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მარქსიზმი
მარქსიზმი
marqsizmi
udanaSaulo damnaSave
Tbilisi
2020
redaqtori:
koba bedoiZe
1. problema
yovel saqmeSi yvelaze rTuli dasawyisia. miT ufro
rTulia iseT saqmesTan SeWideba, rogoricaa marqsizmis
arsis gadacema rac SeiZleba mokled da ise martivad,
rom igi gasagebi iyos nebismieri profesiisa da asakis
adamianisaTvis. arada, problemis marTebulad gaSuqebas
principuli mniSvneloba aqvs.
araa aucilebeli grZeli msjeloba problemis saer-
TaSoriso mniSvnelobaze. XIX saukunis meore naxevri-
danmoyolebuli, marqsizmi, rogorc filosofiuri,
ekonomikuri, social-politikuri moZRvreba iTvle-
boda mSromeli da Cagruli adamianebis miswrafebebis
gamoxatulebad.
marqsizmi iyo, rogorc Teoriuli codnis wyaro,
aseve mSromelTa praqtikuli organizebis iaraRi. igi
ara mxolod aswavlida mSromelebs ganTavisuflebis
gzas, aramed praqtikuladac razmavda sabrZolvelad.
karl marqsis mier Seqmnilma pirvelma internacionalma
da fridrix engelsis mier Seqmnilma meore internacio-
nalma Sefasebadi roli Seasrules muSaTa saerTaSoriso
moZraobis ganviTarebis saqmeSi.
XX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis mSromelTa ganmaTavisu-
flebeli moZraoba mZlavr revoluciur Zalad yalibdeba
da saerTaSoriso kapitalistur gaerTianebas Seurige-
blad upirispirdeba.
marqsizmis farTod gavrcelebam, popularizaciam
ganapiroba misiT daintereseba da bolos araerTgvaro-
vani gageba. amitom dasWirda f. engelss didi Zalisxmeva,
3
aleqsandre axatneli marqsizmi
raTa daecva moZRvrebis siwminde. misi damaxinjebebis
mcdelobebi aRekveTa.
saboloo angariSiT es SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda. mTeli
XX saukunis manZilze imdeni gamgrZelebeli da ganmaxor-
cielebeli gamouCnda marqsizms, rom maTi CamoTvlac ki
SeuZlebeli gaxda. aRaraa msjeloba moZRvrebis dacvaze
mas Semdeg, rac marqsistobis dabraleba daiwyes antimar-
qsistma adamianebma.
saukunis ocian wlebSi ruseTis imperiis gadakeTe-
bam sabWoTa kavSirad, SesaZlebeli gaxada, marqsizms
damateboda leninizmi. mtkiced damkvidrda azri le-
ninizmis, rogorc marqsizmis gagrZeleba-ganviTarebis
Sesaxeb. leninizmi aRiares axali periodis marqsizmad.
Sesabamisad, saerTaSoriso muSaTa moZraobis beladebad
gamocxaddnen marqsi, engelsi, lenini. igive ganmeorda
ioseb stalinis mmarTvelobis dros. mSromel masebSi
aRiares oTxi beladi: marqsi, engelsi, lenini, stalini.
veravin gabedavda imis uaryofas, rom v. leninia udidesi
marqsisti, misi yvelaze Rrma mcodne da saqmis gamgrZe-
lebeli. aseve. i. stalini iqca ara mxolod leninizmis,
aramed marqsizmis moZRvrebis praqtikaSi ganmaxorcie-
lebel da saqmis gamgrZelebel mesiad.
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda meore msoflio
omis Semdeg egreT wodebuli socialisturi qveynebis
banakis Seqmnas. damkvidrda azri, rom msoflioSi aris
ori Seurigebeli ideologiis mqone sistema, kapitalis-
turi da socialisturi. maT Soris mimdinareobs brZola
ganviTarebadi qveynebis misamxrobad.
i. stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg, es gabatonebuli
Tvalsazrisi ver Seasusta sabWoTa kavSirSi mimdinare
cvlilebebma. male moiZebna mtkicebulebebi ganviTarebu-
li socializmis damkvidrebis sasargeblod. marTalia, n.
xruSovis piroba _ oc weliwadSi komunizmis ZiriTadad
4
marqsizmi aleqsandre axatneli
5
aleqsandre axatneli marqsizmi
ufro metic, miCneulia, rom marqsizmma ver gaamarT-
la. socializmma ganviTarebul qveynebSi marcxi gan-
icada. Tanamedrove msoflioSi socializmi mxolod
ganviTarebad qveynebSi SemorCa: vietnamSi, CrdiloeT
koreaSi, CineTSi, monRoleTSi, kubaSi. asea?
Tanamedroveobis udides cvlilebebs obieqturi axsna
sWirdeba. marqsizmis dawuneba da lanZRva gamosavali ar
aris. SeiZleba, kidec cdiloben problemaSi garkvevas,
magram Sedegi jerjerobiT ar Cans.
2. amocana
XX saukunis bolos sociallisturi sistemis kraxis
analizic didi amocanaa. sazogadoebas, miT ufro uf-
ros Taobas, ufleba aqvs, icodes, rogori wyobilebis
pirobebSi mouwiaT cxovreba, ratom moiSala da daingra,
ra moeliT momavalSi?
msoflioSi cnobili iyo, rom marqsizmi erTaderTi
mecnieruli Teoriaa, romelic sazogadoebrivi ganvi-
Tarebis kanonzomierebas sworad gadmogvcems, axasiaTebs
kacobriobis warsulis ZiriTad etapebs da rac mTavaria,
asabuTebs momavlis orientirebis Taviseburebebs. maS,
raSia saqme? ratom ar ganviTarda cxovreba maT mier
danaxuli gziT? cdeboda marqsizmi? yovelives axsna
sWirdeba.
marqsizmi sruliad logikurad asaxavda sazogadoe-
briv urTierTobaTa dinamikas, ganviTarebis tendenciebs.
yovelive efuZneboda urTierTobaTa mkacrad dadgenil
struqturas, rasac bazisisa da zednaSenis dialeqtiku-
ri erTobis saxiT warmoadgendnen. da Tu igi mcdari iyo,
rogor daijeres misi mecnieruloba milionebma mTel
msoflioSi? Tu mecnierulad swori iyo, ratom moxda
misi kraxi? mecnierebam pasuxi unda gasces am kiTxvebs ,
unda amoxsnas dasmuli globaluri amocana.
6
marqsizmi aleqsandre axatneli
7
aleqsandre axatneli marqsizmi
dReiso amocanaa simarTleSi garkveva.1
3. marqsizmis saTaveebi
sazogadoebis erTma nawilma marqsizmi ise `Seiyvara,~
`SeiTvisa~ da daadga praqtikuli realizaciis gzas, rom
Sors iyo misi realuri gagebisagan.
marTali iyo karl marqsi, roca miiCnevda, rom yovel-
dRiuri saqmianobiT dakavebul adamianebs (mSromelebs)
arc dro da arc saSualeba ara aqvT, Seqmnan ganTavi-
suflebisa da ganviTarebis mecnieruli moZRvreba. mS-
romelebis poziciebis gamziarebelma mecnierebma unda
Seuqmnan maT aseTi Teoria.
ramdenadac `socialisturi~ sazogadoeba mSro-
melebisagan Sedgeboda, logikuria, rom farTo masebma
Teoriis moTxovnebi ar icodnen. samwuxarod, socialis-
turi qveynebis xelisuflebaSic mwiri iyo marqsistuli
moZRvrebis elementebis mcodneTa raodenoba. xelisu-
fleba ekuTvnodaT nikita xruSCovis, leonid breJnevis,
mixeil suslovisa da maT msgavsTa `Teoretikos marq-
sistebs.~ rogori mcodneebic iyvnen, ise marTes qveyana
da iseT marqsizms unergavdnen sazogadoebas.
8
marqsizmi aleqsandre axatneli
9
aleqsandre axatneli marqsizmi
lioTeka hqondaT da gimnaziel karls misiT Tavisufali
sargebloba SeeZlo, rac nayofierad gamoiyena kidec.
moxda ise, iq gaecno ludvigis qaliSvil Jenis, Seiyvara
da cxovrebis ganuyrel megzurad aqcia. aqve unda iTqvas,
rom Jeni iyo ara mxolod meuRle, Svilebis deda, aramed
piradi mdivanic. cnobilia, rom marqsis saSinel kaligra-
fias xSirad avtoric ver arCevda da Jenis uxdeboda misi
nawerebis gadawera. warmoudgeneli Sroma gaswia man
`kapitalis~ gadaweris dros.
biografebi weren: karli izrdeboda Tavneba, energi-
uli da saRad moazrovne. gimnaziis damTavrebis Semdeg
bonis universitetSiCairicxa. swavlobda advilad. ufro
met dros qeifSi atarebda. amboben, meduqneebi darabebs
xuravdnen, roca mTvral karls dainaxavdnen. loTobda,
Cxubobda da orjer duelSic iyo daWrili. misi cxovre-
bis es mxare imitom aRiniSna, raTa gasagebi gaxdes misi
adamianoba.
bonis universitetidan karli 1837 wls saswavleb-
lad berlinis universitetSi gadavida iurispudenciis
Sesaswavlad. male dauaxlovda cnobili filosofosis
georg vilhelm hegelis mimdevrebis jgufs, romelsac
saTaveSi bruno da edgar bauerebi edgnen. dainteresda
da im periodisaTvis mxurvale axalgazrda hegelineli
gaxda, 1841 wels doqtoris xarisxi mianiWes.
hegeli udides filosofosad miiCneva. amtkiceben, rom
man saTave daudo mecnierebis mraval dargs. leqciebi hqon-
da mZime, wyvetili. SeiZleba leqciis periodSi ayalibebda
Sexedulebas mecnierebis axali dargis Sesaxeb. universi-
tetSi mis sapirispirod gamoCnda axalgazrda iuristi,
oratoruli niWis mqone Strausi. swored man gadaibira
hegelis msmenelebi. miuxedavad amisa, Strausi cota vinmem
icis, hegeli ki msoflioSi aRiarebuli mecnieria.
hegels, sxva sikeTesTan erTad, ekuTvnis dialeqtikis
10
marqsizmi aleqsandre axatneli
11
aleqsandre axatneli marqsizmi
gi iyo, rom ymawvilma gimnazia miatova da komerciuli
saqmeebis Seswavla daiwyo. amave dros igi koresponden-
tad iwyebs saqmianobas Stutgartis dilis gazeTSi.
