Chapter 8 Study Guide

Name Class Date
From DNA to Proteins
Study Guide A
Answer Key
SECTION 1. IDENTIFYING DNA AS 13. hundreds of
14. errors
THE GENETIC MATERIAL 15. nucleotides
1. Mice lived
2. Mice died SECTION 4. TRANSCRIPTION
3. Mice lived 1. replication; nucleus
4. Mice died 2. transcription; nucleus
5. S 3. translation; cytoplasm
6. bacteria 4. deoxyribose; ribose
7. DNA; DNA; DNA 5. T; U
8. protein 6. double; single
9. radioactive 7. RNA polymerase
10. radioactive 8. i, gene, DNA; ii, RNA polymerase;
11. DNA iii, detaches from
12. virus 9. tRNA; rRNA; mRNA
10. All five statements: Both
SECTION 2. STRUCTURE OF DNA 11. i. Replication; ii. Transcription; iii.
1. Refer to Visual Vocab in Section 2 for a Replication; iv. Transcription
visual answer. 12. protein; ribosomes; amino acids
2. four 13. DNA; RNA
3. the phosphate group; the nitrogen-containing
base SECTION 5. TRANSLATION
4. uniform 1. polypeptide (or protein)
5. building models 2. three
6. outside; one 3. RNA
7. A; G 4. nucleotides
8. Refer to Figure 2.4 for a visual answer. 5. arginine (Arg)
9. sugar-phosphate backbone; 6. stop codon
nitrogen-containing bases 7. UGG
10. c; c 8. glycine (Gly)
9. Ribosomes; tRNA molecules
SECTION 3. DNA REPLICATION 10. small
1. copied 11. large
2. nucleus 12. amino acid; anticodon
3. S stage 13. A, iii; B, ii; C, i
4. cell 14. codons
5. pattern 15. anticodon
6. ATCCATG 16. stop codon
7. a, b, e
8. hydrogen SECTION 6. GENE EXPRESSION AND
9. old; new REGULATION
10. a; Refer to Figure 3.1 for a visual answer. 1. b, d
11. c 2. transcription
12. b 3. promoter
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Holt McDougal Biology 1 From DNA to Proteins

Study Guide A
Name Class Date
Study Guide A continued
4. operon; genes 3. unequal
5. d 4. attaches to
6. e 5. a, A T G C G T C C A T G A; b,
7. a Answers will vary. See Figure 7.2 for
8. c visual answer; c. Answers will vary and
9. b may be an insertion or a deletion. See
10. genes Figure 7.2 for visual answer.
11. starts 6. d
12. eukaryotic 7. e
13. protein 8. c
14. exon; tail; cap; intron 9. b
15. exon; intron 10. a
16. transcribed 11. germ
12. no
SECTION 7. MUTATIONS 13. mutagen
1. Gene mutations: a, c; Chromosomal 14. thymine
mutations: b, d 15. DNA
2. chromosomal mutation 16. a

Study Guide A
Name Class Date
Section 1: Identifying DNA as the Genetic Material
Study Guide A
KEY CONCEPT
DNA was identified as the genetic material through a series of experiments.
VOCABULARY
bacteriophage
MAIN IDEA: GRIFFITH FINDS A “TRANSFORMING PRINCIPLE.”
Check the appropriate boxes to indicate the results of Griffith’s experiments that
are listed below.
Results
Experiments Mice Lived Mice Died
1. Injected mice with live R bacteria. *
2. Injected mice with live S bacteria. *
3. Killed S bacteria and injected them into mice. *
4. Mixed killed S bacteria with R bacteria and *

injected them into mice.
Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.
5. The S / R form of bacteria caused disease in the mice.
6. Griffith concluded that there must be a “transforming principle” that changed

harmless bacteria into disease-causing bacteria / mice.
Bacteria

Study Guide A Section 1: Identifying DNA as the Genetic Material
Name Class Date
MAIN IDEA: AVERY IDENTIFIES DNA AS THE TRANSFORMING PRINCIPLE.

