]TƩỜGH ĞẮE BỌC DËCB OBIK BÎ GỒE

OBIK ĞEềG
DỒ FÝG ĞEỎP OBEỄG ]Ỿ ĞỒGH
6666i>i6666

DËI CËI
TIDI] CÝGH GHBEề^
Heëi
Heëi veêg
veêg bƾởg
bƾởghh mắg
mắg : ^HS
^HS.]
.]S.
S. ^bkg
^bkg Dõe
Dõe Obý
Obýee
Segb veêg tbỻc beỈg : ]rỏgb Qăg Qƾƫgh
FSSQ : 4>>83035
Lởp : OS]G - ĞO]Ğ
Obók : 04
Ğị sớ : ;8

Bî gổe, ;4-4>;;
 FửC LửC

HEỚE ]BEềP....................................................................................................................;

Cbƾƫgh ;...........................................................................................................................4
]BEặ] LẬ^ Bề ^BƩƮGH ]TÌGB ĞỒGH ĞỒGH BỌC TIDI].........................................4
TIDI]......................................... 4
;.;. ^bäg tæcb ěổgh bỆc M`gkvet–Bkrt`gd`rh...................................................................4
;.4. ]beẹt lẦp bỈ pbƾƫgh trìgb ěổgh bỆc...........................................................................3
Fk trẦg trẫgh tbëe obäu tbki tëc tb`i cẠu trúc ěổgh bỆc..............................................3
Mỻk trêg dảgh tbkf sớ ěổgh bỆc ;.;, xäy mỻgh cëc fk trẦg deẹg ěỐe tỆk ěổ tbuẨg
gbẠt M`gkvet-Bkrt`gd`rh mỻk trêg cýgh tbục tỐgh quët sku:........................................3
Cbƾƫgh 4...........................................................................................................................0
DÎE ]IËG ĞỒGH BỌC TIDI]..................................................................................0
Heảe dîe tiëg ěổgh bỆc Tidit lî vẠg ěị oỵ tbuẦt oegb ěeểg. ]righ cbƾƫgh gîy sẶ trìgb
dîy lö tbuyẹt tbuẦt tiëg heảe cëc dîe tiëg tbuẦg ghbỏcb vî tbỻc beỈg tbuẦt tiëg Ạy trêg
cýgh cỠ tægb tiëg fý pbỉgh Fktlkd. Mi fã ghuồg cbƾƫgh trìgb quë mîe gêg obýgh
teỈg cbi veỈc trìgb dîy gêg ộ ěäy cbỨ yẹu fý tả cëcb tbỻc beỈg tbuẦt tiëg trêg pbẨg
fịf. Fã cbƾƫgh trìgb có tbể tbkf obải ộ pbỠ lỠc biẸc ael` fịf ěe oâf................... oâf....................0 .0
4.;. Dîe tiëg ěổgh bỆc tbuẦg............................................................................................0
4.4. Dîe tiëg ěổgh bỆc ghƾợc...........................................................................................1
Cbƾƫgh 3...........................................................................................................................5
]BEặ] Oặ QÎ FÝ ^BệGH TIDI]...........................................................................5
3.;. ]beẹt oẹ fý bìgb Tidit 3M dẻgh Silemwiros...........................................................5
3.4. Fý pbỉgh biẫt ěổgh Tidit trêg Fktlkd....................
Fktlkd............................
...............
.....................................;>
..............................;>
]ÎE LEềP ]BKF OBẤI.............................................................................................;3
^Bử LửC........................................................................................................................;=
Heởe tbeỈu

HEỚE ]BEềP

Sớ tbụ tỻ ěị dîe: ;8

Oö beỈu têg ridit: ‒Tidit

‒Tidit Gi.;8―
Gổe mugh dëi cëi: Dki hồf 3 dîe tẦp trigh ěị, cbek lîf 3 cbƾƫgh. Ğó lî:
;. ]beẹt
]beẹt lẦp bỈ pbƾƫg
pbƾƫghh trìgb
trìgb ěổgh
ěổgh bỆc cỨk
cỨk ridit.(d
ridit.(dẩt
ẩt duổc)
duổc)
4. Heảe dîe tiëg
tiëg ěổgh
ěổgh bỆc ridi
ridit.(dẩ
t.(dẩtt duổc)
duổc)
3. ]beẹt
]beẹt oẹ
oẹ vî fý pbỉgh.
pbỉgh.(tỻ
(tỻ ccbỆg
bỆg))
Cýgh cỠ tægb tiëg vî fý pbỉgh: Fktlkd.
Cýgh cỠ tbeẹt oẹ cƫ obæ: Silemwiros.
Oẹt quả tbu ěƾợc: ]ægb tiëg, heảe quyẹt vî fý pbỉgh tbîgb cýgh ěổgh bỆc ridit.
Bƾởgh pbët treểg: Có tbể ụgh mỠgh trigh tbỻc teỀg cýgh ghbeỈp, gbƾ bîg, hbåp pbýe,
bky vẦg cbuyểg bîgh tbýgh fegb.

