4.

PROCEDURES

4.1 Equipment/Material/s used:

a. Clay Soil

Conceptually, Clay is a soft, loose, earthy material containing particles with a grain size of

less than 4 micrometers (μm). It forms due to weathering and erosion of rocks containing the

mineral group feldspar (known as the ‘mother of clay’) over vast spans of time.

Operationally, it is used as sample material for the soil compaction test.

b. Plastic Lab Wash Bottle

 Conceptually, it’s a flexible bottle with a bent tube that is inserted through its stopper or cap.

The tube is used to direct a stream of water onto something that needs to be rinsed or washed.

Operationally, it is used to wash or rinse some laboratory equipment. It is also used to add

water to the clay.

c. Digital Weighing Scale

Conceptually, are devices used to measure the weight or mass of an object.

Sometimes called electronic scales and are usually composed of an LCD screen, load cell,

controller, and platform.

Operationally, it is used to weigh clay and porcelain disks and clay soil.
 d. Trowel

Conceptually, a trowel is a small handheld spade. It has a flat blade, like a pancake spatula,

and often has a pointed tip. Trowels are used for cleaning surfaces and carefully exposing new

levels of soil.

Operationally, the trowel was used to scoop the clay from the pan.

e. Pan
 Conceptually, the corrosion resistant stainless-steel pans handle, process and store samples.

The pans feature oversized flanges for easy handling. The also feature seamless construction

with rounded corners and straight sides.

Operationally, it is used as storage for the clay.

f. Porcelain Disk

Conceptually, a hard but delicate, shiny, white substance made by heating a special type of

clay to a high temperature, used to make cups, plates, decorations.

Operationally, used as storage for the clay to oven dry.

 g. Compaction Mold

Conceptually, compaction molds are cylindrical containers that can measure and compact

soil samples for testing. They provide a controlled environment for extracting soil and measuring

the weight, dimensions, and density.

Operationally, it is used as soil containers to be compacted by a proctor hammer.

 h. Proctor Rammer

Conceptually, proctor rammers are steel made, plated against corrosion and available in

different models according to the various International Standards in use.

Operationally, it is used to compact the soil in the proctor mold.

i. Drying Oven

Conceptually, a drying oven is a heated chamber used to remove water, moisture, and

other solvents from objects. These ovens typically have a fan or turbine which sparks the

convection process that heats and dries the materials inside.

Operationally, it is used to dry and remove water from the clay.

j. Gloves
 Conceptually, used when handling hazardous materials, chemicals of unknown toxicity,

corrosive materials, rough or sharp-edged objects, and very hot or very cold materials.

Disposable nitrile or neoprene gloves are usually appropriate as protection from incidental

splashes or contact with lab chemicals.

Operationally, it is used to avoid burns when getting the porcelain disks from the oven.

k. Steel Straight-edge
 Conceptually, flat ruler made of aluminum or steel alloy and used to check if a surface is

flat and straight.

Operationally, it is to scrape and flattened the excess soil from the molds.

a. Graduated Cylinder
 Conceptually, graduated cylinder is an elongated cylindrical vessel, with graduations to

indicate the volume of liquid held, and typically a spout to ease pouring.

Operationally, it is used to store and measure the water to be poured in the soil.

b. Chisel

Conceptually, a chisel is a tool used for carving materials, striking them with the aid of a

hammer or mallet.

Operationally, it is used to flatten the soil.

 c. Hammer

Conceptually, Hand hammers consist of a handle and striking head, with the head often made

of metal with a hole in the center to receive a wooden handle.

Operationally, it is used to strike the chisel to flatten the soil in the proctor mold.

d. Mechanical Weighing Scale

 Conceptually, Mechanical scales are used for weighing in areas with no power source or

areas requiring intrinsically safe equipment.

Operationally, it is used to weigh heavy materials and equipment.

e. Pliers

Conceptually, hand-operated tool for holding and gripping small articles or for bending and

cutting wire.

Operationally, it is used to remove the screw in the proctor molds.

 f. Brush

Conceptually, brush typically have a handle with terminal bristles, set centrally or

laterally, and come in a range of sizes and styles for the effective cleaning of most types of

vessels without leaving scratches or other damage.

Operationally, it is used to clean the molds and other equipment.

REFERENCES:

Gloves. (n.d.). Office of Environmental Health and Safety. https://ehs.princeton.edu/laboratory-

research/laboratory-safety/ppe-the-lab/gloves
Sentro Tech. (2022, July 13). Application: drying.

https://www.sentrotech.com/applications/drying-furnaces-ovens/

porcelain. (2023).

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/porcelain#google_vignette.

Myers Construction Materials Testing Equipment. (2023, April 5). Stainless steel pans | Myers

Laboratory equipment. MYERS. https://myerstest.com/product/stainless-steel-pans/

Pro, L. (2023, October 1). What Is a Laboratory Wash Bottle and Its Uses. Lab Pro Inc.

https://labproinc.com/blogs/laboratory-safety-lab-efficiency/what-is-a-laboratory-wash-

bottle-and-its-uses

What is clay? (n.d.). Science Learning Hub. https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1771-

what-is-clay

Soil compactors and compaction molds | Certified MTP. (n.d.). https://certifiedmtp.com/soil-

compactors-compaction-molds/#:~:text=Compaction%20molds%20are%20cylindrical

%20containers,these%20molds%20in%20quality%20control.

Modified proctor rammer, ASTM. (n.d.). https://www.matest.com/en/product/s188-modified-

proctor-rammer-astm

Schmid, D. (n.d.). Straight Edges | FINE TOOLS. https://www.fine-tools.com/straightedge.html

Heney, P. (2022, August 1). What are graduated cylinders? - Research & Development World.

Research & Development World. https://www.rdworldonline.com/what-are-graduated-

cylinders/

Sonia. (2023, April 4). What is a chisel and what is it used for? Tools for Sculptors and Stone

Sculptors Shop. Tools Rock&Tools.com. https://rockandtools.com/en/blog-en/118-what-

is-a-chisel-and-what-is-it-used-for.html
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2023, December 14). Hammer | Nailing,

Construction, DIY. Encyclopedia Britannica.

https://www.britannica.com/technology/hammer-tool

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (1998, July 20). Pliers | Cutting, gripping, adjusting.

Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/technology/pliers

Brushes | Fisher Scientific. (n.d.).

https://www.fishersci.se/se/en/browse/90227044/brushes#:~:text=Laboratory%20brushes

%20are%20used%20regularly,leaving%20scratches%20or%20other%20damage.

Mechanical Scales - Scales Plus. (n.d.).

https://www.scalesplus.com/industrial-scales/mechanical-scales/