ACTIVITY ZONE

ACTIVITY 1 (NCERT Pg 58) 3. Out of pen, tumbler, fan, spoon which material is made up
of glass?
Ans Tumbler is made up of glass.
Objective
To identify the composition of items present in house 4. Name the source from which paper is obtained?
(presence of carbon). Ans Paper is obtained from wood.
5. Write some compounds which are not made up of carbon.
Procedure Ans Water (H2O) and cooking utensils (made of metals, glass/clay
Make a list of 10 things that are used or consumed daily and or ceramics) are not made up of carbon.
also mention their constituents with the help of your teacher
and parents.
Observation
The list of ten things used or consumed daily are mentioned
ACTIVITY 2 (NCERT Pg 67)

below:
Objective
Things Metals Clay/Glass Other materials To show that successive members of a homologous series
Toothbrush — — Plastic, nylon differ by a  CH 2 unit in formula and by 14-unit in
(carbon)
molecular mass.
Fan Aluminium/ Iron — —
Spoon Stainless steel — — Procedure
Calculate the difference in the formulae and molecular
Tumbler — Glass —
masses for (a) CH 3OH and C 2H 5OH, (b) C 2H 5OH and
Pencil Graphite — Wood (carbon)
C 3H7 OH and (c) C 3H7 OH and C 4H 9OH.
(carbon)
Books — — Paper obtained from Observation
woods (carbon) (a) CH 3OH and C 2H 5OH
Bread — — Wheat (carbon) These differ by a CH 2 unit.
Pen Steel — Plastic (carbon) Mass of CH 3OH
Bed — — Wood (carbon) = (12 × 1) + (1 × 3 ) + (16 × 1) + (1 × 1) = 32 u
Mass of C 2H 5OH
Clothes — — Cotton (carbon)
= (12 × 2) + (1 × 5) + (16 × 1) + (1 × 1) = 46 u
Note You can also mention any substance different from the above. Difference = (46 − 32) u = 14 u
Result (b) C 2H 5OH and C 3H7 OH
It can be clearly seen that most of the substances contain These differ by a — CH 2 unit.
carbon in it. Mass of C 2H 5OH = 46 u
Mass of C 3H7 OH
Check Yourself = (12 × 3) + (1 × 7) + (16 × 1) + (1 × 1) = 60 u
Difference = (60 − 46) u = 14 u
1. Write some materials which are made up of wood only. (c) C 3H7 OH and C 4H 9OH
Ans Pencil, book, cricket bat, table, chair etc., items are made up These also differ by a — CH 2 unit.
of wood only. Mass of C 3H7 OH = 60 u
2. Most of the items that are found around us are made up of Mass of C 4H 9OH
.............. . = (12 × 4) + (1 × 9) + (16 × 1) + (1 × 1) = 74 u
Ans Most of the items that are found around us are made up of
carbon. Difference = (74 − 60 ) u = 14 u
...........
 50 Class 10th Term II

Result Procedure
All of the three groups possess a similarity, i.e. two Take some carbon compounds (naphthalene, camphor,
consecutive members differ by a —CH 2 group and in alcohol) one by one on a spatula and burn them.
molecular mass by 14 u.
Observation
Other homologous series that you can considered are:
On heating these carbon compounds, following observations
Chloroalkane Aldehyde Ketone
Carboxylic were made.
acid
Deposits on
O Carbon compounds Nature of flame
spatula

CH3Cl HCHO CH3 C CH3 HCOOH Naphthalene Smoky flame Carbon deposits

O Camphor Smoky flame Carbon deposits

 Alcohol Non-sooty flame No carbon
C 2H5Cl CH3CHO C 2H5 C CH3 CH3COOH
O Result
 Non-sooty flame of alcohol indicates complete combustion or
C 3H7Cl C 2H5CHO C 3H7 C CH3 C 2H5COOH
saturated nature whereas smoky flame of camphor and
O naphthalene indicates incomplete combustion or presence of
 multiple bonds.
C 4H9Cl C 3H7CHO C 4H9 C CH3 C 3H7COOH