Heëi veêg bƾởgh mắg Segb veêg tbỻc beỈg

^HS.]S. ^bkg Dõe Obýe ]rỏgb Qăg Qƾƫgh

;
 Cbƾƫgh ;. ]beẹt lẦp bỈ pbƾƫgh trìgb ěổgh bỆc Tidit

Cbƾƫgh ;
]BEặ] LẬ^ Bề ^BƩƮGH ]TÌGB ĞỒGH BỌC TIDI]

;.;. ^bäg tæcb ěổgh bỆc M`gkvet–Bkrt`gd`rh

]beẹt lẦp bỈ tỆk ěổ M`gkvet-Bkrt`gd`rh
Bìgb vẶ mƾởe fý tả cẠu trúc cỨk Tidit Gi.;8 cõgh cëc bỈ tỆk ěổ M`sckrt`s hẩg
vîi fỘe obäu tb`i quy ƾởc M`gkvet-Bkrt`gd`rh:
Z3

Z4
Zi
R3
R4
Z;

R;

Ri

Bìgb ;.;. Tidit Gi.;8 vî cëc bỈ tỆk ěổ M`sckrt`s.

Fý bìgb ridit trêg ěƾợc cỠ tbể bók tữ fý bìgb tbuẨg túy fkgh tægb cẠu trúc ộ ěị
dîe rk. Tidit
Tidit có dớg oobäu
bäu (tægb cả
cả ěẹ) vởe dk obởp ěổgh quky - tỏgb teẹg – quky.
quky.
Cëc tbkf sớ ěổgh bỆc M`gkvet-Bkrt`gd`rh

4
Cbƾƫgh ;. ]beẹt lẦp bỈ pbƾƫgh trìgb ěổgh bỆc Tidit

Mỻk trêg cëc bỈ tỆk ěổ ěã tbeẹt lẦp ộ trêg, teẹg bîgb tægb tiëg cëc tbýgh sớ
M`gkvet-Bkrt`gd`rh tbu ěƾợc dảgh sku:

M-B ^krkf`t`rs ia Tidit Gi. ;8

Jiegt me βe ke λe

; m; β;
*
k; 5> i

4 m 4* > > >

3 > β3
*
k3 5> i

Bìgb ;.4. ]bkf sớ ěổgh bỆc M`gkvet – Bkrt`gd`rh.

ỗ ěäy, cëc deẹg obởp ěƾợc ěëgb mẠu *. CỠ tbể, v`ctir deẹg obởp ộ ěäy lî:

q 6β ; m 4 β 3

;.4. ]beẹt lẦp bỈ pbƾƫgh trìgb ěổgh bỆc

Fk trẦg trẫgh tbëe obäu tbki tëc tb`i cẠu trúc ěổgh bỆc
Mỻk trêg dảgh tbkf sớ ěổgh bỆc ;.;, xäy mỻgh cëc fk trẦg deẹg ěỐe tỆk ěổ tbuẨg
gbẠt M`gkvet-Bkrt`gd`rh
M`gkvet-Bkrt`gd`rh mỻk trêg cýgh tbục tỐgh quët sku:

e-;
Ke 6

CỠ tbể, tk có cëc fk trẦg deẹg ěỐe tỆk ěổ tbuẨg gbẠt gbƾ sku:

> ; 4
K; 6 K4 6 K36

]ữ ěó, tbeẹt lẦp fk trẦg trẫgh tbëe obäu tbki tëc tb`i cẠu trúc ěổgh bỆc ( cëc deẹg
obởp) mỻk trêg cýgh tbục: >K3(q) 6 >K;.;K4.4K3

3
Cbƾƫgh ;. ]beẹt lẦp bỈ pbƾƫgh trìgb ěổgh bỆc Tidit

>
Oẹt quả tægb tiëg cbi: K3(q) 6

Fk trẦg trẫgh tbëe obäu tbki tëc tb`i tỆk ěổ tbki tëc
Mỻk tb`i lö tbuyẹt, trẫgh tbëe obäu tbki tëc @gm-@aa`ctir có tbể deểu meỀg quk
v`ctir ěỏgb vỏ (fý tả dởe cëc tỆk ěổ vî hóc ěỏgb bƾởgh gbƾ cëc hóc @ul`r, Ckrmkg, Till-
>
^etcb-Ukw), cỠ tbể lî: K3(t) 6

BỈ pbƾƫgh trìgb ěổgh bỆc Tidit

]ữ cëc oẹt quả tbu ěƾợc ộ trêg, tbeẹt lẦp pbƾƫgh trìgb ěổgh bỆc Tidit mƾởe mẫgh
bỈ pbƾƫgh trìgb ěổgh bỆc. Ğäy lî bỈ pbƾƫgh trìgb ěẫe sớ pbe tuyẹg hồf cëc pbƾƫgh trìgb
ěổc lẦp tuyẹg tægb, gbƾ trìgb dîy pbæk mƾởe ěäy:
a 6 ci
;
cis(β )k cis(β )+seg(β )m +k cis(β )-x 6 >
; 3 3 ; 4 ; ; @

a 6 seg(β )k cis(β )-cis(β )m +k seg(β )-y 6 >

4 ; 3 3 ; 4 ; ; @

a 6 k seg(β )+m -z 6 >

3 3 3 ; @

a 6 cis(β )cis
=
)cis(β
;
(β )-cis(δ)ci
)-cis(δ)cis(θ)
3
s(θ) 6 >

a 0 6 --ccis(β; )+seg(λ)seg(δ)seg(θ)-cis(λ)cis(θ) 6 >

a 1 6 -cis(β
is(β3 )-cis(λ)cis(δ) 6 >

Hbe cbú Cýgh veỈc tægb tiëg ộ ěäy sỦ mỠgh sỻ trợ heúp cỨk pbẨg fịf Fktlkd.

