BIOS-251 Anatomy and Physiology With Lab Self-Test

Name: Score:
301 Multiple choice questions
Definition 1 of 301
identifies location of each atom
Atomic Mass
Covalent Bond
Molecular Formula
Structural Formula
Definition 2 of 301
polymer of amino acids
Protein
Carbohydrates
Compound
Anabolism
Definition 3 of 301
A particle made of two or more atoms bonded together united by a chemical bond
Molecule
Disaccharide
Element
Compound
Definition 4 of 301
chains of 4-24 carbon atoms with carboxyl group on one end and methyl group on the other,
must be attained from food, classified as saturated or unsaturated
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Amino Acids
Fatty Acids
Definition 5 of 301
protein based substance that's going to alter the rate of chemical reactions
Catabolism
Enzyme
Protein
Receptor
Definition 6 of 301
ionic, covalent, hydrogen, van der waals forces,
Lipids
Covalent Bond
components of skeletal system
Types of Chemical Bonds

Definition 7 of 301
used to fight off microorganisms
antibodies
Functions of the male reproductive system
Functions of the respiratory system
Peptide bond
Definition 8 of 301
transfer of electrons from one atom to another
Ionization
Oxidation
Compound
Reduction
Definition 9 of 301
Extreme conformational change that destroys function (extreme heat or pH may cause
permanent denaturation)
Protein Structure Denaturation
Primary Structure
Cation
Hydrophobic
Definition 10 of 301
bones, joints, ligaments
class of bones
functions of skeletal system
components of the endocrine system
Two covalent single C-C bonds angle in the same direction adjacent to the C=C double bond
Cis-fatty acids
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Amino acids
complex structure made from many small molecules linking together
Isotopes
Solvency
Monomers
polymer
Liver, stomach, pancreas, duodenum, spleen, adrenal glands
Epigastric Region
Components Of The Urinary System
Frontal Plane
Umbilical Region
large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller ones; AB->A+B
Combustion Reactions
Decomposition Reactions
Catabolism
Synthesis Reactions
The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids within protein molecule,
encoded by genes
Primary Structure
Secondary Structure
Solution
Peptide Bond
hydrophilic organic molecules; 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen;
Amino Acids
Protein
Carbohydrates
Anabolism
compact tertiary structure for proteins within cell membrane and proteins that move freely in
body fluids
globular proteins
Ultrastructure
Appendicular Region
Chemical Reactivity
computed tomography scan
Sonography
Mri
Pet Scan
CT Scan
particle with a net negative charge
Anion
Acid
Ionic Bond
Cation
consists of particles called the solute mixed with a more abundant substance
Molecule
Compound
Emulsion
Solution
Hydrogen bonding
type of intermolecular bond is key to how water molecules interreact with each other
What is the name of the bonding type that involves the sharing of electrons?
What is the body's response to blood loss?
What subatomic particle is found outside of the nucleus of an atom?

Dehydration synthesis creates a peptide bond that joins the amino acid of one group to the
carboxyl group of the next
Peptide bond formation
Initiation
Translocation
All of these are involved in elongation
Dehydration reaction
In an organic reaction, you observe the formation of water from the mixture of two
organic compounds.
What can affect atomic weight?
Calorie
How many more times is pH 4.0 than pH 5.0?
particles exceed 100nm, too large to penetrate selectively permeable membranes, cloudy or
opaque, seperates on standing
Reduction
Properties of Suspension
Palpation
Properties of Colloids
unique 3 dimensional shape of protein crucial to function (proteins can reversibly change
conformation to affect function)
Protein Structure Conformation
Solution
Cation
the study of the microscopic structure of tissues
Cytology
Histology
Gross Anatomy
Endocrinology
particle with a net positive charge
Acid
Ionic Bond
Cation
Anion
Portions of the sigmoid colon, descending colon, small intestines
Epigastric Region
Peptide Bond Formation
Left Lumbar Region
Left Iliac Region
the attractive forces that hold atoms together
Ionic Bond
Molecular Formula
Chemical Bonds
Covalent Bond
Further bending and folding of proteins into globular and fibrous shapes due to hydrophobic-
hydrophilic interactions and Van der Waals forces
Medical Imaging
Regulated Variable
quaternary structure
tertiary structure
muscles and tendons
Components of the Muscular System
law of mass action
Functions of the Muscular System
Law of Nature
internal chemical reactions; the sum of all biochemical events that occur in the body
Anabolism
Homeostasis
Metabolism
Protein
particles range from 1-100nm in size, scatter light and are usually cloudy, particles are too large to
pass through semipermeable membrane and remain permanently mixed with the solvent when
mixture stands
Properties of Solutions
Methods of Purifying Colloids
breaking down process of covalent bonds; energy releasing (exergonic) decomposition
reactions; produces smaller molecules
Anabolism
Homeostasis
Catabolism
Triglycerides
physiology of the nervous system
Responsiveness
Endocrinology
Neurophysiology
Pathophysiology
Appendix, portions of reproductive organs, right ureter
Right Lower Quadrant
Right Iliac Region
Right Lumbar Region
Right Upper Quadrant

Fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, eicosanoids, steroids
Chemical Reactivity
5 primary types of lipids in the body
The Hierarchy of Complexity
ipsilateral/contralateral
Crainial (brain), Vertebral (spinal cord), Thoracic (lungs), Abdominopelvic (all abdominal and
pelvic organs)
1 Main Body Cavities
on the same side of the body/opposite side of body
medial/lateral
ventral/dorsal
proximal/distal
Symbolized with double headed arrow;
Synthesis Reactions
Exchange Reaction
Reversible Reaction
Decomposition Reaction
support, protection, movement, storage of calcium , blood cell production
Muscle Shapes and Fascicles
Components of Skeletal System
Components of the Respiratory System
Functions of the Skeletal System
Gastrointestinal tract (oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, anus),
Digestive accessory organs (Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas)
The Digestive Processes
Components of the Digestive System
Organs of the Gi Tract

Liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of small and large intestines
Umbilical Region
Right Hypochondriac Region
Runs vertically; midsagital: down midline dividing into left and right portions; parasagital: lateral
to the midline of the body
Transverse Plane
Sagital Plane
Frontal Plane
Oblique Plane
Glucose, Galactose, Fructose
Three important monomers
Water properties
Protein structure conformation
Electrolyte importance
nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs (bronchiole, alveoli)
Pathway of inhaled air
Components of the respiratory system
Components of skeletal system
short term energy
2 carbon compounds that aren't organic:
key function of carbohydrates in our bodies
Endocrinology
Structure that is toward the head of the body
Superior
Inferior
Anterior
Rostral
the study of all chemicals containing carbon
Metabolism
Compound
Cytology
Organic Chemistry
living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells
Metabolism
Molecule
Cellular Composition
Organization
a generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave
Law of Mass Action
Law of Nature
Theory
State of Nature
explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws and confirmed hypotheses
Fact
Hypothesis
Theory
Histology
eliminates waste, regulates blood volume, blood pressure, blood composition and blood pH
Functions of the Urinary System
Functions of the Nervous System
Functions of the Endocrine System
deoxyribonucleic acid; contains millions of nucleotides, constitutes genes
Ionic Bond
Isomer
Electrons
DNA
Sex, age, diet, weight, physical activity, genetics and environment
Holistic Medicine
Cellular Adaptation
Physiological Variation
toward the midline/away from the midline
Anterior/posterior
Proximal/distal
Medial/Lateral
Superficial/deep
Father of medicine
Hippocrates
Avicenna
Thucydides
Carbohydrates
varieties of an element that differ only in the number of neutrons
Electrons
Neutrons
Protons
Isotopes
protection, sensation, temperature regulation, vitamin d production, excretion through sweat
functions of integumentary system
Components of the Endocrine System
What type of functional group is in a fatty acid?
microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease
Ultrastructure
Element
Cytology
Histopathology
the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atom
Medial/Lateral
Amino Acids
Mass Number
Atomic Mass
Weak Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom.
Covalent Bond
Hydrogen Bond
Adhesion
Ionic Bond
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Components of the Urinary System
Components of the cardiovascular system

positive charge, mass=1 amu,
Protons
Nucleus
Neutrons
Electrons
proteins that functions as biological catalysts (lower activation energy, permit reactions to occur
rapidly at body temperature)
Isomer
Enzymes
polymer
Protons
Stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, left adrenal gland
Left Upper Quadrant
Left Iliac Region

the "parent" steroid from which the other steroids are synthesized; important for nervous system
function and structural integrity of all cell membranes; 15% comes from diet 85% is internally
synthesized
Cholesterol
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Protein
electrons are shared unequally
polar covalent bond
ionic bond
molecular formula
hydrogen bond
long chains of monosaccharides (at least 50)
Protein
Polysaccharides
Anabolism
Amino Acids
"bad cholesterol"; high ratio of lipid to protein; contributes to heart disease
reduction
hypogastric region
atomic number (for an element)
`LDL (Lower Density Lipoprotein)
two molecules exchange atoms or group of atoms; AB+CD->ABCD->AC+BD
Exchange Reaction
Synthesis Reaction
Reversible Reaction
formed between nonmetals; by sharing electrons between each nonmental
Solution
covalent bond
Responsiveness
Cohesion
-Formed by removal of second and third phosphate groups from ATP
-Formation triggered by hormone binding to cell surface
-cAMP becomes "second messenger" within cell
covalent bond
Atomic number (for an element)
cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
lymph nodes, lymph nodules, lymph vessels, thymus, spleen
Components of the Nervous System
Law of Nature
components of lymphatic system
polymer
What type of organic molecule would you expect CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2 to be based on

the structural formula?
What are the two key types of nucleic acids key to our expression of genes?
If a molecule is made of many small molecules joined together into a large molecule, I
would expect this large molecule to be a
type of lipid is formed from fatty acids and glycerol?

