Task 1.

Memorize the following words and word-combinations:

1. a form design grid – сітка дизайну форми
2. add-on (n) – додаток
3. assumption – припущення
4. bug – помилка
5. computation – обчислення
6. constant – постійна (константа)
7. debugger – налагоджувач
8. downside – недолік
9. event-driven – подійний
10. event-handling code – код обробки подій
11. flow of execution – потік виконання
12. gracefully – витончено
13. inadequate – неадекватний
14. initial – початковий
15. iteration – ітерація
16. language-specific symbols – мовні символи
17. loop – петля
18. multiple – декілька
19. outline (n) – план
20. predefined – зумовлений
21. programming paradigm – парадигма програмування
22. pseudocode – псевдокод
23. regardless – не вартий уваги
24. remarks – примітки
25. repetition control structure – структура управління повторюванням
26. runtime error – помилка виконання
27. screen-based object – екранний об’єкт
28. self-contained – автономний
29. sequence of steps – послідовність кроків
30. step-by-step – крок за кроком
31. structuring – структурування
32. to arrive a solution – дійти рішення
33. to deal with – мати справу з
34. to define – визначити
35. to launch a program – запустити програму
36. user manuals – посібники користувача
37. VDE (visual development environment) – візуальне середовище розробки
38. verbal presentation – словесна презентація
39. walkthrough – проходження
40. well-documented program – добре задокументована програма

