Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PROJECT REPORT
ON
―Medical Healthcare Website"
A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO
M.S.B.T.E MUMBAI
For The Award of
DIPLOMA IN
COMPUTER ENGINEERING
BY
Mr. ATHARV A. KADAM (ENROLLMENT:2110740055)
Mr. ABHAYSINH B. BHOSALE (ENROLLMENT: 2210740025)
Mr. YASH P. GHADAGE(ENROLLMENT:2110740181)
Mr. AJINKYA B. BOBALADE(ENROLLMENT:2110740015)
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Prof. PRASHANT S. BHANDARE
M.S.B.T.E. MUMBAI.
is a record of bonafide work carried out by him, in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for
the award of Diploma of Engineering (Computer Engineering) at SVERI'S COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING(POLYTECHNINC), PANDHARPUR under the University of MSBTE. This
work is done during year 2023-2024, under our guidance.
Mr. ATHARV A.
KADAM
Mr. ABHAYSINH B.
BHOSALE
Mr. YASHRAJ P.
GHADAGE
Mr. AJINKYA B.
BOBALADE
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project entitled―MEDICAL HEALTHCARE WEBSITE" is completed
and written by us for the award of DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING, work under the
guidance of Prof. Bhandare P.S at the SVERI's College of Engineering(Polytechic), Pandharpur.
I further declare that the work reported in this project has not been submitted and will not be
submitted, either in part or in full, for the award of any other degree or diploma in this institute
or any other institute or university. I have taken care in all respect to honor the intellectual
property right and have acknowledged the contribution of others for using them in academic
purpose and further declare that in case of any violation of intellectual property right or
copyright I as a candidate , will be fully responsible for the same. Our supervisor should not be
held responsible for full or partial violation of copyright or intellectual property right.
Mr. ATHARV A.
KADAM
Mr. ABHAYSINH B.
BHOSALE
Mr. YASHRAJ P.
GHADAGE
Mr. AJINKYA B.
BOBALADE
Place: Pandharpur
Date : / /
Abstract
This System (Website) is aimed at developing a Medical Healthcare Website (MHW) that is of
importance to Sangola Medicals for various Medicals like Wellness Medical, Kore
Medical,SunilMedical.This system is used for management of any Medical in Sangola (or in any
City). This system is being developed for CO’s to Allocate duties to all MR and further Medicine
Distributors After all this CO’s were typing the entire repot (minimum 400 pages) of Medical
which was most tiresome and time consuming task .Our system make this easier. For this all
Medical staff has to register with detailed information so that duties can be allocated to them.
Once all Medical staff are registered to system, CO’s can easily allocate them through Website to
any required point. Every user can see his/her duty details in the Website.CO’s can change
allocation in few seconds using Website. The website help to generate I-Cards for all in few
seconds. The Website provide different features to each user as per the Role of user hence lower
level user can’t administrate the Medical and hence security of critical Data is maintained. As
the System include Website the MR and Medical Distributors can easily access the necessary
details of each and every medical anywhere hence this becomes advantage of this System. Now
any Medical can be managed with ease in less time and less manual work. Thus System is very
useful for any Medical Store those have to manage various Medical.
Contents
1. Introduction 1
• General Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 .Literature Review 3
2.1 Existing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
3. Problem Statement 6
3.1 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3 Design Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.3.1 Data ow diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
3.3.2 UML Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
4.Methodology 18
4.1 System Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.2 Project Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.2.1 Phase 1: - Knowledge Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
4.2.2 Phase 2: - Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.2.3 Phase 3: - Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.2.4 Phase 4: - Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2.5 Phase 5: - Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.3 Strategic Approach To Software Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.3.1 Unit Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 20
4.3.2 White box testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.3.3 Basic path testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.3.4 Conditional testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 20
4.3.5 Data ow testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .21
4.3.6 Loop testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
4.4 System Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 22
4.4.1 Hardware Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.4.2 Software Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.5 Test Cases: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5. Implementation 26
6. Conclusion 34
6.1 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
6.2 Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
6.3 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
7. Experiment and Result Analysis 36
List of Figures
3.1 Level 0 Dataflow diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2 Level 1 Dataflow diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3 Level 1.1 Admin Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.4 Level 2 Dataflow Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.5 Use case Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.6 Sequence Diagram of User . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.7 Sequence Diagram of Admin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.8 Class Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.9 Activity Diagram for User . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.10 Activity Diagram for Admin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
List of Tables
4.1 Hardware Requirement for System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.2 Software Requirement for System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.3 Test Case Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6.1 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 General Introduction :
The project entitled "Medical Healthcare Application" is software developed for Saurang
Medical Store Sangola to manage all the medical related matters.