1841 w. fridrixi samxedro samsaxurs gadis berlinSi.
paralelurad berlinis universitetSi leqciebis kurss
ismens filosofiis xaziT. iq dauaxlovda axalgazrda
hegelianelebs. damoukideblad Seiswavla ucxo enebi:
biografebi aRniSnaven, rom 20 wlis asakSi TxuTmetamde
ucxo enas flobda.
1842 wels mamis moTxovniT miemgzavreba inglisSi,
man CesterSi, sadac ojaxs safeiqro fabrikis filiali
hqonda.
germanuli praqticizmia, gamgzavrebis win fridrixi
midis rainis gazeTis redaqciaSi, raTa TanamSromloba-
ze SeuTanxmdes. gazeTis redaqtori im dros iyo karl
marqsi, sakmaod SeWirvebulad cxovrobda da mdidari
axalgazrdis misvlas, raTa komerciasTan erTad Jur-
nalisturi saqmiTac dakavebuliyo, masSi enTuziazmi ar
gamouwvevia. isini civad dascildnen.
fridrixi inglisSi male axlos gaecno rogorc ka-
pitalisturi warmoebis Taviseburebas, aseve mis sawi-
naaRmdegod aRmocenebul Cartistul (profkavSirul)
moZraobas. im periodis statiebSi aRwerda kapitalizmis
daundobeli Zaladobis suraTebs. im dros aseve moq-
medebda germanuli revoluciuri mimarTulebis jgufi
`samarTlianTa kavSiri~. engelsi male jgufis aqtiuri
wevri xdeba da iwyebs komunizmis raobis Seswavlas. imave
dros wers ekonomikur-politikuri xasiaTis statias
germanul-franguli weliwdeulisTvis. safrangeTSi
gamomavali am krebulis erT-erTi moTave da Tanaavtori
1844 w. karl marqsi iyo. amboben, engelsis statiam iseTi
didi gavlena moaxdina, rom igi iwyebs kapitalisturi
urTierTobebis Seswavlas.
12
marqsizmi aleqsandre axatneli
13
aleqsandre axatneli marqsizmi
f. engelsma marqsTan SeTanxmebiT miatova ra kapi-
talisturi urTierTobebis kanonzomierebaTa kvleva,
aqtiurad gadaerTo sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa sxva
problemebis kvlevaze.
engelsi da Semdeg marqsic mWidrod ukavSirdebian
inglisSi arsebul muSaTa jgufebs: kritikulad swav-
loben evropuli utopiuri socializmisa da komunizmis
ideebs. im dros gavrcelebuli `yazarmuli komunizmis,~
qristianuli komunizmis, filosofiuri komunizmis
koncefciebi did yuradRebasa da energias moiTxovdnen.
engelsma 1847 wels komunistTa kavSirisaTvis Ca-
moayaliba `komunizmis principebi,~ romlis safuZvelze
1848 wels marqsTan erTad dawera sayovelTaod cnobili
`komunisturi partiis manifesti.~ amas win uZRoda wer-
ilebis seria, sadac engelsi ikvlevs muSaTa mZime mdgo-
mareobas. gamoiTqva azri proletariatis istoriuli
rolis Sesaxeb. imavedros aqtiurad iRwvoda `muSaTa
samarTlianTa kavSiris~ organizaciisaTvis. komunistu-
ri partiis CamoyalibebisaTvis aqtiurad monawileobda
1848-1850 ww. revoluciur gamosvlebSi. im moZraobis ga-
mocdileba ganzogadebulia naSromSi 1852 w. `revolucia
da kontrrevolucia germaniaSi.~
imavdroulad SeimuSava samxedro saqmis Teoriis, is-
toriis, revoluciuri brZolis taqtikis sakiTxebi. mis
mier Camoyalibebuli principebi bevrad gvian v. leninma
gaimeora da masve miewereba SemuSavebis pativi (revolu-
ciuri situaciis, ajanyebis warmatebis Sesaxeb).
engelsi iZulebuli gaxda, dahyoloda mamis moTx-
ovnebs da muSaoba daiwyo manCesterSi mamis firmaSi. amis
aucilebloba gansakuTrebiT marqsis ojaxis gaWirvebam
aiZula. marqsi, ZiriTadad, dakavebuli iyo `kapitalis~
SeqmniT da mSromelTa saerTaSoriso revoluciuri cen-
tris internacionalis organizebiT.
14
marqsizmi aleqsandre axatneli
15
aleqsandre axatneli marqsizmi
4. marqsizmi
s a z o g a d o e b i s a n a to mi a
adamianTa cxovrebisa da ganviTarebis istoria
rTuli da xangrZlivi procesia. amas Tavad adamianis
arsebobis sirTule ganapirobebs. pirvel yovlisa igi
koleqtiuri arsebaa. adamianebi yovelTvis erTad cxov-
robdnen da qmnidnen sazogadoebas.
raTa earsebaT da cxovreba ganeviTarebinaT. maT unda
hqonodaT Sesabamisi unari. esaa maTi fizikuri Zala da
gonebrivi mosazrebuloba erTianobaSi aRebuli.
Teoria mTlianis am or mxares Sesabamisad warmoad-
gens rogorc fizikur moRvaweobas da sulier cxovrebas.
adamianma unda iarsebos, materialuri moTxovnilebebi
daikmayofilos, raTa SeZlos sulieri moTxovnilebebis
realizeba. materialuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofile-
ba safuZvelia adamianuri cxovrebisaTvis.
Teoria am winapirobas sasicocxlo moTxovnilebas
uwodebs. igi sami elementisgan Sedgeba: sakvebi, Casacme-
li, sacxovrebeli, raTa sasicocxlo moTxovnileba daik-
mayofilos. adamianma Tavisi SesaZlebloba (unari) unda
gamoiyenos. mecniereba am unars samuSao Zalas uwodebs.
mxolod samuSao Zala sakmarisi araa, raTa raRaca
Seqmnas. saWiroa Sromis iaraRi. adamianis samuSao Zalis
(unaris) erTobas Sromis iaraRTan uwodes misi sawarmoo
Zala. sazogadoebis moculobiT mas sazogadoebrivi
sawarmoo Zalebi ewodeba. maTi zemoqmedebiT garemo
bunebaze miiReba garkveuli Sedegi.
16
marqsizmi aleqsandre axatneli
17
aleqsandre axatneli marqsizmi
adamianTa urTierTobis istoria adasturebs im faqts,
rom didi xnis ganmavlobaSi isini warmoebas ar icnobdnen,
mompovebeli saqmianobiT irCendnen Tavs. TandaTan Cndeba
sakuTrebiTi urTierTobani. pirvel rigSi igi Sromis
iaraRebs exeba. xdeba adamianTa samuSao Zalis SeerTeba
Sromis saSualebebTan da iwyeba warmoebis procesi.
iyo xangrZlivi periodi sakuTrebis gauazrebeli ar-
sebobisa. gaazrebuli sakuTreba kerZo xasiaTis matarebe-
lia. istoriulad iyo uamravi mcdeloba kerZo sakuTre-
bis SezRudvisa, mospobisa da saerTo- sazogadoebrivi
sakuTrebis damkvidrebisa. bolo da moculobiTi mcd-
eloba e. w. socialistur qveynebTanaa dakavSirebuli.2
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobani mravalsaxovania . ekono-
mikuri, politikuri, samarTlebrivi da a. S. Teoriis
mixedviT, ZiriTadi warmoebis procesSi Camoyalibebuli
urTierTobebia. saboloo angariSiT igi ganapirobebs
sxva urTierTobaTa xasiaTs.
iTvleba, rom rogoricaa warmoebis saSualebebisad-
mi sakuTrebiTi damokidebuleba, iseTivea warmoebiTi
urTierTobani. warmoebiT urTierTobaTa erToba mwar-
moeblur ZalebTan qmnis warmoebis wess. igi ganapirobebs
mTlianad sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa xasiaTs.
istoriulad, cxovrebis ama Tu im etapze, rogoric
iyo materialuri dovlaTis Seqmnis wesi, iseTi iyo cx-
ovreba. amis mixedviT Teoria sazogadoebriv warsuls
hyofda pirvelyofil Temur, monaTmflobelur, feodal-
ur da kapitalistur wyobilebebad (formaciebad). aqedan
miCneuli iyo, rom pirvelyofili Temuri formaciis
dros xdeba warmoebis saSualebaTa Seqmna, maTi gaazre-
ba da am gziT kerZo sakuTrebaze dafuZnebuli pirveli
wyobilebis damkvidreba.
18
marqsizmi aleqsandre axatneli
1 2 3 4
1. pirvelyofili Temuri wyobileba, 2. monaTmflob-
eloba, 3. feodalizmi, 4. gapitalizmi.
marqsizms aseTi sqema sazogadoebrivi warsulisa ar
moucia, magram moZRvreba sazogadoebriv-ekkonomikuri
formaciebis Sesaxeb sxvanairad Znelad warmoidgineba.
19
aleqsandre axatneli marqsizmi
mecniereba yovel wyobilebas ganixilavs cocxali
organizmis saxiT, sadac yoveli ibadeba Zvelis wiaRSi.
ganviTarebis raRac etapze cvlis Zvels. Tavis mxriv mis
SigniT isaxeba da viTardeba axali da a. S. ganviTareba da
cvlileba xdeba dialeqtikis kanonebis moqmedebis gziT
cxovrebaSi, wyobilebaSi, mimdinareobs Tvisobriobis
raodenobrivi cvlileba (ara meqanikuri raodenobrivi,
aramed Tvisobriobis raodenobrivi. es SedarebiT rTu-
li aRsaqmelia. vTqvaT, wylis Tvisobrivi cvlileba
damokidebulia ara wylis raodenobaze, aramed wylis,
rogorc aseTi nivTierebis cvlilebaze. magaliTad,
wylis, rogorc siTxis gaciebis dros igi yinulad ga-
daiqceva, xolo gacxelebis dros _ orTqlad. naTelia,
rom wylis, rogorc Tvisobrivad siTxis temperaturuli
raodenobrivi mocemulobis cvlileba iwvevs mis sxva Tvi-
sobriobaSi gadasvlas. es sayovelTaod cnobili magali-
Ti martivad xsnis raodenobriobis (da ara raodenobis)
TvisobriobaSi gadasvlis process. analogiurad, wyo-
bilebis Tvisobriobis raodenobrivi cvlileba iwvevs
mis sxva TvisobriobaSi gadasvlas. ase mimdinareobda
wyobilebaTa cvla saukuneebis manZilze.
marqsizmis mTavari mecnieruli memkvidreoba _ `kapi-
tali~ amave principebiT xsnis cnobili bolo wyobilebis
anatomias.