TEXT 15 A. PROGRAM PLANNING

 Computers are controlled by sets of instructions called programs. Programs
are written by a person called a programmer using special languages called
programming languages. Programs can be written in a variety of computer
languages. The language chosen will depend on a number of factors including what
system the program will run on, what the function of the program is, and the
knowledge of the programmer.
Комп’ютери управляються наборами інструкцій, які називаються
програмами. Програми пише особа, яку називають програмістом, за
допомогою спеціальних мов, які називаються мовами програмування.
Програми можуть бути написані різними комп'ютерними мовами. Обрана
мова залежатиме від ряду факторів, зокрема від того, на якій системі
працюватиме програма, яку функцію виконує програма та знання
програміста.
Programming is the process of preparing a set of coded instructions which
enables the computer to solve specific problems or to perform specific functions.
The essence of computer programming is the encoding of the program for the
computer by means of algorithms. The thing is that any problem is expressed in
mathematical terms: it contains formulae, equations and calculations. Any problem
must be specially processed for the computer to understand it, that is – coded or
programmed.
Програмування — це процес підготовки набору закодованих інструкцій,
які дозволяють комп’ютеру вирішувати певні проблеми або виконувати певні
функції. Суть комп'ютерного програмування полягає в кодуванні програми
для комп'ютера за допомогою алгоритмів. Справа в тому, що будь-яка задача
виражається в математичних термінах: вона містить формули, рівняння та
обчислення. Будь-яка проблема повинна бути спеціально оброблена, щоб її
зрозумів комп'ютер, тобто закодована або запрограмована.
The phase in which the system's computer programs are written is called the
development phase. The programs are lists of instructions that will be followed by
the control unit of the central processing unit (CPU). The instructions of the
program must be complete and in the appropriate sequence, or else the wrong
answers will result. To guard against these errors in logic and to document the
program's logical approach, logic plans should be developed.
There are two common techniques for planning the logic of a program. The
first technique is flowcharting.
Фаза, на якій пишуться комп’ютерні програми системи, називається
фазою розробки. Програми — це списки інструкцій, які виконуватиме блок
керування центрального процесора (CPU). Вказівки програми мають бути
повними та у відповідній послідовності, інакше будуть отримані неправильні
відповіді. Щоб захиститися від цих помилок у логіці та задокументувати
логічний підхід програми, слід розробити логічні плани.
Існує дві поширені методи планування логіки програми. Перша техніка –
блок-схема.
A flowchart is a plan in the form of a graphic or pictorial representation that
uses predefined symbols to illustrate the program logic. It is, therefore, a "picture"
of the logical steps to be performed by the computer. Each of the predefined
symbol shapes stands for a general operation. The symbol shape communicates the
nature of the general operation, and the specifics are written within the symbol.
Flowcharts have arrowheads to indicate the direction of program flow and special
symbols to indicate different functions in the program.
Блок-схема — це план у формі графічного чи графічного представлення,
який використовує заздалегідь визначені символи для ілюстрації логіки
програми. Таким чином, це «зображення» логічних кроків, які має виконати
комп’ютер. Кожна з попередньо визначених форм символу означає загальну
операцію. Форма символу передає природу загальної операції, а особливості
записуються в символі. Блок-схеми мають стрілки, які вказують напрямок
виконання програми, і спеціальні символи, які вказують на різні функції в
програмі.
The second technique for planning program logic is called pseudocode.
Pseudocode is an imitation of actual program instructions. It allows a program-like
structure without the burden of programming rules to follow.
Pseudocode is less time-consuming for the professional programmer than is
flowcharting. It also emphasizes a top-down approach to program structure.
Pseudocode has three basic structures: sequence, decision, and looping logic. With
these three structures, any required logic can be expressed.
Другий прийом планування логіки програми називається псевдокодом.
Псевдокод є імітацією реальних інструкцій програми. Це дозволяє
створювати програмну структуру без тягаря дотримання правил
програмування.
Псевдокод займає менше часу для професійного програміста, ніж блок-
схема. Це також підкреслює підхід зверху вниз до структури програми.
Псевдокод має три основні структури: послідовність, рішення та логіка
циклу. За допомогою цих трьох структур можна виразити будь-яку необхідну
логіку.
The programming process begins with a problem statement that helps you
clearly define the purpose of a computer program. In the context of programming,
a problem statement defines certain elements that must be manipulated to achieve a
result or goal. A good problem statement for a computer program has three
characteristics:
1. It specifies any assumptions that define the scope of the problem.
2. It clearly specifies the known information.
3. It specifies when the problem has been solved.
In a problem statement an assumption is something you accept as true in order
to proceed with program planning.
The “known information” is the information that you supply to the computer
to help it solve a problem. There are also variables (values that can change) and
constants (factors that remain the same) in computer programs.
Процес програмування починається з постановки проблеми, яка
допомагає чітко визначити мету комп’ютерної програми. У контексті
програмування формулювання проблеми визначає певні елементи, якими
необхідно маніпулювати для досягнення результату чи мети. Хороша
постановка задачі для комп’ютерної програми має три характеристики:
1. У ньому вказуються будь-які припущення, які визначають масштаб
проблеми.
2. Чітко вказує відому інформацію.
3. Указує, коли проблему було вирішено.
У формулюванні проблеми припущення – це те, що ви приймаєте як
істинне, щоб продовжити планування програми.
«Відома інформація» — це інформація, яку ви надаєте комп’ютеру, щоб
допомогти йому вирішити проблему. У комп’ютерних програмах є також
змінні (значення, які можуть змінюватися) і константи (фактори, які
залишаються незмінними).
Formulating a problem statement provides a minimal amount of planning,
which is sufficient for only the simplest programs. A typical commercial
application requires far more extensive planning, which includes detailed program
outlines, job assignments, and schedules. To some extent, program planning
depends on the language and paradigm used to code a computer program. The
phrase programming paradigm refers to a way of conceptualizing and structuring
the tasks a computer performs. For example, whereas one programmer might focus
on the steps required to complete a specific computation, another one might focus
on the data that forms the basis for the computation. Quite a number of
programming paradigms exist, and a programmer might use techniques from
multiple paradigms while planning and coding a program.
Формулювання постановки задачі передбачає мінімальний обсяг
планування, якого достатньо лише для найпростіших програм. Типове
комерційне застосування потребує значно більшого планування, яке включає
детальні плани програми, завдання та графіки. Певною мірою програмне
планування залежить від мови та парадигми, які використовуються для
кодування комп’ютерної програми. Парадигма програмування
словосполучення відноситься до способу концептуалізації та структурування
завдань, які виконує комп’ютер. Наприклад, тоді як один програміст може
зосередитися на кроках, необхідних для завершення певного обчислення,
інший може зосередитися на даних, які є основою для обчислення. Існує
досить багато парадигм програмування, і програміст може використовувати
прийоми з багатьох парадигм під час планування та кодування програми.
There are different program planning tools, such as flowcharts, structured
English, pseudocode, UML diagrams, and decision tables, which are used to
provide sufficient planning.
Regardless of the tools used, when planning is complete, programmers can
begin coding, testing, and documenting. The process of coding a computer
program depends on programming language you use, the programming tools you
select, and the programming paradigm that best fits the problem you are trying to
solve. Programmers typically use a text editor, a program editor, or a VDE to code
computer programs.
 Існують різні інструменти планування програм, такі як блок-схеми,
структурована англійська мова, псевдокод, діаграми UML і таблиці рішень,
які використовуються для забезпечення достатнього планування.
Незалежно від використовуваних інструментів, після завершення
планування програмісти можуть почати кодування, тестування та
документування. Процес кодування комп’ютерної програми залежить від
мови програмування, яку ви використовуєте, інструментів програмування,
які ви вибрали, і парадигми програмування, яка найкраще відповідає
проблемі, яку ви намагаєтеся вирішити. Програмісти зазвичай
використовують текстовий редактор, редактор програм або VDE для
кодування комп’ютерних програм.
A text editor is any word processor that can be used for basic editing tasks,
such as writing email, creating documents, or coding computer programs. When
using a text editor to code a computer program, you simply type in each
instruction.
A program editor is a type of text editor specially designed for entering code
for computer programs.
A VDE (visual development environment) provides programmers with tools
to build substantial sections of a program by pointing and clicking rather than
typing lines of code. A typical VDE is based on a form design grid that a
programmer manipulates to design the user interface for a program. By using
various tools provided by the VDE, a programmer can add objects, such as
controls and graphics, to the form design grid. In the context of a VDE, a control is
a screen-based object whose behavior can be defined by a programmer.
Текстовий редактор — це будь-який текстовий процесор, який можна
використовувати для основних завдань редагування, таких як написання
електронної пошти, створення документів або кодування комп’ютерних
програм. Використовуючи текстовий редактор для кодування комп’ютерної
програми, ви просто вводите кожну інструкцію.
Редактор програм — різновид текстового редактора, спеціально
призначеного для введення коду комп’ютерних програм.
VDE (візуальне середовище розробки) надає програмістам інструменти
для створення значних розділів програми, наводячи курсор миші та
клацаючи, а не вводячи рядки коду. Типовий VDE базується на сітці дизайну
форми, якою програміст маніпулює для розробки інтерфейсу користувача
для програми. Використовуючи різні інструменти, надані VDE, програміст
може додавати об’єкти, наприклад елементи керування та графіку, до сітки
дизайну форми. У контексті VDE елемент керування — це екранний об’єкт,
поведінку якого може визначити програміст.
In visual development environment, each control comes with predefined set
of events. Within the context of programming, an event is defined as an action,
such as click, drag, or key press, associated with the form or control. A
programmer can select the events that apply to each control. An event usually
requires the computer to make some response. Programmers write event-handling
code for the procedures that specify how the computer responds to each event.
 У середовищі візуальної розробки кожен елемент керування має
попередньо визначений набір подій. У контексті програмування подія
визначається як дія, така як клацання, перетягування або натискання клавіші,
пов’язане з формою чи елементом керування. Програміст може вибрати
події, які застосовуються до кожного елемента керування. Подія зазвичай
вимагає від комп’ютера відповіді. Програмісти пишуть код обробки подій
для процедур, які визначають, як комп’ютер реагує на кожну подію.
A programmer’s choice of development tools depends on what is available for
a particular programming language and the nature of the programming project.
Text editors and program editors provide a fine tool set for programs with minimal
user interfaces. A visual development environment is a powerful tool for
programming software applications for GUI environments, such as Windows.
Most GUI applications are “event-driven”, which means that when launched, the
program’s interface appears on the screen and waits for the user to initiate an
event.
A computer program must be tested to ensure that it works correctly. Testing
often consists of running the program and entering test data to see whether the
program produces correct results.
Вибір програмістом засобів розробки залежить від того, що доступно
для конкретної мови програмування, і характеру проекту програмування.
Текстові редактори та редактори програм забезпечують чудовий набір
інструментів для програм із мінімальними інтерфейсами користувача.
Візуальне середовище розробки є потужним інструментом для
програмування програмних додатків для середовищ GUI, таких як Windows.
Більшість програм графічного інтерфейсу є «керованими подіями», що
означає, що після запуску інтерфейс програми з’являється на екрані та чекає,
поки користувач ініціює подію.
Комп’ютерну програму необхідно протестувати, щоб переконатися, що
вона працює правильно. Тестування часто складається із запуску програми та
введення тестових даних, щоб побачити, чи програма дає правильні
результати.
When a program doesn’t work correctly, it is usually the result of an error
made by the programmer. A syntax error occurs when an instruction doesn’t follow
the syntax rules, or grammar of the programming language. Syntax errors are easy
to make, but they are usually also easy to detect and correct.
Another type of program bug is a runtime error, which, as its name indicates,
shows up when you run a program.
Some runtime errors result from instructions that the computer can’t execute.
Some runtime errors are classified as logic errors. A logic error is an error in the
logic or design of a program. It can be caused by an inadequate definition of the
problem or an incorrect formula for a calculation, and they are usually more
difficult to identify than syntax errors.
Коли програма не працює належним чином, зазвичай це результат
помилки програміста. Синтаксична помилка виникає, коли інструкція не
відповідає правилам синтаксису або граматиці мови програмування.
Синтаксичні помилки легко зробити, але зазвичай їх також легко виявити та
виправити.
Іншим типом програмної помилки є помилка виконання, яка, як вказує її
назва, з’являється під час запуску програми.
Деякі помилки під час виконання виникають через інструкції, які
комп’ютер не може виконати. Деякі помилки виконання класифікуються як
логічні помилки. Логічна помилка - це помилка в логіці або дизайні
програми. Це може бути викликано неадекватним визначенням проблеми або
неправильною формулою для розрахунку, і їх зазвичай важче визначити, ніж
синтаксичні помилки.
Programmers can locate errors in a program by reading through lines of code,
much like a proofreader. They can also use a tool called debugger to step through a
program and monitor the status of variables, input, and output. A debugger is
sometimes packaged with a programming language or can be obtained as an add-
on.
Anyone who uses computers is familiar with program documentation in the
form of user manuals and help files. Programmers also insert documentation called
remarks or “comments” into the programming code. Remarks are identified by
language-specific symbols.
A well-documented program contains initial remarks that explain its purpose
and additional remarks in any sections of a program where the purpose of the code
is not immediately clear.
Програмісти можуть знаходити помилки в програмі, читаючи рядки
коду, подібно до коректора. Вони також можуть використовувати
інструмент, який називається налагоджувач, щоб покроково виконувати
програму та контролювати стан змінних, введення та виведення.
Налагоджувач іноді постачається разом із мовою програмування або його
можна отримати як додатковий компонент.
Кожен, хто користується комп'ютером, знайомий з програмною
документацією у вигляді посібників користувача та файлів довідки.
Програмісти також вставляють у програмний код документацію, яка
називається зауваженнями або «коментарями». Примітки позначаються
символами, характерними для мови.
Добре задокументована програма містить початкові зауваження, які
пояснюють її призначення, і додаткові зауваження в будь-яких розділах
програми, де мета коду не зрозуміла одразу.