Channel proteins allow hydrophilic substances to diffuse among cell membranes; carrier proteins
help solutes cross cell membranes via active or passive transport
Secondary Structure
Membrane Transport
Saturated Fatty Acids
Abdominopelvic cavity
Appendix, cecum, ascending colon, small intestine
Umbilical Region
umbilical region
Right Iliac Region
living things exhibit a higher level of organization than nonliving things
Homeostasis
Element
Organization
Responsiveness
charged particle with unequal number of protons and electrons
Ion
Compound
Enzyme
Element
central carbon with 3 attachments (amino groups (-NH2) carboxyl group (-COOH) and radical
group (R group))
Lipids
Fatty Acids
Carbohydrates
Amino Acids
Proton acceptor (accepts H+ ions or releases OH- ions); more than 7
Acid
Base
Water
Emulsion
Portions of reproductive organs, Left Ureter
Upper Quadrant
Right Quadrant
Lower Quadrant
Nucleus
Form creates function, function predicts form
Appendicular
Functions of the skeletal system
Ultrastructure
The relationship between function and structure
ability to dissolve other chemicals
Adhesion
Water
Cohesion
Solvency
Represents core of body, includes all structures except upper and lower appendages
Axial
Lateral
Radial
Water
signals glucose uptake to cells
Solution
Insulin
Monosaccharide
Neutrons
glycogen (energy storage in cells of liver, muscle, brain, uterus vagina), starch (energy storage in
plants that are digestible by humans), cellulose (structural molecule in plants thats important for
human dietary fiber)
4 important polysaccharides
4 abdominopelvic quadrants
20 amino acids used to make the protein identical except for the radical (R) group; properties of
each amino acid determined by the (R) group
hydroxyl group
radical group (R group)
carboxyl group
tendency of like molecules to cling to one another
Adhesion
Cohesion
Solvency
reusability of enzymes (enzymes aren't consumed by the reactions); astonishing speed (one
enzyme molecule can catalyze millions of reactions per minute); temperature, pH and other
factors can change enzyme speed and function (can alter ability of enzyme to bind to substrate,
enzymes vary in optimum pH, optimal temperature for human enzymes is around (37degrees)
Features of Enzyme structure and action
Recognition and Protection

tough structural protein of hair, skin, nails
Peptide
Receptor
Keratin
Solution
Breaks down food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates wastes
3 Zones of the Open Ocean
Exchange Reaction
Functions of the Cardiovascular System
Functions of the Digestive System
contained in deeper layers of skin, bones, cartilage and teeth
Unsaturated Fats
Electrons
Palpation
Collagen
consist of substances that are physically blended but not chemically combined; body fluids are
complex mixtures of chemicals
Molecule
Compound
Isotopes
Mixtures
base unit of heat
Protein
Molecule
Cholesterol
Calorie
biological mechanisms where homeostasis is maintained
Feedback Loops
Body Cavities
Negative Feedback
Positive Feedback
neurotransmitters, some hormones and other signaling molecules are proteins; the receptors to
which the signaling molecules bind are also proteins
Protein Function Communication
Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye
Cytology
Gross Anatomy
Histopathology
Body Cavities
toward the tail or inferior end
Molecule
Rostral
Caudal
Inferior
Divides the body into front and back portions.
Ventral/dorsal
Frontal Plane
Transverse Plane
Sagital Plane

proteins bind cells together
Immunoglobins
Percussion
Cell Adhesion
Emulsion

nonprotein enzyme helpers whose presence is necessary for many enzymes to function
The Law of Mass Balance
Characteristics of life
Cofactors
Hippocrates
body's most important energy transfer molecule, stores energy gained from exergonic reactions,
releases it within seconds for physiological work, holds energy in covalent bonds
Transverse Plane
Covalent Bond
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

substances that dissolve in water; polarized or charged
Hydrophilic
Homeostasis
Carbohydrates
Lipids

study of hormones
Neurophysiology
Endocrinology
Theory
Pathophysiology
-glycoproteins are important for immune recognition
-antibodies are proteins
4 categories of carbon compounds

no charge, mass =1 amu
Protons
Neutrons
Isotopes
Electrons

Liver, gallbladder, portion of stomach, right kidney, portion of pancreas, right adrenal gland
Left Upper Quadrant

Urinary bladder, Portions of the sigmoid colon, small intestines, reproductive organs
Hypogastric Region
Umbilical Region
Abdominal Cavity
Left Iliac Region

chemicals that neutralize free radicals, SOD (superoxide dismutase) is an antioxidant enzyme in
the body; Selenium, Vitamin C and E and carotenoids are antioxidants obtained through diet
Lipids
Triglycerides
Antioxidants
Oligosaccharides

below
Anterior
Superior
Rostral
Inferior
fine detail, down to the molecular level, revealed by the electron microscope
Ionization
Colloids
Oxidation
Ultrastructure

a difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure between two points.
Chemicals flow down concentration gradients. Charged particles flow down electrical gradients.
Heat flows down thermal gradients.
Receptor
Solution
Water
Gradient

structure that senses change in the body
Receptor
Effector
Molecule
Enzyme
ribonucleic acid; 3 types messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA);
70-10,000 nucleotides long, carries out genetic instruction for synthesizing proteins, assembles
amino acids in right order to produce proteins
RNA
Base
pH
ATP production

ability to participate in chemical reactions; water ionizes into H+ and OH-
Adhesion
Chemical Reaction
Chemical Reactivity
Medical Imaging

molecules with identical molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms
Ion
Compound
Molecule
Isomer
heart, blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins), blood
Components of blood

compound that prevents sharp, sudden changes in pH
buffer
Superior
Cytology
Protein

unstable isotopes that decay and give off radiation
Colloids
Mixtures
Radioisotopes
Electrons
front and back
Anterior/posterior
Medial/lateral
Ventral/Dorsal
Visceral/parietal

Nitrogen atom in an organic molecule
Amine
Solvency
Radioisotopes
Atomic Number

the ability to walk upright on two legs
Bipedalism
Hominid
Opposable Perception
Ionization
insulin, actin
key properties of carbon that are vital for the formation of organic compounds?
biomolecules that are examples of amino acid based structures.
Why are isotopes of an element chemically similar?

Abdominal cavity, contains: stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, superior region of cavity. Pelvic
cavity, contains: urinary bladder, reproductive organs and rectum. Inferior region of cavity.
Pleural cavity
Thoracic cavity
Dorsal cavity

Cephalic, Cervical (neck), Thoracic (chest), Abdominal (belly), Pelvic (hip), Pubic (groin)
Appendicular Region
Axial Region
Frontal Plane
Hypogastric Region
chain of reactions each catalyzed by a different enzyme; turned on or off by altering enzyme
activity (binding or disassociation of cofactors, feedback inhibition)
Transverse Plane
9 abdominopelvic regions
Metabolic Pathways

toward the head or superior end
Cephallic
Inferior
Gastric
Axial

two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one; A+B->AB
Reversible Reactions
Synthesis Reactions
Compound
Oxidation of one molecule is always accompanied by the reduction of another
Electrons are often transferred as hydrogen atoms
Anabolism
Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions
Exchange reaction
Synthesis reactions

substances that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electric current
Oxidation
Electrolyte
Solution
Electrons

protect the body from microorganisms
Inspection
Immunoglobins
Cephallic
Radioisotopes
cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis
Homeostasis
Controlled Variable
Receptor
Effector

Portions of the ascending colon, Portions of the small intestine, right kidney
Phosphorylation
Epigastric Region
Water Properties
Right Lumbar Region

Center of Atom
Protons
Neutrons
Nucleus
Molecule
2 covalent single C_C bonds angle in opposites on each side of the C=C double bond; resists
enzymatic breakdown in the human body, remains in circulation longer, deposits in the arteries
which contributes to heart disease
Hydrophobic
Trans Fatty Acids
Reduction
Phospholipids