Professional billing and invoicing are used to create personalized invoices for businesses. These
invoices help reflect the brand’s identity and cater to the brand’s message to clients. Using ―
Medical Healthcare Application‖ as professional billing app, you can stand out among
competitors with appealing invoices design. Further, you can track down paid and unpaid invoice
and send payment reminders to the customers directly from app.The number of people
worldwide affected by chronic diseases (such as diabetes, asthma, hypertension) has increased up
to 25% in the last three decades [2]. Nevertheless, the general wellness and life expectancy of the
world population are growing year by year in response to improved clinical treatment and a
preventive education [3, 10, 31]. For example, Tuljapurkar et al. investigated how humans life
expectancy evolved in the last centuries [48]. In this study, they caught a slow but persistent gain
in the living conditions due to important changes led by technological improvements and
multidisciplinary innovations. This positive trend has been constant for several decades until it
has seemingly reached a saturation point in the new millennium. Later, Olshansky et al. [32]
confirmed the preliminary findings of both Faber [13] and Macdonell [26] demonstrating how
making medical care broadly accessible help people that go through a healthy and extended life
expectancy. Although medical scientists play a crucial role in improving overall human health,
scientists in other fields contribute to the same goal by taking advantage of interdisciplinary
synergies [7, 29]. One of the most popular harmonies between researchers from different fields
involves medical scientists and software engineers [28, 44, 47]. Many of these practitioners
focused on the ubiquity of mobile technologies as well as the diffusion of portable devices
aimed at promoting people wellness [9, 31]. Following this direction, software engineers
collaborate with medical scientists to improve software applications that assist people in
monitoring their health state (e.g., by tracking blood pressure, body mass index, glycemic index,
etc.) [17]. Even though software as a medical device is not a novelty, the accessibility and the
popularity of such software systems make health mobile applications (from here on apps) a
promising research branch. Indeed, this category has grown exponentially in the past ten years,
involving mobile applications designed for supporting personal wellness, care administration,
and medical professionals activities [31, 47]. Obiodu et al. [31] by studying the top 500 medical
Apps in a European Android Market found that 45% of them are designed for promoting
personal health. Similarly, Whitehead and Seaton [50] conducted an in-deep investigation aimed
at clarifying the practical benefits for chronic patients who regularly use mobile apps designed
for care administration. They found that mobile apps may improve symptom management
through self-management interventions. Similarly, Silva et al.
Chapter 2
Literature Review
I. Overview:-
Nowadays internet is used by 2 billion people all around the world to browse contents, send and
receive emails, access multimedia resources, play online games, and social networking, this will
enhance the public to come across an international platform which will enable new ways of
working, interacting, entertaining and living(Tyagi, Sapna Agrawal, 2021). term IOT firstly have
been used by the Kevin
ashton which he describes emerging global, and internet based service architecture. After the
stage of the that era it has now comes to a maturity and now it has networked over billions of
people, objects and machines interacting to one another… the future of the IOT will dominate a
global platform to interconnect the physical objects, things, humans, thus, enabling new ways of
working, communicating, interacting, entertaining and living.
Today’s health care represents a vast environment in the society, and also this is a challenge that
the whole world is facing today, health care industry invests more and more on the researches to
invent further new things to the world, this is done by using the technology simply by the use of
the internet, the purpose of the inventions can be named as improvement in patients’ safety and
the productivity related to the health sector haven’t up to the standard. Even in todays the
hospitals are using the handwritten notes and other paper based formats to conduct their day
today activities, this represent the inefficiency in the hospital sector, they are still based on the
paper works because lack of knowledge regarding the technology and the lack of facilities
provided for the staff. Due to this the digital information is siloed between the department, and
applications.
Recent iot technologies have made a serious impact on the health care industry, some of the
health care application sensors that are used can be named as wireless body area sensor network
(WBASNs), this system can measure and report the patients physiological state, Microsoft has
introduced a web page named as google health, by using this the patients can transfer their
personal health care information to the Microsoft health care vault account. Henry mayo a
hospital in Valencia, califomia has invented a system with the collaboration with the Microsoft,
which process as the doctors are less interacting with the computers and more interacting with
the patients, in this method they have created intelligent system which will speed up the access
of patients’ data. IOT base health monitoring which provide health and environment tracking
facility, which records human heart rate and body temperature, telemedicy is a system that is
conducted by the doctors when the doctor and the patient is not physically connected, doctor and
the patients are in separate location and they are link through the internet and conducting the
process.