Task 2. Mark the following statements as True or False.

1. The programming process begins with coding. False (True: The

programming process begins with a problem statement that helps you clearly
define the purpose of a computer program.)
 2. A typical commercial application requires a minimal amount of planning.
False (True: A typical commercial application requires far more extensive
planning, which includes detailed program outlines, job assignments, and
schedules.)
3. A programmer might use techniques from multiple paradigms while
planning and coding. True
4. Programmers typically use a program editor to code computer programs.
True
5. A visual development environment provides programmers with tools to
build substantial sections of a program by pointing and clicking. True
6. Text editors and program editors provide a fine tool for programming
software interfaces. False (True: A text editor is any word processor that can be
used for basic editing tasks, such as writing e-mail, creating documents, or coding
computer programs. When using a text editor to code a computer program, you
simply type in each instruction. A program editor is a type of text editor specially
designed for entering code for computer programs.)
7. Syntax errors result from instructions that the computer can’t execute. True

Task 3. Match up the words that are similar in meaning.

computation – calculation (обчислення)

bug – error, mistake (помилка)
to execute – carry out (виконувати)
environment – medium (середовище)
outline – scheme (план, схема)
to launch – to start (up) (починати)
tool – instrument (інструмент)

Task 4. Fill in the blanks choosing from the variants given.

1. Microsoft Visual Basic was one of the first programming languages to

feature a visual development environment.
2. If program testing doesn’t produce the expected results, the program
contains a (an) error, sometimes called a “bug”.
3. Program planning tools depends on the language and paradigm used to
code a computer program.
4. When the user launches GUI application, the program interface appears on
the screen and waits for the user to initiate an event by clicking a menu, dragging
an object, or typing text.
5. A typical commercial program requires extensive planning, which includes
detailed program outlines.
6. Some runtime errors result from instructions that computer can’t execute.
7. Programmers approach problems in different ways: while one programmer
might focus on the steps to complete specific computations, another programmer
might focus on the data that forms the basis for the computations.
 Task 5. Make two-word combinations using the words in columns and then
fill in the following sentences.

programming paradigm, problem statement, runtime error, structured English,

event-driven, program planning, user manual

1. Anyone who uses computers is familiar with program documentation in the

form of user manual and help files.
2.The process of coding a computer program depends on programming
language you use, the programming tools you select, and the programming
paradigm that best fits the problem you are trying to solve.
3. The programming process begins with a problem statement that helps you
clearly define the purpose of a computer program.
4. Most GUI applications are event-driven, which means that when launched,
the program’s interface appears on the screen and waits for the user to initiate an
event.
5. An assumption is something you accept as true in order to proceed with
program planning.
6. There are different program planning tools, such as flowcharts, structured
English, pseudocode, UML diagrams, and decision tables.
7. Runtime error shows up when you run a program.

Task 6. Discuss the following questions.

1. What is a problem statement?

The programming process begins with a problem statement that helps you
clearly define the purpose of a computer program. In the context of programming,
a problem statement defines certain elements that must be manipulated to achieve a
result or goal. A good problem statement for a computer program has three
characteristics:
 1. It specifies any assumptions that define the scope of the problem.
2. It clearly specifies the known information.
3. It specifies when the problem has been solved.

2. What is an assumption?

An assumption is something you accept as true in order to proceed with

program planning

3. Does the problem statement provide sufficient planning to begin coding?

Formulating a problem statement provides a minimal amount of planning,

which is sufficient for only the simplest programs.

4. How does a programmer code a computer program?

The process of coding a computer program depends on programming

language you use, the programming tools you select, and the programming
paradigm that best fits the problem you are trying to solve. Programmers typically
use a text editor, a program editor, or a VDE to code computer programs.

5. What is a text editor and a program editor?

A text editor is any word processor that can be used for basic editing tasks,
such as writing email, creating documents, or coding computer programs. When
using a text editor to code a computer program, you simply type in each
instruction.
A program editor is a type of text editor specially designed for entering code
for computer programs.

6. What is a VDE?

A VDE (visual development environment) provides programmers with tools

to build substantial sections of a program by pointing and clicking rather than
typing lines of code. A typical VDE is based on a form design grid that a
programmer manipulates to design the user interface for a program. By using
various tools provided by the VDE, a programmer can add objects, such as
controls and graphics, to the form design grid. In the context of a VDE, a control is
a screen-based object whose behavior can be defined by a programmer.

7. How does a programmer know if a program works?

 A computer program must be tested to ensure that it works correctly. Testing
often consists of running the program and entering test data to see whether the
program produces correct results.

8. What can cause program errors?

When a program doesn’t work correctly, it is usually the result of an error

made by the programmer. A syntax error occurs when an instruction doesn’t follow
the syntax rules, or grammar of the programming language. Syntax errors are easy
to make, but they are usually also easy to detect and correct.
Another type of program bug is a runtime error, which, as its name indicates,
shows up when you run a program.
Some runtime errors result from instructions that the computer can’t execute.
Some runtime errors are classified as logic errors. A logic error is an error in the
logic or design of a program. It can be caused by an inadequate definition of the
problem or an incorrect formula for a calculation, and they are usually more
difficult to identify than syntax errors.

9. How do programmers find errors?

Programmers can locate errors in a program by reading through lines of code,

much like a proofreader. They can also use a tool called debugger to step through a
program and monitor the status of variables, input, and output. A debugger is
sometimes packaged with a programming language or can be obtained as an add-
on.
Anyone who uses computers is familiar with program documentation in the
form of user manuals and help files. Programmers also insert documentation called
remarks or “comments” into the programming code. Remarks are identified by
language-specific symbols.