-If too warm, vessels dilate in the skin and sweating begins (heat-losing mechanism)
-If too cold, vessels in the skin constrict and shivering begins (heat-gaining mechanism)
What do red blood cells display?
Membrane Transport
Homeostasis in Body Temperature

a lipid with 17 of its carbon atoms arranged in four rings
Peptide
Electrons
Protein
Steroid
Listening with a stethoscope
Inspection
Percussion
Auscultation
Palpation

quickly mobilized source of energy (all digested forms convert to glucose and oxidized to make
ATP); often conjugated with lipids or proteins (lipid and protein molecules at the external surface
of the cell membrane often have chains of sugars attached to them (glycolipids, glycoproteins);
proteoglycans are more carbohydrate than protein
Subdisciplines of Physiology
Properties of Carbohydrates
Polymers of Monosaccharides

neurophysiology, endocrinology, pathophysiology
polar covalent bond
Histopathology
used for transporting oxygen around the body
Hemoglobin
Radioisotopes
Colloids
Substrate

Has 2 pleural cavities each of which surrounds a lung, each lung sits beside mediastinum.
Contains: Heart, portions of trachea, esophagus. Also contains the pericardial cavity, which
houses the heart.
abdominopelvic cavity
pleural cavity
dorsal cavity
throacic cavity

gas exchange, olfaction, sound production
Cellular respiration
Breathing

in concentric clouds surrounding nucleus, negative charge, very low mass
Protons
Nucleus
Neutrons
Electrons

variable that is sensed via sensors embedded in system, variable that must be kept within a
certain range
Controlled Variable
Effector
Primary Structure
Regulated Variable

substances that don't dissolve in water; non polar or neutral
Hydrophobic
Emulsion
Lipids
Adhesion
number of protons in the nucleus
Lower quadrant
Primary structure
Structural formula

brain, spinal cord
An enzyme is best described as a:

Catalyzed by (ATPases); breaks the 3rd high energy phosphate bond; seperates ATP into ADP + Pi
+ energy
Axial Region
Secondary Structure
Metabolic Pathways
Hydrolysis of ATP
Self-amplifying cycle where the feedback loop is repeated. Normal way of producing rapid
changes. Can sometimes be dangerous. ex. childbirth
Negative Feedback
Metabolism
Oxidation
Positive Feedback

contain some double bonds between carbons, molecule has potential to add hydrogen
Carbohydrates
Fatty Acids
Unsaturated Fats
Cholesterol

composed of 2 or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds
Protein
Monosaccharide
Compound
Peptide
of organism and/or of substances within the organism
Homeostasis
Organization
Element
Movement

Spleen, Large and small intestines, Left Kidney, Pancreas, Stomach, Small portion of the liver
Oxidation
Umbilical Region
Left Hypochondriac Region

any chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy; molecule is reduced when
it accepts electrons; the reducing agent is the molecule that donates electrons
Ionization
Reduction
Oxidation
Metabolism
Proton donor (releases H+ ions in water); less than 7
Base
Water
Anion
Acid

joins the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of the next; formed by
dehydration synthesis
Peptide bond
Hydrogen bond
Polar covalent bond
Ionic bond

short chains of 3 or more monosaccharides (at least 10)
Phospholipids
Catabolism
Fatty Acids
Oligosaccharides
Molecule composed of two or more different elements
Compound
Molecule
Element
Solution

high frequency sound waves echo back from internal organs
Histopathology
Pet Scan
Colloids
Sonography

transport gases, nutrients, hormones and waste; plays role in distribution of body heat
Components of the male reproductive system

sugars made of two covalently bonded monosaccharides
Anabolism
Protein
Carbohydrates
Disaccharide

short-lived particles with an unusual number of electrons; produced by normal metabolic
reactions, radiation, certain chemicals; trigger reactions that destroy molecules and can cause
cancer, aging, death of heart tissue
Water
Medical Imaging
Radioisotopes
Free Radicals

slice that is perpendicular to the long axis of the body or structure. it runs horizontally, separating
the body into superior and inferior
Molecule
Transverse Plane
Frontal Plane
Sagittal Plane
coiled or folded shape held together by hydrogen bonds (alpha helix, beta pleated sheet)
Primary Structure
Axial Region
Chemical Bonds
Secondary Structure

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Mass Number
Atomic Number
Substrate
What is biochemistry?

methods of viewing the inside of the body without surgery, i.e. radiology
Histopathology
Radiography
Gross Anatomy
Medical Imaging
under 1 nm, dont scatter light, will pass through most membranes, wont separate on standing
Solution

COOH
Atomic Mass
Metabolic Pathways
Carboxylic Acid
throacic cavity

solvency, cohesion, adhesion, chemical reactivity, thermal stability
Polar Covalent Bond
Water Properties
Mass
Mixtures
testis, epididymis, vas deferens, scrotum, penis, urethra, male accessory glands (seminal vesicles,
prostate gland, bulbourethral glands)
Components of the Female Reproductive system

substrate binds to enzymes active site; molecules form enzyme-substrate complex; enzyme
releases reaction products; enzyme unchanged and can repeat process
Immunoglobins
Electrons
Hydrophobic
Enzyme Action

a chain of amino acids combined together through peptide bonds
The primary structure of a protein consists of
whats a key structural function of lipids?

attraction of a cation to an anion, easily broken by water
Hydrogen Bond
Covalent Bond
Ionic Bond
Compound

3 fatty acids linked to glycerol, formed by dehydration synthesis; broken down by hydrolysis;
primary function is energy storage; dietary fats and oils,
Phospholipids
Triglycerides
Cholesterol
Anabolism

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands
Components of the endocrine system
Major components of the Integumentary System
Functions of the muscular system

produced by digestion of more complex carbohydrates, glucose is blood sugar,
Carbohydrates
Hydrophobic
Monomers
Compound

Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
4 abdominal quadrants

closer to body surface/farther from body surface
Superior/inferior
Medial/lateral
Superficial/Deep
Anterior/posterior
taking hands and beating over certain parts of body
Percussion
Inspection
Palpation
Auscultation

non regulated, variable that the system cant change, variable that doesn't have a corresponding
sensor embedded in the system
Effector
Closed System
Process Variable
Controlled Variable

the simplest form of matter that has a unique set of properties
Molecule
Element
Compound
Ion
carbon atoms linked by single covalent bonds, molecule contains as much hydrogen as possible
Cholesterol
Roles Of Lipids
Eicosanoids

information that can be independently verified
Law Of Nature
Theory
Scientific Phenomenon
Scientific Fact

motor proteins are molecules with the ability to change shape repeatedly
Synthesis Reactions
Protein Movement
Exchange Reaction
Portions of the descending colon, Portions of the small intestine, Left kidney
Left Lumbar Region
Epigastric Region
Right Iliac Region

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
integral proteins
five primary lipids

suspension of one liquid in another
Colloids
Emulsion
Solution
Acid
atoms share one or more pairs of electrons, single covalent bond: nuclei share 1 pair of electrons,
double covalent bond: nuclei share 2 pairs of electrons
Covalent Bond
Ionic Bond
Hydrogen Bond
Molecular Formula

20 carbon compounds derived from a fatty acid called arachidonic acid, hormone like chemical
signals between cells, includes prostaglandins
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Eicosanoids

equal sharing of electrons
hydrogen bond
polar molecule
ionic bond
non polar covalent bond

Seeing the body
Auscultation
Palpation
Percussion
Inspection

ability to sense and react to stimuli (irritability or excitability)
Movement
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Ionization

transport lymph throughout body, detect/fight pathogens and disease, plays role in fluid balance,
transportation/absorption of fats
Protein Movement
How to find the molecular weight?
Functions of the lymphatic system

important for muscle contractions
Palpation
CT Scan
Actin
Solvency

Metabolism
Anabolism+Catabolism
Positive Feedback
Hypogastric Region
Electrolyte Importance

regulates metabolism, growth, reproduction, utilizes hormones that are secreted into the blood
stream
Functions of the Heart
Functions of the Fibrous Skeleton
Functions of the Female Reproductive System

Chemical reactivity, osmotic effects, electrical excitability of nerve and muscle
Heat capacity
Facilitated diffusion
Exchange reactions

Toward the ventral side
Toward the dorsal side
proximal/distal
ventral/dorsal
medial/lateral
anterior/posterior

the substance on which an enzyme acts
Sonography
Substrate
Disaccharide
Primary Structure
chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy; molecule is
oxidized when it loses electrons; oxidizing agent is the electron acceptor
Ionization
Oxidation
Reduction
Combustion

similar to neutral fats except one fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate group, structural
foundation of cell membrane; amphipathic (fatty acid tails are hydrophobic, phosphate head is
hydrophilic)
Amino Acids
Phospholipids
Carbohydrates
Cholesterol

