PR E F A C E .

GREEK FOR B EGINNERS is th e ti tle of a book

re pared by Prof Joseph B May or, an d publishe d

p . .

in Lon don i n 1 8 69 . An m
A erica n e d i ti on of that
b ook — o
c nsiderab ly a lte re d i n fo r m ho w e v,
e r— w as
”
p ub li sh ed i n 1 8 80 as C oy s M ’
a
y o r s G re
’
e k L es s o ns .

Th e b ook n ow i ssu e d i s i n o
,
n e se nse a t lea s t
,
a ,

re vi sed edi ti n o of C oy s M
’
a y o r b u t s o n u m er o us

a n d e x te ns i ve h a v e b e e n t h e c h a n
g e s i n t ro d u c e d th at ,

i t h as seem ed p r o p e r f or m e i n
,
j u s ti ce t o b o t h P r of .

M ayor an d m self t o assum e t h e e n ti re respo n si bi lity

y ,

for th e sa m e . I hav e therefore dro pped Prof

, ,
.

Mayor s nam’
e fro m th e ti tle page -
although m
,
ost
ch ee rfully ackn o wledgin g m y i n de bt edn ess to th e

book whi ch h e h as pub lishe d .

Th e disti n cti ve fe atures of GR EEK FOR BEGIN

NERS con sist (1 ) i n i ts bui ldin g up a boy s kn o wl
“ ’

edge of Greek upon th e foun dati o n of h i s kn o wle dge

of English an d Lati n ; (2) i n th e fact th at n o

” “

Greek words ha ve been us ed i n the ea r li er p f

a rt
o
the book accep t such as ha ve con n ecti on s ei ther i n

En gli sh or La ti n .
”
Th us i t is hoped that so m e thi n g

my h a av e b e en d on e to lessen th e feeli ng of st ran ge

iv PR EFACE .

n e ss, more or less, wi t h wh i ch a boy mt

us alwa s y
begi n th e stud y of a n ew language Ho wever to .
,

u o te m o re f ully fro m P rof Ma or :

q y .

Do what we w ill i t is im , p o ssi ble t o m ak e th e

learni n g of G reek an easy thi n g i t i s i m , p o ssi b le t o

d i spen se wi th large calls upon th e m em ory What I .

have attempted to do is to provi de hooks an d eyes

,

for th e m em ory to appeal as far as possible to th e

,

un derstan di n g an d t o gi v e th e learn er so m
,
e gl im p se

fro mth e first of th e rewards which h e m ay e xpect at

th e en d of h i s lab or Of course i t i s true th at th e

.
,

memory bein g earlier developed than th e other facul

ti es an d probably m
,
ore acti v e i n childhood th an i n
later li fe i t i s de si rable for children to learn m
,
an y

t h i n gs b efore t hey can fully un derst an d t h em ; b u t ,

on th e o th er h an d th e co n tin ued unreas on i ng e x erc ise

,

of m em ory i s I believ e th e cause of m

, , uch of t h at

w an t of i n t erest an d e ven con t em

, p t u o u s d i sb e li e f i,
n

all k n owledge wh i ch we so ofte n m

, eet wi th i n gro wn

men an d women Childr en as a gen eral rule overfl ow

.

wi th curi osi ty ; they can n ot un derstan d all t hi ngs ,

th ey m ust b e con t en t t o ta ke a
g reat deal on t r u st ;

but i t d o es n ot follow fromt hi s that th ey should n ot

b e h elped an d en courage d t o un derstan d wherev er
th ei r faculties a dm i t of i t Th e rapi d gro wth of
.

memory is gi ven to th emthat under its sh elter th e

fin er po wers of th e m in d i m a i n at i on an d reaso n ,
g,

may fin d rooman d opportunity for gradual develop

 PREFACE .

mt en . If these are n ot called i n to exerci se, th e ex er

ci se of th e mmo y i t
e r f soon
s el beco m es i rksom th e, e

mi d i
n s stunte d , an d all i n t ellect ual in t erest di es away .

What has been jus t sai d will to a certain ex tent

hold good against those wh o wan t n o gram mars b ut ,

w ould hav e a boy pi ck up hi s classi cs fromh is m as te r

at school as h e m,
i ght pi ck up h is m odern lan guages
froma Swiss bonn e at hom e Th e on ly m ean i n g
.

of thi s can be that th ere is to be n o system

,
a t i c t each

i ng of classi cs ; whi ch i s equi v ale n t to sayi n g t hat a

multit ude of i solated facts are more eas i ly recei ved
an d reta i n ed in th e m em ory than th e sam e f acts clas

si fied an d arran ged Thus we ha ve again th e nu

.

reaso n in g e x e rci se of th e m em ory atten ded with th e

”
,

further disadvan tage that there is n o call upon th e

,

learn e r t o brace up h is m in d for stre n uous effort It .

may howev er be sai d that under th e di recti on of h is

, ,

t eachers h e i s to be gradually trai n e d t o clas si fy th e

facts for him s elf an d t hus gain a v aluable lesso n i n

,

obse rvat i on an d i n d ucti on If such i s th e vi e w taken

.
,

i t seem s to m e to fall i n t o th e oppo si te e rror of de

man ding too great an exerci se of th e reasoni ng powers .

A boy m ay fai rly be ex pecte d t o recogn i ze i n sta n ces

of laws whi ch h e h as been already taught but h ardly ,

to di scover th e law for h i m self If on th e o ther han d

.
, ,

th e m aste r first state s an d e xplai ns th e law t o h i m ,

an d t h en o i n ts out i n stan ce s or as ks hi mt o po i n t
p
th emout th i s is j ust th e old gram
,
mar ov er again ;
v i PREFACE .

only that i t is t o be taugh t oi/va voee by th e m ast er ,

in ste ad of bei n g prepa red beforeh an d by th e pupi l

for hi m self .I feel as stron gly as an y on e th e im

p o rtan ce of a bo
y es pe ci al
,
l y a yo un
g b oy h av i n g a ll ,

h i s lesson s thoroughly cat echi sed in to him; an d if

th e alt ern at i v e lay bet we en a b oy s le arn i n g off gra m
’

metical rules by rote wi tho ut explan ati on and h is ,

h aving the mtaugh t to hi mby th e m

m
aster wi thout

b ook I should certa

, prefer th e latt er B u t as a .
,

securi ty agai n st th e possi b le i n ef fici en cy of m as t ers on

th e on e h an d an d th e prob able carelessn ess of b oys

,

on th e oth er I thi n k t h ere can b e n o d o ubt that th e

,

b est plan i s th e use of a t ex t book t o be first ex -

l ain ed by th e m ast er an d t h e n learn ed b th e b oy s

p y .

Th ere i s on e furth er obj ecti on on which i t m ay be

w ell to say a few w ords Grantin g that b oys should

.

learn off rules an d practi c e e xa mpl es, itmy a be

d oubte d w h eth er i t is worth while t o atte mpt an ex

plan ati on of th e r ule s in an ele mt en a r y work . Th e

st ud y of pri nci ples i t i s said should be left t o th e
, ,

end of th e school course My own experie n ce does

.

n ot ui t g w i t h t h i s I b e li e v e g e n er a l p r i n ci
q e a r e e .

p le s of a lm o st a n
y k i n d m a y b e t a lk ed i n t o b oy s ;
w at puzzles t emi s a
h h l o n g c h a i n of reas on i n g T h
. e

p ri n ci les
p of g ram m ar are n ot m o r e a b st ra c t t h an

t h ose of ge om et ry a n d ,
I t h i n k t h e y m ay b e e x p la i n e d
in a m an ne r wh i ch i s b oth i n t ere sti n g an d use ful to

th e abler b oy E yo u n b oy s a r e c a p a b le o f
s .v e n
g
 PREFACE . v ii

bein g taught th e an alysi s of senten ces, whi ch is per

haps th e very best instrum en t for cleari n g a way con ~

fusi on of tho ught .