Tqma advilia da Zalze rTulia. mecniereba kapi-
talistur wyobilebas ganixilavs, rogorc bolo etaps
warmoebis saSualebebze kerZo sakuTrebis batonobis
farglebSi, bolo wyobilebas (formacias), romelic
kerZo sakuTrebazea dafuZnebuli.
mTavaria, rom am wyobilebis bunebis realur (da ara
zedapirul) gagebasTanaa dakavSirebuli problemis axsna
(amocanis amoxsna). amdenad, principuli mniSvneloba aqvs
kapitalizmis anatomiis codnas.
20
marqsizmi aleqsandre axatneli
21
aleqsandre axatneli marqsizmi
tovebs Tavisuflebis iers. mTavaria, ramden xans Seu-
Zlia pirovnebas am Tavisuflebis SenarCuneba. Sromisa
da xelfasis gareSe ramden xans SeuZlia arseboba mas
da mis ojaxs. saboloo Sedegad, adamiani ekonomikurad
iZulebulia, gayidos Tavisi samuSao Zala (fizikuri
da gonebrivi unari, codna) da am gziT daikmayofilos
sasicocxlo moTxovnilebani (igulisxmeba sakuTari me
da ojaxis wevrebi).
yoveli adamiani, visi bedic damokidebulia xel-
fasze (ara aqvs mniSvneloba, igi upiratesad fiziku-
rad Sromobs Tu gonebrivad), realurad warmoadgens
daqiravebul muSas, Cabmulia daqiravebuli Sromis
sistemaSi da amdenad, daCagrulis mdgomareobaSi imy-
ofeba.
Teoria sazRvravs eqspluatatoris da eqsploatire-
bulis mdgomareobas. sazogadoebis SigniT ekonomikur
procesebs Semdegi ciklebi (procesebi) axasiaTebs:
mTavaria warmoeba. sadac araferi iwarmoeba, iq
adamianebs Soris gasanawilebelic araferia. warmoebis
Semdeg xdeba ganawileba. ganawilebiT miRebuli Semdeg
gacvlis sferoSi gadadis. adamianma rac ganawilebiT
miiRo, is Semdeg SeuZlia, sxva rameze gacvalos. gacvla
xdeba moxmarebis sagnebis (saSualebebis) miRebis mizniT.
sxva procesebi, sxva ciklebi ar arsebobs. aqedan gamom-
dinare, sazogadoebaSi dasadgenia, saidan warmoiSoba
zedmeti Rirebuleba, sadaa sazogadoebis nawilis sim-
didris wyaro.
Teoria adasturebs, rom moxmarebis procesSi axali
da, miT ufro, zedmeti Rirebuleba ar iqmneba. arc gacv-
lis procesSi xdeba misi Seqmna. ganawilebis dros (iseve,
rogorc moxmarebisa da gacvlis), Tu es procesebi samar-
Tlianad warimarTa, adgili eqneba ukve warmoebuli pro-
duqciis moZraobas. axali am procesebis dros ar iqmneba.
22
marqsizmi aleqsandre axatneli
23
aleqsandre axatneli marqsizmi
moebis procesSi, danarCeni yvelaferi aris usamarTlo-
bis Sedegi.
mogeba aris simdidris wyaro. mogebas, gamdidrebas
emorCileba da emsaxureba yvela procesi, rac fulad-sa-
saqonlo urTierTobebs exeba. ara aqvs mniSvneloba,
am urTierTobebs kapitalizms uwodeben, socializms,
demokratiul wyobilebas, Tavisufali mewarmeebis sazo-
gadoebas Tu sxva rames.
istoriulad, didi xnis manZilze miaCndaT, rom sim-
didris wyaro adamianis moqmedebis sferos gareTaa. vTq-
vaT, adamiani mdidaria, radgan mas aqvs miwa, tye, mdinare
da a. S. XVIII saukunis Teoretikosebma daaskvnes, rom Ta-
visTavad arc tye aris simdidris wyaro da arc sxva ram.
logikurad gansajes: Tu miwa ar daamuSave, tye, wiaRi-
seuli ar gamoiyene, ver gamdidrdebi. oqros zodebic rom
ewyos miwaSi, Tu ar amoTxare da moixmare, is simdidris
wyaro ver gaxdeba. gamodis, rom simdidris wyaro aris
Sroma. unda iSromo, miwa daamuSao, tye moixmaro, oqro
amoTxaro da a. S. niSnavs, unda iSromo, rom gamdidrde.
marqsizmamde miCneuli iyo, rom simdidris wyaroa
Sroma. amave dros, iyo calkeuli mixvedrebi. adamianebi
daaxloebiT Tanabari samuSao Zalis mqoneni arian. erTma
SeiZleba meoreze orjer meti samuSao Zala daxarjos,
SeiZleba samjer meti, magram asjer da aTasjer gamoiri-
cxeba. Sesabamisad, Tu Sromaa simdidris wyaro, erTi
SeiZleba meoreze orjer, samjer mdidari iyos da ara ise,
rogorc cxovrebaSia: erTi milioneri, sxvebi Ratakebi.
gamodis, rom Sroma ar gansazRvravs simdidres.
moazrovneTa aseT azrebs marqsizmma daumata mxolod
erTi sityva. am sityvis dasabuTebas ki dasWirda oci
wlis katorRuli Sroma da cnobili `kapitalis~ oTxi msx-
viltaniani tomi. Sedegad, mecnierulad iqna dasabuTebu-
li, rom ubralod Sroma ki araa simdidris wyaro, aramed
24
marqsizmi aleqsandre axatneli
25
aleqsandre axatneli marqsizmi
sferoSi pirdapir an iribad, daqiravebulTa meSveobiT.
zustad aseve, ar arsebobs politikosi, romelic ekono-
mikur (materialur) keTildReobas ar mieswrafebodes
aSkarad an farulad.
jer kidev f. engelsis sicocxleSi (1895 wlamde)
iqmneboda mravali saxis koncefciebi, romelTa mizani
arsebuli wyobilebis samarTlianobis dasabuTeba iyo
da amisda miuxedavad, cxadi iyo wyobilebis Sinagani
winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi.
veravin uaryofda im realobas, rom warmoebas aqvs
sazogadoebrivi xasiaTi. miTviseba (ganawileba) ki
kerZo xasiaTis matarebelia. ganawileba daqiravebul
mSromelebze xdeba Sromis (samuSao Zalis xarjvis)
mixedviT, mflobelebze (damqiraveblebze) ki kapitalis
mixedviT. esaa wyobilebis ZiriTadi winaaRmdegoba. kerZo
sakuTrebis batonobis pirobebSi aravin akontrolebs
da icis ra saxis produqti iwarmoeba da ra raodenobis.
warmoeba sazogadoebis masStabiT anarqiulia. amasTan
sazogadoebrivi warmoebis anarqiulobas upirispirdeba
mkacri gegmiuroba calkeuli sawarmoebis moculobiT.
warmoebis anarqiuloba iwvevs konkurenciul brZolas.
konkurentebi ki brZolis formebs ar arCeven sakuTari
warmatebisTvis. am saqmeSi yvelaferi misaRebia, TviT
xelisuflebis mosyidvis CaTvliT.
mokle daskvnis saxiT iTqmeba, rom fulad-sasaqonlo
urTierTobani mravali winaaRmdegobebis Semcvelia,
usamarTloa da ganviTarebis raRac etapze daiRupeba.
kapitalizmis Secvla axali wyobilebiT gardauvalia,
magram rodis? ganviTarebis ra dones (etaps, stadias _
saxelwodeba mravalia) unda miaRwios wyobilebam, rom
misi daRupva da axlis dafuZneba aucilebeli gaxdes?
saintereso mdgomareobaa.. dRevandelobas, msoflio
mecnierebasamaze pasuxi ara aqvs. cota xnis win miiCne-
26
marqsizmi aleqsandre axatneli
27
aleqsandre axatneli marqsizmi
samwuxarod, erTaderTi, vinc amtkicebda, rom kapi-
talizms unda hqondes ganviTarebis kidev erTi safexuri,
iyo f. engelsi. ras ambobda igi?
1. miwis nacionalizacia aris burJuaziis (kapital-
istebis) sanukvari ocneba. marTalia, garkveul
pirobebSi isini iZenen miwas da memamules emsgavse-
bian, magram, saboloo angariSiT, nacionalizaciis
momxreni arian. miwis nacionalizacia aris kapi-
talizmis umaRlesi miRweva.
2. kapitalisturi ganviTareba miaRwevs warmoebis
saSualebebze saxelmwifo sakuTrebis damyarebas,
saxelmwifo monopoliis ganxorcielebas.
