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8E Word Sheets

8Ea – Engines
Word Pronunciation Meaning
combustion Burning, usually in air. The reaction gives out energy,
which is transferred to the surroundings by heating or
light.
fuel A substance that contains a store of chemical or nuclear
energy that can easily be transferred.
pollution Something that damages the environment or the
organisms that live there.

8Ea – Burning fuels

Word Pronunciation Meaning
fossil fuel A fuel formed from the dead remains of organisms over
millions of years (e.g. coal, oil or natural gas).
hydrocarbon A compound made up of only hydrogen and carbon
atoms.
product prod-uct A new substance made in a chemical reaction. Products
are written on the right side, after the arrow, in a word
equation.
reactant ree-act-ant A substance that takes part in a chemical reaction.
Reactants are written on the left side, before the arrow,
in a word equation.
thermal Breaking down a compound into simpler substances
decomposition using heat.
water of crystallisation The water molecules that allow some compounds to
form crystals.
word equation eck-way-shun An equation in which the names of the reactant(s) are
written on the left side, there is an arrow pointing from
left to right and the names of the product(s) are written
on the right side.

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 8E Word Sheets

8Eb – Oxidation
Word Pronunciation Meaning
bond A force that holds some atoms tightly together.
law of conservation of The idea that mass is not lost or gained during a
mass chemical reaction. The mass of all the reactants is equal
to the mass of all the products.
metal Any element that is shiny when polished, conducts heat
and electricity well, is malleable and flexible and often
has a high melting point.
metal oxide A metal that has combined with oxygen in a chemical
reaction, e.g. magnesium oxide.
The general word equation for the reaction is:
metal + oxygen  metal oxide
non-metal Any element that is not shiny and does not conduct heat
and electricity well.
oxidation ox-i-day-shun Reacting with oxygen. For example, when a fuel
combusts or when a metal reacts with oxygen to form a
metal oxide.
oxide A compound of a metal or non-metal with oxygen, such
as magnesium oxide or carbon dioxide.
phlogiston flo-jist-on A substance that scientists once thought explained
why things burn; it has since been proved that it does
not exist.

8Ec – Fire safety

Word Pronunciation Meaning
exothermic ex-O-therm-ic A reaction that gives out energy that can be felt as it
heats the surroundings, such as combustion.
fire extinguisher Something that is used to put out a fire, such as a
canister of carbon dioxide, powder, water or foam.
fire triangle A way of showing in a diagram that heat, fuel and
oxygen are needed for fire.
hazard symbol A warning symbol that shows why something
is dangerous.
thermometer Any device used to measure temperature.

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 8E Word Sheets

8Ec – Fair testing (WS)

Word Pronunciation Meaning
control variable vair-ee-ab-el A variable other than the independent variable that
could affect the dependent variable and so needs to
be controlled.
dependent variable dee-pend-ent The variable that is measured in an investigation.
vair-ee-ab-el The values of the dependent variable depend on those
of the independent variable.
fair test An experiment in which all the control variables are
controlled and only changes in the independent variable
cause changes in the dependent variable.
independent variable vair-ee-ab-el The variable that you chose the values of in
an investigation.
valid Something is valid if it is doing what it is supposed to do.
A measurement is valid if it measures what it is
supposed to measure. A valid conclusion is drawn only
from the data that the conclusion is supposed to be
drawn from.
variable vair-ee-ab-el Anything that can change and be measured.

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 8E Word Sheets

8Ed – Air pollution

Word Pronunciation Meaning
acid rain Rainwater that is more acidic than usual due to air
pollution, usually caused by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen
oxides dissolved in it.
asthma A condition in which the tiny tubes leading to the alveoli
become narrow and start to fill with mucus.
carbon monoxide A poisonous gas produced by carbon burning without
enough oxygen. Found in cigarette smoke.
catalyst cat-a-list A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction, without
itself being used up.
catalytic converter cat-a-lit-ick A device fitted to the exhaust pipe of a vehicle to change
harmful pollutant gases into less harmful gases.
complete combustion When a substance reacts fully with oxygen, such as:
carbon + oxygen  carbon dioxide
impurity An unwanted substance that is found mixed into a useful
substance.
incomplete When a substance reacts only partially with oxygen,
combustion such as when carbon burns in air producing carbon
dioxide, carbon monoxide and soot (unburnt carbon).
filter Anything, such as cloth, paper or a layer of sand,
through which a fluid is passed to remove suspended
pieces of solid.
nitrogen oxide Acidic gas formed when nitrogen reacts with oxygen at
high temperatures, such as in a car engine. There are
different types of nitrogen oxide.
pollutant A substance that can harm the environment or the
organisms that live there.
soot A form of carbon, which is produced as very fine
particles when hydrocarbon fuels undergo incomplete
combustion.
sulfur dioxide An acidic gas released from burning fossil fuels, which
contributes to acid rain.

