2023 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo, Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific)
A Novel Compound Hybrid Flux Machine Towards
Electric Vehicle Traction
2023 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo, Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific) | 979-8-3503-1427-4/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ITECAsia-Pacific59272.2023.10372283
Zaixin Song *
State Key Laboratory of Ultra-precision Yongtao Liang
Machining Technology, Department of Department of Industrial and Systems
Industrial and Systems Engineering, Engineering, The Hong Kong
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Polytechnic University
Hung Hom, Hong Kong Hung Hom, Hong Kong
*Corresponding Author yongtao.liang@polyu.edu.hk
zaixin.song@polyu.edu.hk
Abstract—It is recognized that there is a recent need for
direct-drive machines in electric traction systems. The
transverse-flux machine (TFM) is an excellent candidate for
electric vehicle (EV) traction due to its short effective flux path
and high torque density. Yet, TFMs typically suffer from a large
longitudinal size and face difficulty arranging toroidal coils for
ordinary inner-rotor machines. Thus, this study proposes a
novel compound double-stator hybrid flux machine (CDS-
HFM) topology in order to create more compact and powerful
EV drives. In the CDS-HFM, the poly phases are distributed
along the circumferential direction with end regions physically
isolated. Normal toroidal coils are improved as concentrated
coils. The CDS-HFM combines the transverse and modulated
flux from permanent magnet vernier machine. Its operational
principle is introduced and analyzed by a separate flux path
modeling method. The effectiveness of this idea was verified
through quantitative performance evaluation using 3-D finite
element analysis.
Keywords—transverse flux machine, hybrid flux, double
stator, electric vehicle traction
I. INTRODUCTION
Regarding key power components in electric vehicles
(EVs), direct-drive (DD) and high torque density machines
have become emerging approaches for traction motors to
realize both high energy efficiency and compact structure [1],
[2]. Novel DD machines have been studied by many
researchers, including the permanent magnet (PM) vernier
machine, double-stator (DS) vernier machine, magnetic-
geared double-rotor machine, axial-flux machine, and
transverse-flux machine (TFM) [3], [4], [5]. Among them, the
TFM has a unique structure and fresh operational principle,
which results in its pros and cons.
An ordinary TFM employs a toroidal coil through
segmented stator cores in one phase unit to obtain flux linkage.
As a result, the stator core is like claw poles, and the poly
phases must be arranged in the axial direction with a
geometrical angle shift [6]. The motor outline is thus by no
means of a slim disc shape, which is inferior for vehicle
traction [7]. It is simple and convenient to change the initial
design between large-torque and high-speed traction
practices.
A few attempts at novel topologies and technologies to
improve the performance of TFMs have been made. A Z-core
TFM is designed to maximize PM utilization and shorten the
flux loop [8]. The regular ring-shaped coil can be wound with
cross-linking fluxes under limited stator segments instead of
all circumferential stator poles [9]. Inheriting the Z-core
shape, a novel E-core TFM with a double-side Halbach PM
array is proposed in [10] in order to concentrate the magnetic
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979-8-3503-1427-4/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE
Yujie Chen
Department of Industrial and Systems
Engineering, The Hong Kong
Polytechnic University
Hung Hom, Hong Kong
yujie217.chen@connect.polyu.hk
flux. It also enhances the utilization of effective PM fluxes
[11]. In line with the torque generation principle, parallel
stator teeth must face reverse PM fluxes, while staggered
stator teeth forming claw poles should face homopolar fluxes
[12]. Power factor improvement can be found in [13], [14] by
an optimal stator pole design to reduce leakage fluxes. Besides
rotary machines, linear machines, tubular machines, and other
types can be combined with the concept of transverse flux.
[15] proposes a novel tubular switched reluctance TFM for
long-stroke linear motion. The natural axial phases obviously
match the tubular machine configuration. With alternating
PMs arranged in two perpendicular directions, the flux-
reversal and transverse-flux principles interact in a novel
linear machine [16]. The stator yoke design is worth exploring
to enhance flux isolation regarding all the orientations [17].
The time-consuming 3-D finite element analysis (FEA)
discourages the designer to conduct a sweeping optimization,
while some scholars adopt analytical methods [18], [19]. Only
the magnetic circuit model, though, is suitable for TFM
calculation because the governing equations for 3-D magnetic
fields are tough to solve [20], [21], [22].
Although receiving increasing attention, existing TFMs
still hold several intrinsic drawbacks. First, the axially split
phases in both rotary and tabular TFMs cause large
longitudinal size and make them far from compact traction
application. Second, the great leakage fluxes in multiple end
regions lower the torque density and power factor. Third, the
assembling of toroidal coils is troublesome for the common
inner-rotor traction framework [23]. In this paper, a novel
compound double-stator hybrid flux machine (CDS-HFM)
topology is proposed for direct-drive traction (DDT). It
possesses distinct features for electric traction of flat and