Advantages of implementing the iot in health care:-
a. Access the data through allowing devices to collect, record and analyze data that would not
accessible before.
b. Look at the patients’ records easily.
c. Secure access to review the lab tests.
d. Enter the prescriptions to the cloud.
In srilanka out bound IT-based services (ITBOSs) are some services that are used to increase the
living standard of the people in a country, America is a country that are mostly engage in in the
IT based services, according to the researches they have spent 1.8 trillion US Dollars on
Information Systems hardware, Software and Telecommunication Equipment(Karannagoda,
2019), but srilanka is a country that less engage in the IT base technologies, this is because the
government support for the technological improvements is low. Health care sector is an
important sector to a country so many countries use the latest technologies in the health sector to
protect their citizen.
V. Future healthcare:-
The increase of the technology in the health care sector is certainly high, the use of the medicine
is also high because of the unhealthy society that is exist, the hardware and the software both
sides are increasing their technologies, to identify the things that will ease the life of the human
being. The basic enabl8ng systems of the future health care is the communication between the e
sensing nodes and the processors and the processing algorithms to make an output from the data
by the sensors(Qadri et al., 2020).according to the Mc kinsey global institute the economic
impact of the internet of thing to the economy is numbered as USD 3.9 trillion to 11.1 trillion
across the globe.
The health care that is used in recent is driven based on digital technology and also most of the
medical equipment are run in digital platform. Hospitals, clinics, pharmacies and other medical
department run their operations based on the digital platform an with the software(Kumar,
2011).for as an example Echocardiography is equipment that has been developed using ultra
sound technology to diagnose a number of ailments is immense. This equipment can make the
imagine of any organ in the human system and it is safe system that has been developed at about
35 years ago. The development in the iot has caused to evolve the smart health care in the globe,
through this the data collection from the patients have been increased and the health sector focus
on the patients have been increase, the rapid increase in in the smart technology in to the health
care because of the many issues that the health care is facing due to the different reasons, these
reasons can be categorized into 3 parts according to Hongxu Zhu. The first one can be named as
the aging population in the world, this can be known as a serious threat, this is will increase the
demand for the medical support, the elderly people need more medical support, in this kind of
situation the patients’ population the hospitals will increase and the doctor consultation will
increase, this will create an ineffective situation within the hospitals, and there should be more
doctors as well to treat the patients.
Supply chain is an important part in the hospital sector, without a proper supply chain the
companies cannot conduct their activities successfully, without the proper management of these
inventories the medical suppliers will face a critical situation and also the hospitals may also face
critical situation like over stocks and under stocks. So according to the Nabelsi and Gagnon it is
important to establish improved supply chain to a hospital. There are new recent systems that
have been developed using the technology, namely automated dispensing systems. This is a
system that is fully digitalized and it will increase the effectiveness of the staff and also some
advantages regarding this system can be state as safety and proper control of the drugs, reduce of
the cost, economic evaluations practices(Mathy et al., 2020).
Health care system is using the modern technology to give a better solution that the health sector
is facing in the day to day operations, the use of the technology has been increased in the recent
and it will give financial advantages and less interaction of the human resource. The main sectors
of using this technology in health care can be state as online Personal Health Record (PHR),
treatment and appointment reminders by SMS, e-mailing of confidential clinical data, doctor
channeling etc. for all these systems a mobile phone is used to conduct, in recent society mobile
phone is an important stuff that is needed for a person, a system called e health is conducted in
the world which explains that by the use of internet the people are satisfying their medical
requirements through internet base orders, and also another system that has been developed can
be named as M-Health or mobile heath , this is a system that is similar as the e health system
which the parties who are engage in the health sector are using a mobile phone to conduct their
activities or it can be defined as the use of mobile phone and wireless technology within health
programs.
2.1 Existing Systems
2.1.1 Order:
Here we have this interface for the user. in this, he gets all his selected medicines and he can
make orders accordingly after uploading the prescription of that from any renowned doctor.
2.1.3 Payment
The payment can be done by the user through their debit card in the account of the owner of the
medicos they will get options for that in an integrated environment of the payments.