3. warmoebis saSualebebze saxelmwifo sakuTreba,
logikurad gamoiwvevswarmoebis gegmiurobas.
es sami maxasiaTebeli niSnavs kerZo sakuTrebis likvi-
dacias kerZo sakuTrebis farglebSi. kerZo individual-
uri Tu koleqtiuri (monopolisturi) sakuTreba adgils
dauTmobs kerZo-saxelmwifo sakuTrebas. amas mohyveba
kerZo mewarmeTa (kapitalistTa) gadaqceva saxelmwifo
moxeleebad. garegnulad yvela iqneba saxelmwifos
daqiravebuli muSaki. Ria dapirispireba kapitalisteb-
sa da mSromelebs Soris, damqiraveblebsa da daqirave-
bulebs, eqspluatatorebsa da eqsploatirebulebs Soris
gaqreba (SeiniRbeba). sinamdvileSi sazogadoeba gaiyofa
or klasad: 1. erTiani kapitalistTa klasi _ adamianTa
is nawili, romelic ganawilebisas Rebulobs ara Sromis,
aramed Tanamdebobis, pasuxismgeblobis mixedviT. rac
mTavaria, miRebul privilegiaTa da maRali xelfasebis
wyalobiT, maTi bedi xelfasze araa damokidebuli; 2.
erTiani muSaTa klasi _ adamianTa is nawili, romelTa
bedi xelfaszea damokidebuli.
aseT sazogadoebaSi warmoeba iqneba gegmiuri, magram
dauintereseblobis gamo, gegmebi an ar Sesruldeba, an
Sesruldeba uxarisxo produqciis Seqmnis gziT. sab-
28
marqsizmi aleqsandre axatneli
I II
29
aleqsandre axatneli marqsizmi
I.Tavisufali II. monopolisturi kapital-
konkurenciis faza izmis faza Sedgeba sami safex-
Sedgeba sami safexuri- urisagan: monopolisturi ka-
sagan: martivi koop- pitalizmi, saxelmwifo-mo-
eracia, manufaqtura, nopolisturi kapitalizmi da
manqanuri warmoeba. saxelmwifo kapitalizmi.
marqsizmis es Teoriuli gaTvla xdeboda im dros,
roca mowinave qveynebSi mimdinareobda gadasvla pirveli
fazidan meoreSi. mowinave qveynebSi (inglisi, germania,
aSS) iqmneboda monopoliebi. Tavisufali konkurencia
adgils uTmobda monopoliaTa batonobas. Teoriulad es
niSnavda imas, rom kapitalizms win hqonda ganviTarebis
xangrZlivi dro da safexurebi.
XIX saukunis bolos marqsizmi ukve sayovelTaod aR-
iarebuli moZRvreba iyo da muSaTa partiebi aqtiurad
moRvaweobdnen misi debulebebis praqtikuli ganxor-
cielebisaTvis. f. engelsi amitom afrTxilebda revolu-
cioner-Teoretikosebs da ambobda: iseT ganuviTarebel
qveyanaSi, rogoric germaniaa, muSaTa revolucia rom
moxdes, erTaderTi, rasac miaRweven, iqneba siRaribis
Tanabari ganawileba. siRatakis ganawilebis dros ki
kvlav aRmocendeba is usamarTloba,, romlis winaaRm-
degac moxdeba revolucia. mSromelebi irwmuneben, rom
socialisturma (komunisturma _ es igivea) revoluciam
maT Tanasworuflebianoba ki ar moutana, aramed iseTive
umsgavsoba, romlis winaaRmdegac ibrZodnen. saboloo
angariSiT, aseTi socializmi (komunizmi) mSromelebs
rwmenas daakargvinebs. amitom ganuviTarebel germaniaSi
socialisturi revolucia Zalze adrea da uperspeqtivo.
f. engelsis mier 1895 wels gamoTqmuli es gafrTxile-
ba saguldagulod iqna miviwyebuli, magram dRevandel
viTarebaSi, roca misi winaswarmetyveleba maTematikuri
sizustiT axda e. w. socialisturi qveynebis magaliTze,
30
marqsizmi aleqsandre axatneli
31
aleqsandre axatneli marqsizmi
5. leninizmi
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi e. w. socialisturi banakis
qveynebSi da msoflioSi miCneuli iyo, rom leninizmi meoce
saukunis marqsizmia. imdenad myarad iyo damkvidrebuli
es azri, rom mkacri cenzuris pirobebSi odnav gansxvave-
buli mosazrebac ki idevneboda, iCqmaleboda, isjeboda.4
oficialurad leninizmi, Semdeg stalinizmic, marq-
sistuli moZRvrebis logikur gagrZelebad da praqti-
kul ganxorcielebad iTvleboda. cxadia, iyvnen mcodne
da gamgebi adamianebi, romlebic xvdebodnen simarTles.
aseTi, xelisuflebis mier gzaabneulad gamocxadebuli
adamianebis raodenoba gansakuTrebiT gaizarda gamoCe-
nili avantiuristis n. xruSCovis imperatorobis dros.
XX saukunis bolos e. w. socializmis kraxi avtomat-
urad marqsizmzec gavrcelda. logikuria: Tu arsebuli,
Tanac ganviTarebuli `socializmi~, imis nacvlad, rom
`Zirmompali~ kapitalizmisTvis ganviTarebaSi gaeswro,
CamoiSala da erTbaSad Cveulebriv kapitalizmad gar-
daiqmna, daisvas kiTxva: wyobilebasTan erTad marqsizmma
ganicada Tu ara kraxi? TavisTavad cxadia, Tu yvelaferi
Teoriuli da praqtikuli, rac socialistur qveynebSi
marqsizmis saxeliT xorcieldeboda, marTlac, marqs-en-
32
marqsizmi aleqsandre axatneli
33
aleqsandre axatneli marqsizmi
cnobilia, rom klasebisa da klasTa brZolis faqtis ar-
seboba jer kidev burJuaziulma mecnierebma daasabuTes.
am mxriv, marqsizmis damsaxureba is aris, rom klasTa
brZolis koncefcia proletariatis (daqiravebul muSa-
Ta) istoriul rols daukavSira.
v. lenini sabWoTa kavSirSi aRiarebuli `marqsisti~,
Tavidanve emijneboda moZRvrebas am sakiTxSi. marqsizmi
miiCnevda, rom mxolod daqiravebul muSaTa klass Seu-
Zlia uklaso sazogadoebaze gadasvla. yvela sxva klasi
met-naklebad kerZo sakuTrebasTanaa dakavSirebuli
da, amdenad, reaqciul Zalas warmoadgenda, maT Soris _
glexoba. wvrili glexobac maT miwis kerZo sakuTrebas-
Tan dakavSirebul da, amdenad, socializmisTvis (komu-
nizmisTvis) reaqciul Zalad miaCndaT.
ruseTis imperiaSi, feodalur, glexur qveyanaSi,
`xalxosnur~ ideebze aRzrdili v. lenini glexobas
socialisturi ideebisaTvis mebrZol Zalad miiCnevda.
qveyanaSi, sadac 165 milioni mosaxlidan proletariati
sul 1,4 milions Seadgenda, saerTod, daqiravebulebi
(gamyidvelebi, mosamsaxureni da a.S.). 10 milions social-
isturi revoluciis araviTari socialuri safuZveli
ar arsebobda. imperiaSi iyvnen xalxosnuri teroristu-
li dajgufebebi, romlebsac marqsizmze warmodgenac
ar hqondaT. am moZraobis mowinave warmomadgenelma g.
plexanovma xeli mohkida marqsizmis Seswavlas. v. leninma
misi meSveobiT ganizraxa axali, popularuli moZRvrebis
aTviseba da brZola glexur qveyanaSi, ararsebuli pro-
letariatis interesebisaTvis.
im dros, roca gardacvalebamde ramdenime TviT adre
(1895 w.) f. engelsi afrTxilebda germanel revolucio-
nerebs socialisturi revoluciis SeuZleblobis Sesax-
eb, v.lenini amtkicebda glexobis socialisturi bunebis
arsebobas da muSebTan kavSirSi socializmis damyarebis
34
marqsizmi aleqsandre axatneli
35
aleqsandre axatneli marqsizmi
Zleblad. kapitalizmis safexuris ki ara, wyobilebis
gamotovebis gziT. bevrad gvian aRiara man: batonymo-
ba qalaqebSi movspeT 1905 w. revoluciis dros, xolo
soflad, mxolod 1920 welso. msjeloba kapitalizmis
mospobaze CrdilSi rCeboda (xatovani SedarebisTvis: v.
lenini fiqrobda, rom SesaZlebelia 5-6 wlis bavSvebis
SeuRleba da maT damoukideblad unda marTon ojaxi).
arc isea saqme, rom v. lenins araferi marqsistuli ar
moswonda. kerZod, revoluciis permanentulobis sakiTxi
misTvis misaRebi aRmoCnda.
marqsizmi miiCnevda, rom Tavisi arsiT kapitalizmi-
dan socializmSi gadasvla, Tundac igi mSvidobianad
ganxorcieldes, mainc revoluciaa. realurad, warmoebis
saSualebebis kerZo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli wyobilebidan,
sazogadoebriv sakuTrebaze gadasvla revolucias
gulisxmobs. amasTan, revolucia iqneba permanentuli
(ganuwyveteli) da SeiZleba ganxorcieldes sxvadasxvanai-
rad: 1. revolucia daiwyeba erT-erT mowinave qveyanaSi
da igi gagrZeldeba 10-15-25 weli, sanam ar moxdeba Zveli
wyobilebis likvidacia da socializmis (komunizmis) sab-
oloo damkvidreba; 2. revolucia gaimarjvebs erTdrou-
lad ramdenime mowinave qveyanaSi; 3. revolucia SeiZleba
daiwyos SedarebiT sustad ganviTarebul qveyanaSi, man
biZgi misces moZraobas maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi
da revoluciam gaimarjvos met-naklebad erTdroulad.
calke aRebul erT qveyanaSi kapitalisturi garemocvis
pirobebSi gamarjveba (saboloo) gamoiricxeba.
v. leninisaTvis misaRebi iyo permanentuli revo-
luciis es mesame varianti. fiqrobda: ruseTi daiwyebs,
germania, inglisi da a. S. gaagrZeleben da revolucia
erTbaSad gaimarjvebs did sivrceSi . amitom, samoqalaqo
omis dasrulebis Semdeg, daiwyes 1920 w. omi poloneTTan.
romara didi marcxi varSavis misadgomebTan, sabWoTa
36
marqsizmi aleqsandre axatneli
37
aleqsandre axatneli marqsizmi
qveyanaSi. mas socializmis damkvidrebis mTavar saSuale-
bad miiCnevda. diqtatura misTvis mkacri, sisxlis Semcve-
li sityva iyo, romelsac evaleboda Zveli wyobilebis
daundobeli mospoba.