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 8E Word Sheets

8Ee – Global warming

Word Pronunciation Meaning
climate change Changes that will happen to the weather as a result of
global warming.
global warming Increased warming of the Earth’s surface as a result of
increased amounts of carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gases in the air.
greenhouse effect The warming effect on the Earth’s surface caused by
greenhouse gases absorbing energy emitted from the
warm Earth’s surface and re-emitting it back to
the surface.
greenhouse gas A gas, such as carbon dioxide, water vapour or
methane, in the Earth’s atmosphere, which absorbs
energy emitted from the Earth’s surface and then emits it
back to the surface.

8Ee – Carbon footprints (STEM)

Word Pronunciation Meaning
correlation A relationship between two variables. If an increase in
one appears to cause an increase in the other it is
‘positive’. An increase in one linked with a decrease in
the other is ‘negative’.

8Ee – Reducing pollution

Word Pronunciation Meaning
biofuel A fuel made from plants or animal wastes.

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 8E Summary Sheets

Combustion and oxidation

A hydrocarbon is made only of carbon and hydrogen. Many fuels are mainly hydrocarbons.
Combustion is exothermic – the reaction transfers energy to the surroundings, which get warmer.
Hydrocarbon combustion as a word equation:
hydrocarbon + oxygen  water + carbon dioxide
Combustion is also an oxidation reaction because the substances react with oxygen.
Carbon and hydrogen are non-metals but metals can also be oxidised:
metal + oxygen  metal oxide

Tests
Carbon dioxide turns limewater from clear and colourless to ‘milky’.
A boiling tube of hydrogen burns with a squeaky pop.
Water turns blue cobalt chloride pink and anhydrous copper sulfate blue.
Hydrated (blue) copper sulfate undergoes thermal decomposition and loses water of
crystalisation, to form anhydrous copper sulfate.

Conservation of mass in reactions

In a chemical reaction new substances are made but the mass of
the reactants is always the same as the mass of the products.
Metals can appear to gain mass when heated in air:
zinc + oxygen  zinc oxide

The difference in mass is the mass of oxygen has been added to the zinc.
When a hydrocarbon fuel combusts, it appears to lose mass because the products of the reaction
(carbon dioxide, water vapour) are lost into the air.

Phlogiston
Before oxygen was discovered, scientists explained combustion by saying that, as a substance
burnt, it gave out a substance called phlogiston to the air. For example:
wood  calx (ash) + phlogiston
However, the phlogiston theory could not explain why metals gained mass when they reacted
with air.

The fire triangle and putting fires out

The fire triangle shows the three factors needed for a fire to burn. If any factor is
removed, the fire will go out.
We use fire extinguishers to put out fires. Water extinguishers remove heat.
Powder and carbon dioxide extinguishers exclude oxygen. Foam extinguishers
can both remove heat and exclude oxygen.
Oil fires should not be treated with water because the water sinks through the oil, which heats up
and causes the water to evaporate. This causes the oil to ‘spit’ and can spread the fire.

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 8E Summary Sheets

Hazard symbols
Hazard symbols explain why a substance must be handled carefully.

Air pollution from burning fossil fuels

Complete combustion – the fuel reacts completely with oxygen, e.g.:
hydrocarbon + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water
Incomplete combustion – the fuel only partly reacts with oxygen, e.g.:
hydrocarbon + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + carbon monoxide + carbon (soot)
Impurities in fossil fuels, such as sulfur, also react with oxygen when heated:
sulfur + oxygen  sulfur dioxide
At the very high temperatures in vehicle engines, nitrogen gas from the air reacts with oxygen:
nitrogen + oxygen  nitrogen oxides
Many products from burning fossil fuels are pollutants; they harm habitats and their organisms.

Acid rain
Acid rain is rain water that is made more acidic by dissolved sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.
Some of these gases are removed from power station chimneys by neutralisation, and by using
catalytic converters on vehicle exhausts. Catalytic converters also remove carbon monoxide.

Greenhouse effect and global warming

Greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere keep the Earth’s surface warm. This is the
greenhouse effect.

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. Most scientists think that the extra carbon dioxide released
from burning fossil fuels has increased the temperature of the Earth’s surface (global warming).
Scientists predict that global warming will cause climate change. The best way to control global
warming is probably to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide we release into the air.

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Chemical Reactions Key Revision Facts
• Chemical changes make new substances whereas physical changes usually involves a change of state.