compact outline, flexible phase arrangement, involvement of
modulated flux, high torque density, high material utilization,
etc. The following parts of this articles analyze the operational
principle and quantitatively evaluate its performance.
II. CDS-HFM TOPOLOGY AND OPERATIONAL PRINCIPLE
A. Machine Topology
The diagrammatic representation of the suggested DDT
system alongside the innovative CDS-HFM topology is
shown in Fig. 1. A wheel hub system in Fig. 1(a) is utilized
for the integration of the traction machine. The tire is linked
to one terminal of the rotor, while the inner/outer stators are
merged on the opposite side. This setup is endowed with a
simplified configuration.
Fig. 1(b) illustrates the radially sandwiched structure of the
proposed CDS-HFM, comprising one central rotor and two
stators. Inheriting the staggered-tooth stator design, the inner
 2023 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo, Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific)
Tire Hub
Stator
Winding
Runner
Bearing
Shaft
(a)
(b)
Fig. 1. (a) Proposed DDT system architecture; (b) Exploded view of the
novel CDS-HFM topology.
stator core incorporates three salient pole groups to obtain coil
flux linkage. Adjacent stator pole groups exhibit an electrical
angle shift of 180° and interface with opposite magnetic
polarities from the PMs. The conventional toroidal coils used
in machines with two stator pole groups and a single axial air
gap have been modified through the integration of
concentrated coils embedded within the two axial air gaps
among the three tooth groups. This innovative design enables
the circumferential arrangement of polyphase (m-phase) coils
by omitting selected stator poles. The stator poles and coils
under one phase constitute a modular unit, while other phases
consist of duplicates of that unit with a geometric angle shift
of 360°/m. The outer air gap flux is harnessed to perform
electromagnetic energy conversion via the outer wound stator
with reduced pole count. Hence, the inner stator and rotor
comprise a TFM, whereas the outer stator and shared rotor
form a PM vernier machine. The proposed CDS-HFM
synergistically combines the advantages of both machine
types while overcoming inherent design constraints. In short,
the radially integrated double-stator topology with multiphase
concentrated winding enables decoupled control of both
machines and expanded design flexibility.
B. Operational Principle
The transverse flux loops within the space of one pole pair,
where either the PMs or inner stator poles must demonstrate
two polarities of magnetic flux. Fig. 2 illustrates two basic
patterns of constructing the transverse flux. Fig. 2(a) shows
the parallel-tooth stator with bipolar magnetic poles in the
transverse direction, while Fig. 2(b) shows the staggered-tooth
stator with unipolar magnetic poles. They have different
features. The former enhances the utilization of the stator core
material but causes complex magnet arrays on the rotor. The
magnet polarity must change with adjacent stator poles, in
both radial and axial direction. The enlarged end region for
magnet arrays results in great leakage flux and low power
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(a) (b)
Fig. 2. Operational principle of transverse flux. (a) Parallel-tooth stator with
bipolar magnets; (b) Staggered-tooth stator with unipolar magnets.
Fig. 3. Equivalent magnetic circuit model of TFM flux branch.
factor. The multiple flux paths are treated in parallel. In
contrast, the latter only modifies the shape of the stator core
but remains the normal surface-mounted PM (SPM) or interior
PM (IPM) rotor shape. The flux path is in series within one
pole pair. This arrangement facilitates the use of the rotor flux
on the other side. To make full use of bilateral rotor fluxes, a
SPM rotor must abandon the rotor back iron that serves as a
field shield. Yet, this will lead to a less-robust rotor body. In
contrast, an IPM rotor with a spoke-type topology provides
parallel main flux paths on both sides and concentrates the
tangential flux on the air gaps through soft magnetic poles.
The proposed CDS-HFM combines the TFM mechanism
and the principle illustrated in Fig. 2(b) using a three-level
staggered-tooth stator to hold concentrated phase coils. All
four coil sides on the inner stator effectively induce back-
electromotive force (EMF), with the in-slot sides cutting the
transverse magnetic flux, and the end sides forming a loop and
cutting the radial magnetic flux. Polyphase coils sacrifice
some stator poles. The flux-modulation effect is conducted by
both the outer stator teeth and the rotor magnetic blocks. It can
be formulated by (1), where 𝑁 , 𝑁 are the numbers of
inner and outer stator poles; 𝑝 represents the number of rotor
pole pairs; 𝑝 is the number of outer-stator armature pole
pairs.
𝑁 =𝑝 =𝑁 −𝑝 (1)
III. ANALYSIS OF HYBRID FLUX
The unique spoke-type rotor design for the CDS-HFM
provides hybrid fluxes in parallel for vernier machine and
TFM. Thus, their influence is negligible. In the following
analysis, the flux paths of vernier machine and TFM are
respectively considered.
A. Inner Flux Branch for TFM
The TFM flux branch of CDS-HFM can be analyzed by an
equivalent magnetic circuit (EMC) model as is illustrated in
Fig. 3. This model is built under one pole-pair spaces. Here,
the flux sources in the form of magnetomotive force (MMF)
are 𝐹 and 𝐹 ; 𝑅 is the PM reluctance; 𝑅 is the rotor
core reluctance; 𝑅 , 𝑅 are the leakage reluctances of PM
 2023 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo, Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific)