Tu marqsizmisTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda-
kapitalisturi ekonomikis maRal ganviTarebulobas da
warmoebis urTierTobaTa maRal kulturas, v. lenini-
saTvis arsebiTi proletariatis (igulisxmeba partiis)
diqtaturis damyareba iyo. diqtaturis meSveobiT unda
momxdariyo Zveli wyobilebis likvidacia, ekonomikis
ganviTareba da warmoebiT urTierTobaTa kulturis
amaRleba.
marqsizmi miiCnevda, rom, rogorc kerZo sakuTrebaze
dafuZnebuli wyobilebebi (formaciebi) SeiZleba iyos
sxvadasxva (monaTmflobeluri, feodaluri, kapitalils-
turi), aseve socialisturi (komunisturi) formaciebi
iqnebian gansxvavebulebi. k. marqsis `kapitalis~ pirveli
tomis 24 Tavis me-7 paragrafia am mxriv sayuradRebo. es
niSnavs, rom socializmi (komunizmi) sulac ar warmoad-
gens sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis saboloo safexurs.
ganviTareba iqneba mudmivi, miRweuli yoveli safexuri
(stadia, formacia da a. S.) warmavali. marqsistma edvard
bernSteinma es procesi ase warmoadgina: moZraoba win
iqneba absoluturi, saboloo Sedegi fardobiTi.
v. leninma ver Tu ar gaigo naTqvamis realuri azri
da mwared dascina e. bernSteins. naxeT ras ambobs: moZ-
raoba yvelaferia, saboloo Sedegi _ araferi. rogor
Tu araferi, Cveni saboloo mizani komunizmia.
v. leninis mixedviT gamodioda, rom komunizmi iqne-
boda erTxel da samudamod proletariatis diqtaturis
mier damyarebuli wyobileba.
marqsizmis Tanaxmad, Tavdapirveli safexuri (wyo-
bileba, formacia) komunizmisa miaRwevda adamianTa sa-
38
marqsizmi aleqsandre axatneli
39
aleqsandre axatneli marqsizmi
marqsistuli gageba. igi erTi winadadebiT gamoiTqmeba:
araa Tavisufali eri, romelic sxvas Cagravs. am daskvnis
Tanaxmad, eri, romelic sxvebze batonobs, pirvel rigSi,
Tavadaa Cagruli da saWiroebs gaTavisuflebas. mokle
ganmartebaa aucilebeli: eri rTuli fenomenia. igi
Sedgeba mcirericxovani gabatonebuli klasisgan da
didi umravlesoba Cagruli masisgan. mCagvreli eris gab-
atonebuli nawili Cagravs da Zarcvavs pirvel rigSi sa-
kuTari eris did umravlesobas. paralelurad, Cagruli
umravlesobis gamoyenebiT ipyrobs, imonebs, Cagravs sxva
erebs. am viTarebidan gamomdinare, Cagrulma erma xeli
unda Seuwyos mCagvreli eris Cagruli umravlesobis
gamoRviZebas, darazmvas, brZolas sakuTari mCagvreli
klasis winaaRmdeg. roca Cagruli umravlesoba aRs-
dgeba sakuTari mCagvrelebis winaaRmdeg, maSin Cagrul
ers miecema Tavisuflebis mopovebis SesaZlebloba. sxva
SemTxvevaSi Cagruli eris brZola SeiZleba uSedego
aRmoCndes, gaRebuli msxverplis odenobis miuxedavad.5
v. leninis Tvalsazrisi erovnul sakiTxSi Zalze
gansxvavebuli gaxldaT. miiCnevda ra Tavs rusad, didi
rusi eris Svilad da warmomadgenlad, igi Tavis koncef-
cias ase ayalibebda: ramdenadac evropis mowinave moaz-
rovneebis mier damkvidrebuli iyo debuleba mravalero-
vani imperiebis drogasulobaze, aRiarebuli iyo erTa
TviTgamorkvevisa da damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Se-
qmnis ufleba. v. lenini sityvierad mis progresulobas
aRiarebda. igi araerTgzis acxadebda, rom emxroba erTa
TviTgamorkvevis uflebas da ara realur gamoyofas.
igi miiCnevda, rom radganac erovnulad Wreli
40
marqsizmi aleqsandre axatneli
41
aleqsandre axatneli marqsizmi
warmoadgens adamianis did bednierebas, simdidres Tu
ara dro?
dRes simdidre izomeba fuliT, Zvirfasi liToniT
(oqro, vercxli) da briliantiT. isaa mdidari, visac
bevri fuli aqvs da SeuZlia SeiZinos rac surs ( sxvisi
colis da Svilis CaTvliT). sinamdvileSi, ukve dRes, Tu
adamiani materialurad dakmayofilebulia, sasicocxlo
moTxovnilebani aqvs uxvad, maTTvis brZola (Sroma) ar
uwevs, SeuZlia dakavdes sxva, misTvis saintereso saqmiT,
ufro mdidaria da Tavisufali.
adamianis yvelaze didi simdidrea dro, romelic
bunebam misTvis gamoimeta. dRevandel maxinj, usamarTlo
kapitalistur cxovrebaSi, roca adamians uwevs brZola
arsebobisaTvis, is iTvleba mdidrad, visac meti fuli
aqvs. ara aqvs mniSvneloba ra gziT, ra meTodebiTaa igi
mopovebuli. sxvaze metis qona iTvleba bednierebad. am
moCvenebiTi bednierebisaTvis kargibunebis adamianic ki
borot mxecad, mZarcvelad evlineba sazogadoebas. amave
dros adamianebi ar ukvirdebian, raSia namdvili bedniere-
ba. miliardi, trilionic rom hqondes adamians, dros ver
iyidis, ukvdavi ver gaxdeba. misi brZoliT, ZarcviT, sxvaTa
CagvriT mopovebuli `simdidre~ sicocxles ver matebs.7
v.lenini eTanxmeboda marqsistul daskvnas, rom
socializmi ar SeiZleboda dafuZnebuli yofiliyo
fulad-sasaqonlo urTierTobebze da adamianTa didi
simdidre, droiT inda yofiliyo gazomil-Sefasebuli.
vnaxoT, ra moxda sinamdvileSi.
42
marqsizmi aleqsandre axatneli
6. stalinizmi
dRes stalinis xseneba cud tonad iTvleba. umravle-
soba ayolilia garkveuli ideologebis mier daweril
azrebs, sasaciloa. erTi mxriv aRiareben stalinis did
avtoritets farTo masebSi. askvnian, rom dResac mosax-
leobis 40% mas dadebiTad afasebs. cotaa? gasaxsenebe-
lia m. gorbaCovis mware naTqvami: Cven gvlanZRaven da
amave dros yovel pensioners misi suraTi jibiT daaqvs,
yovel avtobusSi, transportis saSualebebSi mZRolebs
kabinaSi misi portreti aqvs gakrulio.
yovel rigiT adamianze, miT ufro did pirovnebaze
bevri SeiZleba iTqvas cudic da kargic. stalins aqebd-
nen da adidebdnen ise, rom misi naazrevi (aTi tomi),
Seswavlili ki ara, nanaxic ara hqondaT. dRes piriqiT,
akritikeben da lanZRaven ise, rom mis Semoqmedeba_moR-
vaweobaze baiburSi ar arian.
am SemTxvevaSi mizani mokrZalebulia. oriode wina-
dadebiT iqnes gaxsenebuli `sabWoTa socializmis~ buneba
da misi Sesatyvisoba marqsizmTan. sxvanairad: ramdenadaa
stalinizmi aramarqsistuli moZRvreba da praqtika da
ramdenad organul kavSirSia leninizmTan.
pirvel yovlisa, unda iTqvas, Tavad stalini Tavs
did Teoretikosad arasodes miiCnevda. igi ruseTis
social-demokratiuli moZraobis praqtikosi lideri
gaxldaT. sakiTxis arsis gasagebad, gasaxsenebelia ruse-
Tis imperiis erTi Tavisebureba. XIX saukunis ruseTSi
moqmedebda xalxosnur-teroristuli organizaciebi.
maT ideebze aRzrdilma v. leninma ver moaxerxa maTTan
43
aleqsandre axatneli marqsizmi
saboloo gamijvna. misi xelmZRvanelobiT Seqmnili bol-
Sevikuri partia, iyenebda terorist elementebs. maT So-
ris stalini ar iyo ukanaskneli. misi saxeli ukavSirdeba
TbilisSi, bankze mowyobil Tavdasxmas.
amave dros, iyo ra bunebiT dajildoebuli, Tavisi
mokrZalebuli wvlili poeziaSic Seitana. sakmarisia
mieTiTos, rom praqtikuli sabrZolo moRvaweobiT daka-
vebuli, sami TviT moxvda avstriaSi, venis biblioTekiT
isargebla da erovnul sakiTxze dawera naSromi, romlis
gamo, erovnuli sakiTxis saukeTeso mcodnis avtorite-
ti mtkiced daimkvidra. skeptikosebs SeuZliaT, daint-
eresdnen da naxaven, rom miuxedavad aTasgvari mcdelobi-
sa, masze ufro srulad da amomwuravad, eris ganmarteba
aravis moucia. da es grZeldeba dRemde.
maSin, roca Teoretikosi revolucionerebi (v. le-
ninis CaTvliT) sazRvargareT usafrTxod cxovrobdnen,
stalini (sxva praqtikosebTan erTad) cixidan cixeSi,
gadasaxleba-gacimbirebis pirobebSi dauRalavad moR-
vaweobda.
v. lenini sasowarkveTili werda: Cven, ufrosi Tao-
ba, revolucias ve moveswrebiTo. es 1916 w. dekemberSi.
1917 w. 23 Tebervals opoziciurma partiebma moiwvies
TaTbiri, raTa ganexilaT droebiTi mTavrobis Seqmnis
sakiTxi, radgan mefe gadadgomas apirebda. bolSevikebma
TaTbirSi monawileoba ar miiRes im mizeziT, rom ara-
viTari gadadgoma mefisa ar SeiZleba momxdariyo. ai,
aseTi Teoriulad da praqtikulad momzadebulebi Sex-
vdnen v. lenini da bolSevikebi Tebervlis burJuaziul
revolucias.
stalini revoluciam gaaTavisufla cimbiris gadasax-
lebidan, sadac kamenevTan erTad imyofeboda, Cavida
petrogradSi da imave dRes gazeT `pravdis~ redaqtorad
airCies. aseTi gaunaTlebeli da ucodinari iyo igi.