2.1.4 Medicines
The medicines are kept in the proper place so that they can be taken out fast as soon as they get
the order. It helps the staff to search it from the interface that where it is located and where they
will find it.
2.1.5 Registration
Users’ information has to be compelled to be registered within the system thus on establish every
one of them unambiguously and do the required group action as simple potential. like on the
name of the bill are issued. On the far side, this plenty of things require measure there wherever
we will reference him.
Without registration, there are a few options and pages one user can see which are landing on the
home page and taking the features to read but he won’t be allowed to use those. For use, he will
have to register. One person needs to put all the details properly and precisely as it will be
helpful in identifying them and believing that he is the real person who has booked for the same.
It also includes driver license for them who is driving and parameter too.
2.1.6 Login
After registration one will log within the system because the operator of the system either on the
behalf of the user. when this he has the opposite helpful interfaces accessible for any actions.
Here either bride or groom both have to log in with their unique identity and passwords. After
this, they will be directed to the main user interface from where they have further options.
So here we need to only put our registered email Id and hit the enter. Then one confirmation
email will go to the email where he has the option to reset the password. In seconds one can use
this module and get rid of the forgetting password problem.
2.1.8 Admin
Admin has the official powers to control the flow of the data from one part of the system to the
other. He has the power to manipulate the access of the users to the data. The main purpose of
this account is to make the user data relevant and then giving the inputs to the other interface
module and make it work optimistically and get the timetable according to the wish we want to
create for a particular type of inputs.
Hence all the data will be reflected with clean and well data in the interfaces.
Health care management system is a web application developed for hospitals to manage staff
data and patients data effectively. the main aim of developing ―Medical Health Care
Website‖ is to computerize the Front Office Management of Hospital. Hospital Management
System is designed for multi-specialty hospitals, to cover a wide range of hospital
administration and management processes. The project Hospital Management system
includes registration of patients, storing their details into the system, and also computerized
billing in the pharmacy, and labs. Healthcare is a field in which accurate record keeping and
communication are critical. The software has the facility to give a unique id for every patient
and stores the details of every patient and the staff automatically. With the increase of
demand in hospitals, we need effective data management system for handling patient’s data,
staff data and treatment details in an effective way. It deals with the collection of patient’s
information, diagnosis details, etc. It includes a search facility to know the current status of
each room. User can search availability of a doctor and the details of a patient using the id.
The main intention of introducing this system is to reduce the manual work at Health center
counters. Quicker processing of receipt would mean better service to the patients . It would
also help in the complexity of maintaining the records manually and thus less time is wasted
on rework. The system is used to enter the patient details and to enter the details about the
health center and the details about the in-patient and out-patient in detail and about the
reports of the patients . User can login into the The Hospital Management System using a
username and password. To develop a Health Center Management system, we take care of
patient registration, drug information and concerns such as drug inquiries and complaints. It
is accessible either by an administrator or receptionist. Only they can add data into the
database. Proper maintenance of the drug information timely dispatching of the drugs from
the main stores to the pharmacy and also maintenance of daily dispatching of the drugs to the
out patients from the pharmacy to the out patients . The main function of the system is
register and store patient details and doctor details and retrieve these details as and when
required, and also to manipulate these details meaningfully System input contains patient
details, diagnosis details, while system output is to get these details on to the screen. Every
sort of task is performed by the system, such as registering different types of persons
(i.eemployees , students and others) ,enquiries, and complaints etc reducing much paper
work and burden of file storage. Hospital Management System is powerful, flexible, and easy
to use and is designed and developed to deliver real conceivable benefits to hospitals.
Hospital Management System enables you to develop your organization and improve its
effectiveness and quality of work Also the latest information is right available for the
officials and executives wherever they require. The system also facilitates the pharmacist to
enquire about the drugs and about the stock to be ordered and about the expiry date . The
data are well protected for personal use and makes the data processing very fast. Towards
this achievement the computerization of the Health Center will help greatly in maintaining of
proper information about the out patients who are eligible for the free services and the
patients who are not eligible for the free services , drug information , patients records ,and
daily dispatching of the drugs to various patients .
Chapter 3
Problem Statement
―Medical Healthcare Website‖
3.1 Objective
1- To study about awareness among customers about various Health insurance products available
in India main focus on HDFC insurance
2- To study about importance of health insurance products to customers.
3- To know about the customer perception about various health insurance plans available in the
market. 4- To understand customers perception towards the service environment of HDFC Life
company.