10. Do computer programs contain any special documentation?

A well-documented program contains initial remarks that explain its purpose

and additional remarks in any sections of a program where the purpose of the code
is not immediately clear.
 TEXT 15 B. PROCEDURAL PROGRAMMING
ПРОЦЕДУРНЕ ПРОГРАМУВАННЯ

The traditional approach to programming uses a procedural paradigm

(sometimes called “imperative paradigm”) to conceptualize the solution to a
problem as a sequence of steps. A program written in a procedural language
typically consists of self-contained instructions in a sequence that indicates how
a task is to be performed or a problem is to be solved.
Традиційний підхід до програмування використовує процедурну
парадигму (іноді її називають «імперативною парадигмою») для
концептуалізації вирішення проблеми як послідовності кроків. Програма,
написана на процедурній мові, як правило, складається з самодостатніх
інструкцій у послідовності, яка вказує, як має бути виконано завдання або
розв’язана проблема.
A programming language that supports the procedural paradigm is called a
procedural language. Procedural languages are well suited for problems that can
be easily solved with a linear, or step–by- step, algorithm. Programs created with
procedural languages have a starting point and an ending point.
The flow of execution from the beginning to the end of the program is
essentially linear – that is, the computer begins at the first instruction and carries
out the prescribed series of instructions until it reaches the end of the program.
Мова програмування, яка підтримує процедурну парадигму,
називається процедурною мовою. Процедурні мови добре підходять для
задач, які можна легко вирішити за допомогою лінійного або покрокового
алгоритму. Програми, створені за допомогою процедурних мов, мають
початкову та кінцеву точки.
Потік виконання від початку до кінця програми є, по суті, лінійним,
тобто комп’ютер починає з першої інструкції та виконує встановлену
серію інструкцій, поки не досягне кінця програми.
An algorithm is a set of steps for carrying out a task that can be written
down and implemented. An algorithm for a computer program is a set of steps
that explains how to begin with known information specified in a problem
statement and how to manipulate that information to arrive a solution. In a later
phase of the software development process, the algorithm is coded into
instructions written in a programming language so that a computer can
implement it.
Алгоритм — це набір кроків для виконання завдання, який можна
записати та реалізувати. Алгоритм для комп’ютерної програми — це набір
кроків, який пояснює, як почати з відомої інформації, зазначеної в
постановці проблеми, і як маніпулювати цією інформацією, щоб отримати
рішення. На наступному етапі процесу розробки програмного забезпечення
алгоритм кодується в інструкції, написані на мові програмування, щоб
комп’ютер міг його реалізувати.
To design an algorithm, you might begin by recording the steps you take to
solve the problem manually. The computer also needs the initial information, so
the part of your algorithm must specify how the computer gets it. Next, your
algorithm should also specify how to manipulate this information and, finally,
how the computer decides what to display as the solution.
Щоб розробити алгоритм, ви можете почати із запису кроків, які ви
виконуєте для вирішення проблеми вручну. Комп’ютеру також потрібна
початкова інформація, тому частина вашого алгоритму має вказувати, як
комп’ютер її отримує. Далі ваш алгоритм також має вказати, як
маніпулювати цією інформацією і, нарешті, як комп’ютер вирішує, що
відображати як рішення.
You can express an algorithm in several different ways, including
structured English, pseudocode, and flowcharts. These tools are not
programming languages, and they cannot be processed by a computer. Their
purpose is to give you a way to document your ideas for program design.
Ви можете виразити алгоритм декількома різними способами,
включаючи структуровану англійську мову, псевдокод і блок-схеми. Ці
інструменти не є мовами програмування, і вони не можуть бути оброблені
комп’ютером. Їхня мета — дати вам спосіб задокументувати ваші ідеї
щодо розробки програми.
Structured English is a subset of the English language with a limited
selection of sentence structures that reflects processing activities. Another way
to express an algorithm is with pseudocode. Pseudocode is a notational system
for algorithms that has been described as a mixture of English and your favorite
programming language.
Структурована англійська мова – це підмножина англійської мови з
обмеженим вибором структур речень, що відображає дії з обробки. Інший
спосіб вираження алгоритму - це псевдокод. Псевдокод — це система
позначення алгоритмів, яка була описана як суміш англійської та вашої
улюбленої мови програмування.
A third way to express an algorithm is to use a flowchart. A flowchart is a
graphical representation of the way a computer should progress from one
instruction to the next when it performs a task.
Before finalizing the algorithm for a computer program, you should
perform a walkthrough to verify that your algorithm works. To perform a
walkthrough for a simple program, you can use a calculator, paper, and a pencil
to step through a sample problem using realistic “test” data.
Третій спосіб вираження алгоритму - використання блок-схеми. Блок-
схема — це графічне зображення того, як комп’ютер має просуватися від
однієї інструкції до наступної під час виконання завдання.
Перш ніж завершити роботу над алгоритмом для комп’ютерної
програми, ви повинні виконати покрокове керівництво, щоб переконатися,
що ваш алгоритм працює. Щоб виконати покрокове керівництво для
простої програми, ви можете використовувати калькулятор, папір і олівець,
щоб покроково виконати приклад задачі, використовуючи реалістичні
«тестові» дані.
 For more complex programs, a walkthrough might consist of a verbal
presentation to a group of programmers who can help identify logical errors in
the algorithm and suggest ways to make the algorithm more efficient.
Для більш складних програм покрокове керівництво може складатися
з словесної презентації групі програмістів, які можуть допомогти виявити
логічні помилки в алгоритмі та запропонувати шляхи підвищення
ефективності алгоритму.
The algorithm specifies the order in which the program instructions are
performed by the computer. Unless you do otherwise, sequential execution is the
normal pattern of program execution. During sequential execution, the computer
performs each instruction in the order it appears – the first instruction in the
program is executed first, then the second instruction, and so on, to the last
instruction in the program.
Алгоритм визначає порядок, у якому комп’ютер виконує програмні
інструкції. Якщо ви не зробите інакше, послідовне виконання є
нормальною схемою виконання програми. Під час послідовного виконання
комп’ютер виконує кожну інструкцію в тому порядку, в якому вона
з’являється – першою виконується перша інструкція в програмі, потім
друга і так далі до останньої інструкції в програмі.
Some algorithms specify that a program must execute instructions in an
order different from the sequence in which they are listed, skip some instructions
under certain circumstances, or repeat instructions. Control structures are
instructions that specify the sequence in which program is executed. Most
programming languages have three types of control structures: sequence
controls, selection controls, and repetition controls.
Деякі алгоритми визначають, що програма повинна виконувати
інструкції в порядку, відмінному від послідовності, в якій вони
перераховані, пропускати деякі інструкції за певних обставин або
повторювати інструкції. Керуючі структури — це інструкції, які
визначають послідовність виконання програми. Більшість мов
програмування мають три типи керуючих структур: елементи керування
послідовністю, елементи керування вибором і елементи керування
повторенням.
A sequence control structure changes the order in which instructions are
carried out by directing the computer to execute an instruction elsewhere in the
program.
A sequence control structure directs the computer to the statements they
contain, but when these statements have been executed, the computer neatly
returns to the main program.
Структура керування послідовністю змінює порядок, у якому
виконуються інструкції, керуючи комп’ютером виконувати інструкцію в
іншому місці програми.
Структура керування послідовністю спрямовує комп’ютер до
операторів, які вони містять, але коли ці оператори виконуються,
комп’ютер акуратно повертається до основної програми.
 A selection control structure, also referred to as a “decision structure” or
“branch”, tells a computer what to do, based on whether a condition is true or
false. A simple example of a selection control structure is the IF…THEN…
ELSE command.
Структура керування вибором, яку також називають «структурою
прийняття рішень» або «гілкою», повідомляє комп’ютеру, що робити
залежно від того, чи є умова істинною чи хибною. Простим прикладом
структури керування вибором є команда IF…THEN…ELSE.
A repetition control structure directs the computer to repeat one or more
instructions until certain condition is met. The section of code that repeats is
usually referred to as a loop or “iteration”. Some of the most frequently used
repetition commands are FOR…NEXT, DO…WHILE, DO…UNTIL, and
WHILE…WEND (which means “while ends”).
Структура керування повторенням наказує комп’ютеру повторювати
одну або декілька інструкцій, доки не буде виконано певну умову. Частина
коду, яка повторюється, зазвичай називається циклом або «ітерацією».
Деякі з найбільш часто використовуваних команд повторення: FOR…
NEXT, DO…WHILE, DO…UNTIL і WHILE…WEND (що означає «поки
закінчується»).
All the first programming languages were procedural. The first widely used
standardized computer language, FORTRAN, with its procedural paradigm set
the pattern for other popular procedural languages, such as COBOL, APL,
ALGOL, PL/1, PASCAL, C, ADA, and BASIC.
Усі перші мови програмування були процедурними. Перша широко
використовувана стандартизована комп’ютерна мова, FORTRAN, з її
процедурною парадигмою встановила шаблон для інших популярних
процедурних мов, таких як COBOL, APL, ALGOL, PL/1, PASCAL, C, ADA
та BASIC.
The procedural approach is best suited for problems that can be solved by
following a step-by- step algorithm. It has been widely used for transaction
processing, which is characterized by the use of a single algorithm applied to
many different sets of data. For example, in banking industry, the algorithm for
calculating checking account balances is the same, regardless of the amounts
deposited and withdrawn. Many problems in math and science also lend
themselves to the procedural approach.
Процедурний підхід найкраще підходить для проблем, які можна
вирішити, дотримуючись покрокового алгоритму. Він широко
використовується для обробки транзакцій, яка характеризується
використанням єдиного алгоритму, застосованого до багатьох різних
наборів даних. Наприклад, у банківській галузі алгоритм розрахунку
поточних залишків на рахунку однаковий, незалежно від суми внесення та
зняття. Багато задач у математиці та природничих науках також
піддаються процедурному підходу.
The procedural approach and procedural languages tend to produce
programs that run quickly and use system resources efficiently. It is a classic
approach understood by many programmers, software engineers, and system
analysts. The procedural paradigm is quite flexible and powerful, which allows
programmers to apply it to many types of problems.
Процедурний підхід і процедурні мови створюють програми, які
працюють швидко та ефективно використовують системні ресурси. Це
класичний підхід, зрозумілий багатьом програмістам, інженерам
програмного забезпечення та системним аналітикам. Процедурна
парадигма досить гнучка і потужна, що дозволяє програмістам
застосовувати її до багатьох типів задач.
The downside of the procedural paradigm is that it does not fit gracefully
with certain types of problems – those that are unstructured or those with very
complex algorithms. The procedural paradigm has also been criticized because
it forces programmers to view problems as a series of steps, whereas some
problems might better be visualized as interacting objects or as interrelated
words, concepts, and ideas.
Недоліком процедурної парадигми є те, що вона не підходить до
певних типів проблем – неструктурованих або з дуже складними
алгоритмами. Процедурна парадигма також була піддана критиці, оскільки
вона змушує програмістів розглядати проблеми як серію кроків, тоді як
деякі проблеми краще візуалізувати як взаємодіючі об’єкти або як
взаємопов’язані слова, поняття та ідеї.