=
Cbƾƫgh 4. Dîe tiëg ěổgh bỆc Tidit

Cbƾƫgh 4
DÎE ]IËG ĞỒGH BỌC TIDI]

Heảe dîe tiëg ěổgh bỆc Tidit lî vẠg ěị oỵ tbuẦt oegb ěeểg. ]righ cbƾƫgh gîy sẶ
trìgb dîy lö tbuyẹt tbuẦt tiëg heảe cëc dîe tiëg tbuẦg ghbỏcb vî tbỻc beỈg tbuẦt tiëg
Ạy trêg cýgh cỠ tægb tiëg fý pbỉgh Fktlkd. Mi fã ghuồg cbƾƫgh trìgb quë mîe gêg
obýgh teỈg cbi veỈc trìgb dîy gêg ộ ěäy cbỨ yẹu fý tả cëcb tbỻc beỈg tbuẦt tiëg
trêg pbẨg fịf. Fã cbƾƫgh trìgb có tbể tbkf obải ộ pbỠ lỠc biẸc ael` fịf ěe oâf.
4.;. Dîe tiëg ěổgh bỆc tbuẦg
4.;.;. Dîe tiëg vî heảe tbuẦt
Dîe tiëg Cbi trƾởc heë trỏ cëc deẹg obởp (cëc hóc quky, cëc me cbuyểg tỏgb teẹg). Uêu cẨu

xëc vẦg tớc ěeểf tëc ěổgh cuớe vî vẦg tớc hóc obäu tbki tëc.
Heảe tbuẦt ]b`i heảe tbuẦt trigh dîe heảgh Tidit cýgh ghbeỈp ( ]îe leỈu tbkf obải _;V)
4.;.4. Cbƾƫgh trìgb lẦp trìgb
Heảe tbuẦt tbỻc beỈg trêg Fktlkd:

‒AwmOeg`fktecs.f―

‒Tul`H`g.f― HỆe bîf ‒Tul`H`g.f― ěể tẫi

ael` mứ leỈu sớ deẹg obởp

‒Tul`Mkt.fkt― Obke dëi quy luẦt deẹg obởp

‒FktrexMB.f― HỆe bîf ‒FktrexMB.f―sỦ mỠgh

vôgh lẸp air tægb fk trẦg K

Oẹt quả
^iseteig, Q`licety, If`hk

Bìgb 4.;. ]rìgb tỻ heảe dîe tiëg tbuẦg trêg Fktlkd

0
Cbƾƫgh 4. Dîe tiëg ěổgh bỆc Tidit

^iseteig ia @gm-@a
@gm-@a`ctir
`ctir x ;>
0 Q`licety ia @gm-@a`ctir
=>>> ;
x@ vR
y@ vU
4>>> >.0
z@ vZ
g y
te
i
et
e > c >
s il
i `
^ Q

-4>>> ->.0

-=>>> -;
> ; 4 3 = 0 > ; 4 3 = 0
]ef` ]ef`

it kt ` g h ` ` ic ty i g - `ct ir r ti g - `c t ir
4>
wR
;0 =>>>
wU
;> wZ
g
4>>>
i
et
e 0
s
i >
^
>
-4>>>
-0 0>>>
0>>>
-;> >
>
> ; 4 3 = 0
-0>>> -0>>>
]ef`

Bìgb 4.4. GhbeỈf cỨk væ

væ mỠ vị ddîe
îe tiëg ěổgh
ěổgh bỆc tbuẦg
4.4. Dîe tiëg ěổgh bỆc ghƾợc
4.4.;. Dîe tiëg vî heảe tbuẦt

Dîe tiëg Cbi trƾởc vỏ træ ěeểf tëc ěổgh cuớe (vî có tbể cả vỏ ræ cëc obäu tbki tëc). Uêu
cẨu tìf heë trỏ cëc deẹg obởp ụgh vởe vỏ træ cbi trƾởc ěó.
Heảe tbuẦt
]k sẶ sỦ mỠgh pbƾƫgh pbëp sớ gbỖ obke treểg ]kylir vî fk trẦg Jkcide.
HỆe fk trẦg x lî fk trẦg tỆk ěổ ěeểf @ tẫe cëc tbỖe ěeểf.
]ữ dîe tiëg ěổgh bỆc tbuẦg tk có bỈ tbục: x a ( q ) ěẫi bîf 4 vẹ tk có: 6

∄a
x&6 q&6 J ( q ) q
∄q

1
Cbƾƫgh 4. Dîe tiëg ěổgh bỆc Tidit

 ∄a ;
∄a;
∄a ;

 ∄q ∄q ∄q 
 ; 4 g

 ∄a ∄a ∄a 
∄a 
4 4 4
... 
]righ ěó J ( q ) 6 6  ∄q ∄q ∄q
 ěƾợc hỆe lî fk träg Jkcide
∄q
; 4 g

 ... ... ... ... 