It is possi ble that som e passages m a

y b e fo u n d in

thi s book i n wh ich I h av e rat her h a d in v i e w th e

,

cas e of an adult studen t usi n i t f or hi s or h er own

g
se lf i nstructi o n t han tha t of an o rdi nary schoo lboy;
-

,
-

If this should see m so to an y m aster h e will of co urse

, , ,

use h is own d iscret i o n as to om itti ng such a passage .

In gen eral ho wev er I beli e v e th at a boy wh o starts

, ,

w i th a fair kn o wledge of Lati n wi ll fin d n o d i fficulty

i n d oing each ex erci se i n i ts turn ; an d I hope t hat
wh en h e rea ch es t h e en d of th e b ook h e wi ll hav e
acqui re d a goo d practi cal v oca bulary together wi th ,

so m e i d ea of t h e cons tructi ons of t h e si mle sente n ce

p .

E ven i n th e un sat isfact ory case where G re ek is di s

con ti n ued afte r a fe w m on ths study I hope th e
’
,

scholar wi ll feel th at h i s ti m e h as n ot bee n en t irely

t h ro wn a way but th at h e h as i m
, p roved hi s k n o wl

ed e of Engli sh and at th e sa m t i m gai d an i n

g ,
e e ne

sigh t ho w e v er slight
, i nt o th e relati on s i t bears to
,

ward a lan guage to whi ch the civili zed world owes so

much .

To so m e teachers i t m ay seemth at this book is

unfort un ate ly l a ckin g i n tho se suggesti ons of class

roo m roced ure u on whi ch t hey h a ve co m t d

p p e o e

p e nd . It i s i n te n tio n a lly so ; t h e u
p p r o se h a v i n
g
be en to pro vi de th e data or m ate ri al s for a m e thod
vi ii PREFACE .

n ot th e mthod i t e sel f . For i t h as b ee n md th

ass u e at

th e c omp t t t e en her already un de rstan ds h i s work

e ac ,

an d will fin d for hi m self such de tai l s of m e tho d as

h is own ex pe ri en ce m ust sugge st More o ve r were i t

.
,

p o ss i ble for all teache rs to on ce agree as to a su p

p o se d i d eal m e tho d o f i nstruc ti on i t i s n ot at al

, l
li kely that m an y w o uld b e w i l li n g or able to pursue
i den ti cally t he sam e m etho d for successi ve y e ars .

There is in deed n o such th in g as an absolutely best

, ,

method of class roo mi nstructi on ; for every method

-

must be constan tly readj usted as th e varyi ng apti ,

t udes of th e pup i ls or th e larger ex peri en ce an d

in creasin g skill of th e tea ch er sh all suggest An d .

for these reasons thi s book ha s been kept as free as

ossi ble f ro m edago ical li m i t t i o
p p g a n s .

Th e e x peri en ced t each er does n ot n eed to b e re

mi nded that there is a most important ad van tage
a i n e d th ro u h h l n of te ach in g ele m en ta ry
“
g g t e p a

g ra m m a r b
y m i n u te re fe re n ce s
”
Th at. c o m m an d of

kn owle dge whi ch i s calle d m astery i s espe ci ally facili

tate d bot h by th e qu a si process of i n vestigat io n i tself ,

as well as by th e fuller an d m ore protracted atten ti on

w hi ch i t n ecessari ly i n volv es .

It can n ot b e t oo oft en i terate d an d rei terated

th at ea ch le sso n should b e thoro ughly M ASTER ED by
e ve ry m em ber of th e class an d at th e ti m
,
e wh e n i t

No thing will pro ve m ore d i sco uragi ng to

’

is due
th e stude nt than to fin d hi m
.

se lf di squali fi e d for th e
 PREF ACE . ix

m m
m
p or
pt a n d easy d oi ng of an e x erci se t h ro u h
g ere

in suffici e n cy of preparati on Hesi od h as sai d .

,
a
Sé 70 6 fla w v
-
r a m6
-

9 ; an d to en ab le th e begi nn e r,
t herefore ,
fromti m
to test e t o ti m e h is mas tery of

t h e e arli e r lessons a list of Revi e w Questi ons h as

,

ee n furnished i n Appen di x 1 1
b .

What use i s to b e m ad e of t h e frequen t re feren ces

to th e Pri m er of Phi lology

”
by John Peile or of , ,

t h e phi lologi cal m atte r con tai n ed i n Ex plan ati o ns

an d th e Appen di x , mtd us epe n d on th e ci rcu mt s a n ces ,

an d i s left to th e di scret i o n of th e t ea ch er It will .

be well for h imto re m em ber however th at , ,

At th e presen t tim e th ere i s a wid ely spread de

‘

si re for sci en ti fic m ethod i n educati on Wi thout .

doubt th e desi re co uld be m ore readily m et w ere not ,

classi cs an d sci en ce felt t o b e wi dely se a rat ed

p .

An d yet this separati on of t h e two subj ects i s detri

mental to b oth Th e scholar accus es th e man of
.

sci en ce of a w an t of taste th e m an of sci en ce re

gards th e scholar as on e wh o n eglects th e presen t for

th e past B ut when we regard lan ua e as a n organ
g g
.

i sm parasi ti c i n de ed but still a n o r an i sm ”

d
, , g J an ,

t h e sci en ce of lan gua e as a hysi cal scien ce thi s n u

g p ,

fo rtun ate separat i on i s bri d ed o v e r; N w by

g o ,

te achi n g lan guage sci en tifi ca lly all th ese di st in ct i ons

,

[ of i n fl ec ti o n
] a n d t h e re aso n s fo r th em are i mresse d
p
upo n t h e u i l d th us e v e n a kn o wle d e of th e
p p ; a n
: g
d ecle n si o ns b ecom es of v a lue h e kn o ws som. e
x PR EFACE .

An d of all kn owle dge this i s the

'

h
t ing of lan guage .

most valua ble For language is in a nearer relati on

.

t o th e m i n d than an yt hin g else It sta n ds between

.

us a n d th e outward world ; w e m a al s o sa b t w
y y e ee n

us an d our own though ts . U n less w e kn o w som e

t h i n g of i ts true n at ure i t i s alm , ost impossi ble for us

to em an ci ate o urse lv es fromi ts do m
p i n i o n a n d b e

com e t hi n ki n g n ot m
”—
erely S eak i ng b ei n gs E E
, p , . V

LYN ABBOTT Tr a nsl O i

,
a tor o f u r t ns
-
.

An d though of course sci en ti fic i n v esti gati on

, ,

and th e pract i cal teach i n g requi red at school are n a

turally far apart i t i s by n o m

,
eans i m p o ssible t o eu

li v en th e latter e ven f romthe very first by th e i nsight

obtain ed in the paths of sci en ce Changes of sounds .
,

rules of accen tuat i on form

,
s of i n fl ecti on are n o
,

lon ge r what t h ey w ere i n th e eyes of on e wh o h as

,

le arn e d t o co m b i n e themin to a w hole an d to recog ,

n i ze e v en in th e sm allest d et ails th e web w o v e n by

th e gen i us of la n guage . In th is way too som , ,

e

th i n g of th e d elight whi ch e v ery gli m p se of o r de r a n d

law i n sures w ill com e ev en to th e pupil s ai d

’
If wh en
.
,

th e fo rm s h av e b ee n im p re ssed on th e m em o r
y t h e ,

p pu i l i s t aug h t b y co rr e c t a n a ly si s t o see h o w t h e y
h av e arisen an d t o percei v e th e special causes of ap
,

p a ren t i rre
g ula r i t i e s t,
h er e i s n o d o u b t t h a t b y s u ch a

course th e atten t i o n i s sh ar en ed an d th e m
p e m o ry ren

d e re d m ore t en aci ous . An d th is can b e b rough t

t o th e he lp of th e youthf ul pupil wi thout i n t h e leas t
 PR EF ACE.

i n creasi n g th e mt i l mou
a er aof h is studies
a nt In .

th e gen era l de an mdf o

or c n cen trati on i n e d uca ti on ,

it m ust be regarded as a con si derable gain th at i n

st ructi on i n lan guage i f i m par te d

, w i t h re g ard to th e

ne w sci en ce [ph i lology] a proach es m o re n e arl t

p , y o

th e m ethod of th e se calle d exact sci en ces

-
.