Task 8. Indicate the paragraph where the following ideas are found in the
text.

1. A program written in a procedural language contains the prescribed

series of instructions.
A programming language that supports the procedural paradigm is called a
procedural language. Procedural languages are well suited for problems that can be
easily solved with a linear, or step–by–step, algorithm. Programs created with
procedural languages have a starting point and an ending point.

2. An algorithm shows the steps how to manipulate the information to

arrive at a solution.
An algorithm is a set of steps for carrying out a task that can be written down
and implemented. An algorithm for a computer program is a set of steps that
explains how to begin with known information specified in a problem statement
and how to manipulate that information to arrive a solution. In a later phase of the
software development process, the algorithm is coded into instructions written in a
programming language so that a computer can implement it.

3. There are different tools to express an algorithm.

You can express an algorithm in several different ways, including structured
English, pseudocode, and flowcharts. These tools are not programming languages,
and they cannot be processed by a computer. Their purpose is to give you a way to
document your ideas for program design.
4. To make sure that your algorithm works, you should verify it.
Before finalizing the algorithm for a computer program, you should
perform a walkthrough to verify that your algorithm works. To perform a
walkthrough for a simple program, you can use a calculator, paper, and a pencil
to step through a sample problem using realistic “test” data.

5. Program instructions can be executed in order they are listed or

some instructions can be skipped or repeated.

6. Many problems in banking industry lend themselves to the procedural

approach.
The procedural approach is best suited for problems that can be solved by
following a step-bystep algorithm. It has been widely used for transaction
processing, which is characterized by the use of a single algorithm applied to many
different sets of data. For example, in banking industry, the algorithm for
calculating checking account balances is the same, regardless of the amounts
deposited and withdrawn. Many problems in math and science also lend
themselves to the procedural approach.

Task 9. Match up the words that are opposite in meaning.

sequential (послідовний) parallel algorithm (паралельний алгоритм)

downside problem
to focus written
solution advantage
to deposit to distract (відволікати)
linear algorithm random
verbal to withdraw (відкликати)

Task 10. Fill in the blanks choosing from the variants given.

1. During … execution, the computer performs each instruction in the order

it appears – the first instruction in the program is executed first, then the second
instruction, and so on, to the last instruction in the program.
a) random b) sequential c) direct d) reverse
2. The main ... of procedural paradigm is that it forces programmers to
view problems as series of steps, whereas some problems might better be
visualized as interacting objects or as interrelated words, concepts, and ideas.
a) benefit b) advantage c) drawback d) downside
3. The fact that algorithms are usually written in a format that is not
specific to a particular programming language allows you … on formulating a
correct algorithm.
 a) to concentrate b) to focus c) to distract
4. The traditional approach to programming uses a procedural paradigm to
conceptualize the …. to a problem as a sequence of steps.
a) problem b) decision c) solution
5. The algorithm for calculating checking account balances is the same,
regardless of the amounts deposited and withdrawn.
6. Procedural languages are well suited for problems that can be easily
solved with … algorithm.
a) chain b) linear c) parallel
7. For complex programs, a walkthrough might consist of a …
presentation to a group of programmers who can help identify logical errors in
the algorithm and suggest ways to make the algorithm more efficient.
a) written b) graphical c) verbal

Task 11. Make three-word combinations using the words in columns and
then fill in the gaps in the following sentences.

A:selection B:account C:instruction

self step-by-step algorithm
software computer balances
standardized development language
checking control process
linear contained structure

1. The procedural approach is best suited for problems that can be solved by
following a linear step-by-step algorithm
2. A selection control structure, also referred to as a “decision structure”
or “branch”, tells a computer what to do, based on whether a condition is true or
false.
3. The first widely used standardized computer language, FORTRAN,
with its procedural paradigm set the pattern for other popular procedural
languages.
4. In banking industry, the algorithm for calculating checking account
balances is the same.
5. A program written in a procedural language typically consists of self
contained instruction in a sequence that indicates how a task is to be performed
or a problem is to be solved.
6. The algorithm is coded into instructions written in a programming
language which a computer can implement in a later phase of the software
development process.

