Comparison of the Phase Angle Errors between RVD and IVD

Zhaomin Shi1, Xianlin Pan2, Qingxian Li3, Wentao Song3, Yu Xu3, Ying Song2 and Jiangtao Zhang2
1
College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, No.938, Xi Min Zhu Street, 130026,
Changchun, China
2
National Institute of Metrology, No.18, Bei San Huan Dong Road, 100029, Beijing, China
3
Hunan Institute of Metrology and test, No.396, Xiang Zhang Lu, 410014, Changsha, China
Email: panxl@nim.ac.cn
Abstract — The resistive voltage divider with serial-parallel BIVD. The picture of this IVD is shown in Fig.1.
structure and cascaded inductive voltage divider are designed.
Both dividers can be self-calibrated. A comparison measurement
setup has also been developed to measure the difference between
two dividers. The results are presented and shown well
agreement between two independent methods at frequencies
from 10 kHz to 100 kHz.
Index Terms —Inductive voltage divider, resistive voltage
divider, phase angle errors, self-calibration, comparison
measurement.
32:1 IVD BIVD
Fig.1. Picture of IVD with ratio of 64:1
I. INTRODUCTION
To measure the ac power accurately, a voltage divider is III. SERIAL-PARALLEL DESIGN RVD
applied to scale the large voltage down to the level requested
by the digitizers [1]. In order to scale down the higher ac A coaxial RVD has been designed with serial-parallel
voltage, the inductive voltage dividers (IVD) and resistive connection at the NIM, China, including two main parts. The
voltage dividers (RVD) are usually to be the better choices. upper part consists of m sets of resistor with identical value in
The IVDs have an intrinsic accurate ratio with high input series connection and the lower part with n sets of resistor in
impedance and low output impedance [2]. The RVD shows parallel connection. The series resistors distribute along the
well frequencies response and used at wideband frequency axis of the shell and the parallel resistors distribute evenly
ranges [3]. along the circular surface. The phase angle errors of the RVD
A set of RVD with serial-parallel structure and cascaded can be self-calibrated by measuring the difference between
IVD have been designed, and can be self-calibrated two RVDs with identical structure and different resistor
respectively at NIM, China. A measurement setup has also elements.
been proposed to measurement the difference between the Based on the serial-parallel connection, a RVD with ratio of
RVD and IVD to verify the accuracy at frequencies from 10 64:1 has been designed by connecting 7 sets of resistor
kHz to 100 kHz. element in series and 9 sets of resistor element in parallel,
shown in Fig.2.
II. CASCADED DESIGN IVD
. Binary IVD is a divider that divides the input voltage into
two equal parts and can be self-calibrated as 2:1 reference
standard. Usually the IVD with ratio of 2n:1 can be designed
by cascading n BIVDs, and most of the errors in this cascaded
binary divider are mainly from the loading of each section by
those sections connected to its output and by any external load
connected to the divider [4]. At National Institute of
Metrology China, a set of IVDs with ratio of 2n:1 is designed Fig.2. Inner structure of the RVD with ratio of 64:1
by cascading the IVD with ratio of 2n-1:1 with a BIVD.
The phase angle errors of this IVD can be calibrated in a IV. MEASUREMENT SETUP
step-up procedure, by determining the loading errors and the
IVD with ratio of 2n-1:1 and BIVD. For comparison with the In this paper, two different voltage dividers with ratio of
RVD, an IVD with ratio of 64:1 has been described here, 64:1 have been developed, and self-calibrated respectively at
designed by connecting the IVD with ratio of 32:1 with a frequencies from 10 kHz to 100 kHz. In order to certificate the
calibration accuracy of two dividers, a measurement setup has
978-1-4673-9134-4/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE
been proposed to compare two dividers and measure the 120.0