flux through air in the rotational and axial direction; 𝑅 refers

TABLE I
to the air-gap reluctance, while 𝑅 refers to the overall inner Benchmark Design Parameters of CDS-HFM
stator reluctance in the flux loop. In specific, the flux sources
Item and Symbol Value
can be calculated by (2). Max diameter of inner stator 𝐷 55 mm
Min diameter of middle rotor 𝐷 57 mm
𝐹 =ℎ ⋅𝑤 ,𝐹 =𝑁 ⋅𝐼 (2) Innermost shaft diameter 𝐷 30 mm
Air-gap length, inner 𝑔 and outer 𝑔 1 mm
The air-gap reluctance with full tooth-tip area is expressed Max diameter of middle rotor 𝐷 68 mm
as (3), where 𝜇 is the air permeability; 𝑔 is the air-gap length; Max diameter of motor 𝐷 95 mm
𝜃 is the angular span of tooth tips; 𝐷 is the maximum radius Axial length of motor 𝐿 26 mm
of inner stator; 𝑏 is the tooth length in the axial direction. Axial length of TFM tooth group 𝑏 6 mm
Axial length of TFM coil gap 𝑏 4 mm
Similarly, the PM reluctance is expressed as (4), where 𝜇 is
Rated rotational speed 𝑛 600 r/min
the PM permeability; ℎ is the radial magnet height; 𝑏 is the
coil-placing gap length in the axial direction. Only half of the TABLE II
magnet height is thought of valid for the TFM flux branch. Different CDS-HFM Schemes
Scheme 𝒎 𝒑 /𝑵 /𝒑 Phase unity of TFM
2𝑔
𝑅 = (3) 1 16/18/2 Yes
𝜇 𝜃𝐷 𝑏 2 3 20/24/4 No
3 22/24/2 Yes
2𝑤
𝑅 = (4) 6 6
𝜇 ℎ 3𝑏 + 2𝑏 Fund. (100%) 16/18/2 Fund. (100%) 16/18/2
5 20/24/4 5 20/24/4

Percent to Fund. (%)

Percent to Fund. (%)

Based on the sector shape, the TFM rotor flux flows by the
rotor core and experiences a reluctance of (5), where 𝜇 is the
core permeability; 𝜃 is the angular span of a rotor core
segment; 𝐷 is the minimum radius of rotor.
22/24/2 22/24/2
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1

0 0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
𝜃 Order Order
𝑅 =
𝐷 +ℎ (5) (a) (b)
2𝜇 3𝑏 + 2𝑏 ln 𝐷
Fig. 4. Harmonic contents of phase back-EMF in dual winding groups. (a)
TFM; (b) Vernier machine.
According to the circuit topology, the total flux in the TFM 4.0 80
2.5
branch under open-circuit operation can be derived as (6), 3.5
Scheme 1
Scheme 2
2.0
where 𝑅 = 𝑅 + 2𝑅 refers to the reluctance of the coil 3.0 Scheme 3 60