An d n ot eve n th e m ost en th usiasti c adm i rer of

Greek as a lan guage will go so far as n ot to recogn i ze
th e o bj ect of learn i n g G re ek i n a kn o wle dge of Ho
mer Sophocles and Demosthen es n o less than in
, , ,

un derstan di ng th e formof th e ao ri st or use of t h e

optati ve B ut th e o nly way by whi ch th e i ntellectual

.

t reas ures to be foun d i n th e Gre ek lan guage can be

com e so perfe ctly fa m ili ar as to h av e a real i n fl uen ce

i n e ducat i o n i s an ac curate kn o wledge of th e lan
,

uage ; an d th e study of th e lan gu a e i n th e li t e ral

g g
se n se that i s care ful rac t ice i n th e form d t h i
, , p s an e r

uses an d th e rad ual un locki n of t h t u of

g g e re as r e s

th e v ocab ulary j ustly lay s clai mt o a large art of th e

, p
ti m e d e vo te d t o lea rn i n g Gree k CU R rIU s
.
-
'
.

Sugge sti o n s an d criti ci sm s w i ll b e m ost thank

fully recei ved .

ANDOV ER, Ma ss 1 890 .

 —
INT RO DU CT I O N Gr . 1 , 2, 3 d .

ENGLISH, Lat in an d G reek all belon g t o th e sa m

e

great family of languages th e In do Europe an an d —

,

rese m
,

ble on e an oth er i n t hei r i n fl e ct i ons an d con struc

ti on s as w e ll as i n t h e possessi on of m a ny c o m mon
r oo t s so th at th e kn o wled ge of on e of the m
,

is a great
Pri m
,

h elp to th e kn owledge of th e oth ers . e r of

Philology cap i i i
”
, . .

Wh en w e speak of th e In d o European lan guages -

as form in g on e fam ily we m , e an th at t h ere was a t i m e

i n th e hi st ory of t h e world wh e n th e an cest o rs of th e

re at m ajo ri ty of t h e rese n t i n h abi t an ts of E uro e
g p p
d welt with t h e an cest ors of t h e pre se n t i n h abi tan t s of
In di a an d spok e t h e sam e lan guage a lan guage d i f

feren t fromthose spoke n at th e ti m

, ,

e b y th e an ce st o rs

of th e presen t Je ws T urks Negroes etc Each na

t ion as i t m i grate d fro mth e origin al se at of th e In do
, , , .

European race departed m ore or less fromth e origi

,

n al lan guage an d thus aro se a v ari et y of di alects wh ich

;
i n course of t i m e fi x e d th e m selv es as d isti n ct lan

g gua e s .E a c h of t h ese l a n u
g ga e s a g ai n c o ul d r
p pe a

ate i ts elf b o u t o lo i t i o t h u ro d uci n g

g y c n
q e s o r c n z a n s p
n e w di alects to estab li sh t h e m
,

,
selv e s i n th ei r t urn as

i n depen den t lang uages Acc o rd i n gly we fin d v ari ous

.

d egrees of relati o nshi p e x i sti n g b etw een t h e se v eral

members of th e great In do E uropean family S me -
. o
xi v INTRODU CTIO N .

lan guages my ba e sai d oth er i n th e

to stan d t o on e an

r elati o n of mot her an d d augh ter e

g L a ti n i s th e

mother of Itali an an d Fren ch an d An glo S ax on th e

.
, ,
.

mother of Englis h O thers may be more fitly de

,

scri b ed as sis ter lan guages an d thi s is th e rela ti on of

-

Latin an d G reek The y are children of a com mon

,

ar e n t an d h av e m n y words an d form
.

a n d con str ue
p a s

t i on s i n com mon ; but th ere are on ly a small n umber

,

of words whi ch hav e been b orrowe d di rectly from

t h e on e lan guage by th e o th er Th e relat i on bet we en
.

E n glish an d these t wo lan guages i s v ery differen t .

The re is fi rst of all th e gen eral In do E uropean con -

n e cti on o wi n g t o wh i ch m
, an y of t h e oldest E n gli sh

w o rds b elon g t o roo ts whi ch are als o fou n d i n Lat in

a n d G reek e o h
g t h e w rd
f a t er appe a rs as p a t er i n

Lati n an d Greek ; m oth er i s m a ter in Lat i n m

.
,
.
,

eter i n
G re ek There i s secon dly a m
,

.
, o re speci al con n ect ion
,

w i th Lat in partly through th e Lati n Church w h i ch

ost of our ecclesiasti cal term
,

h as su ppli ed m
,

s but t o a

rtan t e x ten t th ro ugh t h e Nor m

,

far m ore i m p o a n Con

u e st o wi n g t o whi ch our lan guage recei v e d a gre at

q
whi ch w ere m
,

a cce ssi o n of Fren ch wo rds ,

ai n ly of

Lati n ori gi n Lastly we have a large class of seien

tific w ord s d eri ve d fro mLati n an d sti ll m ore from
,
.

Greek ; som
,

e of t h ese latt er were brought i n t o our

lan g uage i n a Lat i n for mlon g ago as theology p hi los , ,

q y ph ,
w h ile o th ers are b e i n
g e v e ry da
y a d d e d t o ex

re ss n e w di sco v eri es or in v en ti on s such as tele p h one

p , ,

Th e gre at poi n t of di fferen ce betw een E n gli sh an d

th e t w o classi cal lan guag es i s, th at E n gli sh , as co m
p ar e d wi th t h e ,
i s an e xma p le of a n a n a lyt i cmor un

i n fl ected lan guage, wh i le t he y b elon g t o th e class of

 INTRODU CTION. XV

syn th eti c or in fl ecte d lan guages It i s t rue th at

‘

E nglish i s not li ke som

.

,
e lan guages en ti rely d esti tut e ,

of i n fl ection s W e hav e our obj ecti v e an d possessi v e

cases our pret eri t es an d parti ciples ; bu t i n m
.

,
ost i n
sta n ce s wh ere Gree k an d Lati n w ould express a
ch an ge of re la ti o n by ch an gi ng th e fo rmof th e w ord

we keep our w ord th e sam

,

e o n ly prefix i n g t o i t un

der certai n ci rcum

,

st an ces a pre o si ti on or aux i li ary

p
of som
,

e so rt O wi n g t o thi s wan t of i n fl ecti on s

.
,

English i s less free th an G ree k or Latin as regards

th e o rder i n w hi c h th e w ords of th e se n te n ce h av e to
be arran ge d O f t h i s w e sh all see exam p le s as w e

ri m
.

r oceed P r of Phi lolo y

”
vi ii 7
p . e J g ca
p ,
. .
, .

Sev eral di alects were ok en in Greece di fferin g

sp

fro mon e an other m uch as S c ot ch di ffe rs fro mEn g

,

lish or Yorkshi re fro m Som ersetsh i re Th e m ost

im
.
,

po rt a n t d i alec t was t h e A tti c s ok en b

p y t h,
e At h e

n i an s an d i t i s to t hi s d ialec t t hat we sh all h ere con

,

fin e our atten ti on .

“
Pri mPhil
.
”
,
ca p. 1 1 .
2 GREE K FOR B EGINNERs.

Spell th e G re ek w o rd s of § 3, an d w rite th e Greek

words wi th Lat in letters, an d th e En glis h wi th Greek
let ters .

EX PLANATIONB —Th e word al

p ha bet i s deri ved fro mth e

m
.

na es of th e first t wo let te rs ; Gr 8 a.

m
.