7. Avery and his team isolated Griffith’s transforming principle and performed
three tests to learn if it was DNA or protein.
In the table below, check the appropriate boxes to show the results of
each type of test.
Avery’s Question DNA Protein
What type of molecule does the transforming *

principle contain?
Are the chemical elements in the transforming principle *
more similar to DNA or protein?
Will transformation fail to occur after adding an *
enzyme that destroys DNA, or after adding an enzyme
that destroys protein?
MAIN IDEA: HERSHEY AND CHASE CONFIRM THAT DNA IS THE GENETIC
MATERIAL.
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
8. A bacteriophage has two main structures: a DNA molecule and a

______protein____ coat.
9. In their first experiment, Hershey and Chase tagged bacteriophages with
_______radioacive______ sulfur. Protein contains sulfur, but DNA does not.
10. In their second experiment, Hershey and Chase tagged bacteriophages with
______radioactive______ phosphorus. DNA contains phosphorus, but protein
contains very little phosphorus.
11. Radioactivity was only present in the bacteria that were infected with
phosphorus-tagged bacteriophages. This result indicated that the
bacteriophages’ ___dna_____ had entered the bacteria, but the protein had not.
Vocabulary Check
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes sentence.
12. A bacteriophage is a type of ___virus_______ that infects bacteria.

Study Guide A Section 1: Identifying DNA as the Genetic Material
Name Class Date
Section 2: Structure of DNA
Study Guide A
KEY CONCEPT
DNA structure is the same in all organisms.
VOCABULARY
nucleotide double helix base pairing rules

MAIN IDEA: DNA IS COMPOSED OF FOUR TYPES OF NUCLEOTIDES.
1. In the space below, draw a nucleotide and label the phosphate group, the
nitrogen-containing base, and the deoxyribose sugar.
2. How many types of nucleotides are present in DNA? ____four___

3. All nucleotides have two parts that are the same: the deoxyribose sugar and
________the phosphate group. The third part, ____the nitrogen-containing base_____,
is different.
MAIN IDEA: WATSON AND CRICK DEVELOPED AN ACCURATE MODEL OF

DNA’S
THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE.
4. Franklin’s data revealed that the structure of DNA is uniform / variable in
width. UNIFORM

Study Guide A Section 2: Structure of DNA
Name Class Date
5. Watson and Crick determined the three-dimensional shape of DNA by building

models / building genomes.
Building Models
6. DNA base pairing results in a molecule that has a uniform width. A
sugar-phosphate backbone is on the inside / outside. Inside the structure, a base
with two rings always pairs with a base with one / two ring(s).
Outside, One

Name Class Date
MAIN IDEA: NUCLEOTIDES ALWAYS PAIR IN THE SAME WAY.

7. The T nucleotide pairs with the ____A____ nucleotide, and the C nucleotide
pairs with the ____G____ nucleotide.
8. In the space below, draw a DNA double helix. Label the sugar-phosphate
backbone, the nitrogen-containing bases, and the hydrogen bonds.
Vocabulary Check
9. The DNA double helix is similar to a spiral staircase: the ___sugar phosphate
backbone___ is like the twisting handrails of the staircase, and the
_______nitrogen-containing base_____ are like the steps that connect the
railings to each other.
Select from the lettered list to fill in the blanks in the sentence below.
10. The base pairing rules of DNA relate to Chargaff’s rules. The base pairing
rules state that A only pairs with T and C only pairs with G. Therefore, the
amount of A will be _________c______ the amount of T, and the amount of C
will be ______c________ the amount of G.
a. less than
b. more than
c. equal to

Name Class Date
Section 3: DNA Replication
Study Guide A
KEY CONCEPT
DNA replication copies the genetic information of a cell.
VOCABULARY
replication DNA polymerase

MAIN IDEA: REPLICATION COPIES THE GENETIC INFORMATION.
Fill in the blank or circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.
1. DNA replication is the process by which DNA is copied / observed during the
cell cycle.
2. DNA replication takes place in the centrosome / nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
3. DNA is replicated during the M stage / S stage of the cell cycle.
4. DNA replication needs to occur so that every cell / organism will have a
complete set of DNA following cell division.
5. A template is something that serves as a __pattern__.
6. Suppose that one strand of DNA has the sequence TAGGTAC. Write down the
sequence of the complementary DNA strand. ____ATCCATG_______
MAIN IDEA: PROTEINS CARRY OUT THE PROCESS OF REPLICATION.

7. Circle all of the roles that proteins play during DNA replication.
a. They help unzip the DNA strand.
b. They hold the DNA strands apart.
c. They attach nucleotides to the nucleus.
d. They remove nucleotides from the DNA strands.
e. They bond nucleotides together.

Study Guide A Section 3: DNA Replication
Name Class Date
8. In order for the DNA strands to separate, the ___hydrogen________ bonds

connecting base pairs must be broken.
9. DNA replication is called semiconservative because each molecule consists of
one ____old___ strand and one ____new___ strand.
Place the following sentences in the correct order to summarize the steps of
replication. Draw a diagram showing each step.
a. Enzymes unzip the helix.
b. Two identical DNA molecules result.
c. DNA polymerase binds nucleotides together to form new strands that are
complementary to the original strands.
MAIN IDEA: REPLICATION IS FAST AND ACCURATE.

