National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences

School of Engineering Islamabad Campus

Serial No:
EE4035 - Power System Sessional 1 Exam
Protection Total Time: 01 Hour
Tuesday September 27, 2022 Total Marks: 40
Course Instructor
________________
Dr. Muhammad Jafar Signature of Invigilator

SOLUTION
___________________________ __________ __________ _____________________
Student Name Roll No Section Signature

DO NOT OPEN THE QUESTION BOOK OR START UNTIL INSTRUCTED.

Instructions:
1. Verify at the start of the exam that you have a total of two (2) questions printed on
six (6) pages including this title page.
2. Attempt all questions on the question-book and in the given order.
3. The exam is closed books, closed notes. Please see that the area in your threshold
is free of any material classified as ‘useful in the paper’ or else there may a charge
of cheating.
4. Read the questions carefully for clarity of context and understanding of meaning
and make assumptions wherever required, for neither the invigilator will address
your queries, nor the teacher/examiner will come to the examination hall for any
assistance.
5. Fit in all your answers in the provided space. You may use extra space on the last
page if required. If you do so, clearly mark question/part number on that page to
avoid confusion.
6. Use only your own stationery and calculator. If you do not have your own
calculator, use manual calculations.
7. Use only permanent ink-pens. Only the questions attempted with permanent ink-
pens will be considered. Any part of paper done in lead pencil cannot be claimed
for rechecking.

Q-1 Q-2 Total

Total Marks 20 20 40

Marks Obtained

Assessment of CLO CLO 1 CLO 2

Vetted By: ____________________________Vetter Signature: ____________________

 National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
School of Engineering Islamabad Campus
Q1.
CLO-01: Explain the need for and the primary constituents of power system protection in addition to
the power system components that need protection.

A.
The fault current due to a fault on the low-voltage terminals of a single-phase, 1-kVA, 240/12-V
transformer is 10 times its rated value. Calculate the value of the fault current in Amperes on the
low- and high-voltage sides assuming that the transformer core is not saturated.
[6]
Solution:
The rated current on the low-voltage side is:
𝑆rated 1000
𝐼𝑋,rated = = = 83.33 A
𝑉𝑋,rated 12
The fault current on the low-voltage side is:
𝐼𝑓𝑋 = 10 ∗ 83.33 = 833.3 A
The fault current on the high-voltage side is:
12
𝐼𝑓𝐻 = 833.3 ∗ = 41.67 A
240

Sessional 1 Exam Fall 2022 Page 2 of 6

 National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
School of Engineering Islamabad Campus
B.
The primary protection relay of a distribution feeder has an operating time of 0.2 s and the breaker
operating time is 0.5 s. Calculate the minimum operating time of a back-up protection relay allowing
for an overshoot time of 20% of the operating time of the primary protection system. Also calculate
the fault clearing time if the back-up circuit breaker operating time is also 0.5 s and the primary
protection system fails to operate.
[6]
Solution:
The total operating time of the primary protection equipment is:
𝑡𝑜𝑝,primary = 𝑡𝑜𝑝,primaryrelay + 𝑡𝑜𝑝,primarybreaker = 0.2 + 0.5 = 0.7 s
The minimum operating time of the back-up relay is:
𝑡𝑜𝑝,backuprelay = 𝑡𝑜𝑝,primary + 0.2 ∗ 𝑡𝑜𝑝,primary = 0.7 + 0.2 ∗ 0.7 = 0.84 s

The total fault clearing time when the primary protection fails, and back-up protection operates is:
𝑡𝑜𝑝,backup = 𝑡𝑜𝑝,backuprelay + 𝑡𝑜𝑝,backupbreaker = 0.84 + 0.5 = 1.34 s

Sessional 1 Exam Fall 2022 Page 3 of 6

 National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
School of Engineering Islamabad Campus
C.
The magnitude error of a 200/5-A CT is −1% (which means that the secondary current is 1% less
than what it should be). Calculate the current flowing in the secondary of the CT when the CT
primary is carrying rated current and when the CT primary is carrying 8 times the rated current.
[8]
Solution:
Current in the CT primary at rated current is:
𝐼𝑝 = 200 A
Current in the CT secondary will be:
(1 − 0.01)𝐼𝑝 0.99 ∗ 200
𝐼𝑠 = = = 4.95 A
CT ratio 200/5

Current in the CT primary during fault:

𝐼𝑝𝑓 = 200 ∗ 8 = 1600 A
Current in the CT secondary will be:
(1 − 0.01)𝐼𝑝 0.99 ∗ 1600
𝐼𝑠 = = = 39.6 A
CT ratio 200/5

Sessional 1 Exam Fall 2022 Page 4 of 6

 National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
School of Engineering Islamabad Campus
Q2.
CLO-02: Compare over-current, differential and distance protection employed to various
components of power systems.
A.
In the figure shown below, determine the plug settings at all relay locations indicated by (X) marks,
assuming 10% allowable overload assuming that only 400/1 CTs are available.

Hint(s):
CT primary current including overload
PS =
CT ratio
[12]
Solution:
@ Bus D:
CT primary current = 70 + 0.1 ∗ 70 = 77 A
Plug setting:
77
PS = = 0.1925 A
400

@ Bus C:
CT primary current = (70 + 77) + 0.1 ∗ (70 + 77) = 161.7 A
Plug setting:
161.7
PS = = 0.4042 A
400

@ Bus B:
CT primary current = (70 + 77 + 100) + 0.1 ∗ (70 + 77 + 100) = 271.7 A
Plug setting:
271.7
PS = = 0.6792 A
400

@ Bus A:
CT primary current = (70 + 77 + 100 + 80) + 0.1 ∗ (70 + 77 + 100 + 80) = 359.7 A
Plug setting:
359.7
PS = = 0.8992 A
400

Sessional 1 Exam Fall 2022 Page 5 of 6

 National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
School of Engineering Islamabad Campus
B.
The pressure coil of a directional relay has an impedance of (100 + 𝑗274.74) Ω. What is the MTA for
this relay? The PT feeding this relay is rated 132 kV /110 V and there is an undervoltage event due
to which the voltage has dipped to 90% of the rated value. What will be the magnitude of the
current flowing in the pressure coil.
Hint(s):
The MTA line leads the current in the pressure coil by 90°. The current in the pressure coil lags the
voltage of the pressure coil by the impedance angle.
𝜏 = 90° − 𝜃PC
[8]

Solution:
The MTA line leads the current in the pressure coil by 90°. The current in the pressure coil lags the
voltage of the pressure coil by the impedance angle.
274.74
𝜏 = 90° − tan−1 = 20°
100

Voltage of the pressure coil:

𝑉PC = 0.9 ∗ 110 = 99 V

Magnitude of current in the pressure coil:

99
𝐼PC = = 0.3386 A
√1002 + 274.742

Sessional 1 Exam Fall 2022 Page 6 of 6