Th e Greek word w h i ch occurs in th e na es of th e

fifth a nd t wentiet h lett ers, m e an s he re, ”
i e n ot diph
m imil ly
. .
,

t h ongal; and w as used to di stingui sh e fro a s ar soun ded

di ph t h on g a t , an d 0 from S i lil soun ded a

— li k i md e n o er n Gre ek
m
Ot

m m
.

In th e Greek na e of th e fifteen th le tt er, p

xdv eans

smll a
”
; i n th a t of th e last let ter, p eya
'
m ean s
“
la rge .
”

Ban a na —Iota h ad at ti m es a con son an t soun d , j ot,

“
a nd

upsi lon a c orrespon din g conson an t , ca n or di ga mm ( G 2 3 a r. a);

t o wh ich , t h ough ob solet e, fre quen t refe ren ce will b md e a e in
ex pla i n i n g a pparen t i rregulari ti es i n th e for mti a on an d i n fl ec
tion of w ords .

2 V owels, G r 9, 1 0 , 1 2
m
. . .

Diph thon gs, Gr 1 3, 1 4 (o i t b

’
. an d d), 1 6 .

B reat hi n gs, Gr 1 7, 1 8 . .

Con son an ts, Gr 1 9 , 20 , 2 1 , .

—
22 27 .

Syllables, Gr 89 9 1 — . .

Qu a n t i ty ,
G r 9 2 ,
93 (co arse
.
pri n t o n ly) , 9 4 .

‘
— .
—
Accen t, Gr 9 5 9 7, 9 9 1 0 2 ; an d rea d 1 04 , 1 20 .

Pun ct uati on , G r —read 1 2 1 . .

Rie m —Th
a nn e wri tten acc ents a re sai d to h av e b een in
vent ed about 20 0 B. o .
, to assist forei gners i n ac quiri ng c orrect

pr on un ci at i on .

3 . Exer ci ses on the l e tters .

In th e follo wi ng ex ercise spell all th e Greek

div i de themi nt o syllables an d
,

w ords, , pro n o un ce

Pron ounced yolc, represented in this book by j ,

1
and to b e ut tered
like En gli sh ini t i al y .

9
Read Appen di x 1 . Read App 2 . .
 INFLECTIO N . 3

themas re qui red by th e wri tten acce n t ; als o wri te

themwi th Lati n le tters .

Ex . 1 . f orte /citri c, Kapos,

Anpo o dé '

m
y s, Eevocpé
’

w, ‘

Aea wiba q , d w 00 9 , Aw7i la , Toilets /30 9 , O lSIrrovs, Het

' ’
"

m
a teiiq , He t xh fis, M lvws , Nei h os, T ola , P680 9 , S e a l
'

m
‘

p p p p
Ti B pa a lba s, X etpwv, E /xi i,
'
' - r '

e, s ore s,
r
’
fl plwv, A0fiva t , Ea i , Ka h vsjrai ,
.
’
Di na m
'
'

Ci o r.

An d th e followi ng n ames of
go d s :Z ebs J u i ter
( p ) ,

Hpa (Jun o) 14 0171 6 (Mi n er va), Apes (Mars) II0 0 6 6

” ”

m
1
, ,

86611 (Neptun e) A¢p0 86r q (V e n us) Ep is ( Mercury),

’ ' '
f
, ,

Ap rep t s (Dian a), Hcpa w r os (V ulcan)

” "
' ' '
.

Ex 2 Put i n to G reek
. . Phoebus, B acchus, Ili u , m
Aeschylus , Th rasy ach us, Anti go n e, E uphrosy n e, Cy m
rus, Alci bi ad es, Di a oras , A
g e i n i as , Ch ar i d é s, L
y m m
curgus, Fabi us, V ergi lius , Quin tus, Evagoras, X erx es,

m
G ordiu , Hebe, Pan th eon (e a ), Ni lus (i )
so ,

m
Re a, Socrat es, Ch arOn , Psa i s, Mopsus, HOrus, mm
Byz an ti u mHyd ,
ra, JasOn ,
Sph in x .

II .
—
INF LEC TIO N V OWEL . STEMS .

4 An
i n fl ecte d wo rd h as t wo parts th e ste , or
. : m ’

un ch an gi n g art, whi ch re presen t s th e i dea of th e

p
word itself ; an d th e en d i n g, wh ich i s added to ho w
s

1
Rea d Gr 6 Notice t h at
9 c and mt us b eco m e a, 3; b eco m e 11,

m m
. .

as a n d a endin g Lati n words of Decl lI b eco . . e a s and or , a endi ng

La ti n word s of Decl I beco m e a or n accordi ng to

«
Gr 1 3 8 , etc ; 0

m m
. . .

b etween t wo vowels beco e v. As to di ph thongs, ao b eco es a n,

cc beco m es or, 12 b eco m es av. Recessi ve a ccent i s to b e understood,

unless ot h erwise provided for

m m
.

Th e ste i s often odified i n the loss or additi on of a letter by

e uph oni c ch a nge ; i t m
a y t h en b e ca lled t h e base Th us, servo i s th e
mb m
.

ste ,
ut c th e b a se of La t servi s . .
4 G REE K FOR REGINNERs .

th e re lati on of this i dea to th e other parts of th e sen

ten ce Th us Lat ser vo m eans slav e

”
n ot a

m
.
,
.

servi s
sla ve b ut f or slav es
“
ean s

fromth e Latin
.

Th e G reek d eclen si on differs in

t hree respe cts :( 1 ) th e meani ng of th e ablati ve or

m
,

f ro -
cas e, is e x presse d by th e gen it i v e ; ( )
2 th e in

stru m en tal an d locati v e m

ea ni n s of t h e
g La ti n abla

t i ve by th e dati ve ; (3) the re is a d ual

are e xpressed

m
n u ber — o n ly used, ho we ver, wh en t wo are spoken
of as a pai r or couple Read Gr 1 23 . . .

G en der
, G r 1 24 1 2 7 .
-
.

Accen t i n declen si on :in gen eral ,

Gr 1 2 8 , 1 2 9
.

n e uter wo rds, Gr 54 6 . .

5 . The A r ti cle .

Greek defi n i te arti cle, co

h as a on ly e ployed mm m
where th e wo uld be n eeded i n E n gli sh
“
B ut the re .

i s n o i n defi n i te arti cle in G reek ; i n gen eral, th e n o un

w ithout th e arti cle is equi valen t to th e i n de fin i te
arti cle an d n oun i n Engli sh .

In fl ec ti on of th e arti cle Gr ,
. 2 70 , 2 72 .

RE M ARK —F0 nr for . m s of t h e arti cle (6, i) , i

o , o i) a re w it h out
wri tt en accen t, be cause t h ey ar e p r ocli ti c: G r 1 1 1 a

mt
.
, .

Th e En gli sh equi v alen ts of such w ords are also, for th e os

p art , p
r oclit i c :e g, th
’
book for th e b oo k T h e r ela t i v ely nu

mp
. . .
,

i ort an t ch a ract er of th ese word s lead s t o care le ssn ess in

ut t eran ce, w h ereby th ey an d th e n e xt w ord a re pr onoun ce d as

on e.

6 In fl ecti on v aries a cc rdi n o g t o t h e cha r a cter i sti c,

m:G
.

or last letter of th e st e r. 1 3 1 , 1 32 . There are,

ho wever ,
fi ve v ari e ti es of th e
 Yet all th ese v a ri eti es ha v e th e sa m e ch aracteri s

ti c, my b i th d l d pl l; d i th ua ura

li k m
as a e see n n e an an n e

d i l ti fo m of th i g l d Do i f
m
e s n u ar e r c or

m
a ec c r s a

m
,

i im b i f l i R d G 1 3
r ra , e4 c or ea

d m
r.
p
-
or at e.
'
Ta

7 f m di gm x p
.
,

i i
.
— 1 P
'
e n n es i G . . ara s
'
oi a an To ,
r.

1 35 . Also Gr 1 3 7, 1 3 8, 1 4 1 . .

