68 Influence of flow regimes of movement and accumulation of transportation to increase toxicity of ...

INFLUENCE OF FLOW REGIMES OF MOVEMENT AND

ACCUMULATION OF TRANSPORTATION TO INCREASE TOXICITY OF
EXHAUST GAS EMISSIONS BY CITIES LINES
V. Poroseatcovschii, PhD, V. Plamadeala, PhD student
Technical University of Moldova

In terms of transport flows dense engine M p c′ b′

operating conditions lead to extensive exhaust aM = − ; bM = ;
100n p 10n p
emissions into the atmosphere. We think the amount
of emissions ∑
N i is proportional with amount cM = M p a′ – coefficients equal torque;
time of engines operating under non-standard Ga – vehicle weight, kg;
transmission schemes, therefore: uT – automobile transmission gear ratio;
ηT – transmission efficiency car;
∑N i = F(t) (1) rm – car wheel rolling radius, m;
Mp – engine torque at maximum power, Nm;
where: ∑ N – total emissions of toxic substances.
i
np – speeds of the crankshaft of the engine
at maximum power, rot/min;
∑ N = n t A + n t A + ... + n t A (2)
i 11 1 2 2 2 n n n
ψ – road drag coefficient;
a', b', c' – coefficients, which depend on
where: n1 , n2 ,...nn – quantity of toxic substances engine type and number of times;
t1 – time of the acceleration of the vehicle
emitted n1 , n2 ,...nn by a car, m3/s; on S1.
t1 , t2 ,...tn – emission of these substances On the S1 during vehicle movement, t1
during the performance of distance relationship can be determined from power balance:
measurement Si;
Ga ⎛ dv ⎞
A1 , A2 ,... An – groups of cars with dt = δ ⎜⎜ 2 i ⎟ (4)
g ⎝ avi + bvi + c ⎟⎠
characteristic toxic emission n1 , n2 ,...nn .
Sectors characteristic of the measurements Solving differential equality (4) has the
may be areas of acceleration, braking and uniform form:
movement.
Ga
Let's examine the three regimes of movement δ v2

of cars in the areas of acceleration S1 speed v1, g 2avi + b − b 2 − 4ac

t1 = ln
movement in the regime S2 speed v2 and brake S3 b 2 − 4ac 2avi + b + b 2 − 4ac v1
speed v3 on all the intersections between city bus S
= S1 + S2 + S3.
The distance travelled by the automobile (
if b 2 − 4ac > 0 ) (5)
sector to accelerate S1, relationship can be
Ga
determined: 2δ
g 2avi + b
1 ⎧ Ga ⎫ t1 = arctg
S1 = ⎨ δ ln avi + bv1 + c
2 v2
v1 −bt1 ⎬ (3) 4ac − b 2
4ac − b 2
2a ⎩ g ⎭
(
if b 2 − 4ac < 0 ) (6)
u 3η 3 uη
where: a = aM T 3 T − kF ; b = bM T T ; Ga
rm rm 2δ
u
c = cM T − Gaψ – coefficients equal
t1 =
g
2avi + b
(
if b 2 − 4ac = 0 ) (7)
rm
balance of power; Time t1 is active toxic emissions during
acceleration. In this case it is necessary to focus on
dynamics of acceleration of a the less dynamic
 Influence of flow regimes of movement and accumulation of transportation to increase toxicity of ... 69