44
marqsizmi aleqsandre axatneli
45
aleqsandre axatneli marqsizmi
idebulebis SeswavliT. mas nep-I warmoedgina, rogorc
ufulo saqonel-gacvla qalaqsa da sofels Soris. mx-
olod erTi wlis Semdeg aRiara mware marcxi: ubralo
rubli Cvenze Zlieri aRmoCndao da miemxro fulad-sa-
saqonlo urTierTobebis SemoRebas.
gamarTlda marqsizmis gafrTxileba: sanam urTierTo-
bani fulad-sasaqonlo xasiaTisaa, socializmze gadasvla
SeuZlebelia.
v. leninma sicocxlis bolos moaswro sabWoTa kav-
Siris Seqmna. praqtikulad, mravalerovani unitaruli
imperia, sadac yvelafers centri gansazRvravda da sadac
uzarmazari qveyana erTi centris Semyure iyo. moxda is
razec mkvlevarebi miuTiTeben. mefis ruseTSi moqmedebda
sami principi: erTi mefe, erTi ena, erTi religia. e. w.
socialistur ruseTSi mefe Secvala partiis general-
urma mdivanma, religia _ bolSevikurma ideologiam, ena
darCa rusuli.
stalini am periodidan iwyebs stalinobas. misi ini-
ciativiT sabWoeTis parlamentSi, umaRles sabWoSi, Sem-
oiRes meore, erovnebaTa urTierTobis palata.
v. leninis gardacvalebis Semdeg xelisuflebaSi
daiwyo didi Sexla-Semoxla, rac, sabolood, stalinis
gamarjvebiT damTavrda. cxadia, sainteresoa imis codna,
rogor moaxerxa upirvelesi mowinaaRmdege trockis Camo-
cileba, rogor mihyvnen mas sxva cnobili liderebi da sxva.
am SemTxvevaSi gasaxsenebelia erTi: zinovievi gaxda mesame
internacionalis mesaWe, man gamoaqveyna msxviltaniani
naSromi `leninizmi~. stalinma erTi wlis Semdeg aseve
gamoaqveyna `leninizmis sakiTxebi~. niSandoblivia, rom
Tavis naSromebs (amboben, enaTmecnierebis garda) igi Tav-
ad swerda. hoda, sakiTxavia, praqtikosi revolucioneri,
seminariadaumTavrebeli, Teoretikosobaze pretenziis
armqone, rogor amaRlda im donemde? RvTis wyalobaa?
46
marqsizmi aleqsandre axatneli
47
aleqsandre axatneli marqsizmi
pebidan ukandaxeva iyo, magram Tavisi siaxliT socialis-
turi elferis SenarCunebis saSualebas iZleoda. glexebs
uvado sargeblobaSi eZleodaT sakarmidamo miwis nakve-
Ti, sanacvlod, iZulebulebi iyvnen saerTo-saxelmwifo
meurneobebSi emuSavaT mcire anazRaurebis safasurad.
praqtikulad moxda socializmidan ukandaxeva so-
cialisturi elferis SenarCunebiT. glexebi kolmeur-
neobebidan Rebulobdnen ara xelfass, aramed maT mierve
Seqmnili produqtis nawils. amasTan, xdeboda gawera
gadasaxadis nacvlad (kvercxi, xorci da a. S. glexebs nat-
uraluri saxiT unda CaebarebinaT). gamodioda, rom qa-
laqi sofelTan formalurad fulad-sasaqonlo gacvlas
ar awarmoebda. es xelmZRvanelobas aZlevda safuZvels,
emtkicebinaT socializmis Sesaxeb.
ufro meti. koleqtivizaciis procesma Seqmna piroba
e. w. kulakTa klasis likvidacia ganexorcielebinaT. aqac
marqsizmis agraruli Teoriis parodia gaTamaSda. mar-
qsizmi glexebs sam kategoriad hyofda: mcirericxovani
msxvili glexoba, saSualo da Raribi glexoba. Teoriis
mixedviT, revoluciis procesSi msxvili miwaTmflobeli
glexobis eqspropriacia ganxorcieldeboda. saSualo
glexoba bolos nebayoflobiT gadavidoda socialistur
urTierTobebze.
parodia SemdegSia: roca mkvlevarebi analizs
ukeTebdnen e. w. glexTa kategoriebis marqsistul dax-
asiaTebas, midiodnendaskvnamde, rom germaniis msxvili
glexoba ruseTis feodalTa klass utoldeboda. germani-
is saSualo SeZlebis glexoba (romelTa mimarT, Teoriis
mixedviT, iZuleba ar igegmeboda), ruseTSi umsxviles
glexobas uTanabrdeboda. ruseTis umiwo, Ratak glexTa
fenas germaniaSi analogi ar moepoveboda.
amdenad, sabWoTa kavSirSi warmoebuli e. w. kulakTa
klasis likvidacia aramarqsistuli procesi iyo.
48
marqsizmi aleqsandre axatneli
49
aleqsandre axatneli marqsizmi
dRes Znelia msjeloba pirovnebis rolze, miT ufro
iseTisa, romelic calmxrivad ganixileba. amitom ori-
ode winadadebiT gasaxsenebelia misi meore mxarec.
mxedvelobaSia i. stalini. mas warmoadgendnen, rogorc
Seubralebel despots, xalxis jalaTs da a. S.
samwuxarod, mas ar ganixilavdnen, rogorc konk-
retuli istoriuli viTarebiT ganpirobebul adamians.
sakmarisad axlo unda gaiazros wamkiTxvelma ori mo-
menti: i. stalini, rogorc pirovneba, bavSvobidan moxu-
cebulobamde da periodis saSinelebani, romelSic mas
moRvaweoba mouwia.
periodis dasaxasiaTeblad sakmarisia, codna ki ara,
gageba, ramdenad ganviTarebuli iyo ruseTis imperia
1914 wlisaTvis. amas daematos is, rom 1918 wlisaTvis
warmoeba xuTjer Semcirda. iyo masobrivi SimSili (da-
maxasiaTebeli Tanmxlebi movlenebiT), mimdinareobda
samoqalaqo omi, zed darTuli ucxouri intervencia da
aseT, naxevrad feodalur qveyanaSi v. leninis meTauro-
biT, trockis, zinovievis da sxvaTa mcdelobebiT unda
gadasuliyvnen socializmze, Tanac ise, rom ar icodnen,
rogori socializmi surdaT.
swored im dros v. lenini m. frunzes (ukrainaSi my-
ofs), moskovidan exveweboda ramdenime qvabis gagzavnas.
s. orjonikiZes (romelsac qarTvelebi mZime braldebebSi
adanaSaulebdnen) hpirdeboda yvelafris patiebas, Tu is
mis sayvarels (inesa armands) vaJiSvilTan erTad dasven-
ebas mouwyobda.
paralelurad, v. lenini moiTxovda msubuqi yofaqcev-
is qalebis daxvretas, radgan isini Turme `ryvnidnen~
wiTelarmielebs. moiTxovda cnobili `sameulis~ swrafi
sasamarTloebis mowyobas da a. S.
imave periodSi l. trocki samxedro javSniani matare-
bliT gadaadgildeboda lamazi qalebis, Sampanurebis,
50
marqsizmi aleqsandre axatneli
adiutantebis TanxlebiT da a. S.
yvela sisastikis da sazizRrobis CamoTvlac ki Seu-
Zlebelia. am dros i. stalini cxovrobda Zalze Raribu-
lad viwro binaSi da mokrZalebuli xelfasiT, ojaxTan
erTad inaxavda megobrebis Svilebs, es erTi mxriv ojax-
ur ukmayofilebas iwvevda (nadeJda alilueva kargad
xedavda sxva komisrebis cxovrebis wess da masac surda
kargi cxovreba)8. amaze meti iyo gadidkacebuli trockis
ironiuli damokidebuleba ujiSo kavkasielisadmi (miT
ufro, rom swored man aiZula, Tanxmoba mieca brestis
zavis sasargeblod).
i. stalini iZulebuli iyo, Tavis uSualo funqciebis
garda, emoqmeda saxelmwifoebrivi saWiroebis yvela
frontze, maT Soris igi monawiled CaiTvleba im maso-
brivi represiebisa, rasac v. leninisa da l. trockis
xelmZRvanelobiT hqonda adgili. erTi, rasac masze ver
ityvian, esaa piradi keTildReobisaTvis zrunva. cxovre-
bis arc erT periodSi ar ucdia mas, piradi da ojaxuri
keTildReobis mowyoba. misi aseTi cxovreba farTo masebs
socializmis garkveul rwmenas umtkkicebda.
i. stalinis mniSvneloba Seufasebeli iyo axali
wyobilebis damkvidrebaSi da misi `socialisturobis~
aRiarebaSi.
1939 w. 2 seqtembers dawyebulma meore msoflio omma
ukana planze daswia saerTod ideurobis sakiTxi. ara
hqonda mniSvneloba (garkveulad) wyobilebis xasiaTis.
mTavari iyo germaniisa da misi mokavSireebis agresiis
mogerieba.
i. stalinis roli am omSi mravalnairadaa gaSuqebu-
8. aqve gasaxsenebelia a. jafariZis ufrosi qalliSvilis (lucias) erTi
mogoneba. misi TqmiT, i. stalini mxolod erTs moiTxovda meuRlisagan:
sadilobisas hqonoda wvniani, radgan gadasaxlebebis dros daavadebul
organizms es sWirdeboda. aseTi ojaxuri ukmayofileba mosaTmenia
Tu ara?