Phase angle errors/μrad

difference in phase angle errors between two dividers. The 70.0 comparison results
setup is shown in Fig.3. calculation results
20.0
-30.0
-80.0
-130.0
-180.0
10
15.92Frequency/kHz
20 50 100
Fig.4. Difference comparison between calculation and measurement
results in phase angle errors of two dividers at frequencies from 10
kHz to 100 kHz.
in Table II. The difference between the calculation and the
Fig.3. Measurement setup for comparing two different dividers
measurement results can be known, and shown in Fig.4. As
As seen from Fig.3, two accurate buffers have been applied
seen from Fig.4, measurement results show well agreement
to reduce the loading influence in comparison measurement.
with the calculation results, and the difference is less than 20
The loading effects from the output terminal of the RVD and
μrad at frequencies from 10 kHz to 100 kHz.
the IVD respectively to the input terminal of the buffers have
been measured and the difference of the buffers has also been
evaluated. VI. CONCLUSION
The comparison measurement has been done at frequencies
A set of RVDs with serial-parallel connection has been
from 10 kHz to 100 kHz, by using the high speed digitizer to
designed, and IVDs with cascaded structure have also been
measure the voltage drop on the output terminal of two buffers.
developed at NIM, China. Both dividers can be self-calibrated
To reduce the influence from the digitizer, the measurement
respectively. A comparison measurement setup has been
has been done again with identical state by exchanging the
described here to measure the difference between RVD and
channels of the digitizer.
IVD with identical ratio. The measurement has been done at
frequencies from 10 kHz to 100 kHz, and shows well
V. MEASUREMENT RESULTS agreement with the self-calibration results of two dividers.
As mentioned above, the RVD with serial-parallel and the
cascaded IVD can be self-calibrated, and the phase angle VII. FUTURE WORK
errors of two dividers are presented in Table I. The difference
Based on the serial-parallel structure, other RVDs with
in phase angle errors of two dividers has also been measured
ratios from 100:1 to 600:1 will be designed to extend voltage
and given in Table II.
ranges up to 600 V. Meanwhile, the cascaded IVD will also be
TABLE I developed with ratios from 2:1 to 512:1. Both RVD and IVD
SELF-CALIBRATION RESULTS IN PHASE ERRORS OF IVD AND RVD will be applied to the establishment of the ac power national
WITH RATIO OF 64:1 AT FREQUENCIES FROM 10 KHZ TO 100 KHZ standard covering the frequencies ranges from 40 Hz to 100
kHz.
Phase angle errors in μrad at frequencies in kHz
Dividers
10 15.92 20 50 100
REFERENCES
θRVD -7.2 -12.5 -16.2 -46.9 -97.4
[1] Pogliano, U., et al, “Characterization of resistive dividers for a
θIVD 26.5 17.2 10.3 15.7 20.3 wideband power analyzer,” CPEM 2014 Conf. Dig., pp.130-131,
2014.
TABLE II [2] Zhang, Jiangtao, et al, “Determination of the phase error of 8∶1
MEASUREMENT DIFFERENCE IN PHASE ERRORS OF IVD AND RVD WITH Inductive Voltage Divider,” CPEM 2012 Conf. Dig., pp.506 –
RATIO OF 64:1 AT FREQUENCIES FROM 10 KHZ TO 100 KHZ 507, 2012.
[3] Hagen, T., and I. Budovsky, “Development of a precision resistive
Phase angle errors in μrad at frequencies in kHz voltage divider for frequencies Up To 100 kHz.” CPEM 2010
Difference Conf. Dig., pp.195 – 196, 2010.
10 15.92 20 50 100 [4] CLETUS A. Hoer and Walter L. Smith, “A 1-MHz Binary
θRVD-θIVD -42.0 -40.5 -41.6 -68.3 -122.2 Inductive Voltage Divider with Ratios 2n to 1 or 6n dB,” IEEE
Trans. Instrum. Meas, vol. IM-17, pp. 278-284, Dec 1968.
According to the calibration results from Table I, the
difference in phase angle errors of two dividers can be
calculate, and comparing with the measurement results shown