group of cars. After this group of cars, the attention According to his Lithil and Witham [1]:
can be driven at medium speeds of the transport
flow: ⎛q ⎞
M = cq ln⎜⎜ i ⎟⎟ (14)
S1 ⎝q⎠
vmed1 = (8)
t1 where: q – transport traffic flow density, auto/km;
qi – maximum density of traffic (in case of
On the S2 – when reaching by the car speed v2 congestion v = 0 km/h; qi = 228 auto/mile);
it can move within the following traffic c – movement speed, set at maximum
arrangements: capacity crossing (c = 17,2 mile/h).
1. constant speed v2 as a single car or a reduced
intensity of traffic flow; M
Since q = , then:
2. in a dense flow with variable intensity of v
transport movements;
3. in the transport stream after leader. Δt =
( Ai ± 1)T (15)
Consider the distribution of intervals in the qv
transport stream is subject to the distribution of
Poisson [1]. From equation (15) shows that at one and the
i same density q, time Δt is greater, when v transport
⎛ M⎞ stream speed v is less.
M ⎜ Δt ⎟
− Δt
⎝ T ⎠ If Δt > t2, then the movement of vehicle in
Pi (Δt ) = e T
(9)
i! traffic flow is being performed uniformly with
speed v2. However, if Δt < t2, then the movement of
where: Pi (Δt ) – transition probability i vehicles vehicle in traffic flow is being performed after the
tracking the benchmark in period Δt; leader and flow velocity can be determined by
M – number of cars that pass by this relations:
benchmark for the entire period of follow- va = 78,0 – 0,0385 M – for cars
up; (16)
T – follow-up period. If T = 1 hour (3600 s), vc = 54,2 – 0,0122 M – for trucks
M
then the relationship m = expresses the Sector length S2 = v2t2. Speed v2 may be
T
restricted by appropriate signs prohibiting or
mathematical expectation of the number of
limiting the speed or limit speed driving in the city
cars at the benchmark in a second. Taking
v2 ≤ 60 km/h.
this into account, equation (9) takes the
On the S3 car slows down approaching the
following form:
intersection traffic when light signals change. The
Pi (Δt ) = e − Δtm = e − λ (10) balance of movement of the car when braking (the
motor is disconnected from the transmission) has
where: λ = Δtm = Ai – number of cars passing the form:
through this part (sector) during Δt . Fj = Ft + Gaψ + kFva2 (17)
Taking into account the distribution of
properties Poisson can be written that: where: Ft = Gaφcosα – car wheels brake force;
Fj – car inertial force for critical brake.
Ai AT Solving the equality (17) we determine the
Δt = = i (11)
m M braking time on sector S3:
The average number of cars Ai, on the lane ⎛ kFgvi3 ⎞
⎜⎜ vi − ⎟
3δGa ⎟⎠
will be:
t3 = ⎝ (18)
Ai = Ai ± Ai = Δtm + 1 (12) ⎡g ⎤
⎢⎣ δ (ϕ + ψ )⎥⎦
From equation (12) is found time Δt :
where: vi – initial braking speed depending on the
Δt =
( Ai ± 1) =
( Ai ± 1)T (13) density flow transport.
m M Considering the final speed braking zero
distance S3 of braking sector can be determined:
70 Influence of flow regimes of movement and accumulation of transportation to increase toxicity of ...

t3vi
S3 = (19)
2
The total number of cars that are on the lane
in the direction of movement is determined from the
relationship (12). Considering the relation (2)
groups of the same type car, it can be written:

∑N i = n1t1 A1 + n2t2 A2 + n3t3 A3 (20)

where: n1 , n2 , n3 – quantity of toxic substances

emitted by a car during the regimes of
acceleration, braking and uniform
movement given m3/s;
A1 , A2 , A3 – number of cars that move on
acceleration, braking and uniform
movement schemes given.
∑ N i – total emissions of toxic substances
on the sector S.

CONCLUSIONS

1. The total amount of emissions of toxic

substances on the movement of the automobile on
sector S depends on the number of cars moving,
vehicle movement regime and intensity of toxic
emissions at those regimes.
2. Time and distance of travel of the vehicle at
different regimes of movement depends on its
operating characteristics.
3. Regime of movement of cars under intense
traffic depends on the intensity of the flow
movement and flow distribution ranges density in
the automotive transport stream, which can be
considered subordinated to Poisson distribution.
The greater the period of developing of the car in
the range of time given, the less is the dependence
of solitary car speed with other road users speed.
Otherwise, solitary car speed depends on leader’s
speed and it diminishes with growing of traffic
intensity

Bibliography

1. Babkov V. F. i. d. Dorozhny'e uslovia i

rezhimy' dvizhenia avtomobilei// M.: Transport,
1967.-224 s.
2. Nefiodov A. F. Raschiot rezhimov
dvizhenia avtomobilya na vy'chislitel`ny'x
mashinax. Kiev. Texnica, 1970.-172 s.

Recommended for publication: 19.07.2010.