51
aleqsandre axatneli marqsizmi
li. gansakuTrebiT gaizarda mis Sesaxeb literatura
didi avantiuristis n. xruSCovis `imperatorobis~ dros
da Semdeg. omis xasiaTisa da mimdinareoba-Sedegebis
ganxilvis gareSe, unda iTqvas i. stalinis Seufasebeli
rolis Sesaxeb. mxolod imitom, rom dRemde ar wydeba
xmauri g. Jukovis e. w. gamarjvebis marSlis gadamwyvet
mniSvnelobaze, dainteresebulma adamianma dakvirvebiT
unda waikiTxos Jukovis mogonebebi. analizi aCvenebs,
ramdenad `didi~ iyo igi, ra roli Seasrula sabrZolo
moqmedebebis dros da ramdenad `utoldeboda~ i. sta-
lins.
omis Semdeg Zalisxmeva qveynisa, mimarTuli iyo dan-
greuli saxalxo meurneobis aRdgenisken. ara socialis-
turi `gamarjvebebi~, aramed samrewvelo potencialis
zrda iyo amocana. vinc odnav mainc Caxedulia i. stalin-
is, T. ruzveltis da u. CerCilis urTierTobaTa istori-
aSi, Semdeg ori ukanasknelis memkvidreTa CarTulobaSi,
daeTanxmeba, rom bevri ram iyo damokidebuli sabWoTa
lideris poziciaze. mxedvelobaSi mxolod reparaciebis
sakiTxia. ise, bevri SeiZleba iTqvas sabWoTa saxelmwifos
politikur, samxedro da gansakuTrebiT teritoriul
zrdaze, ramac sabolood e. w. socialisturi qveynebis
banakis Seqmna gamoiwvia. diax, reparaciebis odenobam
da xarisxma SeaZlebina sabWoTa kavSirs 3-4 weliwadSi
aRedgina dangreuli saxalxo meurneoba. aman Tavis mxriv
Seqmna piroba, gazafxulobiT garkveul produqtebze
fasdakleba ganexorcielebinaT.
am gziT gamococxlda da ganmtkicda azri wyobilebis
socialisturobis Sesaxeb. iyo molodini, rom oriode
wlis Semdeg puri da zogi pirveladi moxmarebis produq-
ti ufaso gaxdeboda. es iyo rwmena. rwmena ki didi Zalaa.
i. stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg9 qveyana airia. n. xruS-
52
marqsizmi aleqsandre axatneli
53
aleqsandre axatneli marqsizmi
Teoriasa da praqtikas Soris. arc imas, ra iyo obieqtu-
ri mizezebi socializmis kapitalizmad gadaqcevis, arc
imas, ramdenad damnaSavea marqsizmi.
55
aleqsandre axatneli marqsizmi
ras gamoiwvevs Sedegad.11
v. lenini, miuxedavad marqsistuli moZRvrebis rigi
sakiTxebis safuZvliani codnisa, saboloo angariSiT
ver mowyda xalxosnuri ideebis gavlenas. misTvis kapi-
talizmis umaRlesi safexuri gaurkveveli fenomenia (an
gangeb ar gaamaxvila yuradReba). igi kvlav teroristuli
organizaciebis (partiebis) imedad darCa.
safiqralia, rom marqsizmi sulac araa damnaSave Tu
v. leninma socializmad miiCnia kapitalizmis umaRlesi
safexuri.
ganmeorebiT iTqmeba f. engelsi afrTxilebda moma-
val revolucionerebs da ambobda: revolucioneri ( miT
ufro Teoretikosi), romelic imis imediTaa, rom prole-
tariati sustia da kapitalizmi ganuviTarebeli, magram
arc burJuaziaa Zlieri, jer kidev saWiroebs marqsizmis
ana-banis Seswavlaso.
safiqralia, rom marqsizmi ver iqneba damnaSave imis
gamo, rom misi daskvna ugulebelyves.
f. engelsi 1895 w. gardaicvala. ramdenime TviT adre
igi afrTxilebda rus revolucionerebs maTi socialis-
turi ideebis utopiurobaSi. dabejiTebiT eubneboda,
rom ruseTSi SeiZleboda momxdariyo mxolod burJua-
ziuli revolucia. Tavad v. lenini aRniSnavda, rom
ruseTis imperiaSi feodalizmi da sibnelea gamefebuli.
arsebobs xuTi samrewvelo centri (peterburgi, moskovi,
urali, donbasi da baqo). am centrebis iqiT ukulturoba,
CamorCeniloba, sibnelea. Sua azia `tuzemcebis~ qveyanaa,
somxeTi `saqaTme~ da a. S.
safiqralia, marqsizmi ar unda iyos damnaSave imaSi,
ris Sesaxebac afrTxilebda momaval revolucionerebs,
rac maT ar Tu ver gaiges da gaiTvaliswines.
56
marqsizmi aleqsandre axatneli
57
aleqsandre axatneli marqsizmi
winaaRmdegoba ganuviTarebel mwarmoeblur Zalebsa
da bevrad win wasul warmoebiT urTierTobebs Soris
aferxebda qveynis (wyobilebis) winsvlas. `socialistu-
ri~ ideologiis gavleniT muxruWdeboda winaaRmdegobis
mSvidobiani gadalaxva.
XX saukunis oTxmocian wlebSi muSaTa (mSromelTa)
ukmayofilebis simZlavrem aiZula sabWoTa xelmZRvane-
loba, SeSvebodnen ideologiur manipulaciebs da mieRoT
aucilebeli gadawyvetileba: eRiarebinaT, rom qveyanaSi,
sadac iarliyi socialisturia, Sinaarsi kapitalistur-
ia. amasTan, mwarmoebluri Zalebis ganviTarebis xasiaTi
(done), moiTxovs xelovnurad danergil (winwasul) urT-
ierTobaTa formis ukan dabrunebas, raTa Seiqmnas saerTo
winsvlis pirobebi, rac niSnavs warmoebis saSualebebze
saxelmwifo kerZo sakuTrebis monopoliis Secvlas, nawi-
lobriv mainc kerZo individualur sakuTrebaze gasvlas.
kapitalisturi ganviTarebis meeqvse safexuris sakuTre-
biTi urTierTobebidan mexuTeze gadasvlas.
dRevandeli samecniero-ekonomisturi gagebiT,
SeiZleboda keinsianisturi gziT wasvla. es niSnavda
saxelmwifo sakuTrebisa da mTlian ekonomikaSi saxel-
mwifo regulirebis rolis aRiarebas. SeiZleboda e.
w. klasikuri kapitalisturi gziT wasvlac. es Tavis
mxriv moaswavebda warmoebis saSualebebze saxelmwifo
sakuTrebis mTlianad moSlas da kerZo individualur an
koleqtiur sakuTrebaze gadasvlas.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg saqarTvelom klasi-
kuri kapitalizmis gza airCia. es niSnavs: saxelmwifo
hyidis yvela saSualebas, rac gaiyideba.
bevrad Wkvianurad moiqcnen is respublikebi, sadac
saxelmwifo sakuTrebis gverdiT Seqmnes kerZo seqtori.
Seaxames saxelmwifo da kerZo sakuTrebis seqtorebi.
vTqvaT, ise, rogorc aris germaniaSi, avstriaSi da sxv.
58
marqsizmi aleqsandre axatneli
59
aleqsandre axatneli marqsizmi
8. marqsizmi da saqarTvelo
marqsistuli moZRvreba Tanabrad exeba adamianTa mTel
modgmas. bunebrivia, maT Soris qarTvelebsac. Teoria
asaxavda kacobriobis warsuls, analizs ukeTebda awmyos
da saxavda momavlis tendenciebs.
cnobilia, rom naSromi ojaxis, kerZo sakuTrebis,
saxelmwifos warmoSobis Sesaxeb, fridrix engelsma Seqmna
arsebuli gamocdilebis codnis safuZvelze. aravis mor-
ganiviT detalurad da TiTqmis mxatvrulad es cxovreba
ar ausaxavs. engelsma yvelaferi gaiTvaliswina da aqcenti
balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze gaakeTa. pelazgebis tomTa
gamocdileba, Semdeg maTi dampyrobi da saqmis gamgrZe-
lebeli Zveli berZnebis gamocdileba, mTlianad sakiTxis
Seswavlis qvakuTxedi aRmoCnda. pelazgebi ki lazebis
monaTesave tomia. Sesabamisad, naSromSi pe-laz-gebTan
erTad laz-ebis gamocdilebacaa asaxuli. lazebi ki erT
periodSi egrisel-kolxebs ewodebodaT.
ara mxolod ojaxis, kerZo sakuTrebis, saxelmwifos
warmoSoba, mTeli ganviTareba, grZeli istoria Cveni
erisa da qveynisa ise momdinareobda, rogorc aRwerilia
marqsistul moZRvrebaSi. Temuri wyobileba, monaTmflo-
beloba, feodalizmi iyo Cveni eris warsuli Tavgadasava-
li. am mxriv qarTveli eris istoria (rogorc amas didi
ivane javaxiSvili ityoda), aris moZRvrebis praqtikuli
dadastureba.
marqsizmi asaxavda yvela eris gamocdilebas da maT
Soris qarTveloba (Zvel droSi iber-egrebi, ufro adre
Tubal-meSexebi) Tavisi wvlilis Semtani iyo am gamoc-
60
marqsizmi aleqsandre axatneli
dilebis SeqmnaSi.
marqsistuli analizis sferoSi Tu Cveni gamocdile-
bac Sedioda, cxadia, gakeTebuli daskcnebic vrceldeboda
Cvenze. Tu aqcentirebas ar gavakeTebT warsulis arqeolo-
giur monacemebze da daveyrdnobiT istoriul sxva monace-
mebsac (arqeologia mxolod adasturebs an uaryofs sxva
istoriul monacemebs), aRmoCndeba, rom pirveli qarTuli,
ufro zustad, qarTlosisa da egrosis saxelebiT cnobili
samefoebi Zv. w. a. III aTaswleulSi Seiqmna. mas Semdeg maT
ganvles marqsizmis mier aRwerili gza: pirvelyofili
Temuri wyobileba, monaTmflobeluri, feodaluri da
miadgnen kapitalisturi ganviTarebis kars.
qarTlos-egrosis samefoebi ganfenili iyo samxreTiT
mdinare araqsamde sper-olTis-kalmaxis CaTvliT. Temi-
skira, amasia, sin-upe, pontos (speris, Savi) zRvis mxares.
dasavleTidan maT zRva sazRvravda, CrdiloeTiT sazR-
vari anapis mTis iqiT Camdinare mdinare yubanis (mdinare
mcirisa xazareTisa _ leonti mrovelis mixedviT) marcx-
ena gantotebas misdevda. moicavda istoriul dvaleTs12,
durZukeTs (dRevandel inguSeT-CeCneTs), aRmosavleTis
sazRvari heros _ bardoss ukavSirdeboda (dRes es mxare
ZiriTadad mezoblebis sapatronoa.
droTa viTarebaSi sazRvrebi meryeobda da roca 1801
w. ruseTma qveynis okupacia moaxdina, mas mainc sagrZnobi
sivrce ekava. gansakuTrebiT Semcirda qveynis geografi-
uli sivrce 1921 w. Tebervlis revoluciuri aneqsiis
dros.