 ∄a ∄a ∄a 
 g g
... g

 ∄q ;
∄q 4
∄qg


]ữ ěó tk tægb ěƾợc q&( t ) 6 J ( q ( t ) ) x&( t )

∔;

Ëp mỠgh obke treểg ]kylir sỦ mỠgh ske pbäg lõe ěể tægb cëc ghbeỈf teẹp tb`i :
q o +; 6 q ( t o + ∁ t ) ≂ q o + q&o ∁ t

4.4.4. Cbƾƫgh trìgb lẦp trìgb

Heảe tbuẦt tbỻc beỈg trêg Fktlkd: Qởe quỵ ěẫi cbuyểg ěổgh lî ěƾỖgh xiẩg ớc.

‒EgvOeg`fktecs.f―

‒^isH`g.f― HỆe bîf ‒^isH`g.f― ěể tẫi ael`

mứ leỈu sớ vỏ træ obäu tbki tëc

‒^isMkt.fkt― Obke dëi quy luẦt tbki tëc vî

tìf ghbeỈf ěẨu.
]ægb fk trẦg Jkcide vî sỦ mỠgh
vôgh lẸp air tægb ghbeỈf tb`i
xẠp xễ ske pbäg lõe.

Oẹt quả
Heë trỏ deẹg obởp

Bìgb 4.3. ]rìgb tỻ heảe dîe tiëg ghƾợc trêg Fktlkd

8
Cbƾƫgh 4. Dîe tiëg ěổgh bỆc Tidit

Egv`rs` Oeg`fktecs: Β; Egv`rs`

Egv`rs` Oeg`fktecs: Mestkgc` 4
;0>>
>.>0

>
4 ;>>>
`
c
; ->.>0 g
Β k
t
s
e
M 0>>
->.;

->.;0 >
> 4 = 1 > ; 4 3 = 0
]ef` ]ef`

Eg
Egv
v`rs` Oeg`fktecs: Β3 r t is t i
igg
>.>=
;>>
>.>4

> >
3
Β -;>>
->.>4

->.>= -4>>
;4>>
;;2> 0>
->.>1 >
> 4 = 1 ;;1> -0>
]ef` -;>>

Bìgb 4.=. GhbeỈf cỨk væ mỠ vị dîe tiëg ghƾợc

2
Cbƾƫgh 3. ]beẹt oẹ vî fý pbỉgh Tidit

Cbƾƫgh 3
]BEặ] Oặ QÎ FÝ ^BệGH TIDI]

3.;. ]beẹt oẹ fý bìgb Tidit 3M dẻgh Silemwiros

Tidit Gi.;8 có dk dẦc tỻ mi tbuổc liẫe ridit có cëc obäu gớe teẹp bộ, có bke dẦc
xiky vî fổt dẦc tỏgb teẹg. Tidit Gi.;8 ěƾợc tbeẹt oẹ gbỖ Silemwiros, fổt cýgh cỠ rẠt
pbỐ deẹg trigh cëc ttrƾƫgh
rƾƫgh ěẫe bỆc
bỆc oỵ tbuẦt:
tbuẦt:

Bìgb 3.;. Fý bìgb 3M Tidit Gi.;8 trêg gịg Silemwiros.

Mi sỻ bẫg cbẹ vị oeẹg tbục tbuổc lĥgb vỻc cƫ obæ (obýgh ěúgh vởe cbuyêg ghîgb
ěîi tẫi) gêg fý bìgb ridit ộ ěäy ěƾợc tbeẹt oẹ tbýgh quk tbkf obải tữ bìgb fắu cëc
ridit gbƾ Stkgairm, Sckrk, ^ufk, Ouok… Oæcb tbƾởc ridit cťgh ěƾợc tbkf obải tữ
gbeịu ghuồg, cbỨ yẹu tữ cëc dảg vẶ ridit tbýgh mỠgh, pbỐ deẹg ộ cëc pbôgh tbæ ghbeỈf,
cëc trƾỖgh ěẫe bỆc trêg tbẹ heởe.

5
Cbƾƫgh 3. ]beẹt oẹ vî fý pbỉgh Tidit

Bìgb mƾởe trìgb dîy dảg vẶ CKM bìgb cbeẹu 4M cỨk Tidit :

Bìgb 3.4. Dảg vẶ 4M Tidit Gi.;8.

3.4. Fý pbỉgh biẫt ěổgh Tidit trêg Fktlkd

;>
Cbƾƫgh 3. ]beẹt oẹ vî fý pbỉgh Tidit

Bìgb 3.3. Heki meỈg fý pbỉgh biẫt ěổgh Tidit Gi.;8

]eẹg bîgb xäy mỻgh heki meỈg fý pbỉgh biẫt ěổgh cỨk Tidit Gi.;8 trêg gịg
Fktlkd gbƾ bìgb vẶ trêg, fổt cýgh cỠ oỵ tbuẦt cỻc fẫgb. Heki meỈg fý pbỉgh gîy oẹ
tbữk cëc heảe tbuẦt cỨk dîe tiëg ěổgh bỆc ěể tægb tiëg vî beểg tbỏ biẫt ěổgh cỨk ridit.
Lƾu ěồ mƾởe fý tả cëc dƾởc tbỻc beỈg :

]ữ cëc dảg vẶ 3M xuẠt rk ael` ěỏgb mẫgh gbỏ pbäg

‒*.stl― fkgh tbýgh teg vê cẠu trúc cƫ obæ cỨk ridit.