SP ECIAL RU LE OF ACCENT —Wh en syllables are con .

tracted, th e acute followed by th e grave (unwri tt en, of

course ) g i v es t h e ci rcu fl ex m
Th us xwpctw v (Gr 9 7)
. : .

g ives w
x p éi v .

Rie a nn m —Contract ion of di ssi mil ar vow els, a, e, 0, etc .,

i nto on e lon g v owel or d iph th on g rest s on t wo processes th e :

assi mil ti a on of on e v ow el to t h e oth er, an d t h e sub sequent

un i on of th e assi mil t d a e vow els. Th us :xwpdw '

v : xwpo m v

m
x pw r.

2 . Paradig m y dwp
s r
'
e a an d qw o o a
' '

, Gr 1 3 5 . . Also
Gr 1 3 9 (a an d d on ly), 1 4 0
—
. .

SP ECIAL ROLE O F A CCENT 1 he

' '
. nouns endi ng in
a h ave recessi ve accent.

Th e i nfl ecti o n of t
aaxia my a be compared with
that of th e Lat f a mili a .

Si ng N V di ldo fam ilia

mili
. . . .

G as . se ,
or as . Cf paterfa
. as.

D .
9
‘
se

A . av
’
a m
P lu r N V
'

p
c lh tcu ae

m
. . .

G . ar u

D . is
A . as

Origina lly colla r, wi t h i ot a on th e line Gr 85 .

m
. .

w
For i n do w, said to h ave once b een colu ar
n (Gr .
6 GREEK FOR RECINNERs .

8 Syn ta
. x—Th e arti cle as j
ad ecti ve , Gr 6 20.
( rea d

In 5 Blog é fl l b
p , if
e ra], t h e arti cle i s called
s l e i s sh o
”
r t,
i e ,
li m
fe i
gen eri c ; b ut i n 15dfylcvpé
n
'
g e n
‘
. .

Gc r t p tx ci , the a e h or is s
’
-

p a ll— re ferri n
g m t o so e m m
parti cular an chor—th e arti cle is called restri cti ve

( G r 6 5 6 ,.

Th e apposit i ve, Gr 623 . .

Th e v ocati ve , Gr 70 9 . .

Th e gen i ti ve , Gr 72 8 . .

Th e dati v e, Gr 76 2 . .

B an a n a —1 In studyi ng th e syntax of th e n oun , it mt us

mmb
.

be re e ered th at Greek i s d escende d fro m a p ar en t language

w hi ch h ad at least ei gh t cases :a n omi nat i v e , a gen i t i ve or o f
case, a dati ve or to -
case, an accusati ve, a vocati ve, a locati ve or

i n ca se, an
-
i n str u mt l
en a or wi th -
case, a n ablat ive or fro m -
case ;

and t h at
2 Partly th rough ph on etic decay an d partly th rough ext en

m ing t h g i ti f mh m t t
.

si on of origi nal o s an d
‘
e an s e en ve or as co e

d f m l ti
,

for b th g itio d bl ti i b th f
en ve an a a ve, e. , o o an ro re a ons ;

f m l f i t m t l d l
.
,

an d th d ti e a ve ti i
or ,
a so or n s ru en a an oca ve, . e ., to,

f w i
or, th by, a t a nd i n rela ti on s

mm m ily th
.
, , ,

8 Th e gen iti ve, as t h e n a e i plies, is pri

. ar gen use

case, ex pressi ng th e cl a ss or b i n d t o wh i ch an obj ect b elongs ;

so mtim e es, i ndeed, expressi ng m ere d escrip ti on or r el

a ti on

on ly.

NOTE —In p arsin g, th e stud en t mt us use h is own j udg

mt en i n di stin gui sh in g wh i ch of gen i t i ve s describ ed i n Gr .

72 9, an d of datives descri bed in Gr . 762, i s presen ted i n an

exercise .

1
In t he r ay dy s vpci v, th e
‘

gi ven as t
sen se w my b
o of, or fro , a e
“
m
th e anch ors l
e es ( Acts ow a y be ren
-
dere d mt h ey w ere leav i n gf or

fea r, ”
i . e. , with fea r, i e , i n fear
. Th us easi ly do th e ea n i ngs of m
mi
. .

d i fferent cas es overla p or b eco e n terch angea b le.

 INFLEU IION
‘
. 7

9 . Exe rci ses on F irst D eclen s i on , Fe mi i n nes.

[Me mi or ze th e voca b ula ry ]

be e
godd e ss

b elt, gi rdle
ly re
o
c n tri van ce, i nstru mt en

an c hor
m use

I say, speak of ,
declare

i l
''
. R e a d a nd tra n slate a ct fyxv a c.
p 7 5 h el o

K A
’
e ys) n i <b o
'

C d
a r i n. k ayo) r a ts
,p [t or/o a t s.

a t p nxa va l 7 6s neutro ns Ty Ni a T o w p ow wv
p
m mm
. . .

1) a m pta r o w 06 a h ave) m
y A¢ obt
p.

m m
Gi ve th e ste , n o in ati ve si ngular, an d infl ecti on
Of e ac h of
th e precedi n g a n d follo wi ng forms ; an d

t h e rule for th e v wel o of th e fin al syllable of e ach

forman d for th e accen t

m
.
,

x ro
pa, p
r i / w ,
o s ca , i pp q
y
vec i
z h w a aa,
a v, x p
ro a t , T u s,
' '

q b
ec v a s ,
p p a w ns, w
x pwv,
Tt /
t a t ,
‘

y pp
f ec v a t
s , yh aio o a s,
' '

Sofa , po opa , ah neeta , p a lpa s, ah ndet a s, Tpa rreéa , abroad

’

Sula f .

Ex 4 . . T ranslate i n to Greek ’
. O f th e bees . Wi th
1 Gr 6 6 3 ; 108
my b
. .

Th ese e xerci ses a e ei th er prepa red b efore reci tati on , or done

at si gh t in t he class -
roo m In ei th e r ca se t h e corre cted for mh s s ould

md wi th i k
.

be subsequentl
y b rough t b ack to th e cla ss roo -
on e n an d

t h e student sh ould th en b e read y to recite th mf m

e mm y ro e or . Th e
Greek e xerci ses can su
ggest th e ord er of words Faci lit y a n d a ccura cy

mi
.

in doi ng th e exerci ses can onlv be a t tai n ed b y NASTFRINO each p reli

nary step.
8 GREE K FOR REGINNERs .

th e lyre Wi th th e belt Fromth e goddess For th e

To th e muse Th e con tri v ances of th e bees
. . .

b ees
I spe ak of th e m Th e wi sdomof
. . .

O f t wo b ees uses

th e m F ro mth e goddess of wi sdom Th e gir

. .

uses

dle of Aphrodi te Th e con tri van ce of th e m

. .

use Th e
With th e lyre of th e m
. .

lyre of th e go d dess use O

ess O m n st rum n t of th e m
. .

g od d us e ,
T h e i e . uses I .

spea k t o th e go ddess V en us I speak of th e goddess

Juno O wi sdomof th e goddess
.

Paradi g m
. .

1 0 M asculi n ea
.
— s Or 1 4 5 Also 1 4 6 , . .

14 8
R —
R MA K Th e
E cont racted syllable of
‘
Eppijr
‘
Epné a fl fol
lows Gr 1 38 ; th e. accen t , 7
.

[Me mi
or ze and infiect th e n ouns
]
eart h
v o ice
fri en dsh i p
sai lo r

Spartan
ddh nr ris athlet e

son of Atreus
hoplite or heavy armed soldi er
,
-

x
pwfls j udge
Sta qbepco
'

Ex 5 Re ad ; tran sla te ; pa rse :93 i Léfyo)

m
. . 7 va r r g .

b deh ci s Sta
i ‘
7o rroanr a i s w p ofia a v
'

h y a)
m
n
'
ro s . . .