• Signs that a chemical reaction has occurred are: fizzing and flames.

• In a chemical reaction, the particles are rearranged to produce new substance

• Catalysts help speed up the rate of reaction.

• In the equation:
magnesium + oxygen magnesium oxide,
magnesium and oxygen are the reactants;
magnesium oxide is the product.

• A fuel is a material that releases energy in the form of heat. Examples of fuels are coal, oil and gas.

• Combustion is another word for burning.

• The equation for burning is:

fuel + oxygen carbon dioxide + water

• Thermal decomposition involves heating a substance until it breaks down into different parts.

• The products of the decomposition of calcium carbonate are calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.

• Gas tests:

Gas Test Result

Hydrogen Place a lighted spill near the gas Squeaky pop

Oxygen Place a glowing spill near the gas Relights the spill

Carbon dioxide Bubble through limewater Limewater turns milky

• Law for the conservation of mass:

mass of reactants = mass of products

• Exothermic reactions show an increase in temperature, for example burning fuels.

• Endothermic reactions show a decrease in temperature, for example sports ice packs.
 8E Quick Quiz

On your answer sheet, write in or circle the correct letter for each question.
3 When zinc burns in oxygen it forms:
8Ea
A water. B zinc hydroxide.
1 Combustion of hydrogen produces:
C zinc carbonate. D zinc oxide.
A carbon hydride. B hydrocarbon.
4 When 4.8 g of magnesium reacts with 3.2 g
C carbon. D water. of oxygen, how much magnesium oxide is
2 Carbon dioxide can be detected using: formed?
A a glowing splint. A 1.6 g B 4.9 g
B pure water. C 7.0 g D 8.0 g
C orangewater.
8Ec
D limewater.
1 What does this hazard symbol warn of?
3 When hydrated copper sulfate is heated,
the gas produced is called:
A the water of crystallisation.
B oxygen.
C carbon dioxide. A The substance is explosive.
D hydrogen. B The substance burns easily.
4 methane + oxygen → C The substance supplies oxygen to fires.
A hydrogen + oxygen D The substance puts out fires.
B carbon dioxide + water 2 The three sides of a fire triangle are:
C carbon dioxide + hydrogen
E fire, water, heat. F heat, water, fuel.
D carbon + water
G heat, oxygen, fuel. H fire, oxygen, fuel.
8Eb 3 What happens in an exothermic reaction?
1 During a chemical reaction, reactants form
products. Compare the mass of reactants A Energy is released that increases the
with the mass of products formed. temperature of the surroundings.

A The mass of reactants is greater than B Energy is taken in from the

the mass of products. surroundings, reducing the
temperature.
B The mass of products is greater than
the mass of reactants. C The reacting substances always
explode.
C The mass of products is the same as
the mass of reactants. D You need to heat a substance or
substances to get a reaction to occur.
D The change in mass depends on what the
reactants and products are. 4 The best way to put out a small electrical
fire is:
2 Oxidation is always:
A spray it with water to cool it down.
A a reaction in which a substance
combines with oxygen. B spray with foam to exclude air and cool
it down.
B a reaction in which a substance burns
in oxygen. C cover with a wet cloth to exclude air
and cool it down.
C a reaction in which a substance burns
in air. D spray with a powder extinguisher to
exclude air.
D an explosive reaction.

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 8E
8Ed
1 Name two pollutants that may be formed
when fossil fuels are burnt in a vehicle
engine.
A carbon dioxide and sulfur
B sulfur dioxide and water
C nitrogen oxides and sulfur
D nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide
2 How do sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
help cause acid rain?
A These acidic gases dissolve in water
droplets in clouds.
B These alkaline gases react with water
droplets in clouds.
C They make rain happen more easily.
D The gases react together forming
sulfonitroxidic acid in clouds.
3 Why are carbon monoxide and soot
particles found in the exhaust gases of
vehicles?
A These substances are in the fuel used
in the vehicle.
B The fuel reacts completely with oxygen
in the air.
C The fuel does not react fully with
oxygen in the air.
D These substances are formed from
impurities in the fuel.
4 How does a catalytic converter help to
reduce pollution from burning fossil fuels?
A It filters out soot particles from the
gases formed.
B It changes pollutant gases into less
harmful gases.
C It absorbs sulfur dioxide so that it isn’t
released into the air.
D It reacts with the pollutants to form a
solid, which has to be scraped out of
the converter at regular intervals.
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Quick Quiz
8Ee
1 What does global warming mean?
A The warming effect of the Sun on the
Earth.
B The natural warming effect caused by
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
C The additional warming effect caused
by increasing amounts of carbon
dioxide in the air.
D The way the climate is changing as a
result of more carbon dioxide in the air.
2 Which of these factors caused the Earth’s
surface temperature to vary thousands of
years ago?
A release of carbon dioxide by burning
fossil fuels
B variation in the energy emitted by the
Sun
C variation in the number of vehicles on
Earth
D variation in ice ages
3 Which description explains how carbon
dioxide helps to cause the greenhouse
effect?
A It blocks energy from the Sun from
reaching the Earth’s surface.
B It absorbs energy emitted from the
Earth’s surface and re-emits it out into
space.
C It absorbs energy emitted from the
Earth’s surface so that it doesn’t get
any warmer.
D It absorbs energy emitted from the
Earth’s surface and re-emits it back to
the surface.
4 Which of these methods would not help to
reduce the amount of carbon dioxide
released each year?
A Changing from fossil fuel power
stations to nuclear power stations.
B Fitting catalytic converters to all
vehicles.
C Setting government targets for carbon
dioxide production and fines for
industries that exceed their target.
D Travelling by bus or train rather than by
car.
Page 2 of 2
Chemical Reactions Test Yourself 1
Chemical or Physical?
Place a in the correct box to show whether a chemical or physical change has occurred.