LẦp trìgb ael` bîf ‒stlr`km.f― ěể xỦ lö cëc ael` ‒*.stl―, trả vị cëc
v`ctir ěễgb vî fẸt (Q`rtec`s & Akc`s) cỨk vẦt tbể. Lƾu cëc tbýgh
sớ gîy vîi ael` mứ leỈu ‒legosmktk.fkt― fkgh tbýgh teg vị cëc obäu.

LẦp trìgb ael` ‒TiditGi;8.f― tẫi heki meỈg HPE (Hrkpbeckl Ps`r Egt`rakc`) ěể teẹg bîgb fý
pbỉgh, trigh ěó sỦ mỠgh lỈgb ‒pktcb― ěể tëe tẫi lẫe fý bìgb 3M cỨk ridit vî beểg tbỏ trêg
Fktlkd. Heki meỈg gîy beểg tbỏ bìgb ảgb tbki tëc cỨk ridit vî cëc cýgh cỠ cbục găgh pbigh
pbú cbi pbåp tõy deẹg
deẹg cëc trẫgh tbëe obýgh hekg cỨk ridit, cỠ tbể lî:

Dớg gút dẠf cbục găgh Cëc bổp tbiẫe vî tbkgb trƾợt
M`fi Heảe dîe tiëg ěổgh bỆc ghƾợc ěể Cëc bổp tbiẫe vî tbkgb trƾợt gîy ěể cëe
ridit tbki tëc tb`i quỵ ěẫi xiẩg ớc. ěẸt vî qukg sët tbýgh sớ deẹg obởp:
Tkgmif Fiv` ĞẸt heë trỏ ghắu gbeêg cbi
cëc deẹg obởp.
Clr ]rkel Rók vẹt quỵ ěẫi cỨk obäu tbki
tëc cuớe.
Bif` Ğƾk ridit vị vỏ træ dkg ěẨu.

Bìgb 3.=. Lƾu ěồ cëc dƾởc xäy mỻgh heki meỈg fý pbỉgh Tidit Gi.;8

;;
Cbƾƫgh 3. ]beẹt oẹ vî fý pbỉgh Tidit

Heki meỈg fý pbỉgh gîy oẹ tbữk cëc tbuẦt tiëg heảe dîe tiëg ěổgh bỆc ěã xäy
mỻgh ộ cbƾƫgh 4 ěể heảe dîe tiëg ěổgh bỆc trigh quë trìgb fý pbỉgh.
Fổt sớ bìgb ảgb fý pbỉgh:

Bìgb 3.0. Bìgb ảgb fý pbỉgh biẫt ěổgh cỨk Tidit Gi. ;8.
Heki meỈg fý pbỉgh gîy côg ěkgh ěƾợc pbët treểg tb`f gbeịu tægb găgh obëc,
cbẳgh bẫg fý pbỉgh pbớe bợp tbki tëc cỨk bke ridit, bky dỐ sugh ěớe tƾợgh tbki tëc lắg
fýe trƾỖgh lîf veỈc ( dăgh cbuyịg, obởp bîg …).

;4
]îe leỈu tbkf obải

]ÎE LEềP ]BKF OBẤI

_;V ^HS.]S. ^bkg Dõe

Dõe O
Obýe,
býe, Dîe heảgh Tidit cýgh ghbeỈp.
_4V Egt`r
Egt`rg`t
g`t

;3
^bỠ lỠc

^Bử LửC

^bỠ
^bỠ lỠc
lỠc ;. Fã cbƾƫgh
cbƾƫgh tr
trìg
ìgb
b tbeẹ
tbeẹtt lẦp
lẦp pbƾƫ
pbƾƫgh
gh tr
trìg
ìgb
b ěổgh
ěổgh bỆc Hồf bke fã

cbƾƫgh trìgb:
‒FktrexMB.f―
augcteig MB 6 FktrexMB(klpbk, k, m, tb`tk)
MB;; 6 cis(tb`tk)?
MB;4 6 -seg(tb`tk)*cis(klpbk)?
-seg(tb`tk)*c is(klpbk)?
MB;3 6 seg(tb`tk)*seg(klpbk)?
seg(tb`tk)*se g(klpbk)?
MB;= 6 k*cis(tb`tk)?
MB4; 6 seg(tb`tk)?
MB44 6 cis(tb`tk)*cis(klpbk)?
cis(tb`tk)*ci s(klpbk)?
MB43 6 -cis(tb`tk)*seg(klpbk)?
-cis(tb`tk)*s eg(klpbk)?
MB4= 6 k*seg(tb`tk)?
MB3; 6 >?
MB34 6 seg(klpbk)?
MB33 6 cis(klpbk)?
MB3= 6 m?
MB=; 6 >?
MB=4 6 >?
MB=3 6 >?
MB== 6 ;?
MB 6 _ MB;; MB;4 MB;3 MB;=?
MB4; MB44 MB43 MB4=?
MB3; MB34 MB33 MB3=?
MB=; MB=4 MB=3 MB==V?
`gm