é
¢p b )
¢o ( a rf 6 63 Lé yco Tit s p nxa vds r oii cin M -

m
7 ar
-
0 o a0 f e

r ev 3
73 ( p ol ic
y r i m aro m -
i
ar M76 ) 737dwa rf} xpt roii
.
'
.

m¢ép
.

ii A rpet80 v
’
Sta gbépw r ot} xpW e i} . 8 ¢o r e
'
.

1
Ih o '
mvé u, b ut follows Gr 1 3 8 . . Gr 780 ;.
3
74 8 .
10 GR EE K F OR B EGINNER S .

86 m y
m Ke s) r ots abe w oi s TOG aro m a oi} x a
-
l r oii rc t
p
70 13.

Ex 8 God s ’
gi f ts an d wo rks I d iff e r fro t h e m
m
. . .

Spartan hopli te I speak wi th th e v oice of a an I

m m m
.

—
.

d i ffer f ro th e a n i n respe c t te
-

y li fe I s e ak
p
-

t th m I m ti
.

o ge th i lo t t h j dg
esse n er en on e sa rs o e u e

Th i m tm m t f th thl t Th f i d hi p of
. .

e en s o e a e es e r en s

m Th l of th god
.

th b o th
e f thr e rs or e an . e ru e e s.

Th e w o rk of th e sai l r o for th e poet Th e li fe of th e .

o
sa i l rs. judge Th e of th e wo rk Th e w o rk of th e
judge I m fromth e
.

en ti o n th e at hletes I d i ffer
os t i n m li fe
. .

p y .

III ADJECTIV Es
. .

14 . Yh e F i r st and Secon d Declen s ion s .

Para di gms drya eos, c in e s, Gr 2 2 2

'
an d fi
h . av
x os,

G r 22 6
. Also Gr 2 2 2 e nt i re , 2 2 5, 5 82
. .

Ex p LANATIONs .
—Cas e- endin gs, etc ., Gr 1 3 3 .
(V o w e l Decl .

only ), 14 2 1 4 3 , 1 4 8 , 1 54 . Read App 3 . .

1 5 Syn ta a Greek as i n — In Lati n a nd to a cer

my b
.
,
.

t a i n e x te n t i n En gli sh , adj ec tiv es a e use d as sub

s tan ti v e s re ad
( Gr 5 9 4 ,
.

16 . Erer ci ses on A cl
j ecti oes .

[Me mi or ze an d in fl ect vocabulary. ]

frie n dly
goo d b rave ,

wi se
go dless

ri h
g ,t as opp. t o le t ; f cle v er

Gr 5 8 9. .
 THE VERB .

h osti le
M os } or

In s ubseque nt ex erci ses , tran slat e ; an d p arse, so

far as
p rac ti ca ble , acc rdi ng o to Hin ts n e ar th e be
ginn in g of this book .

Ex t t
'
i i
'

p 9 ii i é B
'

c. h co c. va r
aa c c
px a a
p
f a
y u sos o
'
s . . .

e
k y s) dl hya 7 2
5i G X O '
YQ 6
) ( 211 0 7
5 q O ccu é
pp m 7 0 6
m
aro rroii r ii do
g .é p
r rc t f
p c } H eia b
g j Xe y m r o b s
-
. m
m .

st oke /s l 793 wive s 06 3 r d cuya a d é

’ '
ow va é ra s 9 .
py a r e v . .

( pat te r) Sn a ps car at) -

.

Ex 10 O wi se b roth er gifts of th e Th e goo d

fromth e youn g athlete
. . .

frie n dly goddess I differ .

-
.

Th e hosti le lan d of th e Spartans Th e ri ght ha n d -

m
.

at h I k of th l v er youn I k of
p sp e a e c e
g an spe a

I di ffer fro mDi agoras

. .

w ise j udges an d cle v er poets

i n wi sdo m Th e b egin n in g of th e desi gn s of An ti
.

go n e I spe ak to th e fe w a m
.

. on g (i e of) th e Ath e . .
,

n ians Th e godless citi zen s Anci en t deeds of w ise

men Th e wisdo mof th e anci en ts Irratio nal Athe
. .

I di ffe r fro mth e cle v e r Athe ni an s

. .

n i an s .

IV . THE V ERR .

1 7 Th e . v erb ( Lat . oer b m) n , as th e n a m impli

e es,

is the wo rd of th e sen ten ce, for wi thout i t n o stat e

mt en i s possi ble ( G r . It my a be , howev e r ,

Gr 5 6 4 ;
. 58 9 .
12 GREE K FOR REG INNERs .

e it h er i ts elf th e p red i ca te , or only th e predi cati v e,

i
. e .
,
th e m
ea ns of pre di cati on — also calle d t h e co ula
p
( Gr .

18 —
M oods Th e mood of th e verb s hows th e
mood m
.

or i
an n e r n w h i ch writer presen ts h i s state
a

mt en s . It m t us n ot be thought of, there fore , as also

i n di catin g th e actual or n ecessa ry relati ns o of th i ngs
t he mselv es

m
.

Th e In di cati ve ood e x presses what i s vi ewed

1 . .

as real As, th e sky i s fallin g, an d we shall catch

.

lark s ké yop ev we a re sp ea ki ng
moo m impli
.

2 fi Th e In n iti ve d , as th e na e es, i s in
reali ty n o m
.

ood at all . It expresse s th e i d ea of th e

v erb as a s ubs ta n ti ve
, an d follow s i n ge n e ral th e con

str ucti on s of a n oun .

‘

19 . Ten ses
’
—Ten se i s, stric tl y spe ak i ng , a form
m Th
.

of th e v erb which disti ngui shes ti e. e re a re ,

however n ot on ly ,
future“
pres en t,
” “
p ,
as t
”
an d
“ ”

t en ses but im p erfe ct aorist

“
and
p e rfect
” ” ”

For th e ten ses or m

, , ,

t enses also ore corre ctly

Th e ten se system sh ow n ot on ly t h e ti m
.
,

s -
e of th e

act i o n b ut also h ow i t i s vi ewed ; wh e th e r as i n com

m
,

p l
e te co p l
e te d or in d
efin i te
( G r w i t h b)
Hen ce such double n am
.
, ,
.

e s as future perfect ten se ,

e tc.

20 . Th e Presen t Syste mA ti — c ve or presen t an d i mp f e r ect

t im
,

t en ses, acti v e voi ce —Th e sub st an ti ve ve rb is of

.
g rea p or

t an ce for sh owin g th e conn e cti on b et ween th e vari ous In do

European languages It h as th e sa e . m t mi E gli h L ti
s e n n s a n,

mbl i th i
,

and Greek ; and t h ere i s considerable r ese an ce n e n

Re ad Gr 9 5 8 . .
9
Read Gr 29 9 , 30 1 . . Read Gr 30 3 , 3 0 5 .
 THE V ERB .

fiecti ons, especi ally i f th e older for m s are co mp ared In all

th ese lan guages it i s i rregular, an d i n Gre e k a nd Lat in i t i s also

de fe cti ve In Greek i t h as only th ree t enses :t h e present th e

mp
. ,

i e rfect, and t h e fut ure .

21 . Th e v erb s la t I a m( old formcc p t ’

-
’

,
ste m es ;

P r esen t In di ca tive o
f s ta t .

1 la t, I a
. s m . 1 .
( G r . 1 . é w e a re
’
cc p v,
-
.

2 cl, tho u art

. . 2 .
y ou t wo are . 2 éa ré, you are
.
-
.

3 é a v t, h e i s
. . 3 . t hey t wo are . 3 sta t, th ey are
. .

Infin i tiv e
NomM
.

elva t . . div F i
c rc a N . 51)

In ad di ti on to t h e foregoin g, learn th e i pe rfect m

i n di cat iv e, as gi ven i n Gr 4 78 . .

Th e gen eral rule for th e accen t of ve rbs ( G r .

h as e x ce pti ons ; G r 1 1 3 c . .