OH group attached to a carbon chain
Fatty Acids
Alcohol
glucose oxidation and ATP synthesis; glycolysis (splitting glucose into 2 pyruvates); •If ATP
demand outpaces oxygen supply pyruvate anaerobically ferments to lactate; •If enough oxygen
present aerobic respiration occurs in mitochondria
ATP production
fibrous proteins
Body Cavities

ionic, covalent, metallic
guanosine triphosphate (GTP)
3 main types of bonds

most mixtures in our body consist of chemicals dissolved or suspended in water
Acid
Air
Water
Protein
the ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it and thereby maintain stable
internal conditions
Homeostasis
Metabolism
Positive Feedback
Oxidation

simplest carbohydrates, monomers
Compound
Hydrophilic
Protein
Monosaccharide

building up process; energy storing (endergonic) synthesis reactions; requires energy input;
Anabolism
Homeostasis
Metabolism
Triglycerides
addition of free phophate groups to a molecule; carried out by enzymes called kinases
Medical Imaging
Phosphorylation
Auscultation
Metabolic Pathways

Another nucleotide involved in energy transfer
Atomic Number
Ionization

mixtures of protein and water, can change from liquid to gel between cells
Catabolism
Colloids
Solution
Emulsion
Organ system-organs-tissues-cells-organelles-molecules-atoms
Characteristics of Life
Organization

Keratin and Collagen
Organic Chemistry
What can electrolyte imbalance lead to?
Protein Functions Structure

slender filaments suited for roles in muscle contraction and strengthening of skin and hair
Radioisotopes
Secondary Structure
Membrane Transport
fibrous proteins
Axillary (underarm), Brachial (upper arm), Antecubital (front of elbow), Antebrachial (forearm),
Carpal (wrist), Palmar (palm), Pollex (thumb), Digital/Phalangeal (fingers), Femoral (thigh), Patellar
(anterior surface of the knee), Crural (leg), Pedal (foot)
Adhesion
Thoracic Region
Appendicular Region
Axial Region

monosaccharide
term for the simplest type of carbohydrate

organic compounds with 3 principal components (nitrogenous base, sugar, one or more
phosphate groups)
Nucleotides
Axial Region
Solution
Colloids
identifies constituent elements and how many atoms of each are present
Structural Formula
Covalent Bond
Mixtures
Molecular Formula

organization, cellular composition, metabolism, responsiveness and movement, homeostasis,
development, reproduction, evolution
Pathophysiology
Homeostasis
Metabolism

right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac,
hypogastric, left iliac
the abdominopelvic cavity
DNA and RNA, polymers of nucleotides
Medial/Lateral
Eicosanoids
Ultrastructure
Nucleic Acids

to examine by touch
Palpation
Inspection
Auscultation
Percussion

Sucrose (table sugar) glucose+fructose, Lactose (milk sugar) glucose+galactose, maltose (sugar in
grain products) glucose+glucose
three hexose monosaccharides
3 important disaccharides
tendency of one substance to cling to another; water adheres to large membranes reducing
friction around organs
Adhesion
Solution
Cohesion
Solvency

organic cofactors (vitamins)
Coenzymes
Element
Cephallic

heart is on the opposite side
meckel's diverticulum
situs invertus
nucleus
transverse plane
the enzymes that catalyze physiological reactions are usually globular proteins
Cephallic
Electrolyte
Catalysis

Number of protons and neutrons
Atomic Mass
Ionic Bond
Isotopes
Molecule

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the
brain performs a given task
Ct scan
Mri
PET scan
Sonography
magnetic resonance imaging
PET SCAN
MRI
PET
CT SCAN

direction of reaction determined by relative abundance of substances on either side of equation;
equilibrium is reached when ratio of products to reactants is stable
hess's law
henry's law
none of these
law of mass action

"good cholesterol"; lower ratio of lipid to protein; may help to prevent heart disease
Ribonucleic acid (rna)
HDL (High Density Lipoprotein)
Cm (chylomicron)
Adenosine triphosphate (atp)

COOC
Monomers
Adhesion
Ester
Receptor

mechanisms of disease
Endocrinology
Pathophysiology
Neurophysiology
Ionization

upper and lower limbs
Integumentary
Inspection
Appendicular
Oxidation
production of sex hormones, sex cells, maintenance of female sex characteristics, nurture
developing fetus
Functions of the Uterus

the number of heat units needed to raise the temperature of a body by one degree.
heat capacity
specific heat
water
thermal conductivity

study of structure and function of cells
Ultrastructure
Histology
Gross Anatomy
Cytology
To transport vital gases to and from the body tissues. Red blood cells transport oxygen to the
tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs so that it can be exhaled out of the body.
Components of the digestive system
The primary function of red blood cells

fat
A triglyceride has three saturated fatty acids. I could refer to this lipid as a(n)

The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more
polypeptide chains due to ionic bonds and hydrophobic-hydrophilic interactions; occurs only in
some proteins
Metabolic Pathways
tertiary structure
spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs
Body Systems
Body Cavities
Thoracic Cavity
Abdominal Cavity

control center that processes the sensory information, "makes a decision," and directs the
response
Oxidation-reduction (redox) Reactions
Negative feedback Loop
Regulated variable
Integrating (control) Center

the body's input should be equal to the body's output
Law of Nature
The First Law of Thermodynamics

Ovaries, oviducts (uterine tubes, fallopian tubes), uterus, vagina, breasts
Components of the uterus
Components of female external genitalia

Produce sex hormones, produce sex cells, maintain male sex characteristics
Male sex hormone responsible:
Function of testosterone

provides communication between body systems, controls other body systems and their functions,
processes sensory information

measure of acidity derived from the molarity of H+; 7 is neutral
Colloids
pH
Hydrophobic
Proximal/Distal

movement, posture, heat production
Major Organs of Skeletal System

Hypothalamus
Pituitary Glands, Thyroid Glands, Parathyroid Glands
Adrenal Glands, Thymus,
Reproductive organs: Ovaries & Testes, Pancreas
Chemical Bonds
contain a non-amino acid moiety called a prosthetic group covalently bound to them
Conjugated Proteins
Cis-fatty acids
globular proteins

Duodenum, Small intestine, transverse colon
abdominal cavity
umbilical region
free radicals
hypogastric region

a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus
Positive Feedback
Negative Feedback
Element
Metabolism
hydrophobic organic molecules with a high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
Lipids
Amino Acids
Protein
Anabolism

weak, brief attractions between neutral atoms
hydrogen bond
van der Waals forces
ionic bond
cohesion

closer to point of attachment/farther from point of attachment
Axial Region
Proximal/Distal
Left Upper Quadrant
Body Cavities
toward the forehead or nose
Ventral
Rostral
Inferior
Caudal

they have the same number of valence electrons
Organic Chemistry

the activity of the enzyme to decrease
Histology
Homeostasis
Substrate
If I were to cool down an enzyme found in the human body to about 5 degrees Fahrenheit,
I would expect:
long term storage of energy
main purpose of triglycerides in the human body?
What subatomic particle is transferred or shared to make chemical bonds?
CT Scan

Covalent Bonding
What are the 6 main elements in the body?

More than 50 amino acids
How many amino acids in proteins?
Polysaccharides
Palpation
diaphragm
What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

extra neutrons

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Calcium, Phosphorus
Water Properties
How are red blood cells unlike other body cells?

Lined by serous membranes, 2 layered tissue that is lubricated by a serum like fluid which covers
the organs. They consist of a parietal layer (lines cavity) and visceral layer (covers organ) and fluid
filled cavity between each layer.
What are body cavities made of?
ATP production

(NICE DRUMS LR)
Nervous, Integumentary, Cardiovascular, Endocrine, Digestive, Respiratory, Urinary, Muscular,
Skeletal, Lymphatic, Reproductive
What does good and bad cholesterol refer to?
What are the 11 systems of the human body?

As they mature they lose their nucleus and organelles, which allows room for more hemoglobin
molecules which are oxygen binding proteins.

electrons

droplets of lipoprotein in the blood that are complexes of cholesterol, fat, phospholipid and
protein

Positive feedback
How many amino acids in Oligopeptides?

Viscoelasticity, they have the ability to go back to their original shape if they become deformed
due to stress. This allows them to be able to flow through narrow blood vessels.
When do reaction rates increase?

sucrose
what would be considered a simple sugar?

concentration of reactants increases, temperature rises, a catalyst is present
What 4 ways do you examine the body?
Ultrastructure

triglyceride

Frontal Plane
Which plane section couldn't portray anterior and posterior simultaneously?

4
How many body cavities are in the body?

RNA
I would expect the structure constructed from nucleotides containing the sugar ribose to
be:
How many amino acids in Polypeptides?

sum of all the atomic weights of its atoms

carboxylic acid

between 15 and 50 amino acids

synthesis of protein structures; moving of genetic codes from the nucleolus to the ribosomes
key functions of the class of nucleotides based on the ribose sugar?

Sonograms, PET scans, CT scans, MRI scans
What imaging techniques rely on body planes?
anterior/posterior
Left Upper Quadrant

carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4)

4 valence electrons, ability to form 4 bonds, ability to bond to atoms of other elements
Molecule
lipids are insoluble in water. This is primarily due to the biomolecule's:

biological catalyst

cell membranes

coma or cardiac arrest
polar covalent bond
what contributes the most to make simple sugars soluble in water?