Ripple Rate (%)

Torque (Nm)
Torque (Nm)

2.5 Scheme 1 Cogging

1.5
flux path. The open-circuit tooth flux becomes (7), after the 2.0
Scheme 2
Scheme 3 40
TFM Rated
Vernier Rated
subtraction of leakage fluxes. The effect of armature reaction 1.5 1.0 Motor Rated

on the tooth flux can be expressed as (8). At the flux- 1.0 20 0.5
enhancing axis, the resultant coil flux will be added as (9), 0.5
0.0
0.0 TFM Vernier Motor TFM Vernier Motor 0
while at the flux-weakening axis, it will be subtracted. Rated Rated Rated Rated Rated Rated 0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Condition Angle (elec.deg)
(a) (b)
𝐹
𝛷 = (6) Fig. 5. Torque performance. (a) Comparison of torque production and ripple
𝑅 + 𝑅 ∥ 𝑅 + 𝑅 ∥𝑅 rate; (b) Torque waveforms of the scheme 22/24/2 at different conditions.

B. Outer Flux Branch for PM Vernier Machine

( )
𝛷 =𝛷 −𝛷 −𝛷 (7) The vernier machine flux branch should be analyzed as a
whole in the form of air-gap wave functions (distributed MMF
( ) 𝐹 by PM and armature, and the air-gap permeance function).
𝛷 = (8) The rotor and outer stator share the same electrical frequency
𝑅 + (𝑅 ∥𝑅 ) ∥𝑅 +𝑅 but different geometrical speeds. The magnetic flux through
one outer-stator coil is approximated as (12). Subsequently,
𝛷
( )
=𝛷
( )
±𝛷
( )
(9) the coil flux linkage can be expressed as (13). The induced
voltage is derived as (14).
The phase-A coil flux linkage can be calculated by (10),
where 𝐾 is the number of stator poles enclosed by the coil 𝜋𝑦𝐷 3𝑏 + 2𝑏
( )
region. Subsequently, the induced voltage of phase-A coil is 𝛷 (𝑡) = 𝐵 (𝜃, 𝑡) 𝑑θ (12)
given by (11). 𝑁

( )
𝜓 =𝐾 𝑁 𝛷
( )
(10) 𝜓 (𝑡) = 𝑁 Σ 𝛷 (𝑡) (13)

( ) ( )
𝑑𝜓 𝑑𝛷 𝑑𝜓 𝑑𝛷 (14)
𝑉 =− = −𝐾 𝑁 (11) 𝑉 =− = −𝑁 Σ
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

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Fig. 6. Magnetic field distribution of 22/24/2 under different working conditions.

A B C A-B B-C C-A
IV. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION BY FEA 100
180
Percent of EMF Ampl. (%)

Phase Angle of EMF (deg)

By 3-D FEA tools, the performance of the novel CDS- 80
31.3 34.7 30.0 32.1 32.4 35.2 32.7 150 63 66 69 66 57 60 57

HFM can be accurately evaluated. At first, benchmark design 60

120
29.5
parameters are listed in TABLE I for the following appropriate 28.1
35.1
31.7 32.4
35.5
32.8 90 60 54 48 48 66 66 63
40
comparisons. 60
20 40.7 40.5 36.2 35.2 34.5 30 57 60 63 66 57 60
30.2 29.3 54
A. Slot/Pole Combination 0 0
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
In principle, the slot/pole counts of TFM are arbitrary, but No. of Poles/Phase coil No. of Poles/Phase coil
(a) (b)
the rotor pole count should meet the flux-modulation relation
(1) involving the outer stator. Yet, the radially arranged Fig. 7. Electrical asymmetries in 3-phase 20/24/4 scheme without phase
unity. (a) EMF amplitude; (b) EMF phase difference.
concentrated coils can cause structural and flux asymmetries A B C D E A B C D E F
among different phases. For symmetrical poly phases, the 8
6
5-phase TFM + 5-phase Vernier (21/20/1) 6
4
EMF (V)

2 4
phase unity must satisfy the relation of (15), where 𝛥𝜃 is the 0
-2
-4 2
EMF (V)

geometrical shift angle between adjacent phases. Thus, (15) is -6

-8 0
8
simplified to (16). The phase unity is only related to 𝑚 and 𝑝 .
5-phase TFM + 3-phase Vernier (22/24/2)
6 -2
4
EMF (V)