Task 12. Discuss the following questions.

1. What is procedural programming?

 Procedural programming is a programming paradigm built around the idea
that programs are sequences of instructions to be executed. They focus heavily on
splitting up programs into named sets of instructions called procedures, analogous
to functions.

2. What is an algorithm?

An algorithm is a set of steps for carrying out a task that can be written down
and implemented.

3. How do you write an algorithm?

To design an algorithm, you might begin by recording the steps you take to
solve the problem manually. The computer also needs the initial information, so
the part of your algorithm must specify how the computer gets it. Next, your
algorithm should also specify how to manipulate this information and, finally,
how the computer decides what to display as the solution.

4. What is the best way to express an algorithm?

Another way to express an algorithm is with pseudocode. Pseudocode is a

notational system for algorithms that has been described as a mixture of English
and your favorite programming language.

5. How do you know if your algorithm is correct?

Before finalizing the algorithm for a computer program, you should

perform a walkthrough to verify that your algorithm works. To perform a
walkthrough for a simple program, you can use a calculator, paper, and a pencil
to step through a sample problem using realistic “test” data.
For more complex programs, a walkthrough might consist of a verbal
presentation to a group of programmers who can help identify logical errors in
the algorithm and suggest ways to make the algorithm more efficient.

6. In what order does a computer perform program instructions?

Some algorithms specify that a program must execute instructions in an

order different from the sequence in which they are listed, skip some instructions
under certain circumstances, or repeat instructions. Control structures are
instructions that specify the sequence in which program is executed. Most
programming languages have three types of control structures: sequence
controls, selection controls, and repetition controls.

7. Can the computer make decisions while it executes a program?

 No. A computer can only make a decision if it has been instructed to do so. In
some advanced computer systems, there are computers that have written the
instructions themselves, based on other instructions, but unless there is a “decision
point”, the computer will not act on its own volition.

8. What are the most popular procedural languages?

Python is one of the top most popular programming languages in the world as
of 2020.

9. What kinds of problems are best suited to the procedural approach?

There are two related problems. First, functions have unrestricted access to
global data. Second, unrelated functions and data, the basis of the procedural
paradigm, provide a poor model of the real world...
The downside of the procedural paradigm is that it does not fit gracefully
with certain types of problems – those that are unstructured or those with very
complex algorithms. The procedural paradigm has also been criticized because
it forces programmers to view problems as a series of steps, whereas some
problems might better be visualized as interacting objects or as interrelated
words, concepts, and ideas.

10. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the procedural paradigm?

The procedural approach and procedural languages tend to produce

programs that run quickly and use system resources efficiently. It is a classic
approach understood by many programmers, software engineers, and system
analysts. The procedural paradigm is quite flexible and powerful, which allows
programmers to apply it to many types of problems.

GRAMMAR REVIEW

Exercise 1. Open the brackets and give the comparative or superlative

degree of the following adjectives and adverbs.

1. That is the most incredible story I have ever heard. 2. It is not always the
brightest students who do well in tests. 3. Terylene shirts are harder wearing,
but cotton shirts are much more comfortable. 4. Which is deeper, Lake
Michigan or Lake Superior? 5. She is far more self-confident than she used to
be. 6. The tallest man among the guests is a basketball player. 7.I like both of
them, but I think Kate is easier to talk to. 8. Most people are more well off than
their parents used to be. 9. She has a lot to be thankful for; but the saddest thing
 of all is that she does not realize it. 10. I want to buy a car – more powerful one
you have. 11. You look a lot sadder than you did last time I saw you. 12. There
is nothing more irritating than locking yourself out of your own house. 13. Both
roads lead to the city centre, but the left-hand one is probably a bit shorter and
more direct. 14. As I get older, I notice the policemen seem to be getting
younger. 15 The boys in our school are much more good-looking and a lot
better at football than the boys in other schools in the town.

Exercise 2. Put the adverbs in the right places.

1. You are absolutely right. 2. I always got to bed at twelve. 3. Do you ever go to
parties? 4. You never can be sure of anything. But you can certainly trust me. 5.
They usually meet every weekend. 6. Occasionally my friends invite me to the
theatre. 7. I have never had such a shock! 8. They have never met again. 9. I
definitely remember meeting those people. 10. Something is definitely happening.
11. Does he always tell you the truth? 12. He always tries to do his best. 13. He
never talks sensibly. 14. He’s always late. He was even late for his own wedding.
15. Can you ever be sincere? 16. Expensive remedies are always useful, if not to
the sick, then to the chemist. 17. We never fans give up hope. 18. Are you really
all right?

Exercise 3. Put each verb in brackets into an appropriate verb form.

Jim (1) was not looking forward to the exam. He (2) had been studying
for the past two months, and still (3) did not feel sure that he (4) knew even
half of what he should know. He (5) had been questioning his teachers
repeatedly about the material that (6) had appeared on past exams, but he
still (7) was not convinced that anything he (8) had learnt (9) would be
relevant to this year’s exam. He (10) was still studying at seven o’clock in
the morning on the day of the exam; he (11) had been revising all night
long, and (12) felt exhausted. In fact he (13) was so tired that he (14) fell
asleep in the middle of writing the exam, and (15) woke up only just in time
to finish it.

Exercise 4. Correct the mistakes.

1. The new regulations will be announced in September. 2. Dо they have their

dogs walked every day? 3. She has the piano tuned twice а year. 4. The
letters will bе posted first thing tomorrow morning. 5. When Mr Cobert
arrived at the office, he realized his computer had bееn stolen. 6. The
photographs have already bееn developed. 7. It's worth having the car
serviced. 8. She expects to win the November election. 9. They were having
 their garage painted when I called. 10. Your teeth is to bе cheked every six
months.

Exercise 5. Choose the right variant or put the verb in the correct form..

1. I'll leave some sandwiches in the fridge in case you are hungry when you come
back.
2. They had to put off their trip because their daughter suddenly had fallen ill.
3. Slow down. You are going too fast."
4. Oxford is the most popular tourist attraction in Britain after London and
Stratford-on-Avon.
5. I'm sure we met many years ago, but I do not remember where it was.
6. Europe and America are separate by the Atlantic Ocean.
7. He is trying to find a job, but there isn't much work available at present.
8. She said that she tried to ring up her mother several times the previous day.
9. We have to pick the fruit very early in the morning; otherwise we can't get it to
the market in time.
10. Nobody has used this room for ages.
11. Tom Smith wrote a book and Brown and Co published it last month.
12. Tomorrow the office will be cleaned in the evening after the staff leave.
13. We shook the hands with the host.
14. Are French children obliged to go to (-) school on Sundays?
15. There will always be a conflict between the old and the young. Young people
want (-) changes but the old people want the things to stay the same.
16. He was standing there in the rain and did not even have even the sense to put
up his umbrella.
17. May I use your phone to ring for a taxi? Oh, there's no need for it, my son will
drive you home.
18. When we take our exams, we'll have a holiday.
19. People believed that he was kill by terrorists.
20. He used to spend a lot of time in his library.

Exercise 6. Chose the right variant .