Check Yourself
1. By how many carbon and hydrogen atoms, do any two
adjacent numbers homologous series differ?
Ans One carbon and two hydrogen atoms.
2. Which two of the following compounds could belong to
the same homologous series?
C2H6O 2 ,C2H6O ,C2H5 ,CH4O
Ans Both CH4 O and C2H6 O can be represented by the same
general formula, CnH2n + 1OH (where, n = 1 and 2) hence,
belong to the same homologous series of alcohols.
3. Give the formulae of two higher homologues of
methane.
Ans C2H6 (ethane) and C3H8 (propane).
4. Name the second member of alkyne homologous series.
Give its structure.
Ans The second member of alkyne homologous family is
propyne. Its structural formula is H3 C  C ≡≡ CH .
5. Give the IUPAC name of HCOOH.
Ans Methanoic acid.
Check Yourself
1. How can saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons be
differentiated on the basis of combustion?
Ans Saturated hydrocarbons burn with non-sooty flame indicating
the complete combustion. Unsaturated hydrocarbons always
burns with smoky flame indicating the incomplete combustion.
2. Why unsaturated hydrocarbons burn with a sooty flame?
Ans Due to higher content of carbon than hydrogen, unsaturated
hydrocarbons burn with a sooty flame.
3. Which type of bond indicates the incomplete combustion?
Ans Multiple bond (double or triple or both) indicates the
incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons.
4. Write the chemical structure of naphthalene.
Ans Chemical structure of naphthalene is
Naphthalene
5. Out of saturated and unsaturated compounds, which are
usually not very reactive?
Ans Saturated compounds are usually not very reactive because
carbon-carbon single bonds are very strong.

ACTIVITY 3 (NCERT Pg 69)

ACTIVITY 4 (NCERT Pg 69)

Objective Objective
To study the nature of compound, whether it is To check the conditions in which complete or incomplete
saturated or unsaturated by burning. combustion of fuels occurs.
Materials Required Materials Required
Naphthalene, camphor, alcohol, spatula, heating Bunsen burner, controller to control the amount of gas
appliances like spirit lamp, burner. coming out of the burner.
Carbon and Its Compounds 51

Procedure Observation
Light a Bunsen burner and adjust the air hole at the base to get The colour of KMnO4 slowly fades and gradually it
different types of flames in the presence of smoke. disappears completely. When excess of KMnO4 is added,
the colour will not disappear.
Observation
l If hole is closed, yellow, sooty flame is produced and on Result
placing a spoon above the flame, black deposits of carbon Alcohol decolourises KMnO4 but acid does not . In
is obtained. excess of KMnO4 , alcohol gets completely converted into
l If hole is open, blue flame is produced and on placing a acid which does not decolourise KMnO4 .
spoon above the flame, no deposit is obtained.
Reaction Involved
Result Alk. KMnO 4
In excess of air, complete combustion takes place and blue CH 3CH 2 OH → CH 3COOH
∆
flame is produced. If there is insufficient supply of air, incomplete Ethanol Ethanoic acid

combustion takes place and yellow flame is produced.

Check Yourself
1. On placing a spatula above the flame (if hole is closed), the
black deposits of ............... are obtained.
Ans On placing a spatula above the flame (if hole is closed), the
black deposits of ...........
carbon are obtained.
2. On closing the hole, we get yellow sooty flame, why?
Ans On closing the hole, there is insufficient supply of air so,
incomplete combustion takes place and yellow flame is
produced.
3. What is the advantage of air hole (inlet) in the Bunsen
burner?
Ans The inlets (or air hole) present in burner provide sufficient
supply of oxygen for the complete combustion of fuel.
4. Which gas is produced during incomplete combustion of
fuels?
Ans Carbon monoxide (CO) gas is produced during incomplete
combustion of fuels.
5. Which gas is produced during the complete combustion of
fuels?
Ans Carbon dioxide ( CO2) gas is produced during the complete
combustion of fuels.
Check Yourself
1. What is the colour of KMnO 4 solution?
Ans The colour of KMnO4 solution is purple.
2. Which acid is formed, when excess of KMnO 4 is added
to the ethanol?
Ans Ethanoic acid ( CH3 COOH) is formed, when excess of
KMnO4 is added to the ethanol (CH3 CH2OH).
3. Which reaction is involved in the conversion of alcohol
to carboxylic acid?
Ans Oxidation reaction is involved in the conversion of alcohol
to carboxylic acid.
4. Name the substance used for the oxidation of ethanol.
Ans Alk. KMnO4 or acidified K 2Cr2O7 is used for oxidation of
ethanol.
5. Name the compound formed on oxidation of ethanol.
Ans The compound formed on oxidation of ethanol is ethanoic
acid ( CH3 COOH ).
ACTIVITY 6 (NCERT Pg 72)