13. Human chromosomes have only one / hundreds of origin(s) of replication,

where the DNA is unzipped so replication can begin.
14. DNA polymerase has a proofreading function that enables it to detect errors /
enzymes and correct them.
Vocabulary Check
15. The suffix -ase indicates an enzyme. A polymer is a string of repeating

structural units. DNA polymerase is an enzyme that makes DNA by forming
bonds between _______nucleotides______________.

Study Guide A Section 3: DNA Replication
Name Class Date
Section 4: Transcription
Study Guide A
KEY CONCEPT
Transcription converts a gene into a single-stranded RNA molecule.
VOCABULARY
central dogma messenger RNA (mRNA)

RNA ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
transcription transfer RNA (tRNA)
RNA polymerase
MAIN IDEA: RNA CARRIES DNA’S INSTRUCTIONS.
Label the diagram below with each of the following processes: translation,
transcription, and replication.
For each process, write down whether it takes place in the nucleus or in the
cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell.
Place the following words and letters into the table below to contrast DNA
and RNA.
ribose deoxyribose double single U T
DNA RNA
4. Contains the sugar Contains the sugar

______deoxyribose______ _____ribose_______
5. Has the bases A, C, G, and __T__ Has the bases A, C, G, and __U__

Study Guide A Section 4: Transcription
Name Class Date

Name Class Date
MAIN IDEA: TRANSCRIPTION MAKES THREE TYPES OF RNA.

7. The enzyme that helps a cell to make a strand of RNA is called _____RNA
polymerase_____.
8. The following sentences summarize the three key steps of transcription.
Circle the word or phrase that best completes the sentence,
i. A large transcription complex, including RNA polymerase and other
proteins, assembles at the start of a gene / nucleus and begins to unwind
the DNA / RNA.
ii. Using one strand of the DNA as a template, DNA polymerase / RNA
polymerase strings together a complementary strand of RNA.
iii. The RNA strand attaches to / detaches from the DNA as it is transcribed,
and the DNA zips back together.
9. Identify which type of RNA (mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA) performs each of the
following functions.
____tRNA___ brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome to help
make the growing protein.
_____rRNA__ forms part of ribosomes.
_____mRNA__ is an intermediate message that is translated to form a
protein.
MAIN IDEA: THE TRANSCRIPTION PROCESS IS SIMILAR TO

REPLICATION.
10. Check the appropriate boxes to identify whether each of the following
processes is true of transcription, true of replication, or true of both
transcription and replication.
Transcription Replication Both

i. is catalyzed by large enzymes x
ii. is highly regulated by the cell x
iii. involves complementary base x

pairing of the DNA strand
iv. involves unwinding of the DNA x
double helix
v. occurs within the nucleus of x
eukaryotic cells

Name Class Date
11. Check the appropriate boxes to identify whether each of the following end
results is true of transcription, true of replication, or true of both transcription
and replication.
Transcription Replication Both
i. makes a double-stranded copy of all the x

DNA in a cell
ii. makes a single-stranded complement of x

only a particular DNA sequence.
iii. occurs only once during each round of the x

cell cycle
iv. occurs repeatedly throughout the cell cycle x

to make proteins, rRNAs, and tRNAs, as
needed by a cell
Vocabulary Check
12. The name of each type of RNA tells what it does.

mRNA is a form of the DNA message that tells the cell what type of
____protein___ to make.
rRNA is a key component of __ribosomes_____.
tRNA transfers, or carries, ____amino acids______ from the cytoplasm to the
ribosome.
13. Transcription is the process of copying a sequence of ___DNA__ to produce a
complementary strand of _RNA_.

Name Class Date
Section 5: Translation
Study Guide A
KEY CONCEPT
Translation converts an mRNA message into a polypeptide, or protein.
VOCABULARY
translation stop codon anticodon

codon start codon
MAIN IDEA: AMINO ACIDS ARE CODED BY MRNA BASE SEQUENCES.
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence or
answers the question.
1. Translation is the process that converts an mRNA message into a ___protein_.