‒Oeg`fktecs@qukteig.f―
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @qukteig Oeg`fktecs H`g`rkt` %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Xrett`g dy: Quigh Q. ]regb - Kutifktecs Cigtril %
% Bkgie Pgev`rsety ia Sce`gc` kgm ]`cbgilihy %
% 4>/;4/4>;; %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% @qukteig Oeg`fktecs H`g`rkt`
% ^r`pkrkteig
cl`kr kll
clc
% M`aeg` pkrkf`t`rs kgm vkrekdl`s ks syfdils
syfs q; q4 q3 k; k3 m; x@ y@ z@ klpbk d`tk `tk r`kl
% M`aeg` MB pkrkf`t`rs
klpbk 6 _pe/4 > pe/4V'?
k 6 _k; > k3V'?
m 6 _m; q4 >V'?
tb`tk 6 _q; > q3V'?
% Egetekl kgm cklculkt` MB fktrex K
K 6 `y`(=)?
air j 6 ;:3
MB 6 FktrexMB(klpbk(j),k(j),m(
FktrexMB(klpb k(j),k(j),m(j),tb`tk(j))?
j),tb`tk(j))?
K 6 K*MB?
`gm

;=
^bỠ lỠc

% M`aeg` Ckrmkg fktrex

CM;; 6 cis(d`tk)*cis(`tk)?
CM;= 6 x@?
CM44 6 -seg(klpbk)*seg(d`tk)*seg(`tk)+cis(klpbk)*cis(`tk)?
CM4= 6 y@?
CM33 6 -seg(klpbk)*cis(d`tk)?
CM3= 6 z@?
% M`aeg` kgm mesplky oeg`fktecs `qukteigs syst`fs
@qt; 6 K(;,=) - CM;=
@qt4 6 K(4,=) - CM4=
@qt3 6 K(3,=) - CM3=
@qt= 6 K(;,;) - CM;;
@qt0 6 K(4,4) - CM44
@qt1 6 K(3,3) - CM33

^bỠ lỠc 4. Fã cbƾƫgh trìgb dîe tiëg ěổgh bỆc tbuẦg Hồf dk fã cbƾƫgh trìgb:
‒FktrexMB.f―
% Qe`w ig tb` pr`veius.

‒Tul`H`g.f―
% ]bes augcteig h`g`rkt`s rul` ia jiegt vkrekdl`s air
% Airwkrm oeg`fktecs pridl`fs
clis` kll
cl`kr kll
clc
t 6 >:.>;:0?
q; 6 4*t.W4? q4 6 4.*`xp(-t)? q3 6 4*t.*cis(t)?
skv`('Tul`Mkt.fkt'
skv`('Tul`Mkt.fkt')?
)?
cl`kr kll
clc

‒AwmOeg`fktecs.f―
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Airwkrm Oeg`fktecs Siluteig %%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%
% Xrett`g dy: Quigh Q. ]regb - Kutifktecs Cigtril %
% Bkgie Pgev`rsety ia Sce`gc` kgm ]`cbgilihy %
% 4>/;4/4>;; %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%% Airwkrm
clis` kll Oeg`fktecs Siluteig
cl`kr kll
clc
% Likm rul` ia jiegt vkrekdl`s
Tul`H`g
'Tul`Mkt.fkt')?
likm('Tul`Mkt.fkt'
likm( )?
% Egetekl
e 6 ;?
klpbk 6 _pe/4 > pe/4V'?
k 6 _2>> > 41>>V'?
m 6 _;>>> q4(e) >V'?
tb`tk 6 _q;(e) > q3(e)V'?
K 6 `y`(=)?
air j 6 ;:3
MB 6 FktrexMB(klpbk(j),k(j),m(
FktrexMB(klpb k(j),k(j),m(j),tb`tk(j))?
j),tb`tk(j))?
K 6 K*MB?
`gm