Objective
To show that hydrogen gas is evolved when alcohol is
ACTIVITY 5 (NCERT Pg 70) treated with sodium metal or to check the acidic nature
of alcohol (ethanol).
Objective
To study the oxidising properties of KMnO 4 . Materials Required
Piece of sodium, ethanol, test tubes, matchstick.
Materials Required Procedure
Ethanol, 5% alk. KMnO4 , beaker, dropper, test tubes. 1. Drop a small piece of sodium, about the size of a
Procedure couple of grains of rice, into ethanol (taken in a test tube).
1. Take about 3 mL of ethanol in a test tube and warm it 2. Bring a matchstick near the mouth of the test tube.
gently in a water bath.
Observation
2. Add 5% solution of alkaline potassium permanganate drop A gas is evolved which burns with pop sound.
by drop to this solution.
 52 Class 10th Term II

Result 3. Pour into a beaker containing 20-50 mL of water and smell

Since, the evolved gas burns with ‘pop’ sound, so it is the resulting mixture.
hydrogen and evolution of hydrogen gas when alcohol
is treated with metal shows its acidic nature.
Test tube
Reaction containing
–
reaction
2 C 2 H 5OH + 2Na → 2C 2 H 5 ONa+ + H 2 ↑ mixture
Ethanol Sodium Sodium ethoxide Hydrogen
metal gas Beaker
Water
Wire gauze
Check Yourself
Tripod stand
1. Which gas is evolved on adding sodium metal into
ethanol? Burner
Ans When sodium (Na) metal reacts with ethanol, hydrogen
(H2) gas is evolved.
2. How will you test the presence of H2 gas?
Ans When a burning matchstick is brought near the mouth of
a test tube, the evolved gas burns with a pop sound. This Formation of ester
indicates the presence of hydrogen gas.
3. How sodium ethoxide is formed? Write the reaction. Result
Ans When sodium metal reacts with ethanol then sodium A compound having pleasant fruity smell is obtained, which is
ethoxide is formed. known as ester. This process is called esterification.
2Na + 2C2H5 OH → 2C2H5 ONa + H2↑
Sodium Ethanol Sodium Hydrogen Reaction Involved
ethoxide conc . H SO
CH 3  COOH + C 2 H 5  OH →
2 4
4. If the same experiment is repeated with acetic acid, Acetic acid Ethanol Dehydrating agent
what happens?
Ans If the experiment is repeated with acetic acid then, same CH 3COOC 2H 5 + H 2O
result is obtained. Ester Water

5. Write the reaction of sodium metal with ethanoic acid.

Ans 2CH3 COOH + 2Na → 2CH3 COONa + H2 ↑ Check Yourself
Ethanoic acid Sodium Sodium ethanoate Hydrogen
1. What is glacial acetic acid?
Ans Pure (100%) ethanoic acid is called glacial acetic acid.
ACTIVITY 7 (NCERT Pg 73) 2. What are esters?
Ans Esters are organic compounds having the general formula RCOOR′
where, R is H or any alkyl group, while R′ is always an alkyl group.
Objective
3. Complete the equation,
To study the formation of esters.
Dehydrating
Acid + Alcohol →
Materials Required agent
Glacial acetic acid, absolute alcohol, conc. H 2 SO4 , Dehydrating
Ans Acid + Alcohol → Ester
test tubes, beaker, wire gauze, tripod stand, burner, agent
water bath. 4. Name the process of ester formation from acid and alcohol in
Procedure the presence of H2SO 4 .
Ans The process of ester formation is known as esterification.
1. Take 1 mL ethanol (absolute alcohol) and 1 mL
glacial acetic acid alongwith a few drops of 5. What is the role of concentrated sulphuric acid in an
esterification reaction?
concentrated sulphuric acid in a test tube.
Ans Concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4 ) acts as a catalyst
2. Warm in a water bath for atleast five minutes as
(dehydrating agent) in the esterification reaction.
shown in the figure.
Carbon and Its Compounds 53