Action Physical change Chemical change

Chocolate melting

Cutting a piece of ribbon

Snowman melting

Burning wood

Magnesium in a test tube of acid

Frying an egg

Match and Draw

Draw a line between the gas and its test.

Relights a glowing splint.

Hydrogen

Turns limewater ‘milky’.

Oxygen

When placed near a lighted splint a

Carbon Dioxide
squeaky pop heard.

What Is?
• What is another name for burning?

• What is thermal decomposition?

• What is a catalyst?
Chemical Reactions Test Yourself 1 Answers
Chemical or Physical?
Place a in the correct box to show whether a chemical or physical change has occurred.

Action Physical change Chemical change

Chocolate melting

Cutting a piece of ribbon

Snowman melting

Burning wood

Magnesium in a test tube of acid

Frying an egg

Match and Draw

Draw a line between the gas and its test.

Relights a glowing splint.

Hydrogen

Turns limewater ‘milky’.

Oxygen

When placed near a lighted splint a

Carbon Dioxide
squeaky pop heard.

What Is?
• What is another name for burning?
Combustion.

• What is thermal decomposition?

When heat causes the break down of a substance.

• What is a catalyst?
A catalyst speeds up the rate of reaction without being used in the reaction.
Chemical Reactions Test Yourself 2
Combustion
Name 3 fossil fuels.

Complete the equation for combustion.

fuel + oxygen ___________+ __________+ energy

Decomposition
Draw a ring around the reactions that show decomposition:

iron + oxygen iron oxide

calcium carbonate calcium oxide + carbon dioxide

sodium + iodine sodium iodide

hydrogen peroxide water + oxygen

Anagrams
The anagrams show changes that might occur in a chemical reaction.

Malfes

Apermteture sire

Blubbse fo sag

Gehanc fo roluoc

Burning Fuels
To pump

Funnel

Limewater
‘Tea light’ or
‘night light’ cobalt chloride
paper

The diagram shows the apparatus required to identify the products of combustion.

What are the products of combustion? State which part of the experiment detects its presence.
Chemical Reactions Test Yourself 2 Answers
Combustion
Name 3 fossil fuels.
coal, oil and gas

Complete the equation for combustion.

fuel + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy

Decomposition
Draw a ring around the reactions that show decomposition:

iron + oxygen iron oxide

calcium carbonate calcium oxide + carbon dioxide

sodium + iodine sodium iodide

hydrogen peroxide water + oxygen

Anagrams
The anagrams show changes that might occur in a chemical reaction.

Malfes Flames

Apermteture sire Temperature rise

Blubbse fo sag Bubbles of gas

Gehanc fo roluoc Change of colour

Burning Fuels
To pump

Funnel

Limewater
‘Tea light’ or
‘night light’ cobalt chloride
paper

The diagram shows the apparatus required to identify the products of combustion.

What are the products of combustion? State which part of the experiment detects its presence.

Carbon dioxide, limewater turns cloudy. In the presence of water, cobalt chloride paper changes from
blue to pink.
Chemical Reactions Test Yourself 3
Exothermic or Endothermic?
The results table shows how the temperature changes when substances are dissolved in water. Write
down the names of the substances that dissolve endothermically.

Name of substance Temperature before Temperature after Endothermic or

dissolving °C dissolving °C exothermic?
Potassium chloride 18 12

Calcium chloride 18 42

Sodium carbonate 18 20

Thermal Decomposition
Pupils were carrying out the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate as shown in the
diagram below.
Clamp stand
Clamp
Metal carbonate
Delivery tube

Test tube
Bunsen burner

Limewater

Why did the pupils need limewater?

