tested.
education, and practice − Balance, understand, and look into its
appropriateness of a certain theory to the
current research.

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Relationship of review of the literature

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to the steps of quantitative research

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process

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Education and Literature Review
− Determine what is known and unknown about
the subject, concept, or a problem particularly in
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nursing education.
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− Determine the gaps consistencies and

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inconsistencies in the literature considering

education and research. It uncovers the
research findings that supports evidence-based − There’s a need for an extensive literature review
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practice and discover conceptual traditions used and which is essential to all steps of quantitative
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to examine the research problem. research process and to some qualitative research
Practice and Literature Review design.
− Helps uncovers a new practice, interventions, or − Upon identification of the problem, we already
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gains as support on the evidence-based need to conduct RRL down to the formulation of
intervention and protocols as well as policies. questions, hypothesis, appropriate research
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− Promote evidence-based revision and
developments of new practice, protocols, as well
as the projects related to nursing practice.
− Uncover and improve nursing practices basing
on evidences.
Research and Literature Review
− Help generate useful research questions as well
as hypothesis
− Determine appropriate research design,
methodology, and analysis for answering the
research questions.
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design and methodology, and formulation and
identification if the theoretical framework down to
the findings. With the findings, we need to do
extensive reading and RRL as you will try to
describe in this aspect results of the study,
interpret the data, and support with RRL.
− At least 3 RRL to support the findings of the
research study.
− For the implication, it is important because this
involves possible future effects, so we have to be
more critical in terms of providing implication and
support with RRL.
− RRL in the recommendation.

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 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

− RRL will be used in every steps of the research − Specialized services to the type of
process. clientele
− Also exist in academic institutions e.g.
Medical, Law, Agriculture and Nursing
Steps in the literature review Libraries
1. Plan the literature search • Allow time
• Explore ideas related to the subject − Demands a lot of time to analyze and
• Specific search in relation to the research rephase what is gathered
objectives. • Isolate your objectives
− In this aspect, we always need to − Make sure that the topics that we are
remember what our research objectives going to search are related to the
are so that we will be guided. objectives
• Keep current with what is published, while • Be selective
pursuing the objectives. − Don’t get articles from non-reliable
− Published sources 5 years prior to the sources
acceptance of the manuscript. • Verify

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− Should not go beyond 5 years or else − Make sure that articles are peer-
it is considered obsolete or not useful

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reviewed, underwent a lot of revisions,

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anymore. and reviewed by expert researchers.
• Formulate strategies when searching for

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rs e 2. Find the Literature
references through the use of bibliographic • Books
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data, footnote, citations for relevant studies to • Monographs
track down earlier research and find a pivotal • Proceedings
early study and to search for more incitation • Journals
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indices to find more research study that cited • Dissertations

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the key points or objectives. Conference 3. Selecting the Literature

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papers and unpublished reports or other

− One of the most crucial part when doing
dissertations can also be used.
literature search
• Visit the library
• Read the title
Public Library
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− Keys the readers to the main

− Has its own criteria for what books are
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variable of the study and leads to

needed to fill its collections and
something that captures the
maintain at least small collection of
readers attention
local, non-fiction, historical, and
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• Read the abstract

archival books.
− Shows the brief overview of a study
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Academic Library
and keys the reader to the main
− Serves to major communities: student
component of the study
and faculty researchers
• Read the conclusion
− For the students, it serves as an
− Find out some of the
educational support providing study
generalizations about the research
areas, textbooks, and supplemental
article or article that we’re going to
readings and research materials.
gather and include in the literature
− Needs librarian who are master’s
and it will also provide the synthesis
degree or preferably with doctoral
on what the articles is all about
degree
which can help in the current
Special Library
research study
− Provides special information resources
*these will help you decide whether to
on a particular subject and serves as a
read the entire article or not
specialized
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 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

4. Write the Literature Review − Make sure that internet sources are
− Most crucial step in the literature review reliable
• Avoid plagiarism Advantage: obtained from the web that
− Always acknowledge the author of is likely to be more current than
every article used materials found in the library/books
− Include citations Disadvantage: they are uneven in
• Avoid “cut and paste” terms of accuracy. If web is used for the
− Do paraphrasing bibliography, make sure that the date it
• Make sure that the efforts in literature was visited, and the URL are indicated
review are based on the objectives of the • Library databases
research − Will generate lists of academic articles
− Always remember the research that still need to be narrowed
objectives to be guided − It is unlikely that studies relevant to a
topic can be found by searching the web
using the search engines, however, we
Types of literature (for Review) will find other relevant information.