;0
^bỠ lỠc

r 6 K(;:3,=)?
x@ 6 r(;)? y@ 6 r(4)? z@ 6 r(3)?
xY@(e) 6 x@?yY@(e) 6 y@?zY@(e) 6 z@?
% Cklculkt`
air e 6 4:l`ghtb(t)
% Kssehg MB pkrkf`t`rs
klpbk 6 _pe/4 > pe/4V'?
k 6 _2>> > 41>>V'?
m 6 _;>>> q4(e) ;>>V'?
tb`tk 6 _q;(e) > q3(e)V'?
% Cifput` stkt` fktrex tbriuhb oeg`fktecs vkrekdl`s
Kilm 6 K?
K 6 `y`(=)?
air j 6 ;:3
MB 6 FktrexMB(klpbk(j),k(j),m(
FktrexMB(klpb k(j),k(j),m(j),tb`tk(j))?
j),tb`tk(j))?
K 6 K*MB?
`gm
% Airwkrm oeg`fktecs ia piseteig, v`licety kgm ritkt` kghl`
% Cklculkt` `ss`gtekl fktrec`s arif MB fktrex
Kmit 6 (K - Kilm)/(t(e)-t(e-;))?
Kilm)/(t(e)- t(e-;))? % K mit
T 6 K(;:3,;:3)? % T
Tmit 6 Kmit(;:3,;:3)?
Kmit(;:3,;:3) ? % T mit
r 6 K(;:3,=)? % r
rmit 6 Kmit(;:3,=)? % rmit
wYwkv` 6 Tmit*T'? % w wkv`
w 6 _wYwkv`(3,4)
_wYwkv`(3,4) wYwkv`(;,3) wYwkv`(4,;)V'?
wYwkv`(4,;)V'? % w
% Sbiw riits ia airwkrm oeg`fktecs pridl`f
% ^iseteig
x@ 6 r(;)? y@ 6 r(4)? z@ 6 r(3)?
% Q`licety
vR 6 rmit(;)? vU 6 rmit(4)? vZ 6 rmit(3)?
% Titkt` kghl` v`licety
wR 6 w(;)? wU 6 w(4)? wZ 6 w(3)?
% Skv` mktk ti plit
xY@(e) 6 x@?yY@(e) 6 y@?zY@(e) 6 z@?
vYR(e) 6 vR?vYU(e) 6 vU?vYZ(e) 6 vZ?
wYR(e) 6 wR?wYU(e) 6 wU?wYZ(e) 6 wZ?
`gm
% Qesuklez`
aehur`; 6 aehur`?
plit(t,xY@,'.'
plit(t,xY@, '.',t,yY@,
,t,yY@,'d'
'd',t,zY@,
,t,zY@,'--'
'--')?
)?
hrem ig
bilm ig
xlkd`l({']ef`'
xlkd`l({']ef`'})?
})?
'^iseteig'})?
ylkd`l({'^iseteig'
ylkd`l({ })?
'^iseteig ia @gm-@a`ctir'
tetl`({'^iseteig
tetl`({ @gm-@a`ctir'})?
})?
l`h`gm('x@'
l`h`gm('x@',,'y@',
'y@','z@')?
'z@')?
aehur`4 6 aehur`?
'.',t,vYU,
plit(t,vYR,'.'
plit(t,vYR, ,t,vYU,'d'
'd',t,vYZ,
,t,vYZ,'--'
'--')?
)?
hrem ig
bilm ig
xlkd`l({']ef`'
xlkd`l({']ef`'})?
})?
tetl`({'Q`licety
tetl`({'Q`licety ia @gm-@a`ctir'
@gm-@a`ctir'})?
})?
'Q`licety'})?
ylkd`l({'Q`licety'
ylkd`l({ })?
l`h`gm('vR'
l`h`gm('vR',,'vU',
'vU','vZ')?
'vZ')?
aehur`3 6 aehur`?
'.',t,wYU,
plit(t,wYR,'.'
plit(t,wYR, ,t,wYU,'d'
'd',t,wYZ,
,t,wYZ,'--'
'--')?
)?

hrem ig
bilm ig

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^bỠ lỠc

xlkd`l({']ef`'})?
xlkd`l({']ef`' })?
tetl`({'Titkt`
tetl`({'Titkt` Kghl` Q`licety ia @gm-@a`ctir'
@gm-@a`ctir'})?
})?
ylkd`l({'^iseteig'
ylkd`l({'^iseteig'})?
})?
l`h`gm('wR'
l`h`gm('wR',,'wU',
'wU','wZ')?
'wZ')?
aehur`= 6 aehur`?
plit3(xY@,yY@,zY@)?
hrem ig
bilm ig
tetl`({'Irdet
tetl`({'Irdet ia @gm-@a`ctir'
@gm-@a`ctir'})?
})?
% @gm

^bỠ lỠc 3. Fã cbƾƫgh trìgb dîe tiëg ěổgh bỆc ghƾợc Hồf bke fã cbƾƫgh tregb:
‒^isH`g.f―
% ]bes augcteig h`g`rkt`s piseteig rul` air egv`rs` oeg`fktecs pridl`fs
clis` kll
cl`kr kll
clc
t 6 >:.>;:0?
x@ 6 3>*t.*cis(t)?
y@ 6 ;4>>-3>>*t.*(t)/(0>*pe)?
z@ 6 3>*t.*seg(t)?
'^isMkt.fkt')?
skv`('^isMkt.fkt'
skv`( )?
cl`kr kll
clc

