Programa Académico Ingeniería Aeronáutica

Gas turbine
engines II
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MSc. Harold J. Acosta Leon

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Week8 Gas turbine engines II Convection

 Gas turbine engines II 2

Todays related topics:

1. Derivation of differential convection
equations
2. Conservation of mass equation
3. Conservation of momentum equations
4. Conservation of energy equations

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Section 15 Gas turbine engines II Momentum and Energy

 Gas turbine engines II 3

1. Conservation of mass
equation

Section 15 Gas turbine engines II Momentum and Energy

 Gas turbine engines II 4
1. Conservation of mass equation

- Steady Flow
For the __________________ - ______________
_________________of fluid - Newtonian flow
flow in the boundary layers. - ______________(density, viscosity, thermal conductivity,
etc.).

Section 15 Gas turbine engines II Momentum and Energy

 Gas turbine engines II 5
1. Conservation of mass equation
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓
=
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

The rate at which the fluid leaves the control ___________________________________________

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜌 𝑢+ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ∗ 1 𝜌 𝑣+ 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ∗ 1
𝜕x 𝜕𝑣

For the right side ____________

We obtain

Simplifying and dividing by dx*dy *1

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 ____________________or mass balance for

+ =0 steady two-dimensional flow of a fluid with
𝜕x 𝜕𝑦 constant density.

Section 15 Gas turbine engines II Momentum and Energy

 Gas turbine engines II 6

2. Conservation of
momentum equations

Section 15 Gas turbine engines II Momentum and Energy

 Gas turbine engines II 7
2. Conservation of momentum equations
Newton’s second law of motion to a differential control volume element in the boundary layer

“Net force acting on the control volume is equal to the mass times the acceleration of the fluid
element within the control volume, ________________________________________________
___________________________________________

𝛿𝑚 = 𝜌 𝑑𝑥 ∗ 𝑑𝑦 ∗ 1

𝛅m ∗ ax = Fsurface,x + Fbody,x

Flow is steady and two-dimensional and thus u =u(x, y), the total diferencial of u is:

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

Section 15 Gas turbine engines II Momentum and Energy

 Gas turbine engines II 8
2. Conservation of momentum equations

𝜹𝒎 ∗ 𝒂𝒙 = 𝑭𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆,𝒙 + 𝑭𝒃𝒐𝒅𝒚,𝒙

The Flow is steady and two-dimensional [u= u(x,y)]:

𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝑎𝑥 = = + =𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡

The forces acting on a surface are due to pressure and viscous effects:
𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝑃
𝐹𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒,𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ∗ 1 − 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ∗ 1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝑷
𝑭𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆,𝒙 =𝝆 𝒖 +𝒗 = 𝝁 𝟐−
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙

Section 15 Gas turbine engines II Momentum and Energy

 Gas turbine engines II 9
2. Conservation of momentum equations
Boundary layer approximations: Simplify the analysis and make it possible to obtain
_______________________________________

𝜕𝑃
__________________________________________: 𝜕𝑦 = 0

Section 15 Gas turbine engines II Momentum and Energy

 Gas turbine engines II 10

3. Conservation of
energy equations

Section 15 Gas turbine engines II Momentum and Energy

 Gas turbine engines II 11
Conservation of energy equations
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 ______________________ 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
− _________________________ =
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

𝐸𝑖𝑛 − 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ∆𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

Steady Flow process:

∆𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = 0 𝐸𝑖𝑛ሶ − 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡

ሶ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

ሶ − 𝑬𝒐𝒖𝒕
𝑬𝒊𝒏 ሶ ሶ − 𝑬𝒐𝒖𝒕
+ 𝑬𝒊𝒏 ሶ ሶ − 𝑬𝒐𝒖𝒕
+ 𝑬𝒊𝒏 ሶ =𝟎
𝒃𝒚 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒃𝒚 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒃𝒚 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔

Section 15 Gas turbine engines II Momentum and Energy

 Gas turbine engines II 12
Exercise
The shaft has a diameter of 6 cm and is rotating at 3000 rpm within a 20 cm-long bearing with a uniform
clearance of 0.2 mm. Both the bearing and the shaft near the oil gap are at a steady operating
temperature of 50˚C, while the viscosity and thermal conductivity of the lubricating oil are 0.05 N s/m2
and 0.17 W/m K, respectively. Using simplified continuity, momentum, and energy equations, we can
determine (a) the maximum temperature of oil, (b) the rates of heat transfer to the bearing and the
shaft, and (c) the mechanical power wasted by the viscous dissipation in the oil

Section 15 Gas turbine engines II Momentum and Energy

 Gas turbine engines II 13
Exercise
Temperature Rise of Oil in a Journal Bearing The flow of oil in a journal bearing can be
approximated as parallel flow between two large plates with one plate moving and the other
stationary. Such flows are known as Couette flow. Consider two large isothermal plates
separated by 2-mm-thick oil film. The upper plates moves at a constant velocity of 12 m/s,
while the lower plate is stationary. Both plates are maintained at 20˚C. (a) Obtain relations for
the velocity and temperature distributions in the oil. (b) Determine the maximum
temperature in the oil and the heat flux from the oil to each plate

Section 15 Gas turbine engines II Momentum and Energy

 Gas turbine engines II 14
Exercise
A través de la ecuación de conservación de energía, considerando no salto de temperatura y condición de
no deslizamiento (equilibrio en la capa límite térmica) encuentre la ecuación general del diferencial de
temperatura entre Ti y to si:

Explicar con sus propias palabras , paso a paso, como sello a la ecuación general.

Section 15 Gas turbine engines II Momentum and Energy

 Gas turbine engines II 15
Exercise

Encuentre la ecuación general de distribución de temperatura del cilindro que se muestra

T0∞
h0
r0
hi
Ti∞

ri

Section 15 Gas turbine engines II Momentum and Energy

 Gas turbine engines II 16

Thanks

Section 15 Gas turbine engines II Momentum and Energy