Lesson 4.

Types of Intermolecular
Forces of Attraction
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 Learning Competency

At the end of this lesson, the given DepEd learning

competency should be met by the students.

Describe the general types of intermolecular forces

(S11/12PS-IIIc-d-17).
 Learning Objectives

At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to

do the following:

● Describe the common types of intermolecular

forces of attraction.

● Differentiate the common types of intermolecular

forces of attraction.
In nature, there
are attractive
and repulsive
forces.

Some of these
attractive forces
also exist among
very small
particles of
matter. These
enable small
insects to walk
on water.
You know that the attraction of negatively charged electrons
with the positively-charged nucleus facilitates the formation
of chemical bonds.

Do attractive forces also exist among molecules?

 Try it!
Warm-Up

Comparing Boiling and Melting Points

This activity will
Compound Boiling Point (°C) Melting Point (°C)
introduce you to
these attractive H2 O 100 0

forces.
N 2O -88.48 -90.86
Study the table.
CO2 -78.45 (sublimes) -78.45 (sublimes)

SO2 -10 75.50

 Learn about It!

Intermolecular Forces of Attraction

• Intermolecular forces are attractive forces present in
between molecules.
• Although there are many, four types of intermolecular
forces of attraction (IMFA) are most commonly observed.
• These are London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces,
ion-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonding forces.
 Learn about It!

London Dispersion Forces (LDFs)

• These are the weakest type of IMFA and are present in
between all electrically neutral molecules―polar and
nonpolar molecules.
• LDFs are caused by fluctuations in the electron distribution
within atoms or molecules.
 Learn about It!

London Dispersion Forces (LDFs)

A temporary dipole induces instantaneous dipoles to neighbor molecules.

 Learn about It!

London Dispersion Forces (LDFs)

• Molecules can have instantaneous dipoles when electrons
move around the nucleus.

Instantaneous dipole of O2
 Learn about It!

London Dispersion Forces (LDFs)

• Polarizability is the measure of how easy it is to distort the
electron distribution of a molecule. It can be related to how
easy one can squeeze a balloon: the larger the balloon is,
the more squeezable it is, and the stronger is its LDF.
• For example, bromine, Br2, bears more electron than
chlorine, Cl2, which means that Br2 has stronger London
dispersion forces than Cl2. The strength of LDF affects their
boiling points.
 Learn about It!

Dipole-Dipole Forces
• These are attractive forces that are a moderately strong
type of IMFA and are present in between polar molecules.

HCl molecule with partially positive and partially negative ends

 Learn about It!

Dipole-Dipole Forces
• Dipole-dipole force exists between the partially positive end
of one HCl molecule and the partially negative end of
another HCl molecule.
 Learn about It!

Dipole-Dipole Forces

Molecules with partially positive ends

attracted to the partially negative ends of other molecules
 Learn about It!

Ion-Dipole Forces
• This result from the electrostatic attraction of a molecule
containing a dipole and an ion.
• The strength of this force increases as the charge of ion
increases
 Learn about It!

Ion-Dipole Forces

The cation is attracted to the partial negative end of the molecule,

while the anion is attracted to the partial positive end of the molecule.
 Learn about It!

Hydrogen Bonding
• It is a special kind of dipole-dipole force and one of the
strongest type of IMFA.
• Hydrogen bonding is an attractive force that exists when
hydrogen is bonded to F, O, or N.
 Learn about It!

Hydrogen Bonding
• Some molecules may interact with water even though they
cannot form hydrogen bonds themselves.
• A hydrogen bond donor is the molecule that provides the
hydrogen atom in the hydrogen bond while a hydrogen
bond acceptor is the molecule containing the lone-pair
bearing electronegative atom.
 Learn about It!

Hydrogen Bonding

Hydrogen bond formation between water and formaldehyde

 Key Points

● Intermolecular forces are attractive forces present in

between molecules.
● There are four major types of intermolecular forces of
attraction:
○ London dispersion forces exist in all molecules and are
caused by fluctuations in the electron distribution within
atoms or molecules.
○ Dipole-dipole forces are present in polar molecules and
result from electrical interactions among dipoles on
neighboring molecules.
 Key Points

● There are four major types of intermolecular forces of

attraction:
○ Ion-dipole forces result from the electrostatic attraction
of a molecule containing a dipole and an ion.
○ Hydrogen bonding is a special kind of dipole-dipole force
that exists when hydrogen is bonded to F, O, or N.
 Check Your Understanding

Assess if the following statements are true or

false.

1. It is possible for a molecule not to exhibit any IMFA.

2. Hydrogen bonding involves the sharing of electrons

between hydrogen of one molecule and F, O, or N atoms of
another molecule.

3. Nonpolar molecules can have permanent dipoles.

 Bibliography
Brown T.L. et al. 2012. Chemistry: The Central Science. Pearson Prentice Hall.

Bettelheim F.A. et al. 2015. Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry. Boston: Cengage Learning.

Ebbing, Darrell and Gammon, Steven. 2016. General Chemistry. Boston: Cengage Learning.

Reger D.L. et al. 2009. Chemistry: Principles and Practice. Boston: Cengage Learning.

Spencer J.N. et al. 2010. Chemistry: Structure and Dynamics. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.