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•

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1. Primary Local Databases (Health-related)
− HERDIN Online

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• Involves original reports of research

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(international or local) http://www.pchrd.dost.gov.ph/herdin
− Written by the person responsible for o Website from DOST where

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generating ideas
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− Written by the one conducted the related to researches
research study conducted
Disadvantage: can be manipulated o Yearly forum for research and
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• Involves academic articles in refereed journals published and posted

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− Peer-reviewed journals and evaluated • Other Databases

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by several editors or quality reviewers, − PsycINFO (Psychology)

experts − ERIC (Education)
2. Secondary − Sociological Abstracts (Sociology)
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• Authors of the secondary sources needs ta − Social Science Citation Index

− EconLit (Economics)
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paraphrase the work of the researchers of

previous researches and theories − MEDLINE
Problem: There might be some problem in
terms of interpretation which can be
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Key electronic databases for nurses

influenced by the later authors perception and
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biases 1. CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and allied

Advantage: cannot be manipulated Health Literature)
− Includes publications in newpapers and − Extremely important electronic database
magazines for nurses
− Books − Covers references to virtually all English
− May also be: Census data, polls, language as well as book chapters, nursing
surveys dissertations, and selected conference
proceedings in nursing ang allied health
fields
Sources of the literature review − Provides abstract for most citations and
• Internet search engines serves as a supplementary information such
− Some data may be dubious quality as name of data collection instruments
− Unsure and uncertain information’s which is available for many records in the
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GMT -05:00

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 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

2. MEDLINE (Medical Literature Online) of children: more detailed compared to

− Developed by US National Library of
Medicine and is widely recognized as the
premier source of bibliographic coverage of
the biomedical literature
− Can be accessed for free through the
PubMed website
− Anyone with internet can search for journal
articles through PubMed which is a lifelong
resource regardless of institutional affiliation
3. ISI (Institute for Scientific Information)
− Maintains multidisciplinary resource
called “Web of Knowledge” which
offers integrated searching
opportunities to several bibliographic
databases
another matrix
2. Result Matrix
− Addresses what the researchers found
− Records the information of the findings used
as mini separate matrix as there are quotes
− Cells entry can indicate more precisely how
dependent variables were operationalized
the diection of any relationship and the level
of significance
− Applicable when going into the details for
the dependent variables of the study

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3 Types of matrix

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Three Types of Matrix
3. Evaluation Matrix
Matrix

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− Fewer columns which include author, year,
− means of organizing information from the research
rs e major strengths, major weakness, quality
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articles. It can be handwritten in word process file
score
or in a spreadsheet
− Helpful when it comes to the support for the
Advantage: information can be easily
findings of the study, implications, and
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manipulated and sorted: chronologically, authors

evaluation as well as on the
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last name, etc.

recommendation of the research study
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1. Methodologic Matrix
− Use to record the key features of the study
design
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Columns are used for the types of

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information you want to systematically

capture across the study
Rows represent each study
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e.g. It is the study about the characteristic and

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management of children pain

− Fill-up the author, year published, country,
theory, dependent and independent
variable, study design, sample size,
sampling method, how data collected, age
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Examples of citations
• Herderson (2003), in a study of 34 patients,
found…. Miller (2004), however, studying 46
patients showed… Kanazawa (2006), followed up
211 patients and found…
− Write the last name of the author and
indicate the year it was published
• Previous studies in this are have had conflicting
results, some suggesting that…, whereas others
found that…1-4

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 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

− Name of the author is not reflected * You can also consider other references for as
before/after each statement but there’s a long it can support our findings.
number written after the statement which is
congruent on the list of authors in the
bibliography section
Writing the literature review
− What to include in the write-up depends on the
objective of the literature review.
Example of problematic style or wording
• Women who do not participate in childbirth I. Introductory Statements
preparation classes manifest a high degree of − Should clearly establish the focus and
anxiety during labor purpose of the literature review
− Simply copied and paste from a certain − Write a sentence or two as regards the
article overall topic of the research
Rewording II. Body of the Review
• Researchers have found that women who − Make the flow of the ideas organized and
participates in childbirth classes tend to manifest coherent

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less anxiety than those who do not, according to − Do not be hypercritical or overly detailed

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Ken (2006) in your criticism

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− In this way, the one who write the − Make sure all citations are accurate
literature avoids plagiarism and − Use quotes sparingly

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paraphrased the statement so it will not
rs e − Depending on the length of the literature
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appear as if the one writing just simply cut review, you might want to divide the body
and paste into subsection: use sub-heading for each
− When describing a study finding, you theme, time period, or the methodological
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should generally use phrases indicating approach

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tentative tests of the result e.g. Writing the review basing on the
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e.g. “several research studies have dependent and independent variables first
found”, “findings thus suggest”, III. Conclusion
“results from a landmark study − Based on the literature review, what
indicated”, “the date supported the conclusions can be drawn?
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hypothesis”, “there appears to be a − Based on the conclusion, what direction

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strong evidence that” will the research now take?

− Give generalization, findings, and
synthesis of your research study
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How far back do you go for literature

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review
• Ideally no more than 3-5 years
• Landmark publications
− Studies significant, research projects
that generated knowledge that
influenced a discipline or sometimes
society as a whole
e.g. landmark studies conducted by our
theorist, Notes of Nursing by Nightingale
*However, not everything worthwhile may have
been published in the years mentioned and may
require the researchers to look further back.
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