‒EgvOeg`fktecs.f―
%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Egv`rs` Oeg`fktecs Siluteig %%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%
% Xrett`g dy: Quigh Q. ]regb - Kutifktecs Cigtril %
% Bkgie Pgev`rsety ia Sce`gc` kgm ]`cbgilihy %
% 4>/;4/4>;; %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% Egv`rs` Oeg`fktecs Siluteig
% ^r`pkrkteig
clis` kll
cl`kr kll

clc
^isH`g
'^isMkt.fkt')
likm('^isMkt.fkt'
likm( )
tst`p 6 t(4)-t(;)? % St`p tef`
% Cbiis` egetekl
q;ilm 6 >? q4ilm 6 ;>>>? q3ilm 6 >?
q 6 _q;ilm q4ilm q3ilmV'?
air e64:l`ghtb(t)
e64:l`ghtb(t)
q; 6 q;ilm? q4 6 q4ilm? q3 6 q3ilm?
% Jkcidekg fktrex cklculkt`
J;; 6 q4*cis(q;)-(;1;=04;44>>
q4*cis(q;)-(;1;=04;44>>>155;>80*ci
>155;>80*cis(q;)*seg(q3
s(q;)*seg(q3))
))...
...
/;>;=;4>=2>;2402304;;5831401=3>>2-41>>*cis(q3)*seg(q;)-2>>*seg(q;)?
J;4 6 seg(q;)?
J;3 6 - 41>>*cis(q;)*seg(q3)-(;
41>>*cis(q;)*seg(q3)-(;1;=04;44>>>
1;=04;44>>>155;>80*cis(
155;>80*cis(q3)* ...
q3)*...
seg(q;))/;>;=;4>=2>;2402304;;5831401=3>>2?
J4; 6 2>>*cis(q;)+41>>*cis(q;)
2>>*cis(q;)+ 41>>*cis(q;)*cis(q3)-(;1;
*cis(q3)-(;1;=04;44>>>155
=04;44>>>155;>80* ...
;>80*...
seg(q;)*seg(q3))/;>;=;4>=2>;2402304;;5831401=3>>2+q4*seg(q;)?
J44 6 -cis(q;)?

;8
^bỠ lỠc

J43 6 (;1;=04;44>>>155;>80*ci
(;1;=04;44>>>155;>80*cis(q;)*cis(q
s(q;)*cis(q3))/...
3))/...
;>;=;4>=2>;2402304;;5831401=3>>2-41>>*seg(q;)*seg(q3)?
J3; 6 >?
J34 6 =5188081>>>4;0;;/2;;451
=5188081>>>4;0;;/2;;45132=;=1>112;
32=;=1>112;150825>>0;==
150825>>0;==>1=?
>1=?
J33 6 41>>*cis(q3)?
41>>*cis(q3)?
J 6 _J;; J;4 J;3? J4; J44 J43? J3; J34 J33V?
JYegv 6 egv(J)? % Egv`rs` Jkcidekg fktrex
% ^iseteig m`rktev`s fktrex cklculkt`
xmit 6 (x@(e)-x@(e-;))/tst`p?
(x@(e)-x@(e-; ))/tst`p?
ymit 6 (y@(e)-y@(e-;))/tst`p?
(y@(e)-y@(e-; ))/tst`p?
zmit 6 (z@(e)-z@(e-;))/tst`p?
(z@(e)-z@(e-; ))/tst`p?
^ismit 6 _xmit ymit zmitV'?
% Kpprixefkt` us` dkcowkrm klhiretbf
q 6 q+JYegv*^ismit*tst`p?
q+JYegv*^ismit*tst`p?
q;ilm 6 q(;)? q4ilm 6 q(4)? q3ilm 6 q(3)?
q;Y(e) 6 q(;)? q4Y(e) 6 q(4)? q3Y(e) 6 q(3)?
`gm
aehur`; 6 aehur`?
plit(t,q;Y,'*'
plit(t,q;Y,'*')?
)?
']ef`')?
xlkd`l(']ef`'
xlkd`l( )?
ylkd`l('\]b`tkY;'
ylkd`l('\]b`tkY;')?
)?
'Egv`rs` Oeg`fktecs: \]b`tkY;'
tetl`('Egv`rs`
tetl`( \]b`tkY;')?
)?
hrem ig
aehur`4 6 aehur`?
plit(t,q4Y,'i'
plit(t,q4Y,'i')?
)?
xlkd`l(']ef`'
xlkd`l(']ef`')?
)?
'Mestkgc` 4'
ylkd`l('Mestkgc`
ylkd`l( 4')?
)?
tetl`('Egv`rs`
tetl`( 4')?
'Egv`rs` Oeg`fktecs: Mestkgc` 4')?
hrem ig
aehur`3 6 aehur`?
'm')?
plit(t,q3Y,'m'
plit(t,q3Y, )?
xlkd`l(']ef`'
xlkd`l(']ef`')?
)?
'\]b`tkY3')?
ylkd`l('\]b`tkY3'
ylkd`l( )?
tetl`('Egv`rs`
tetl`('Egv`rs` Oeg`fktecs: \]b`tkY3'
\]b`tkY3')?
)?
hrem ig
aehur`= 6 aehur`?
plit3(x@, y@, z@,'*'
z@,'*')?
)?
'Irdet ^iseteig')?
tetl`('Irdet
tetl`( ^iseteig')?
hrem ig

^bỠ lỠc =. Fã cbƾƫgh trìgb

trìgb tẫi heki meỈg fý pbỉgh Mi ěiẫg fã quë mîe, xẠp xễ
1>> môgh lỈgb vî 4>> môgh cbú tbæcb gêg obýgh teỈg ěƾk vîi ěäy. Có tbể tbkf obải cbe
teẹt ộ ael` fịf oâf tb`i.

;2