Amine
What type of organic molecule would you expect CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2 to be based on

the structural formula?
be:

Amino acids
Proteins are made out of:
polar covalent bond

11
How many organ systems are in the human body?

dehydration, polymerization
what would describe the formation of proteins in the body?

the hydroxide groups
Substrate
Cell Adhesion

between 3-15 amino acids

hydrocarbon based structure
Coenzymes
Rostral
be:
the study of the molecules that compose living organisms
Right Iliac Region
Left Lumbar Region

Inspection, Palpation, Auscultation and Percussion

10 times
RNA, DNA
Privacy Terms English (USA)

Definition 1 of 301
identifies location of each atom
Give this one a try later!
Atomic Mass
Covalent Bond
Molecular Formula
Structural Formula
Definition 2 of 301
polymer of amino acids
Protein
Carbohydrates
Compound
Anabolism
Definition 3 of 301
A particle made of two or more atoms bonded together united by a

chemical bond
Molecule
Disaccharide
Element
Compound
Definition 4 of 301
chains of 4-24 carbon atoms with carboxyl group on one end and methyl
group on the other, must be attained from food, classified as saturated or
unsaturated
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Amino Acids
Fatty Acids
Definition 5 of 301
protein based substance that's going to alter the rate of chemical

reactions
Catabolism
Enzyme
Protein
Receptor
Definition 6 of 301
ionic, covalent, hydrogen, van der waals forces,

Lipids
Covalent Bond
Definition 7 of 301
used to fight off microorganisms
antibodies
Peptide bond
8 of 301
Definition
transfer of electrons from one atom to another
Ionization
Oxidation
Compound
Reduction
Definition 9 of 301
Extreme conformational change that destroys function (extreme heat or

pH may cause permanent denaturation)
Primary Structure
Cation
Hydrophobic
bones, joints, ligaments
class of bones
functions of skeletal system
components of the endocrine system
Two covalent single C-C bonds angle in the same direction adjacent to the
C=C double bond
Cis-fatty acids
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Amino acids
complex structure made from many small molecules linking together

Isotopes
Solvency
Monomers
polymer
Liver, stomach, pancreas, duodenum, spleen, adrenal glands
Epigastric Region
Components Of The Urinary System
Frontal Plane
Umbilical Region
large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller ones; AB->A+B
Combustion Reactions
Catabolism
Synthesis Reactions
The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids
within protein molecule, encoded by genes
Primary Structure
Secondary Structure
Solution
Peptide Bond
hydrophilic organic molecules; 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen;
Amino Acids
Protein
Carbohydrates
Anabolism
compact tertiary structure for proteins within cell membrane and proteins
that move freely in body fluids
globular proteins
Ultrastructure
Appendicular Region
Chemical Reactivity
computed tomography scan

Sonography
Mri
Pet Scan
CT Scan
particle with a net negative charge
Anion
Acid
Ionic Bond
Cation
consists of particles called the solute mixed with a more abundant

substance
Molecule
Compound
Emulsion
Solution
Hydrogen bonding
type of intermolecular bond is key to how water molecules interreact with each
other
Dehydration synthesis creates a peptide bond that joins the amino acid of
one group to the carboxyl group of the next
Initiation
Translocation
All of these are involved in elongation
Dehydration reaction
In an organic reaction, you observe the formation of water from the mixture of
two organic compounds.
Calorie
particles exceed 100nm, too large to penetrate selectively permeable

membranes, cloudy or opaque, seperates on standing
Reduction
Palpation
unique 3 dimensional shape of protein crucial to function (proteins can

reversibly change conformation to affect function)
Solution
Cation
the study of the microscopic structure of tissues

Cytology
Histology
Gross Anatomy
Endocrinology
particle with a net positive charge

Acid
Ionic Bond
Cation
Anion
Portions of the sigmoid colon, descending colon, small intestines
Epigastric Region
Left Lumbar Region
Left Iliac Region

the attractive forces that hold atoms together
Ionic Bond
Molecular Formula
Chemical Bonds
Covalent Bond
Further bending and folding of proteins into globular and fibrous shapes
due to hydrophobic-hydrophilic interactions and Van der Waals forces
Medical Imaging
Regulated Variable
tertiary structure
muscles and tendons
Components of the Muscular System
law of mass action
Law of Nature
internal chemical reactions; the sum of all biochemical events that occur in
the body
Anabolism
Homeostasis
Metabolism
Protein
particles range from 1-100nm in size, scatter light and are usually cloudy,
particles are too large to pass through semipermeable membrane and
remain permanently mixed with the solvent when mixture stands
Methods of Purifying Colloids

breaking down process of covalent bonds; energy releasing (exergonic)

decomposition reactions; produces smaller molecules
Anabolism
Homeostasis
Catabolism
Triglycerides
physiology of the nervous system

Responsiveness
Endocrinology
Neurophysiology
Pathophysiology
Appendix, portions of reproductive organs, right ureter
Right Iliac Region
Right Lumbar Region
37 of 301
Definition
Fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, eicosanoids, steroids
Chemical Reactivity
Crainial (brain), Vertebral (spinal cord), Thoracic (lungs), Abdominopelvic

(all abdominal and pelvic organs)

on the same side of the body/opposite side of body
medial/lateral
ventral/dorsal
proximal/distal
Symbolized with double headed arrow;

Synthesis Reactions
Exchange Reaction
Reversible Reaction
support, protection, movement, storage of calcium , blood cell

production
Muscle Shapes and Fascicles

Gastrointestinal tract (oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large

intestines, rectum, anus), Digestive accessory organs (Salivary glands, liver,
gallbladder, pancreas)
The Digestive Processes
Organs of the Gi Tract
Liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of small and large intestines

Umbilical Region
Runs vertically; midsagital: down midline dividing into left and right
portions; parasagital: lateral to the midline of the body
Transverse Plane
Sagital Plane
Frontal Plane
Oblique Plane
Glucose, Galactose, Fructose
Water properties
Protein structure conformation
nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs (bronchiole, alveoli)
Pathway of inhaled air

short term energy
Endocrinology
Structure that is toward the head of the body

Superior
Inferior
Anterior
Rostral
the study of all chemicals containing carbon

Metabolism
Compound
Cytology
Organic Chemistry
living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells
Metabolism
Molecule
Organization
a generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy

behave
Law of Mass Action
Law of Nature
Theory
State of Nature
explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws and

confirmed hypotheses
Fact
Hypothesis
Theory
Histology
eliminates waste, regulates blood volume, blood pressure, blood

composition and blood pH
Functions of the Urinary System
deoxyribonucleic acid; contains millions of nucleotides, constitutes genes
Ionic Bond
Isomer
Electrons
DNA
Sex, age, diet, weight, physical activity, genetics and environment
Holistic Medicine
Cellular Adaptation
Physiological Variation
toward the midline/away from the midline
Anterior/posterior
Proximal/distal
Medial/Lateral
Superficial/deep
Father of medicine
Hippocrates
Avicenna
Thucydides
Carbohydrates
varieties of an element that differ only in the number of neutrons
Electrons
Neutrons
Protons
Isotopes
protection, sensation, temperature regulation, vitamin d production,
excretion through sweat
microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease
Ultrastructure
Element
Cytology
Histopathology
the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atom
Medial/Lateral
Amino Acids
Mass Number
Atomic Mass
Weak Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly

negative atom.
Covalent Bond
Hydrogen Bond
Adhesion
Ionic Bond
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Components of the Urinary System
positive charge, mass=1 amu,
Protons
Nucleus
Neutrons
Electrons
proteins that functions as biological catalysts (lower activation energy,

permit reactions to occur rapidly at body temperature)
Isomer
Enzymes
polymer
Protons
Stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, left adrenal gland

Left Upper Quadrant
Left Iliac Region
the "parent" steroid from which the other steroids are synthesized;
important for nervous system function and structural integrity of all cell
membranes; 15% comes from diet 85% is internally synthesized
Cholesterol
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Protein
electrons are shared unequally
polar covalent bond
ionic bond
molecular formula
hydrogen bond
long chains of monosaccharides (at least 50)
Protein
Polysaccharides
Anabolism
Amino Acids
"bad cholesterol"; high ratio of lipid to protein; contributes to heart

disease
reduction
hypogastric region
two molecules exchange atoms or group of atoms; AB+CD->ABCD-

>AC+BD
Exchange Reaction
Synthesis Reaction
Reversible Reaction
formed between nonmetals; by sharing electrons between each

nonmental
Solution
covalent bond
Responsiveness
Cohesion
-Formed by removal of second and third phosphate groups from ATP

-Formation triggered by hormone binding to cell surface
-cAMP becomes "second messenger" within cell
covalent bond
lymph nodes, lymph nodules, lymph vessels, thymus, spleen