3.2 Scope
In the most general terms, the primary goal of creating a medical website is to connect people to
healthcare facilities and professionals. To do so, you should consider creating and increasing
brand awareness of your hospital by means of strategic planning and brand awareness plan
execution
DFD1thLevel:-
DFD2ndLevel:-
3.3.2 UML Diagram
Software integration testing is the incremental integration testing of two or more integrated
software components on a single platform to produce failures caused by interface defect
•Features to be tested.
opene
d and
textbo
xes
are
enabled
TC To All options 1. Click on home tab N. Messa Member Pass
- Are available A. list is
check 2.Click ge list
properly as per available
3 all should
user register on Submit as per
options display sector
button
name
are ed as
display per
ed there
properl sectors
y as
per
Registe
r
Chapter 5
Implementation
This chapter includes the various stages of project in the form of Graphical user inter-face.
• Home :-
• About us :-
• Services :-
• Our Team :-
• Blog :-
• Registration Form :-
• Contact Us:-
Chapter 6
Conclusion
6.1 Conclusion
Our project is only a humble venture to satisfy the needs to manage their project work.Several
user friendly coding have also adopted.This package shall prove to be a powerful package in
satisfying all the requirements of the school.The objective of software planning is to provide a
frame work that enables the manager to make reasonable estimates made within a limited time
frame at the beginning of the software project should be updated regularly as the project
progresses.Although the popularity of mobile apps is growing [1] and the interest of software
engineers and medical scientists is notably high, only a few studies merge these two fields to
bring evidence across domains [17, 31, 47]. In this paper, we started looking at the intersection
between mobile apps and healthcare mechanisms, by analyzing what the users of healthcare apps
ask in their user reviews and whether they do that differently from non-healthcare users. To this
purpose, we first manually analyzed 2,000 user reviews with the aim of classifying the types of
comments left for healthcare and non-healthcare apps. Secondly, we assessed how the sentiment
of these user reviews is and whether there are differences between healthcare and non-healthcare
apps.
Example: Patients
seen in the ED may be
Example: Emergency admitted (converted to
Example: Yes
Department (ED) inpatients) or
discharged after their
visit (outpatients)
Example: Inpatient
nursing units serving
Example: Inpatient Example: Yes
general medicine
patients
Example: Transplant
Example: Outpatient Example: Yes
Clinic
Chapter 7
Bibliography
• Advisory Commission to Study the Consumer Price Index. Boskin MJ, Dulberger E,
Gordon RJ, Griliches Z, Jorgenson DW, editors. Washington, DC: U.S. Government
Printing Office; 1996. [accessed May 2010]. Toward a More Accurate Measure to the
Cost of Living: Final Report to the Senate Finance Committee from the Advisory
Commission to Study the Consumer Price Index. Available http://www.ssa.gov/history
/reports/boskinrpt.html.
• Aizcorbe A, Nestoriak N. The Importance of Pricing the Bundle of Treatments. Bureau of
Economic Analysis Working Paper. 2008. [accessed September 2010].
Available: http://www.bea.gov/papers/pdf/wp2008-04_bundle_treatments_paper.pdf.
• Aizcorbe AM, Flamm K, Khurshid A. The Role of Semiconductor Inputs in IT Hardware
Price Decline: Computers vs. Communications. Paper provided by the Board of
Governors of the Federal Reserve Systems Finance and Economics Discussion Series No.
2002-37. 2002. [accessed May 2010]. Available: http://www.federalreserve
.gov/pubs/feds/2002/200237/200237pap.pdf.
• Aizcorbe AM, Retus BA, Smith S. Toward a health care satellite account, Survey of
Current Business. May 24–30, 2008.
• Akobundu E, Ju J, Blatt L, Mullins CD. Cost-of-illness studies: A review of current
methods. PharmacoEconomics. 2006;24:869–890. [PubMed]
• American Medical Association. A Framework for Measuring Healthcare Efficiency and
Value. Prepared by the Physician Consortium for Performance Improvement® Work
Group on Efficiency and Cost of Care. 2008. [accessed May 2010].
Available: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm
/370/framewk_meas_efficiency.pdf.
• Andresen EM, Rothenberg BM, Kaplan RM. Performance of a self-administered mailed
version of the Quality of Well-Being (QWB-SA) questionnaire among older
adults. Medical Care. 1998;36(9):1349–1360. [PubMed]