2
If the stator within one-phase space is not the duplicate of any 0
-2
-4

other phases, irregular thin poles may appear to greatly -4

-6
-8
-6 6-phase TFM + 3-phase Vernier (22/24/2)

0 60 120 180 240 300 360

influence the local magnetic flux distribution. 0 60 120 180 240
Angle (elec.deg)
300 360 Angle (elec.deg)

(a) (b)
2𝜋/𝑚 − 𝛥𝜃 Fig. 8. Polyphase back-EMF waveforms of inner-stator windings at 600
∈ 𝑵 ∗ , 𝛥𝜃 = 2𝜋/(𝑚 ⋅ 𝑝 ) (15) r/min. (a) 5-phase TFM 5-phase vernier 21/20/1 and 5-phase TFM 3-phase
2𝜋/𝑝
vernier 22/24/2 schemes; (b) 6-phase TFM 3-phase vernier 22/24/2 scheme.

𝑝 −1 distortion. However, its phase asymmetry will affect the

∈ 𝑵∗
𝑚 profile.
To this end, this section investigates three different
slot/pole combinations for the CDS-HFM topology and
explores the basic performance variation. They are listed in
TABLE II.
Fig. 4 analyzes the harmonic contents of phase back-EMF
in dual winding groups, i.e., TFM and vernier machine. The
total harmonic distortions of the EMF in TFM windings are
7.88%, 4.48%, and 5.29% for the three schemes, while those
in vernier machine windings are 6.88%, 3.70%, and 4.44%. It
is clear that scheme 2 (20/24/4), experiences the lowest EMF
(16) torque performance more saliently than the phase EMF
The aforementioned claim is verified by Fig. 5, i.e., the
torque performance of the three schemes at 600 r/min.
Different working conditions are evaluated, namely the TFM
rated load, vernier rated load, and motor synergistic rated load.
Fig. 5(a) shows that the scheme 16/18/2 outputs the greatest
torque. This can be explained by the reduced number of slots
and more space for conductors in the outer stator. The major
contribution is from the vernier machine. Meanwhile, the
scheme 22/24/2 has the lowest torque ripple. Its smooth torque
waveforms are revealed in Fig. 5(b). In contrast, 20/24/4

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experiences significant torque fluctuation attributed to the TABLE III

phase asymmetry. Under different working conditions, the Winding Inductance of DS-HFM
internal field distribution of 22/24/2 is illustrated in Fig. 6. Scheme Winding Inductance (Unit: mH/100-Turn)
TFM Ph. A Ph. B Ph. C
B. Phase Arrangement Average 3.67 -1.84 -1.84
For a 3-phase 20/24/4 scheme without phase unity, the Scheme 1:
Maximum 3.84 -1.63 -1.60
electrical asymmetries are quantified by Fig. 7. The influence Minimum 3.54 -2.05 -2.07
3-phase
comes from the variation of the number of stator poles Vernier Ph. A Ph. B Ph. C
16/18/2
Average 60.1 -30.0 -30.1
enclosed by one TFM coil. It is proved that the degree of Maximum 60.8 -29.2 -29.1
asymmetry becomes more obvious when one phase coil Minimum 59.5 -30.9 -30.9
encloses fewer poles. Both the EMF amplitude and phase TFM Ph. A Ph. B Ph. C
difference experience this mechanism. Fig. 8 presents the Average 4.00 -1.93 -1.94
polyphase EMF waveforms induced in TFM coils. As (16) Maximum 4.24 -1.35 -1.78
Scheme 2:
implies, 22 pole pairs retain the phase unity for 3-phase but Minimum 3.67 -2.46 -2.09
3-phase
Vernier Ph. A Ph. B Ph. C
not for 5 or 6-phase. As Fig. 8(a) reveals, the flux modulation 20/24/4
Average 12.5 -6.26 -6.26
of vernier machine has an evident effect on the electrical Maximum 12.5 -6.23 -6.21
symmetry of TFM. Modulation based on a 3-phase 24-slot Minimum 12.5 -6.29 -6.31
stator brings asymmetry to inner-stator phase back-EMF. If TFM Ph. A Ph. B Ph. C
dual stators are 5-phase designs, the field that each Average 3.61 -1.81 -1.81
concentrated coil faces is identical. After all, the 6-phase Maximum 3.89 -1.72 -1.55
Scheme 3:
Minimum 3.25 -1.92 -2.04
winding is comprised of dual sets of 3-phase windings with 3-phase
Vernier Ph. A Ph. B Ph. C
30° electrical angle shift, so each set retains internal phase 22/24/2
Average 29.2 -14.6 -14.6
unity. Yet, the angle shift between two sets is no longer 30°, Maximum 29.3 -14.5 -14.5
which conforms to the results in Fig. 7(b). Therefore, with the Minimum 29.1 -14.7 -14.7
existence of flux modulation, the CDS-HFM topology must
adopt an identical number of phases for both armatures. 60
16/18/2
C. Inductance and Mechanical Offset 50 20/24/4