2. A codon is a sequence of _three__ nucleotides that code for an amino acid.
3. Would the codons in Figure 5.1 in your textbook be found in a strand of DNA
or RNA? _RNA_
4. A reading frame is the order in which __nucleotides__ are read.
Refer to Figure 5.1 in this section of your textbook to complete the table below.
Codon Amino Acid or Function
5. AGA Arginine
6. UAG stop codon
7. UGG tryptophan (Trp)
8. GGA glycine
MAIN IDEA: AMINO ACIDS ARE LINKED TO BECOME A PROTEIN.
9. Ribosomes / Vesicles and tRNA molecules / DNA polymerase are the tools that
help a cell translate an mRNA message into a polypeptide.

Study Guide A Section 5: Translation
Name Class Date
10. The small / large subunit of a ribosome holds onto the mRNA strand.
11. The small / large subunit of a ribosome has binding sites for tRNA.
12. A tRNA molecule is attached to a(n) sugar / amino acid at one end and has
a(n) frame / anticodon at the other end.
13. Place the following sentences into the cycle diagram below to outline the steps
of translation.
i. The ribosome pulls the mRNA strand the length of one codon. The first
tRNA exits the ribosome, and another codon is exposed.
ii. The ribosome forms a peptide bond between the amino acids. It breaks the
bond between the first amino acid and tRNA.
iii. An exposed codon attracts a complementary tRNA bearing an amino acid.
Vocabulary Check
14. AGG, GCA, and GUU are examples of ___codons____.

15. A(n) __anticodon__ is a set of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is
complementary to an mRNA codon.
16. A __stop codon___ indicates where translation is to stop.

Study Guide A Section 5: Translation
Name Class Date
Section 6: Gene Expression and Regulation
Study Guide A
KEY CONCEPT
Gene expression is carefully regulated in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
VOCABULARY
promoter exon
operon intron
MAIN IDEA: PROKARYOTIC CELLS TURN GENES ON AND OFF BY
CONTROLLING TRANSCRIPTION.
1. Circle two reasons why gene expression is regulated in prokaryotic cells.
a. Regulation allows the cells to live for a longer period.
b. Regulation allows the cells to better respond to stimuli.
c. Regulation allows the cells to promote gene recognition.
d. Regulation allows the cells to conserve energy and materials.
2. In prokaryotic cells, gene expression is typically regulated at the start of

transcription / translation.
3. A(n) operator / promoter is a segment of DNA that helps RNA polymerase
recognize the start of a gene.
4. An exon / operon is a region of DNA that includes a promoter, an
operator, and one or more genes / introns that code for proteins needed
to carry out a task.
Complete the Cause-and-Effect Diagram describing the lac operon on the next
page by putting the letter for each sentence into the appropriate box.
a. Lactose binds to the repressor protein, and the repressor cannot bind
to the operon.
b. Lactose is broken down.
c. RNA polymerase can transcribe the genes.
d. RNA polymerase is blocked by the repressor.
e. The genes are not transcribed.

Study Guide A Section 6: Gene Expression and Regulation
Name Class Date

Name Class Date
MAIN IDEA: EUKARYOTIC CELLS REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION AT

MANY POINTS.
10. The cells in your body differ from each other, because they express different
sets of _genes___.
11. Transcription factors bind to the DNA and help RNA polymerase know where
a gene _starts___.
12. A TATA box is a promoter that is found in almost all
_____eukariotic____ cells.
13. “Sonic hedgehog” is an example of a ___protein__ that helps control the
expression of many other genes and plays an important role in establishing
body pattern.

Name Class Date
14. The diagrams below represent unprocessed and processed mRNA in a

eukaryotic cell.
Using the diagrams as a reference, fill in the legend with the corresponding
element from the following list: cap, exon, intron, tail.
Vocabulary Check
15. An exon differs from an intron. A(n) ___exon_ is a sequence of nucleotides

that is expressed in a protein, whereas a(n) __intron__ is an intervening
sequence of nucleotides that will be removed during mRNA processing.
16. A promoter is a DNA segment that allows a gene to be ___transcribed__.

Name Class Date
Section 7: Mutations
Study Guide A
KEY CONCEPT
Mutations are changes in DNA that may or may not affect phenotype.
VOCABULARY
mutation frameshift mutation

point mutation mutagen
MAIN IDEA: SOME MUTATIONS AFFECT A SINGLE GENE, WHILE OTHERS
AFFECT AN
ENTIRE CHROMOSOME.
1. From the following list, select the two types of mutations that are gene
mutations and select the two types that are chromosomal mutations.
a. frameshift mutation
b. gene duplication
c. point mutation (substitution)
d.translocation
Gene mutations: ___a,c___
Chromosomal mutations: ___b, d_____
2. Which type of mutation affects more genes, a gene mutation or a chromosomal
mutation? _____Chromosomal mutations______
3. Gene duplication happens when there is equal / unequal cross-over event.
Unequal
4. A translocation happens when a piece of one chromosome attaches to /
detaches from a nonhomologous chromosome.
Attaches to