Modals
1. Let's discuss this over lunch,? - OK. We can discuss this later.
2. Cambridge must be one of the best-known towns in the world and can be
found on most tourists' lists of places to visit. You should go there yourself to
see this town. I needn't do it, I has been there several times.
3. Everyone should pay taxes to the government.

Pronouns and Prepositions:

4. Some beautiful roses were given to. Jane by Patrick on her birthday.
5. The house was small and there were not many rooms in it.
6. What is Rob like? - He is generous and kind.
7. The secretary just has signed these letters on behalf of the manager.

Adjectives and Adverbs:

8. The older she gets, the more forgetful she becomes. The elderly and the old
be often forgetful.
9. I think the American version of 'War and Peace' was less interesting than
ours.
10. For further information, please write to the above address.
11. Now there are about 12,000 students in Oxford, and the University and the
town
live happily side by side.
12. Mr. Smith is much older than his wife but they are the happiest couple I
ever have met.

Exercise 7.Use the proper form.

Nouns:
1. Both my brothers-in-law work in a bank which is situated on the outskirts of
town.
2. Look! Two aircrafts are flying in the dark sky.
3. My grandmother`s favourite TV series is 'Santa Barbara'.
4. When is be the latest news on TV? - It is at 9 a.m.
5. Two kilometres is a long way to go on foot.
6. The police are after the escaped prisoners.
7. Oh dear. Measles is quite a serious illness.
8. My sister-in-law`s family is not very large.
9. Cambridge University was exclusively for men until 1871 when the
first women`s college was opened.

Articles:
10. My uncle was operated yesterday. He is still in (-) hospital. I'm going to the
hospital to see him.
11. (-) Life will be very different in the future.
12. The villages-in this part of the country near the Thames are very beautiful.
13. The Nightingales belonged to the highest social class of (-) England.
14. What do you call the people of (-) China? The Chinese.
15. (-) Man must do everything possible to save the environment and (-) life on
 the planet of Earth.
16. The English language was brought onto the British Isles in the middle of
the fifth century by Angles, Saxons and Jutes who came there from the
North of (-) Germany.
17. Near the British Museum you can see the tall building of (-) University of
London.
18. The Statue of Liberty was a gift of friendship from (-) France to the United
States.

Tenses in the Active and Passive Voice. The Sequence of Tenses:

19. I never had read a story that interested me so much as the one I read last
night.
20. When we went to see them last night, they were playing chess, they
said they have been playing since six o'clock.
21. You will go with us to the Zoo tomorrow if you are a good boy.
22. No sooner we had finished the translation of the text than the bell
rang.
23. Why you didn`t make an effort to improve your life? I wish you would
make an effort to change everything.
24. If I were you, I would think twice before accepting his invitation.
25. 1 wish you would discuss this seriously tomorrow. It isn't funny.
26. All the doors and windows had been locked before we went on holiday,
but the house was broken into when we had return home.
27. Our house is surrounded by a beautiful garden. The garden was planted by
my grandfather many years ago.
28. The Cambridge Folk Festival very well is organized, and there are never
any of the serious problems which can be caused by large crowds.
29. The oldest college in Cambridge University is Peterhou-se, which was
founded in 1284, and the most recent is Robinson College which was
opened in 1977.
30.I'd like to know who Australia was discovered by? - Ask the teacher about
it, won`t you?
31.Dan said that he would call you the next day. -If he calls me in the
evening, I will be very busy. I wish he would call me in the morning.
32.We thought that the parcel would be delivered in time, but the postman has
not come yet.
33.The furniture has been rearranged today, and the flat looks very cozy now.

Exercise 8. Chose the right variant or use the proper form .

1. These two boys are both good swimmers.

2. A tram is not so quick as a bus. It is the slowest means of transport.
3. Ann's eyes are not very good. She has to wear glasses.
4. How long have they been married? - For five years. They were students then.
5. I'm not going anywhere tonight.
6. Have you passed your driving test yet? - Yes, I passed it last year.
1. Not knowing the language and having no friends in the city, he found it hard to get a job.
2.1 am looking forward to seeing you in our town.
3. When we came home, we found the door locked.
4. The day being fine, we decided to have a rest out of town.
5. The manager objected to our making private calls on his phone.
7.1 have a terrible cold and I'm staying in (-) bed today.
8. He began to speak in a low voice.
9. He earned much when he was working as a computer programmer.
10. The children usually play in the park after breakfast.
11. What is your brother doing? – He is reading a magazine.
12. When you visit Minsk last?
13. If I have some time in the evening, I shall repair my bicycle.
14. It's 12 o'clock, so I am going to bed now.
15. Do you hear something? - Yes, I hear soft music.
16. Can you explain this word to me?
17. Peter and Jane are arguing: I can hear them from my room.
18. I have never trusted him since he started working here.
19. I'm worried. Why haven`t they arrived yet?
20. They are very angry. They have been trying to see you for the last two or three
hours.

Exercise 9.Choose the proper form.

1.I had no idea what would happen the next day.

2. He was lucky to tell us that he was recovering then.
3. In a week's time I will be relaxing somewhere far from here.
4. The salary was raised the previous week. We had been waiting for it since Christmas.
5. Van Houten, who was Dutch, was the first person to extract (-) chocolate from (-)
cacao.
6. (-) Most people think Christian is the best racing driver in. world, the
7. He left without saying anything to anybody
8. You look upset. Are you in some sort of trouble? - Yes, in a way, I am im dept.
9. Has the postman come yet? I am expecting a letter from my father.
10. Who is responsible in your company for taking the most serious decisions during the
talks?
11. Since I decided to get a new job I have been worrying whether the decision I have
taken was the right one.
 12. My neighbours are making so much noise at late hours!
13. Much was heard of the book but only a few could read it.
14. Nothing has been heard from Pauline since her car was stolen.
15. Can you be quiet? Some of us are trying to work on the report.
16. She was the first woman to be elected to (-) Parliament.
17. If anything delays you, please, let me know.
18. If no questions are asked, it means that all of you have understood the topic.
19. Who is the man in a black suit, sitting at the head of the table?
20. They arrived in London on business.
21. Do not tell her about it until she asks you.
22. No wonder, you have not become slimmer yet. You are eating sweets all days long.
22. We did not know what had happened to the ship they were sailing. Now we know the
truth.
23. I remember the days when no decision w a s made until all the employees had been
interviewed.
24. The weather here can be awful at this time of the year.
25. I didn't like the person sitting (-) next to me in the class.
26. There isn't much space in the room. It's stuffed with furniture.
27. If you go to the end of the street and turn left, you'll see one of the architectural (-)
masterpieces St. Paul's Cathedral
28. Actions speak louder than words.
29. We are angry with our neighbours for their making so much noise every evening.
30. He is 17 and leaves school soon. He has been here for 11 years.
31. The director has told me that they have a vacancy for a secretary now.
32. I have been thinking about you all the time since we parted.
33. When I came, the boxes had not been packed yet. I made everyone hurry up.
34. He couldn't tell anybody since when he knew Jack.
35. There was an ancient building at the end of the street.
36. I am afraid I have not much news to convey but there are a few things I'd like to add.
37. We arrived in London on a bright summer morning.
38. Never speak ill of the dead.
39. What were Mike's reasons for giving up his job?