REM ARK —E n cli ti cs, lik e procli ti cs, are due to ca reless an d

m
.

i ndi sti nct arti culat i on of words r elat iv ely un i porta n t . Cf .

En glish It s and Ti s, for It is

’ ’
.

22 . Elem e n ts f
o the —
V er b Th e . au gmen t ,
Gr .

3 54 . Pe rsonal en di n gs ,
acti ve only ,
Gr . 3 75, 3 76 ,
fi rst sen ten ce of both 3 77(of 3 1 1 b) . an d 3 78, 3 8 1 .

R en a m—Th e e en din gs t
p , 01, fl
p e r, are ea si ly id en tified
mw )
,

w i th t h e pron oun s p t , a s , r d», si p p e g ( - my e, ou, hi ,

e , wh i c h
w e re affix ed t o t h e Greek v erb, i n ste ad of b ei ng placed before
as in Engli sh .

m
Co pare th e old for s in La tin m an d Greek
8 1 G ( and , L esu
. . . . m P ( op ts,
. esu mu s

2 . t oo l, es {tr-r t, est is

3 . la v f, -
est

Th ese pronoun s can be seen in Gr 2 6 1 . .

14 GR EE K FOR REGINNERs .

In th e aug mt d t
en e e n ses, i
p , m , n , on ,
d ropped l wh en th e
word h ad ass u md th t
e e ex ra b urden of t h e a ug mt en at the
b eginn i ng, an d b mpec a e r r w ( of La t er a er a s era t,
-
m - -

m
, , , , , . .

era n t
-

) . Fi n a lly p b ,
eca e v, an d r w as dropped, accordi ng to

th e law for final conson an ts , Gr .

23 . Syn ta x—Th e sub ec t, j Gr 6 0 1 .

( read

Th e verb, Gr 6 0 3 . .

Th e predi cate, G r 6 1 4 , 66 9

m
. .

24 . Ever cises on the Ve

rb e

[Me mi or ze a n d indset voca b ula ry .

]
d p vos ti m e

d p m
a r uafl ns
'
sold ier
{drop creat ure, an i ml a

6 wbh ep os war
gbpa seat

r é w) art
x
EXPLANATIONS —I n th e present i ndicati ve

m
.

«in! my m f ma co e ro 3M “ for ( cf ( Gr 4 6 -
.

m(G
,

d ( in for ( er -
r. 62 .

ot
sl {W I(Gr 6 9 , 5 5 d ) for 3 m: low rt -
.

mp
.

In the i e rfect in dica ti ve :

fl y my m f mhw
a co e ro y inf
-
v, i n 1 st sing . and

d hr a ; of. a for Gr 1 6 9
—b i
e -
v, . .

hr he s
'
-
v ( Gr 8 7 2 ) e e ng a ppa re nt l
y a ph oneti c
m mi
.
,

a dd i tion , a nd v ovab le h a vi n g b eco e n separab le .

fl aw my mf mt
a co e ro o er , n -
ar b eing a ph on et i c altern a ti ve of th e
endi ng P.

In th e i nfini ti ve, el mi ; s for {w as fro mf r- va t .

e

In th e pa rtici ple, ( W i s for la w fro mf a nny , h avi ng a ph onet i c o

in sert ed Cf Gr 3 72 a
. . . .

Th e a n alysi s of oth er for m will b

s e ob v i ous fro mth e foregoi ng
m mp
.

For s of th e i erfect with out a a re doub t le ss d ue to a n alogy ; fol

lo win g th e si ngula r, a s appa ren tly for md e fro m a mwith
st e out 6 .

Th us perh aps th e lat sing i . s a lso.

 THE V ERB .

p ri m
i ti ve , an ci ent

p t x
pé s mll b i f
s a ,
r e

Ex M p la ddeh drot
’

)
’
11 76 ea rc no
'
. . 1 . sa re '

dw eh ds beads d {63a a cxpd éa rw d ép yov

’ ’
ea rt 7
' '
. r f

é a v l 0eiov . gav e d7a 00 l . oi a r a r cc37a c

~
p
m
.

Ewa p rcdr a t cvya 00 1

f
’

h fi l l S f t é
m
o
-
a e e
'
r oar va r co v os . .

A0nva i e rror (E
i
el , d) d
’
a Liv d 0 i 1 d a 0bs
‘
w

m
/ v p o ro
.s 71 y .
r

a r a r cé n ns a t n or a l eta c r a ts M ode a cs ( ik e s oi
’

h
' - -

p
'
. .

x cra l 0 0
p
'

¢ 0 L 6 Bios r eiv ci v0 o
.
p v M p6» 80 1 1
'

mm
'
'

Ex 1 2 Th e li fe '
of th e sai l rs o w as s hort Th e
mw
. . .

ti e as s hort . Th e a rt of th e poe t i s div in e . Poets

are Th e w ise an d brave are few
few Th e Att ic
m
. .

lan d was th e an ci en t seat of t h e uses Th e lyre i s

m
.

th e i nstru en t of th e poet War was th e ar t of th e .

Sparta ns Th e cit ize ns were fri en dly

. We w ere .

al n e o . You were wi se an d
goo d . Th e brave s oldiers
w ere Spartans . Th e j udges were wi se an d clev er .

The war was short Th e b rothe r of th e poet Aesch y

mi
.

lus was th e sold ier A e n i as.

25 Th e verb s til l p rese n t s ystemen ti re Gr 4 78

mp
. .
, ,
.

Th e i era ti ve, ho we ve r ,
h ad better be gi ven h ere :

2 . W e thou shalt be
, 2 . 550 7 0 1: 2 gav e .

3 .
'
é o ror '
3 . 50 7 0 : 3 50
1 . mm ,
or itd
'
-
m oa n

I Gr . 1 1 3 c, 1 1 6 ; 1 15 a 3 1 15 b ; ‘
6 04 , also 8 7 ( read
l ‘ so eia i
0
1 16 ; 1 13 c ; 7
611 ( )
mpti mm th
. .

9
Before a tte ng th es e exerci ses, e e voca b ula ry .
16 G R EE K FO R n Ee mN ERs .

26 . Person al en din
g s of th e i mp e rati ve act i ve,

G r 3 80
. .

Mood s igns -
an d pers o
n al en di n s
g of th e j
sub un c

ti v e an d Optat i ve acti v e, Gr . fi rst se n t en ce of 4 1 7(cf .

3 10 a, 3 72 a ) ,
4 18 a, 3 79 .

EXPLANATIO NS .
-
d> i s fro m tic -
o
w ( n cf
. Gr 3 8 3 ,
.

i s cc
’
-

q
-
m( G r. 3 7b, cf .

5 G
’
ea -
tr n ( r 64 .
,

e i qv fir -
a r r.

i
’
t er ea -
t e v. -

2 7 Syn ta x 1 Th e subj un cti ve an d optative

m
. . .

oods expre ss, i n gen e ral, what i s v i ewed as p os si

ble , or con ti n gen t. As, i f the sk hould fall we

m
s
y
m
,

ight ca tc h larks Xé ywp ev le t w M ea k

m
as yo ev

w ould tha t we might sp ea k h er/o : ai r:we m

en i ght

Ten ses always represen t th e action as com

2
n c o mle t e r a ori sti c ; b ut they m
.

l t d i ark t h e
p e e p o

e i n th e i n di cati v e m
, ,

d isti n ct i o n s of ti m ood alon e ‘

.

For what i s ex presse d as on ly possi ble or desi rable

i e by th e subj un cti v e optati v e or i m
,

t i ve m ust
p era

be tho ught of as b e lon gi n g t o f ut ur e ti m

. .
, , , ,

e o nly ; wh ile

w h at is ex pressed as a n o un i e by th e i n fin i ti ve i s ,
. .
, , ,

of course n ot ex pre ssed as t ense

, .