Law of Nature
polymer
What type of organic molecule would you expect CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2 to be based

on the structural formula?
If a molecule is made of many small molecules joined together into a large

molecule, I would expect this large molecule to be a

Channel proteins allow hydrophilic substances to diffuse among cell

membranes; carrier proteins help solutes cross cell membranes via active
or passive transport
Secondary Structure
Membrane Transport
Appendix, cecum, ascending colon, small intestine
Umbilical Region
umbilical region
Right Iliac Region
living things exhibit a higher level of organization than nonliving things
Homeostasis
Element
Organization
Responsiveness
charged particle with unequal number of protons and electrons

Ion
Compound
Enzyme
Element
central carbon with 3 attachments (amino groups (-NH2) carboxyl group

(-COOH) and radical group (R group))
Lipids
Fatty Acids
Carbohydrates
Amino Acids
Proton acceptor (accepts H+ ions or releases OH- ions); more than 7
Acid
Base
Water
Emulsion
Portions of reproductive organs, Left Ureter
Upper Quadrant
Right Quadrant
Lower Quadrant
Nucleus
Form creates function, function predicts form
Appendicular
Functions of the skeletal system
Ultrastructure
ability to dissolve other chemicals
Adhesion
Water
Cohesion
Solvency
Represents core of body, includes all structures except upper and lower
appendages
Axial
Lateral
Radial
Water
signals glucose uptake to cells
Solution
Insulin
Monosaccharide
Neutrons
glycogen (energy storage in cells of liver, muscle, brain, uterus vagina),

starch (energy storage in plants that are digestible by humans), cellulose
(structural molecule in plants thats important for human dietary fiber)
20 amino acids used to make the protein identical except for the radical
(R) group; properties of each amino acid determined by the (R) group
hydroxyl group

carboxyl group
tendency of like molecules to cling to one another
Adhesion
Cohesion
Solvency
reusability of enzymes (enzymes aren't consumed by the reactions);

astonishing speed (one enzyme molecule can catalyze millions of
reactions per minute); temperature, pH and other factors can change
enzyme speed and function (can alter ability of enzyme to bind to
substrate, enzymes vary in optimum pH, optimal temperature for human
enzymes is around (37degrees)
tough structural protein of hair, skin, nails

Peptide
Receptor
Keratin
Solution
Breaks down food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates wastes
3 Zones of the Open Ocean
Exchange Reaction

contained in deeper layers of skin, bones, cartilage and teeth
Unsaturated Fats
Electrons
Palpation
Collagen
consist of substances that are physically blended but not chemically

combined; body fluids are complex mixtures of chemicals
Molecule
Compound
Isotopes
Mixtures
base unit of heat
Protein
Molecule
Cholesterol
Calorie
biological mechanisms where homeostasis is maintained

Feedback Loops
Body Cavities
Negative Feedback
Positive Feedback
neurotransmitters, some hormones and other signaling molecules are

proteins; the receptors to which the signaling molecules bind are also
proteins
Protein Function Communication

Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye
Cytology
Gross Anatomy
Histopathology
Body Cavities
toward the tail or inferior end
Molecule
Rostral
Caudal
Inferior
Divides the body into front and back portions.
Ventral/dorsal
Frontal Plane
Transverse Plane
Sagital Plane

proteins bind cells together
Immunoglobins
Percussion
Cell Adhesion
Emulsion
nonprotein enzyme helpers whose presence is necessary for many

enzymes to function
Cofactors
Hippocrates
body's most important energy transfer molecule, stores energy gained

from exergonic reactions, releases it within seconds for physiological
work, holds energy in covalent bonds
Transverse Plane
Covalent Bond
substances that dissolve in water; polarized or charged

Hydrophilic
Homeostasis
Carbohydrates
Lipids
study of hormones

Neurophysiology
Endocrinology
Theory
Pathophysiology
-glycoproteins are important for immune recognition

-antibodies are proteins

no charge, mass =1 amu
Protons
Neutrons
Isotopes
Electrons
Liver, gallbladder, portion of stomach, right kidney, portion of pancreas,

right adrenal gland

Left Upper Quadrant
Urinary bladder, Portions of the sigmoid colon, small intestines,

reproductive organs
Hypogastric Region
Umbilical Region
Abdominal Cavity
Left Iliac Region

chemicals that neutralize free radicals, SOD (superoxide dismutase) is an
antioxidant enzyme in the body; Selenium, Vitamin C and E and
carotenoids are antioxidants obtained through diet
Lipids
Triglycerides
Antioxidants
Oligosaccharides
below
Anterior
Superior
Rostral
Inferior
fine detail, down to the molecular level, revealed by the electron

microscope
Ionization
Colloids
Oxidation
Ultrastructure
a difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure

between two points. Chemicals flow down concentration gradients.
Charged particles flow down electrical gradients. Heat flows down
thermal gradients.
Receptor
Solution
Water
Gradient
structure that senses change in the body
Receptor
Effector
Molecule
Enzyme
ribonucleic acid; 3 types messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA),

transfer RNA (tRNA); 70-10,000 nucleotides long, carries out genetic
instruction for synthesizing proteins, assembles amino acids in right order
to produce proteins
RNA
Base
pH
ATP production
ability to participate in chemical reactions; water ionizes into H+ and OH-

Adhesion
Chemical Reaction
Chemical Reactivity
Medical Imaging
molecules with identical molecular formula but different arrangement of

atoms
Ion
Compound
Molecule
Isomer
heart, blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins), blood
Components of blood
compound that prevents sharp, sudden changes in pH
buffer
Superior
Cytology
Protein
unstable isotopes that decay and give off radiation
Colloids
Mixtures
Radioisotopes
Electrons

front and back
Anterior/posterior
Medial/lateral
Ventral/Dorsal
Visceral/parietal
Nitrogen atom in an organic molecule
Amine
Solvency
Radioisotopes
Atomic Number
the ability to walk upright on two legs
Bipedalism
Hominid
Opposable Perception
Ionization
insulin, actin
Abdominal cavity, contains: stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, superior

region of cavity. Pelvic cavity, contains: urinary bladder, reproductive
organs and rectum. Inferior region of cavity.
Pleural cavity
Thoracic cavity
Dorsal cavity
Cephalic, Cervical (neck), Thoracic (chest), Abdominal (belly), Pelvic (hip),

Pubic (groin)
Appendicular Region
Axial Region
Frontal Plane
Hypogastric Region
chain of reactions each catalyzed by a different enzyme; turned on or off

by altering enzyme activity (binding or disassociation of cofactors,
feedback inhibition)
Transverse Plane
Metabolic Pathways
toward the head or superior end
Cephallic
Inferior
Gastric
Axial

two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one; A+B->AB
Reversible Reactions
Synthesis Reactions
Compound
Oxidation of one molecule is always accompanied by the reduction of

another
Electrons are often transferred as hydrogen atoms
Anabolism

Exchange reaction
Synthesis reactions
substances that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting

electric current
Oxidation
Electrolyte
Solution
Electrons
protect the body from microorganisms

Inspection
Immunoglobins
Cephallic
Radioisotopes
cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action to restore
homeostasis
Homeostasis
Controlled Variable
Receptor
Effector
Portions of the ascending colon, Portions of the small intestine, right

kidney
Phosphorylation
Epigastric Region
Water Properties
Right Lumbar Region
Center of Atom

Protons
Neutrons
Nucleus
Molecule
2 covalent single C_C bonds angle in opposites on each side of the C=C
double bond; resists enzymatic breakdown in the human body, remains in
circulation longer, deposits in the arteries which contributes to heart
disease
Hydrophobic
Trans Fatty Acids
Reduction
Phospholipids
-If too warm, vessels dilate in the skin and sweating begins (heat-losing
mechanism)
-If too cold, vessels in the skin constrict and shivering begins (heat-gaining
mechanism)
Membrane Transport
Homeostasis in Body Temperature
a lipid with 17 of its carbon atoms arranged in four rings

Peptide
Electrons
Protein
Steroid
Listening with a stethoscope
Inspection
Percussion
Auscultation
Palpation
quickly mobilized source of energy (all digested forms convert to glucose

and oxidized to make ATP); often conjugated with lipids or proteins (lipid
and protein molecules at the external surface of the cell membrane often
have chains of sugars attached to them (glycolipids, glycoproteins);
proteoglycans are more carbohydrate than protein
Properties of Carbohydrates
Polymers of Monosaccharides
neurophysiology, endocrinology, pathophysiology

polar covalent bond
Histopathology
used for transporting oxygen around the body
Hemoglobin
Radioisotopes
Colloids
Substrate
143 of 301
Definition
Has 2 pleural cavities each of which surrounds a lung, each lung sits
beside mediastinum. Contains: Heart, portions of trachea, esophagus. Also
contains the pericardial cavity, which houses the heart.
abdominopelvic cavity
pleural cavity
dorsal cavity
throacic cavity
gas exchange, olfaction, sound production
Cellular respiration
Breathing
in concentric clouds surrounding nucleus, negative charge, very low mass
Protons
Nucleus
Neutrons
Electrons

variable that is sensed via sensors embedded in system, variable that must
be kept within a certain range
Controlled Variable
Effector
Primary Structure
Regulated Variable
substances that don't dissolve in water; non polar or neutral
Hydrophobic
Emulsion
Lipids
Adhesion
number of protons in the nucleus
Lower quadrant
Primary structure
Structural formula
brain, spinal cord