1919-1920 ww. ruseTma saqarTvelos CamoaWra terito-
riebi gelenjik (galen jixa)-tuafsedan md. fsoumde, Crdi-
loeTi svaneTi, raWa, dvaleTi. amas daemata aRmosavleTi
mxare (zaqaTala, belaqani, kaxis raionebi). cnobilia, rom
mefe erekle meoris ufrosi vaJis giorgis rezidencia
iyo dRevandeli qalaqi yazaxi (viRas axsovs misi qarTuli
61
aleqsandre axatneli marqsizmi
sofel-daboba). arc samxereTi iqna daviwyebuli dampyrobi
sabWoTa ruseTis mier.
oci kilometri siganis teritoria saqarTvelo-somx-
eTis sazRvarze gadaeca am ukanasknels (dRes aRaravis
axsovs, rom alaverdSi mefe ereklem daafuZna artileriis
mwarmoebeli saamqroebi da TurqeTidan am qarTul mxare-
Si pirveli somexi xelosnebi Caasaxla. dRes iq qarTvels
ver naxav. yvela gasomxebulia). rac Seexeba TurqeTs: v.
leninma guluxvoba gamoiCina mustafa aTaTurqis gulis
mosagebad (Tu ikiTxavs vinme q. trapizons ratom erqva
qvemo baTumi? ratom miiCnevs zogierTi mkvlevari, rom
argonavtebi laSqrobis dros rions ki ar auyvnen mefe
aietis mosanaxuleblad, aramed md. Woroxs? da a. S.).
geografiuli sivrcis bolo Sekveca moxda 1957 w. n.
xruSCovis `komunisturi~ surviliT _ qluxoris raioni
Camoscilda saqarTvelos.
1921 wlidan moyolebuli sakmao xans saqarTvelos da
qarTvelobis beds cnobili sergo orjonikiZe ganagebda.
is iyo yvelaze maRali donis `marqsisti~ kavkasiis masSta-
biT da, cxadia, yvelaze metadac icoda `marqsistuli~
moZRvreba. mxolod egaa, man gaiara partiuli ganaTlebis
leninuri skola (pirdapiri gagebiT) da, cxadia, Teoria
gaigo maswavleblisagan. manamde (misi biografebis gadmo-
cemiT), 15 wlis asakSi, ramdenime Tve ijda quTaisis cixeSi
da iq `Rrmad~ daeufla `marqsizms~ (amaze ityvian, netar
arian morwmuneni).
saqarTveloSi am dros sul 85 bolSeviki `moRvaweob-
da~. rogori iyo maTi Teoriuli codnis done? saxelis
garda, ra icodnen maT marqsistuli moZRvrebidan? sa-
varaudod, v. leninze meti maT ar ecodinebodaT. v. lenini
ki, iTqva, ra marqsistic iyo. saqarTveloSi aTwleulebis
ganmavlobaSi funqcionirebda moskovSi arsebuli mar-
qsizm-leninizmis institutis filiali (e. w. imeli),
62
marqsizmi aleqsandre axatneli
63
aleqsandre axatneli marqsizmi
nac ara hqondaT, roca aq 1921 w. `socialisturi~
gardaqmnebi daiwyo. saxeli daarqves, wyobilebas so-
ciallisturi uwodes. Sinaarsi?..
2. marqsizmis mixedviT, kapitalizmis mesaflave da
axali socialisturi wyobilebis Semqmneli pro-
letariati (daqiravebuli muSaTa klasi) unda
yofiliyo. ra kapitalizmic iyo, is iyo proletar-
iatic. sanacvlod, iyo sabWoTa ruseTis samxedro
Zala me-11, me-9 armiebi da maTTan erTad bolSevi-
kur propagandas ayolili medroveebi.
3. 1921 w. saqarTveloSi damyarda sabWoTa wyobileba.
realurad, ar iyo proletariati, ar iyo sabWoebi,
yovelive unda Seqmniliyo ruseTis xelSewyobiT
da ruseTis msgavsad.
4. 1921 wels aneqsiis periodisTvis, respublika sakma-
od warmatebulad gamoiyureboda. es iyo pirveli
social-demokratiuli qveyana da evropis social-
istebi didi interesiT adevnebdnen Tvalyurs, rac,
sabolood, 1921 w. miRebul konstituciaSi aisaxa.
5. v. leninisaTvis saqarTvelo politikuri wyobiT,
ganviTarebiT miuRebel magaliTs warmoadgenda.
ra dros marqsizmze miTiTeba iyo, gemrieli lukma
ekargeboda axal wiTel imperias. amitom beladma
piradad SeimuSava misirevoluciuri aneqsiis sami
varianti da ganaxorciela kidec.
im dros sabWoTa ruseTi SimSilobda. CrdiloeT kavka-
siaSi 250 aTasi somexi ltolvili uSedegod iTxovda dax-
marebas. azerbaijanma uari ganacxada maT miRebaze. TviT
sabWoTa somxeTma Tqva uari TanamoZmeTa miRebaze. sabWoTa
ruseTs gamouCnda SedarebiT mdidari saqarTvelo.
amas garda, sabWoTa ruseTs me-11 armia hyavda gamo-
sakvebi. azerbaijani maT ukan miRebaze uars acxadebda,
gamosavali moinaxa okupirebuli saqarTvelos saxiT.
64
marqsizmi aleqsandre axatneli
65
aleqsandre axatneli marqsizmi
qveynis winsvla radikalur RonisZiebebs moiTxovda.
umTavresi iyo socializmad monaTluli saxelmwifo kap-
italizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli warmoebiTi urTierTo-
bani SesabamisobaSi moeyvanaT ganviTarebis dabal doneze
myof mwarmoeblur ZalebTan. obieqturad es niSnavda
saxelmwifo kerZo sakuTrebis gverdiT kerZo individua-
luri sakuTrebis daSvebas.
reformebi SeiZleba ori gziT waremarTaT:
1. SeenarCunebinaT mZlavri saxelmwifo seqtori da
mis gverdiTSeeqmnaT kerZo;
2. TiTqmis moespoT saxelmwifo seqtori da mis na-
cvlad daefuZnebinaT kerZo.
romeli gza iqneboda saukeTeso? momgebiani?
gaaCnia, vin aRmoCndeboda xelisuflebis saTaveSi.
saqarTveloSi socialur-politikuri procesebi
erovnuli moZraobis aRmavlobas daemTxva. ufro meti.
erovnuli Tavisi xmauriT, popularobiT hfaravda ekono-
mikur-socialur motivebs. marqsizmi aravis axsovda da
sWirdeboda. radikali iakobinelebi arc erTi meores
indobdnen da, miT ufro, gareSes angariSs ar gauwevdnen.15
revoluciebis kanonia: pirvel etapze xelisuflebas ia-
kobinelebi euflebian. isisni an msxverplni xdebian gar-
daqmnis procesebisa, an ukeTes SemTxvevaSi uferuldebian
da adgils Jirondistebs (momxveWel revolucionerebs)
uTmoben.
radikali lideri zviad gamsaxurdia, miuxedavad didi
sifrTxilisa (meti rom ar iTqvas) ver ascda am kanonzom-
ierebas. mis irgvliv Tavmoyrili medroveTa laSqari
ganviTarebis kanonzomierebaze arc dafiqrebula. TviT
iseTi ekonomisti, rogoric valerian advaZe iyo, male
aRmoCnda gariyulTa da SerisxulTa Soris. sanacvlod
66
marqsizmi aleqsandre axatneli
67
1990 wlis 29 agvistos, Ramis 1 saaTsa da 20 wuTze Tbilisis centrSi aiRes leninis Zegli.
marqsizmi aleqsandre axatneli
69
aleqsandre axatneli marqsizmi
partiebi iqmneboda da iqmneba araideur niadagze.
partia aris kargad organizebuli banda xelisuflebis
xelSi Cagdebis mizniT (yovel SemTxvevaSi rame Tanamde-
bobis mosapoveblad).
aseT dros qveynis mosaxleoba dayofilia mcirericx-
ovan Zalauflebisa da ekonomikur-finansuri Zlierebis
mqone nawilad da perspeqtivawarTmeul SimSilis zR-
varze myof umravlesobad. bevri gamosavals religii-
saken swrafvaSi xedavs. arada, politikuri gavlenisa da
keTildReobis mqoneTa fena religiis msaxurTa Sorisac
aSkarad igrZnoba. Tavad religiurobis sakiTxi saWiroebs
gamajansaRebel zemoqmedebas. gadaudebel amocanas
ruis-urbnisis istoriuli krebis msgavsi RonisZieba war-
moadgens. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi rwmenis sakiTxi dadgeba
safrTxis qveS.
xelisuflebis problemaa mosagvarebeli. ramdenadac
qveyana kapitalisturad ganuviTarebelia, amdenad Sorsaa
sanukvari miznebisagan. marqsizmis mixedviT win grZeli
kapitalisturi gzaa gasavleli. es niSnavs, rom social-
ur-politikuri usamarTloba gagrZeldeba. aseT dros
uaxloesi amocana kapitalisturi wesrigis damyareba unda
iyos. dRes calkeul jgufebs (klanebs) aqvT xelisufleba
Cagdebuli. Zalauflebas aSkarad iyeneben sxvaTa xarjze
gasamdidreblad. ar aris politikuri da samarTlebrivi
gansazRvruloba. anarqiuloba SeuZlebels xdis usamarT-
lo magram kapitalisturad samarTliani urTierTobebis
ganmtkicebas.
amave dros ar gamoiricxeba arsebuli warmoebiTi da
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis xasiaTis cvlilebebis mc-
deloba. amitom aucilebelia kidev erTxel marqsistuli
gafrTxilebis Sexseneba: sxva urTierTobebze gadasvla
70
marqsizmi aleqsandre axatneli
71
sarCevi
1. problema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. amocana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3. marqsizmis saTaveebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5. leninizmi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6. stalinizmi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
8. marqsizmi da saqarTvelo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
72