ACTIVITY 8 (NCERT Pg 73) ACTIVITY 9 (NCERT Pg 74)

Objective Objective
To compare the acidity of dilute acetic acid and To show that carbon dioxide gas is evolved when ethanoic acid is
hydrochloric acid. treated with sodium carbonates and bicarbonates.
Materials Required Materials Required
Dil. acetic acid, dil. HCl, universal pH indicator, Sodium carbonate, dilute ethanoic acid, sodium hydrogen carbonate,
litmus paper, test tubes. lime water, test tubes, spatula, stand, cork, thistle funnel, delivery
tube.
Procedure
Compare the pH of dilute acetic acid and dilute Procedure
hydrochloric acid using both, litmus paper and 1. Take a spatula full of sodium carbonate in a test tube and add 2 mL
universal indicator. of dilute ethanoic acid.
2. Pass the gas produced through freshly prepared lime water.
Observation
3. Repeat the above procedure with sodium hydrogen carbonate
Acid pH Litmus test instead of sodium carbonate.
Dil. HCl 2-3 (more acidic) Blue litmus turns red Observation
Dil. CH3COOH 5-6 (less acidic) Blue litmus turns red
Brisk effervescence is produced and lime water turns milky.
Result
Result The brisk effervescence of carbon dioxide gas is produced which on
Dil. HCl is more acidic than the dilute acetic acid passing through lime water turns it milky.
as pH of dil. HCl is less than dilute acetic acid.
Reaction Involved
– +
Check Yourself 2CH 3COOH+Na 2CO3 → 2CH 3COONa + H 2O +CO2 ↑
Acetic acid Sodium Sodium Carbon
carbonate acetate dioxide
1. Two acids A and B have pH values of 2 and 6
– +
respectively. Which of the two will be more CH 3COOH +NaHCO3 → CH 3COONa
acidic? Acetic acid Sodium Sodium
carbonate acetate
Ans Acid A with pH value 2 will be more acidic.
+ H 2O +CO2 ↑
2. Write the correct order of pH values for acid and Carbon
dioxide
base solution.
Ans For acid solution, pH value is less than 7, i.e. Thistle funnel
pH < 7. Delivery tube
For basic solution, pH value is greater than 7, i.e. Stand
pH > 7. Cork Test tube
3. What is the pH value of a neutral solution? Calcium
hydroxide
Ans pH value of a neutral solution is 7. solution
4. What change in colour is observed when red Carbon dioxide gas
litmus paper is dipped in acidic solution?
Ans Red litmus paper remains red in acidic solution. Ethanoic acid
Test tube
So, no change in colour is observed.
5. Why ethanoic acid is a weak acid? Sodium
Ans Ethanoic acid is a weak acid as it is partially ionised carbonate
in the aqueous solution as
Showing the release of carbon dioxide gas when
CH3 COOH ( aq) 5 H+ ( aq) + CH3 COO− ( aq)
Partially ionised
ethanoic acid is treated with sodium carbonate
 54
Check Yourself
1. What will you get when dilute ethanoic acid is treated with
sodium carbonate? Write the reaction.
Ans Sodium acetate, the reaction is
2 CH3 COOH + Na 2CO3 → 2 CH3 COONa + H2O + CO2 ↑
Acetic acid Sodium Sodium
carbonate acetate
2. The formation of brisk effervescence indicates the presence of
which gas?
Ans Brisk effervescence indicates the presence of CO2
(carbon dioxide) gas.
3. What happens when lighted splinter is brought near the
mouth of CO 2 gas?
Ans Lighted splinter gets extinguished.
4. Which type of bonds are present between atoms of carboxylic
acid?
Ans Carboxylic acids have covalent bonds between their atoms.
5. What happens when same procedure is repeated with sodium
bicarbonate?
Ans When ethanoic acid is treated with sodium bicarbonate then
same result is obtained, i.e. CO2 gas is produced.
ACTIVITY 10 (NCERT Pg 74)
Objective
To study the phenomenon of dirt cleaning by soap.
Materials Required
Water, soap or detergent, oil, test tubes.
Procedure
1. Take about 10 mL of water each in two test tubes.
2. Add a drop of oil (cooking oil) to both the test tubes and
label them as A and B. To test tube B, add a few drops of
soap solution.
3. Now, shake both the test tubes vigorously for the same
period of time.
4. Now leave them undisturbed for some time.
Observation
In test tube A , oil and water form separate layers and no such
layer is formed in test tube B.
Result
