NCM 111: HYPOTHESIS

HYPOTHESIS IDEAS, QUESTIONS, AND HYPOTHESIS

− An educated guess or tentative answer to a Research Research Problem Hypothesis
question. Interest or or Question
− Statement of expected relationship between two or Ideas
more variables that can be empirically tested. Open What is the effect of Children taught
classroom open vs traditional reading in open
− Can translate a quantitative research question into and classrooms on classroom
a precise prediction of expected outcomes. academic reading level? settings will read
− In qualitative studies, researchers do not begin success at a higher grade
with a hypothesis because there are usually too level than children
little known about the topic to justify a hypothesis. taught reading in
− Can be tested through statistical procedures. Use traditional setting.
specific statistics to answer the hypothesis. Test-taking Will students who Students who
− Statement of predicted relationship between two skill and know how to “take” a receive training in
grades test improve their the “Here Today –
or more variables.
scores? Gone Tomorrow”
− Define as tentative explanation for certain method will score
behaviors, phenomena or events which have higher on the

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occurred or will occur. SATs than

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− In research, we have to study even previous students who do

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events. not receive the

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training.
CHARACTERISTIC OF A GOOD HYPOTHESIS TV and How does watching Adolescent boys

o.
• Should be reasonable
rs e consumer
behavior
TV affect buying
behaviors of
buy more of the
products
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− Based on a sound justifiable rationale.
adolescents? advertised on TV
• Testable than do
− Expected to state relationship between the adolescent girls.
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independent (presumed cause/antecedent Drug abuse Is drug abuse There is positive

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of a particular event) and dependent and child related to child relationship

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variable (presumed effect/outcome within abuse abuse? between drug

the population of the study). abuse among
• Follow findings of previous studies adults and their
− The most defensible hypothesis follows physical and
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psychological
previous research finding or deducted from abuse as children.
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a theory. Adult care How have many The number of

− If relatively new area is investigated, adults adjusted to children who are
researcher may turn to logical reasoning or the responsibility of caring for their
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personal experience to justify the prediction. caring for their aged parents in the
parents? child’s own home
Th

RESEARCH QUESTION AND HYPOTHESIS has increased

• Research questions (RQs) are refined over the past 10
statements of the specific components of the yrs.
problem.
HYPOTHESIS
• Hypothesis (H) is an unproven statement or
proposition about a factor or phenomenon that is I. NULL HYPOTHESIS
of interest to the researcher. Often, hypothesis is
a possible answer to the research question. − Requirement for undergraduate students because
Provides guidelines on what and how data should the more hypothesis that will be entertained,
be collected and analyzed. Make sure you know research statistics is needed to answer the
what could be a possible statistical data can be alternative.
used, inferential or descriptive statistics. − For basic research
− A negative statement which indicates the absence
of a relationship/correlation between two
variables.
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 NCM 111: HYPOTHESIS
− An absence of significant difference between the
proportions of two groups of people or objects
possessing a particular characteristics.
II. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
− Requirement for graduate school program.
− Positive form of null hypothesis.
− It means t may state the presence of a significant
relationship between 2 means or two proportions.
NULL AND ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
EXAMPLE
A researcher wishes to determine if there is a significant
relationship between the number of lost workdays
experienced and the number of years of experience for
the worker.
• Null hypothesis:
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H0: There is no relationship between the number
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of lost workdays and the number of years of
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experience. (negative)
• Alternative hypothesis:
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H1: There is a relationship between the number
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of lost workdays and the number of years of
experience. (positive)
III. SINGLE HYPOTHESIS
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− Statement that an independent variable is
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associated with a dependent variable.
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Examples:
• There is a significant association between level
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of knowledge about dangers of smoking and
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smoking habits of young professionals.
• Parents’ extent of participation in school activities
of their children is significantly related to their
children's school performance.
sh is
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− Sometimes a hypothesis specifies that under
certain conditions (x, y, z) variable A is associated
with or can influence variable B.
Examples:
• There is a significant association between level of
knowledge about dangers of smoking and
smoking habits among young medical
practitioners who have positive attitude towards
life.
(Condition: if they have positive attitude)
• There is a significant relationship between men’s
extent of exposure to gender issues and their
degree of involvement in childcare among those
living in urban areas.
(Condition: living in urban areas)
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− Some hypothesis may state that a particular
characteristic of a person or object varies
according to another variable.
Examples:
• There is a higher proportion of women from rural
areas than those from urban areas who have
experienced domestic violence.
• Board performance of nursing graduates varies
according to the type of school they graduated
from.
TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
A. NULL HYPOTHESIS (STATISTICAL)
− A negative statement which indicates the absence
of relationship or correlation between two
variables.
− An absence of significant difference between
the proportions of two groups of people or
objects possessing a particular characteristic.
− An absence of difference between or among the
means of two or more groups with respect to a
particular variable.
Examples:
• There is no significant relationship between
mass media exposure and attitude towards
contraceptive among multigravida women.
• There is no significant difference between the
mean age of male nurses and female nurses in the
surgical ward.
• There is no significant difference between the
proportions of health care providers who are
smoking and the proportion of those who are not
smoking.
B. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS (RESEARCH)
− Positive form of null hypothesis.
− It may state the presence of a significant
relationship between 2 means or two proportions.
Examples:
• There is a significant relationship between mass
media exposure and aperture towards
contraceptives among multigravida women.
• there is a significant difference between the
mean age of male nurses and mean age of female
nurses in the surgical ward.
• There is a significant difference between the
proportions of health care providers who are
smoking and the proportion of those who are not
smoking.
 NCM 111: HYPOTHESIS

C. DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS HOW TO WRITE HYPOTHESIS

− States whether the relationship between two • Written in simple understandable language.
variables is direct or inverse or positive or • Focus on the variable.
negative. • One must keep in mind the distinction between
− A positive or direct relationship is present when independent and dependent variables.
the value of 1 variable increases with the increase
in the value of another.
− The relationship is negative when the value of 1
variable increases as the value of another
decreases.
Examples:
• The higher the level of exposure of the
multigravida women to mass media, the more
favorable their attitude towards contraceptives.
(Positive)
• The longer the time nurses spend in duty, the less
productive they are. (Negative)

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D. NON-DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS

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− It does not specify the direction of relationship
between variables.

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− It merely states the presence or absence of a
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relationship between two variables or that one
variable influences another or there is a
significant difference in the mean values of two
variables
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Examples:
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• The women's educational attainment is

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significantly associated with their extent of

participation in decision making at home.
• Taking vitamins regularly tend to improve a
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worker's total health status.

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E. SIMPLE HYPOTHESIS
− Express a predicted relationship between an
independent variable and one dependent variable.
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Example:
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• Patients receiving a warmed solution for a body

cavity irrigation during surgical procedures will
maintain a higher core body temperature than
patients receiving a room temperature solution.

F. COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS
− State an anticipated relationship between two or
more independent variables and two or more
dependent variables.
Example:
• Most postpartum depression(DV) and feelings
of inadequacy(DV) are reported by women who
give birth by caesarean section(IV) than those
who deliver vaginally(IV).
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