Name 2 safety precautions required when carrying out this experiment

Conservation of Mass
Complete the equations below:

zinc + oxygen zinc oxide

0.2g 0.36g ____

magnesium + oxygen magnesium oxide

0.3 g ____ 0.7g

Chemical Reactions Test Yourself 3 Answers
Exothermic or Endothermic?
The results table shows how the temperature changes when substances are dissolved in water. Write
down the names of the substances that dissolve endothermically.

Name of substance Temperature before Temperature after Endothermic or

dissolving °C dissolving °C exothermic?
Potassium chloride 18 12 Endothermic

Calcium chloride 18 42 Exothermic

Sodium carbonate 18 20 Exothermic

Thermal Decomposition
Pupils were carrying out the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate as shown in the
diagram below.
Clamp stand
Clamp
Metal carbonate
Delivery tube

Test tube
Bunsen burner

Limewater

Why did the pupils need limewater?

To show carbon dioxide was released

Name 2 safety precautions required when carrying out this experiment

Wear goggles, remove tube from limewater before removing heat

Conservation of Mass
Complete the equations below:

zinc + oxygen zinc oxide

0.2g 0.36g 0.56g

magnesium + oxygen magnesium oxide

0.3 g 0.4g 0.7g
Chemical Reactions
Exam Style Questions 1
1. Ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 is used by farmers as a fertilizer.

• How many elements are there in NH4NO3?

• How many atoms are there in NH4NO3?

2. A group of pupils decided to investigate whether the size of the jar affected how long the candle
burnt for. They set up the experiment as shown below, using 3 different sized measuring cylinders.

Results

Jar Time taken for candle

to go out (seconds)
X 12

Y 25

Z 18

• State the independent variable.

• State the dependent variable.

• Name the gas released during the experiment.

• How could you test for the presence of this gas?

• Complete the following equation

fuel + oxygen _________ + _________ + energy

• Give a reason to explain why the candle in jar Y burnt for the longest.
Chemical Reactions
Exam Style Questions 1 Answers
1. Ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 is used by farmers as a fertilizer.

• How many elements are there in NH4NO3? 3

• How many atoms are there in NH4NO3? 9

2. A group of pupils decided to investigate whether the size of the jar affected how long the candle
burnt for. They set up the experiment as shown below, using 3 different sized measuring cylinders.

Results

Jar Time taken for candle

to go out (seconds)
X 12

Y 25

Z 18

• State the independent variable. The size of the jar

• State the dependent variable. The time taken for the candle to go out

• Name the gas released during the experiment. Carbon dioxide

• How could you test for the presence of this gas?

Bubble gas through limewater and the limewater will turn cloudy

• Complete the following equation

fuel + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy

• Give a reason to explain why the candle in jar Y burnt for the longest. More oxygen avaliable
Chemical Reactions
Exam Style Questions 2
1. Thermal decomposition of copper carbonate

Clamp stand
Clamp
Metal carbonate
Delivery tube

Test tube
Bunsen burner

Limewater

• State what is meant by thermal decomposition.

• What effect would adding a catalyst have on the experiment?

• Complete the equation.

copper carbonate _____________ + carbon dioxide

• Complete the table below to show the mass of carbon dioxide produced when 120g of copper
carbonate is broken down completely.

Compound Reactant or product Mass (g)

Copper carbonate Reactant 120

Unnamed in equation Product 75

Carbon dioxide Product

2. State 2 changes that may occur in a chemical reaction

3. State 1 difference between an exothermic and endothermic reaction

Chemical Reactions
Exam Style Questions 2 Answers
1. Thermal decomposition of copper carbonate

Clamp stand
Clamp
Metal carbonate
Delivery tube

Test tube
Bunsen burner

Limewater

• State what is meant by thermal decomposition.

when heat causes the breakdown of a substance

• What effect would adding a catalyst have on the experiment?

Catalysts speed up the rate of reaction

• Complete the equation.

copper carbonate copper oxide + carbon dioxide

• Complete the table below to show the mass of carbon dioxide produced when 120g of copper
carbonate is broken down completely.

Compound Reactant or product Mass (g)

Copper carbonate Reactant 120

Unnamed in equation Product 75

Carbon dioxide Product 45

2. State 2 changes that may occur in a chemical reaction

Temperature rise, colour change, bubbles of gas, flames

3. State 1 difference between an exothermic and endothermic reaction

Exothermic reactions show an increase in temperature, endothermic reactions show a decrease
in temperature