This shows the phenomena of dirt-cleaning by soap. As we
know, dirt is oily in nature. Hydrophobic part of soap bonds
with dirt and hence, dirty clothes are cleaned.
Class 10th Term II
Check Yourself
1. Which end of soap bonds with dirt?
Ans The structure of soap molecules is
–
Na+
Long hydrocarbon chain Ionic part
(Hydrophobic) (Hydrophilic)
2. Why does soap solutions appear cloudy?
Ans A soap solution appears cloudy because of the formation
of the micelles and they are large enough to scatter light.
3. How the soap molecules are arranged in a soap micelle?
Ans In a soap micelle, hydrocarbon ends directed towards the
centre and ionic ends directed outwards.
4. Name the hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends of a soap?
Ans The straight long hydrocarbon chain which is insoluble in
water is the hydrophobic part while ionic part which
dissolves in water is the hydrophilic part.
5. What is a micelle?
Ans A spherical aggregate of soap molecule in the soap
solution in water is called a ‘micelle’.
ACTIVITY 11 (NCERT Pg 76)
Objective
To study the working of soap with soft and hard water.
Materials Required
Distilled water, hard water, soap solution, test tubes.
Procedure
1. Take about 10 mL of distilled water (or rain water)
and 10 mL hard water (from a tubewell or
handpump) in separate test tubes.
2. Add a couple of drops of soap solution to both.
3. Shake the test tubes vigorously for an equal period of
time.
Observation
Test tube containing hard water, produces curdy white
precipitate while the test tube containing distilled water,
produces foam.
Result
Soaps work well with soft water but form scum
(insoluble substance) with hard water.
Carbon and Its Compounds
Check Yourself
1. Write the name of species responsible for the
hardness of water.
Ans Calcium and magnesium ions are responsible for the
hardness of water.
2. When soap is dissolved in hard water, what
happens?
Ans When soap is dissolved in hard water then a curdy
white precipitate (or scum) is formed.
3. What are soaps?
Ans A soap is the sodium salt (or potassium salt) of a long
chain carboxylic acid (fatty acid) which has cleansing
properties in water.
4. How can hardness of water be tested with the help
of soap solution?
Ans Soaps do not form lather with hard water.
5. Why washing of clothes with hard water is difficult?
Ans The scum (or curdy precipitate) formed by the action
of hard water on soap, sticks to the clothes being
washed and interferes with the cleaning ability of the
additional soap. This makes the cleaning of clothes
difficult.
ACTIVITY 12 (NCERT Pg 76)
Objective
To compare the cleansing action of soaps and
detergents with hard water.
Materials Required
Detergent, soap, sample of hard water, test tubes.
55
Procedure
1. Take two test tubes with about 10 mL of hard water in each and
label them as A and B.
2. Add five drops of soap solution to test tube A and five drops of
detergent solution to the other test tube B.
3. Shake both the test tubes for the same period.
Observation
Same amount of foam is not produced in both the test tubes. Solution
of detergent and hard water forms foam, while solution of soap and
hard water produces curdy white precipitate.
Result
Detergent works better in hard water in comparison to soap.
Check Yourself
1. What will you get on treating soaps and detergents with hard
water, separately?
Ans With hard water soap solution will form curdy white precipitate and
detergent solution will form foam.
2. What are detergents?
Ans Detergents are the sodium salt of a long chain benzene sulphonic
acid.
3. Which process is involved in dirt cleaning?
Ans Emulsification process is involved in dirt cleaning.
4. Why washing clothes with hard water is not effective?
Ans Hard water contains Ca 2+ and Mg2+ ions which react with soap and
form scum. So, soap is not able to form lather and goes waste.
5. What is the advantage of detergents over soaps for washing
clothes?
Ans Detergents have a stronger cleansing action than soaps as it works
effectively in hard water.