Exercise 10.Choose the most suitable form:

1. Being tired we couldn't continue working in the laboratory.
2. I have never heard her playing the piano
3.1 like films showing the lives of famous people.
4. In Britain she had a lot of problems as she wasn't used to driving on the left.
5. My friend wants me to help him with the translation of an English article.
6. I don't usually carry my passport with me. I'm afraid of losing it.
7. Not knowing many words, I had to use a dictionary while translating the text.
8. She avoids expressing her opinion in public. She prefers to keep silence.
9. Would you mind answering a few questions? - I'd rather you stopped asking
silly questions.
10. He finished writing the letter with the words "I'm looking forward to seeing
you."
11. The books written by L. Tolstoy are read with great interest.
12. I'm sorry to bother you, but I need to talk to you.
13'. I'm sorry for being late. I was delayed by the traffic.
14. The article being typed will be published in the
local newspaper.
15. Having pass the last exam, one of the students suggested going to the pub in
the evening.
16. I'm sorry to hear that you've lost your job.
17. She is a very interesting person. I always enjoy talking to her.
18. If you cross the street without looking, you risk being knocked down.
19. He is trying to sell his car but nobody is interested in buying it.
20. I live only a short way from here, so it's not worth taking a taxi to get home.
Exercise 13.Use the proper form of the Infinitive, Participle or Gerund in the
following sentences.
1.Not knowing the language and having no friends in the city, he found it hard to
get a job. 2.1 am looking forward to seeing you in our town.
3. When we came home, we found the door locked.
4. The day being fine, we decided to have a rest out of town.
5. The manager objected to our making private calls on his phone.
6. Is there anything worth reading in your home library?
7. I want to have a new dress made for the New Year's party.
8. Would you like me to turn down the radio a bit? - No, it's all right. I am used to
working with a radio on.
9. The success of Byron's poems gave him every right to say, "I woke up one
morning finding myself famous".
10. In England if you want a milkman to leave you milk in the morning, remember
to put a milk bottle outside your door.
11. I enjoy listening to music, but I don't like to listen to people talking about it.
12. My parents think I am not capable of earning my own living, but I am going to
prove that they are wrong.
13. Do you feel like dining out or would you rather have dinner at home?
14. Your hair needs cutting. - I will have it done tomorrow.
15. It's for me to decide where to work after graduating from London University.
16. This sportsman is known to have taken part in the last Olympic Games.
17. When would you like to start? ~ Oh, let's wait till it stops raining, otherwise
we'll get soaked walking to the bus station.
18.1 want you to tell me what you know about this accident.
19. We saw smoke rising from the chimney and were glad that somebody was
waiting for us.
20. On seeing my friend I stopped reading a book and put it away to talk to him.
21.1 always try to come in quietly, but my mother always hears me going upstairs.
22. Would you mind keeping quiet for a moment? I'm trying to fill in this form.
23.1 remember going to school for the first time and being frightened by
everything I saw there.
24. When planting these flowers take care not to damage the roots.
25. Before trains were invented people used to travel on horsebacks or in stage
coaches.
26. Jane meant to buy an evening paper, but she didn't see anyone selling them.
27. He was charged with receiving and selling stolen goods.
28. My father wasted the whole afternoon trying to repair his car.
29. My sister avoids lonely streets because she is afraid of being robbed.
30. To know London is to know the contrasts of a big industrial city.
31. Do you happen to know his address? - His address seems leaving long ago.
32. She doesn't seem to know anything about his leaving abroad.
33. It's for our boss to take the final decision on this problem.
34. If asked, he will tell you a lot of interesting about his life in England.
35. She insisted on the telegram being sent at once.
36. One should be careful when crossing the street.
37. The text to be translated for tomorrow's lesson is rather difficult for me.
38. While translating this article I came across many unknown words.
39. We watched the children jumping from the window and falling into snow.
40. After spending two days arguing about where to go for our holidays, we
decided not to go anywhere.
Exercise 12.Choose the proper form.
A Famous Clock
When you (1) visit London, one of the first (2) things you will see is (3) Big Ben,
(4) the famous clock which can (5) be heard all over the world on the B.B.C. If
the Houses of Parliament (6) had not been burned down in 1834, the great clock
would never have been erected. Big Ben (7) takes its name from Sir Benjamin
Hall who was responsible for the making of the clock when the new Houses of
Parliament (8) were being built. Since that time officials from Greenwich
Observatory have the clock (9) checked twice a day. On the B. B. C. you can hear
the clock when it (10) striking because microphones (11) are connected to the
clock tower. Once, however, it (12) failed to give the correct time. (13) A painter
who (14) had been working on the tower (15) hung a pot of paint on one of the
hands and slowed it down.
16. What should we do tonight? - We could go out, I think.
17. My brother decided to open his own restaurant, so he is having the meeting
with his bank manager tomorrow and he wants to ask him for the loan.
18. I'm tired. I am working very hard lately.
19. Do you know how long she worked there before she retired? - She still works
there.
20. Most ballads are based on facts. They say that Robin Hood lived in the forest
as an outlaw. He robbed only (-) rich people and helped the poor.
21. Ann told me she worked hard in the lab the previous day.
22. There was too much traffic on the roads today. - Yes, the traffic is murderous
in big cities nowadays.
23. Money spent on the brain will never spent in vain.
24. Three beer, please. - Oh, not for me. I've had two beers today.
25. I used to love cooking but I never get the time nowadays.
26. Everything is still and peaceful in London's parks and you could hardly
imagine that an enormous city with its traffic and noise is but a few paces away.
27. Most children like this game. This is the most popular game for most
children.
28. The journey to Paris took much longer before they built the Channel Tunnel.
29. Britain's (-) art, (-) culture and (-) literature flowered during the Elizabethan
age, the reign of Elizabeth I; it was the period of English domination of the
oceans.
30. The North Pole and the South Pole, two of the most inaccessible points on the
earth attracted explorers for many years
31. A North Pole was conquered in 1909 by the American engineer named Robert
Peary, who had given twenty-three years of his life to Arctic exploration.
32. There must be the solution of the problem.
33. Helen said that if the fog got any thicker, the plane might make an emergency
landing at London airport.
34. We must send a telegram to congratulate them on their silver wedding which
will take place in a week.
35. The plane which originally headed for Birmingham had to make an
emergency landing at Luton airport.
36. The advantage of computers is that they can process information quickly.
37. He's got a headache. He has been working on the computer all morning.
38. My friend is looking forward to visiting a lot of exciting places.
39. It took Christopher Wren thirty-five years to build St. Paul's Cathedral.
40. Everyone knows what they have to do, don`t they?
41. Where your sisters-in-law do work ?
42. How many times did Rick phone? - Sorry, but I haven't got time to listen to his
calls.
43. You shouldn't eat too much chocolate.
44. He never works overtime. If he worked overtime, he would earn as much as I
do.
45. Bill was upset. If he had not spent so much time on the first question, he
would have had enough time to do the others properly.
Add the correct prefixes or suffixes to the words given at the end of each sentence
and fill in the blanks.
46. He's going to an international conference about the environment.
47. His father wanted him to be a lawyer and discouraged the boy from studying
music.
48. Ann managed to finish the race successfully.
49. She is old enough to make her one decision.
50. The art of cooking requires the use of garlic.