Ripple Rate (%)

22/24/2
40
When the armature field is excited on the d-axis, the
30
winding inductance of the three schemes can be analyzed in
20
TABLE III. All the calculations are converted to the unit of
mH per 100-turn coil, regarding that the inductance in 10

principle is proportional to the square number of turns. Also, 0

the rotation-relying variation of the inductance is considered,
so the maximum and minimum values are summarized.
TABLE III indicates that the flux linkage of vernier machine
is stronger than that of TFM. Although the hybrid flux is
involved, the inductance of vernier machine windings is
almost unchanged with rotation. In this case, the vernier
machine can be regarded as non-salient. In contrast, the TFM
coils see certain fluctuations of inductance.
The proposed CDS-HFM comprises dual stators and
armature windings. Therefore, in addition to the self-
inductance within each winding set, the mutual inductance
between the dual stators must be considered. This mutual
inductance is influenced by the mechanical offset angle (𝛾 )
between the two stators, which alters the magnetic circuits and
flux paths. Fig. 9 delineates the results for inductance versus
the mechanical offset angle with respect to both magnitude
and ripple rate. The color bands in Fig. 9(a) demarcate the
inductance fluctuation range as the rotor angle varies for each
case, while Fig. 9(b) provides the ripple rate values of the
motor inductance when the winding axes of the dual stators
are non-orthogonal. The inductance exhibits a sinusoidal
characteristic as the offset angle 𝛾 is modulated over one
circumference. Since the transverse flux machine topology is
not constrained by slot/pole combinations, the sinusoidal
wave number equals 𝑝 . The results demonstrate that the
20/24/4 motor inductance has the smallest magnitude, which
is unfavorable for current control and flux weakening
operations. The 16/18/2 scheme sees the largest inductance
but also higher ripple than the 22/24/2 configuration. In
summary, the mutual inductance between the concentric inner
and outer stators is strongly dependent on their relative
mechanical offset angle due to the resulting variation in flux
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Offset Angle g (deg)
(a) (b)
Fig. 9. Motor inductance versus mechanical offset angle 𝛾. (a) Magnitude;
(b) Ripple rate.
path geometry. Therefore, the inductance must be optimized
to balance these competing objectives based on the target
application. The 22/24/2 design offers a compromise with
moderately high inductance while maintaining sufficiently
low ripple for effective torque production.
V. CONCLUSION
This article aims to design, analyze and evaluate a novel
CDS-HFM for EV DDT. The combination of vernier machine
and TFM obtains distinct merits of high torque density and
flux controllability. In order to share the middle PM rotor, the
TFM stator should have staggered-tooth structure. Bilateral
main flux can be modeled and analyzed separately with
different methods. The design of CDS-HFM is more flexible
than other compound machine structures, but some slot/pole
combinations are still invalid or imperfect as per phase
structural unity. In addition to slot/pole counts, the phase
count can change the flux modulation and impress the effect
on back-EMF profiles by harmonics, phase difference,
symmetry, and on torque profile by ripple rate. The unique
mutual inductance is subject to the mechanical offset angle
and shows a sine characteristic with a wave number of 𝑝 .
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was mainly supported by the funding support to
State Key Laboratories in Hong Kong from the Innovation and
Technology Commission (ITC) of the Government of the
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), China.

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 2023 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo, Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific)
Authors would also like to express their sincere thanks to the
financial support from the Research and Innovation Office
(Project code: P0046009 and BBX2) of The Hong Kong
Polytechnic University. This work was also supported in part
by Start-up Fund for research assistant professors under the
Strategic Hiring Scheme (P0043917) from The Hong Kong
Polytechnic University.
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