Catalyzed by (ATPases); breaks the 3rd high energy phosphate bond;

seperates ATP into ADP + Pi + energy
Axial Region
Secondary Structure
Metabolic Pathways
Hydrolysis of ATP
151 of 301
Definition
Self-amplifying cycle where the feedback loop is repeated. Normal way of

producing rapid changes. Can sometimes be dangerous. ex. childbirth
Negative Feedback
Metabolism
Oxidation
Positive Feedback
contain some double bonds between carbons, molecule has potential to

add hydrogen
Carbohydrates
Fatty Acids
Unsaturated Fats
Cholesterol
composed of 2 or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds
Protein
Monosaccharide
Compound
Peptide
of organism and/or of substances within the organism

Homeostasis
Organization
Element
Movement
Spleen, Large and small intestines, Left Kidney, Pancreas, Stomach, Small
portion of the liver
Oxidation
Umbilical Region
Left Hypochondriac Region
any chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy;

molecule is reduced when it accepts electrons; the reducing agent is the
molecule that donates electrons
Ionization
Reduction
Oxidation
Metabolism
Proton donor (releases H+ ions in water); less than 7

Base
Water
Anion
Acid
joins the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of the
next; formed by dehydration synthesis
Peptide bond
Hydrogen bond
Polar covalent bond
Ionic bond
short chains of 3 or more monosaccharides (at least 10)
Phospholipids
Catabolism
Fatty Acids
Oligosaccharides
Molecule composed of two or more different elements
Compound
Molecule
Element
Solution
high frequency sound waves echo back from internal organs
Histopathology
Pet Scan
Colloids
Sonography
transport gases, nutrients, hormones and waste; plays role in distribution

of body heat
sugars made of two covalently bonded monosaccharides

Anabolism
Protein
Carbohydrates
Disaccharide
short-lived particles with an unusual number of electrons; produced by

normal metabolic reactions, radiation, certain chemicals; trigger reactions
that destroy molecules and can cause cancer, aging, death of heart tissue

Water
Medical Imaging
Radioisotopes
Free Radicals
slice that is perpendicular to the long axis of the body or structure. it runs
horizontally, separating the body into superior and inferior
Molecule
Transverse Plane
Frontal Plane
Sagittal Plane
coiled or folded shape held together by hydrogen bonds (alpha helix,

beta pleated sheet)
Primary Structure
Axial Region
Chemical Bonds
Secondary Structure
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Mass Number
Atomic Number
Substrate
methods of viewing the inside of the body without surgery, i.e. radiology
Histopathology
Radiography
Gross Anatomy
Medical Imaging

under 1 nm, dont scatter light, will pass through most membranes, wont
separate on standing
Solution
COOH
Atomic Mass
Metabolic Pathways
Carboxylic Acid
throacic cavity
solvency, cohesion, adhesion, chemical reactivity, thermal stability
Polar Covalent Bond
Water Properties
Mass
Mixtures
testis, epididymis, vas deferens, scrotum, penis, urethra, male accessory

glands (seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands)

substrate binds to enzymes active site; molecules form enzyme-substrate

complex; enzyme releases reaction products; enzyme unchanged and
can repeat process
Immunoglobins
Electrons
Hydrophobic
Enzyme Action
a chain of amino acids combined together through peptide bonds
attraction of a cation to an anion, easily broken by water
Hydrogen Bond
Covalent Bond
Ionic Bond
Compound
3 fatty acids linked to glycerol, formed by dehydration synthesis; broken

down by hydrolysis; primary function is energy storage; dietary fats and
oils,
Phospholipids
Triglycerides
Cholesterol
Anabolism
skin, hair, nails, sweat glands

Functions of the muscular system
produced by digestion of more complex carbohydrates, glucose is blood

sugar,
Carbohydrates
Hydrophobic
Monomers
Compound
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)

Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
4 abdominal quadrants
closer to body surface/farther from body surface

Superior/inferior
Medial/lateral
Superficial/Deep
Anterior/posterior
taking hands and beating over certain parts of body

Percussion
Inspection
Palpation
Auscultation
non regulated, variable that the system cant change, variable that doesn't
have a corresponding sensor embedded in the system
Effector
Closed System
Process Variable
Controlled Variable
the simplest form of matter that has a unique set of properties
Molecule
Element
Compound
Ion
carbon atoms linked by single covalent bonds, molecule contains as much

hydrogen as possible

Cholesterol
Roles Of Lipids
Eicosanoids
information that can be independently verified
Law Of Nature
Theory
Scientific Phenomenon
Scientific Fact
motor proteins are molecules with the ability to change shape repeatedly
Synthesis Reactions
Protein Movement
Exchange Reaction
Portions of the descending colon, Portions of the small intestine, Left

kidney
Left Lumbar Region
Epigastric Region
Right Iliac Region
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
integral proteins
five primary lipids
suspension of one liquid in another
Colloids
Emulsion
Solution
Acid
atoms share one or more pairs of electrons, single covalent bond: nuclei
share 1 pair of electrons, double covalent bond: nuclei share 2 pairs of
electrons
Covalent Bond
Ionic Bond
Hydrogen Bond
Molecular Formula
20 carbon compounds derived from a fatty acid called arachidonic acid,

hormone like chemical signals between cells, includes prostaglandins
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Eicosanoids
equal sharing of electrons
hydrogen bond
polar molecule
ionic bond
Seeing the body
Auscultation
Palpation
Percussion
Inspection
ability to sense and react to stimuli (irritability or excitability)

Movement
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Ionization
transport lymph throughout body, detect/fight pathogens and disease,

plays role in fluid balance, transportation/absorption of fats
Protein Movement

important for muscle contractions
Palpation
CT Scan
Actin
Solvency
Metabolism
Anabolism+Catabolism
Positive Feedback
Hypogastric Region
Electrolyte Importance
regulates metabolism, growth, reproduction, utilizes hormones that are

secreted into the blood stream
Functions of the Heart
Functions of the Fibrous Skeleton

Chemical reactivity, osmotic effects, electrical excitability of nerve and
muscle
Heat capacity
Facilitated diffusion
Exchange reactions
Toward the ventral side

Toward the dorsal side
proximal/distal
ventral/dorsal
medial/lateral
anterior/posterior
the substance on which an enzyme acts
Sonography
Substrate
Disaccharide
Primary Structure
chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases

energy; molecule is oxidized when it loses electrons; oxidizing agent is
the electron acceptor
Ionization
Oxidation
Reduction
Combustion
similar to neutral fats except one fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate

group, structural foundation of cell membrane; amphipathic (fatty acid tails
are hydrophobic, phosphate head is hydrophilic)
Amino Acids
Phospholipids
Carbohydrates
Cholesterol
OH group attached to a carbon chain
Fatty Acids
Alcohol
glucose oxidation and ATP synthesis; glycolysis (splitting glucose into 2

pyruvates); •If ATP demand outpaces oxygen supply pyruvate
anaerobically ferments to lactate; •If enough oxygen present aerobic
respiration occurs in mitochondria
ATP production
fibrous proteins
Body Cavities
ionic, covalent, metallic

most mixtures in our body consist of chemicals dissolved or suspended in

water
Acid
Air
Water
Protein
the ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it and

thereby maintain stable internal conditions
Homeostasis
Metabolism
Positive Feedback
Oxidation
simplest carbohydrates, monomers
Compound
Hydrophilic
Protein
Monosaccharide
building up process; energy storing (endergonic) synthesis reactions;

requires energy input;
Anabolism
Homeostasis
Metabolism
Triglycerides

addition of free phophate groups to a molecule; carried out by enzymes
called kinases
Medical Imaging
Phosphorylation
Auscultation
Metabolic Pathways
Another nucleotide involved in energy transfer
Atomic Number

Ionization
mixtures of protein and water, can change from liquid to gel between cells
Catabolism
Colloids
Solution
Emulsion
Organ system-organs-tissues-cells-organelles-molecules-atoms

Characteristics of Life
Organization
Keratin and Collagen
Organic Chemistry
Protein Functions Structure

slender filaments suited for roles in muscle contraction and strengthening

of skin and hair
Radioisotopes
Secondary Structure
Membrane Transport
fibrous proteins
Axillary (underarm), Brachial (upper arm), Antecubital (front of elbow),

Antebrachial (forearm), Carpal (wrist), Palmar (palm), Pollex (thumb),
Digital/Phalangeal (fingers), Femoral (thigh), Patellar (anterior surface of
the knee), Crural (leg), Pedal (foot)