Name Class Date
5. In the boxes below is a string of nucleotides.

a. Use brackets to indicate the reading frame of the nucleotide sequence.
b. Make a point mutation. Circle the mutation.
c. Make a frameshift mutation. Use brackets to indicate how the reading frame
would be altered by the mutation.
a. A T G C G T C C A T G A
b. A T G C G T C C A T G A
c. A T G C G T C C A T G A
MAIN IDEA: MUTATIONS MAY OR MAY NOT AFFECT PHENOTYPE.

Fill in the Cause-and-Effect Diagram using the phrases listed below to explain how
a point mutation may or may not affect phenotype.
a. altered splice site
b. lack of regulation
c. no change
d. noncoding regions
e. premature stop codon
11. For a mutation to be passed to offspring, it must occur in the

autosomal / germ cells.
Germ

Name Class Date
MAIN IDEA: MUTATIONS CAN BE CAUSED BY SEVERAL FACTORS.

12. Can DNA polymerase catch and correct every replication error? ___No__
13. An agent in the environment that can change DNA is called a
____Mutagen___.
14. UV light damages a DNA strand by causing neighboring ___Thymine___
nucleotides to break their hydrogen bonds to adenine and bond with
each other instead.
Vocabulary Check
15. A mutation is a change in an organism’s ___DNA_____.

16. If a nucleotide is deleted from a strand of DNA, what type of mutation
has occurred?
a. frameshift mutation
b. gene duplication
c. point mutation (substitution)
d. translocation


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Name Class Date

From DNA to Proteins

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 1 From DNA to Proteins

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 2 From DNA to Proteins

Experiments Mice Lived Mice Died

1. Injected mice with live R bacteria. *

2. Injected mice with live S bacteria. *

3. Killed S bacteria and injected them into mice. *

4. Mixed killed S bacteria with R bacteria and *

5. The S / R form of bacteria caused disease in the mice.

6. Griffith concluded that there must be a “transforming principle” that changed

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 1 From DNA to Proteins

MAIN IDEA: AVERY IDENTIFIES DNA AS THE TRANSFORMING PRINCIPLE.

What type of molecule does the transforming *

8. A bacteriophage has two main structures: a DNA molecule and a

12. A bacteriophage is a type of ___virus_______ that infects bacteria.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 2 From DNA to Proteins

nucleotide double helix base pairing rules

2. How many types of nucleotides are present in DNA? ____four___

MAIN IDEA: WATSON AND CRICK DEVELOPED AN ACCURATE MODEL OF

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 3 From DNA to Proteins

5. Watson and Crick determined the three-dimensional shape of DNA by building

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 4 From DNA to Proteins

Study Guide A continued

MAIN IDEA: NUCLEOTIDES ALWAYS PAIR IN THE SAME WAY.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 5 From DNA to Proteins

replication DNA polymerase

MAIN IDEA: PROTEINS CARRY OUT THE PROCESS OF REPLICATION.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 6 From DNA to Proteins

8. In order for the DNA strands to separate, the ___hydrogen________ bonds

MAIN IDEA: REPLICATION IS FAST AND ACCURATE.

13. Human chromosomes have only one / hundreds of origin(s) of replication,

15. The suffix -ase indicates an enzyme. A polymer is a string of repeating

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 7 From DNA to Proteins

central dogma messenger RNA (mRNA)

4. Contains the sugar Contains the sugar

Holt McDougal Biology 8 From DNA to Proteins

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 9 From DNA to Proteins

MAIN IDEA: TRANSCRIPTION MAKES THREE TYPES OF RNA.

MAIN IDEA: THE TRANSCRIPTION PROCESS IS SIMILAR TO

Transcription Replication Both

ii. is highly regulated by the cell x

iii. involves complementary base x

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 10 From DNA to Proteins

i. makes a double-stranded copy of all the x

ii. makes a single-stranded complement of x

iii. occurs only once during each round of the x

iv. occurs repeatedly throughout the cell cycle x

12. The name of each type of RNA tells what it does.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 11 From DNA to Proteins

translation stop codon anticodon

12. A bacteriophage is a type of _virus_____ that infects bacteria.

2. How many types of nucleotides are present in DNA? __four_

8. In order for the DNA strands to separate, the _hydrogen______ bonds

14. AGG, GCA, and GUU are examples of _codons__.

15. A mutation is a change in an organism’s _DNA___.