Adhesion
Thoracic Region
Appendicular Region
Axial Region
monosaccharide
219 of 301
Definition
organic compounds with 3 principal components (nitrogenous base,

sugar, one or more phosphate groups)
Nucleotides
Axial Region
Solution
Colloids
identifies constituent elements and how many atoms of each are present
Structural Formula
Covalent Bond
Mixtures
Molecular Formula
organization, cellular composition, metabolism, responsiveness and

movement, homeostasis, development, reproduction, evolution
Pathophysiology
Homeostasis
Metabolism

right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar,
umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac
the abdominopelvic cavity
DNA and RNA, polymers of nucleotides
Medial/Lateral
Eicosanoids
Ultrastructure
Nucleic Acids
to examine by touch
Palpation
Inspection
Auscultation
Percussion
Sucrose (table sugar) glucose+fructose, Lactose (milk sugar)

glucose+galactose, maltose (sugar in grain products) glucose+glucose

three hexose monosaccharides
3 important disaccharides
tendency of one substance to cling to another; water adheres to large

membranes reducing friction around organs
Adhesion
Solution
Cohesion
Solvency
Definition
227 of 301
organic cofactors (vitamins)
Coenzymes
Element
Cephallic
heart is on the opposite side
meckel's diverticulum
situs invertus
nucleus
transverse plane
the enzymes that catalyze physiological reactions are usually globular

proteins
Cephallic
Electrolyte
Catalysis
Number of protons and neutrons

Atomic Mass
Ionic Bond
Isotopes
Molecule
a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of

glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
Ct scan
Mri
PET scan
Sonography
magnetic resonance imaging
PET SCAN
MRI
PET
CT SCAN
direction of reaction determined by relative abundance of substances on

either side of equation; equilibrium is reached when ratio of products to
reactants is stable

hess's law
henry's law
none of these
law of mass action
"good cholesterol"; lower ratio of lipid to protein; may help to prevent

heart disease
Ribonucleic acid (rna)
Cm (chylomicron)
Adenosine triphosphate (atp)

COOC
Monomers
Adhesion
Ester
Receptor
mechanisms of disease
Endocrinology
Pathophysiology
Neurophysiology
Ionization
upper and lower limbs
Integumentary
Inspection
Appendicular
Oxidation
production of sex hormones, sex cells, maintenance of female sex

characteristics, nurture developing fetus
Functions of the Uterus
the number of heat units needed to raise the temperature of a body by

one degree.
heat capacity
specific heat
water
thermal conductivity
study of structure and function of cells
Ultrastructure
Histology
Gross Anatomy
Cytology
To transport vital gases to and from the body tissues. Red blood cells
transport oxygen to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the
lungs so that it can be exhaled out of the body.

Components of the digestive system
fat
The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the
association of two or more polypeptide chains due to ionic bonds and
hydrophobic-hydrophilic interactions; occurs only in some proteins
Metabolic Pathways
tertiary structure
spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs
Body Systems
Body Cavities
Thoracic Cavity
Abdominal Cavity
control center that processes the sensory information, "makes a decision,"

and directs the response
Oxidation-reduction (redox) Reactions
Negative feedback Loop
Regulated variable
Integrating (control) Center

the body's input should be equal to the body's output
Law of Nature
The First Law of Thermodynamics
Ovaries, oviducts (uterine tubes, fallopian tubes), uterus, vagina, breasts
Components of the uterus

Components of female external genitalia
Produce sex hormones, produce sex cells, maintain male sex

characteristics
Male sex hormone responsible:
Function of testosterone
provides communication between body systems, controls other body

systems and their functions, processes sensory information

measure of acidity derived from the molarity of H+; 7 is neutral
Colloids
pH
Hydrophobic
Proximal/Distal
movement, posture, heat production
Major Organs of Skeletal System
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Glands, Thyroid Glands, Parathyroid Glands
Adrenal Glands, Thymus,
Reproductive organs: Ovaries & Testes, Pancreas

Chemical Bonds
contain a non-amino acid moiety called a prosthetic group covalently

bound to them
Conjugated Proteins
Cis-fatty acids
globular proteins

Duodenum, Small intestine, transverse colon
abdominal cavity
umbilical region
free radicals
hypogastric region
a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce

the stimulus
Positive Feedback
Negative Feedback
Element
Metabolism
hydrophobic organic molecules with a high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
Lipids
Amino Acids
Protein
Anabolism
weak, brief attractions between neutral atoms

hydrogen bond
van der Waals forces
ionic bond
cohesion
closer to point of attachment/farther from point of attachment
Axial Region
Proximal/Distal
Left Upper Quadrant
Body Cavities
toward the forehead or nose
Ventral
Rostral
Inferior
Caudal
they have the same number of valence electrons

Organic Chemistry
the activity of the enzyme to decrease
Histology
Homeostasis
Substrate
If I were to cool down an enzyme found in the human body to about 5 degrees
Fahrenheit, I would expect:
long term storage of energy

What subatomic particle is transferred or shared to make chemical bonds?
CT Scan
Covalent Bonding
More than 50 amino acids
How many amino acids in proteins?
Polysaccharides
Palpation
diaphragm
What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
extra neutrons
Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Calcium, Phosphorus

Water Properties
Lined by serous membranes, 2 layered tissue that is lubricated by a serum

like fluid which covers the organs. They consist of a parietal layer (lines
cavity) and visceral layer (covers organ) and fluid filled cavity between
each layer.
What are body cavities made of?
ATP production
(NICE DRUMS LR)

Nervous, Integumentary, Cardiovascular, Endocrine, Digestive, Respiratory,
Urinary, Muscular, Skeletal, Lymphatic, Reproductive
As they mature they lose their nucleus and organelles, which allows room
for more hemoglobin molecules which are oxygen binding proteins.
electrons

droplets of lipoprotein in the blood that are complexes of cholesterol, fat,

phospholipid and protein

Positive feedback
Viscoelasticity, they have the ability to go back to their original shape if

they become deformed due to stress. This allows them to be able to flow
through narrow blood vessels.

sucrose

concentration of reactants increases, temperature rises, a catalyst is
present
Ultrastructure
triglyceride

Frontal Plane

How many body cavities are in the body?
RNA
I would expect the structure constructed from nucleotides containing the sugar
ribose to be:
sum of all the atomic weights of its atoms
carboxylic acid

between 15 and 50 amino acids
synthesis of protein structures; moving of genetic codes from the

nucleolus to the ribosomes
key functions of the class of nucleotides based on the ribose sugar?
Sonograms, PET scans, CT scans, MRI scans

anterior/posterior
Left Upper Quadrant
carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4)

4 valence electrons, ability to form 4 bonds, ability to bond to atoms of

other elements
Molecule
biological catalyst

cell membranes
coma or cardiac arrest

polar covalent bond
Amine
What type of organic molecule would you expect CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2 to be

based on the structural formula?
I would expect the structure constructed from nucleotides containing the sugar ribose
to be:
Amino acids
Proteins are made out of:
polar covalent bond
11

How many organ systems are in the human body?
dehydration, polymerization
what would describe the formation of proteins in the body?

the hydroxide groups
Substrate
Cell Adhesion
between 3-15 amino acids

hydrocarbon based structure
Coenzymes
Rostral
I would expect the structure constructed from nucleotides containing the sugar ribose
to be:
the study of the molecules that compose living organisms

Right Iliac Region
Left Lumbar Region
Inspection, Palpation, Auscultation and Percussion

10 times
RNA, DNA
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301 Multiple choice questions

components of skeletal system

Types of Chemical Bonds

Functions of the male reproductive system

Functions of the respiratory system

Protein Structure Denaturation

functions of skeletal system

components of skeletal system

components of the endocrine system

Components Of The Urinary System

What is the body's response to blood loss?

What subatomic particle is found outside of the nucleus of an atom?

Peptide bond formation

All of these are involved in elongation

What can affect atomic weight?

How many more times is pH 4.0 than pH 5.0?

Protein Structure Conformation

Protein Structure Denaturation

Peptide Bond Formation

Left Lumbar Region

Left Iliac Region

Components of the Muscular System

law of mass action

Functions of the Muscular System

Types of Chemical Bonds

Methods of Purifying Colloids

Right Lower Quadrant

Right Iliac Region

Right Lumbar Region

Right Upper Quadrant

5 primary types of lipids in the body

The Hierarchy of Complexity

1 Main Body Cavities

0 Main Body Cavities

8 Main Body Cavities

4 Main Body Cavities

Muscle Shapes and Fascicles

Components of Skeletal System

Components of the Respiratory System

Functions of the Skeletal System

The Digestive Processes

Components of Skeletal System

Components of the Digestive System

Organs of the Gi Tract

Right Lower Quadrant

Right Upper Quadrant

Right Hypochondriac Region

Three important monomers

Protein structure conformation

Functions of the respiratory system

Pathway of inhaled air

Components of the respiratory system

Components of skeletal system

2 carbon compounds that aren't organic:

key function of carbohydrates in our bodies

Law of Mass Action

Components of Skeletal System

Functions of the Urinary System

Functions of the Nervous System

Functions of the Endocrine System

Protein Structure Conformation