When therefore W er e) he sha ll sp ea k i s calle d a '

esen t i m m
, , ,

ra ti v e th e w o rd nt rely si u i
p r p e
p rese e
g
fie s form e d fro m t h e sa m e ste m an d e x press i ng th e
,

sa m
,

e v i ew of th e acti o n a s th e pre sen t i n d i cati v e ,

( G r . Read App 4 . .

Read Gr 8 6 6 , 1 ; Re ad, . noti ci ng ca re fully th e exa mpl s e ,

8 70 ‘

Rea d Read 8 23 .
18 GREE K FOR BEGINNERS .

ExPLANATIorss —kto i s fro h ue p t , Gr 38 3 , 1 ; 3 3 a

.
‘
m -
. .

M ess i s for Ave m , Gr 4 07 -

.

m
.

Ri h ue -
fl , Gr 4 0 7
. .

h ic v m h ue -
Pm ,
G r 5 5 d
. .

h voqu l vow , Gr 3 79 . a.

More, h v ow , or li v ow a v, Gr 8 7
.4 b .

We h ue 0a, Gr 3 8 3 , 2 , of. 3 93 a.
—G
-
.

New h ve c v, r 3 7e
h —
.

m
.

a ve r e- vop u, a s e x p ain ed l in § 2 2 Re .

—
3 0 Syn ta x Negat ive pa rti cles G 1 0 1 8 O
mm
r r

more specifically i i s use d whe n

. . .
, .

th e n e g a t i on i s

m m
,

w illed , assu ed , or a i ed a t, i e , i n i pera t iv e , con . .

di ti on al an d fi n al sen te n ces ; o th er wise 0 9 .

NO TE —In t h e preparat i on of subse quen t ex e rci ses let th e

stud ent b e speci ally careful about th e an alysi s of verbs .

31 . Ex er ci ses on V er bs .

[Me mi or ze an d infl ect voca b ula ry .

]
é
dp w r be ar, car r y ,
bri n g
wri te
lead
re mi a n

h ear, h eed
loo se
lette r
p
'
a r a r s
'
d ar my
a r a r nv s
r

py d gen eral
p
(é fl os fe ar
1
Th e suppos ed pr i miti ve for m s of th e presen t in dicat ive of A170
an d L logo my th
a us b e gi ven
m m
.

W leso fil
k e ys a r
-
'
leges(i)
Awe fir:
-
leget (i)
 THE v ans . 19

g
ton ue

951176 fl igh t

Ex 1 5 6 Kapos S a é c e ev 6 aw e
’
i
'

7 3 p ar é p fip
m
‘
av
. .
9 q .

)toe Leyevw
’
7» mp a f
yéi Ta g n
p xa vas
‘
v wok e lwv
g
e
'

dp m roc owe a v e ev Z ¢ Dw M DOV : ’

m
7
'
t oa e yc
p p
f
( o
oz a v y
m
.

Q oifios 0€ [a 4 !) Xé yet 7 93 a v0pw7rq)

'
m
m
dxovw r oils
m
‘ f
.

m
wok l s 4x53 ?) p évew
' ‘
asce tic/Lev T ip! <3v 70 6 r a ra i)
. .

é ypa ¢eq n yv éw ol fi v ; 6 K0pos 75» a

‘
m
a ro v l ive s of
m
.

dw ek os Thu évrw r oh fiv gbéposev ci v ) d é 0

’ ’

xo ot p ev 7 0 9 .

m
a n ai r a e 76 W wok ep l w v bé ew 67 00 70 7 9
a q p 19
a a

b i (w b ev i
71 17 3
9 fi x o.v ee T o e va i ra q el t
/30 e o r a r a t

T obe x vraq dxya H 8

'

p a a v h éy osev 73 3 6 a b
p g p p e w ev . .

dx oé w f or ? ) mp an é '
ra s 73
‘
06 S
7 2 p gp
2 é a be ew
'

. d Sa p m
n q 7 1) ov 5 p
ar ov d yé rw r '
.

Ex Frien dsh i p i s a gift of th e gods to m

16 en
“

Tim a j udge of m
. . .

an s work Th e pe ople should

’
e is

Wisdo m i s n ot a
.

n ot b e ho sti le to t h e w ise few

“

sm
.

all (t h i n g) Th e Ath en ians were carry in g gi fts t o

th e goddess Let th e Wise Ath en i an lead Let us
wri te a fri en dly lett er t o th e m
. .

an I hear th at th e
messenger of th e citizens is wai ti ng Do you hear th e
.

voi ce of t h e go ddess ? Th e soldi ers sh all bri n g gi fts

Plutarch wrot e th e liv es of wor thy m
.

Th e sol
'
en .

diers should ob ey t h e ge n eral Th e ci ti z en s should .

n ot bri n
g gi fts to th e j ud e s
g Th e fl ig ht of t h e P e r .

sian s w as i rrat io n al I h ear th at th e bro th er of t he

m
.

p o e t A e schy l us i s t h e sold i er A ei n i a s .

3 2 Elem e n ts o the V er b con ti n ued

.
f — R oo t t h e me , .
, ,

etc .
,
Gr 3 0 7, 3 0 8 . .

3
Gr 6 6 3 ; 779 b ; 6 5 8 ; 776 ; 725 a
. Gr 5 5 6 , 8 ; 8 24 5
. . a ;
3 6 1 7 Words i n pa ren th esi s are not t o b e rendered
. Gr 6 6 3 . . .
20 GR EEK FOR BEGINNERS .

B eside s t h e oth er addi ti on s are v ari a ble sufli x

made to the the me or ver b ste mto formth e ste mof -

th e prese n t syste mof m

, ,

a n y v erb s These additi on s .

—
a re e x plai n ed i n G r 3 9 2 4 0 4 ; of wh i ch th e co arser .

ri n t i s t o b e learn e d
p .

—Referring to Gr
Nor m —
3 92 4 0 4 for d et ai ls as oc ca si on re

qui res t h e st ud e n t sh ould learn t o a n aly z e v erb s a s follo ws

m t mM B t
,

A pfi he sh a ll recei ve, fro e n se suf

fi x or
'
a a ver o s e ,
-
6,

p ers o n al en d i n g m; e uph on i o ch a n ge i nse rts a na sal sound by

an t i ci pati on ( cf. als o Gr . Read App 6 . .

Ex . 17 T ran slate ; an al ze a n dy mmo i e r ze

ph fl p
( vka r r bw wv u d
m
ee a r
g
' '
( at s) .

m
h eir ess, lea ve r dw o t a rr a n ge

a m a) , i nj ur e ( d
pp é ,
o cev te ll
’

p w et
( cf. Gr . h i d e aw a k e, a n n oun ce
é cw xa tpye, rej oi ce é k
‘ '
u w ow

m
n
yy vc e
'

a xf
,

a h 8a xpti o
’'

B M t ov a w t r ow ev ct v, w eep
m
,

i
‘
ev, cf. i j udge s tw n pda a wo w
’
x
p v p rr q,
'

p er
f or
'

iva ép vg,
' '
cu t r ock
7re7 a
p
'

r ,

Nor m It
— frequently h appen s th at t h e for at ion of th e m
p re s en t st e m of an i rregular v erb ca n b e d et er i n ed b y ore m m
m
i n sp ecti on, i n Xa pfidwo ; or by
as r e ferri ng t o ki ndred w ord s, as

in ( a bya) ,
t of (bu l
r and s
w a cf O th e r wi se, t h e
-
. .
, ,

c a t alogue o f such v e rb s, Gr p 3 5 5 ,
. . ca n be us ed .

33 . Everei ses on V er bs, con ti n u ed .

f wowra t ¢ 6Bgo 79W755V é e

Ex 1 8 d fi at/80 9
'
-
. . ov o .

3
71 H
ela (p ron
g? 6861!
M a k e 7
93 a vepa
p
r o f
'
m .

1
Si mil a r sufli xes a re foun d i n La ti n d uco, older donec ( mdii ) ;
st e c

fi deo, older feido ( fi d

st ); p l ec. to -
( st .
p lec) ; fa c i o, pa t i or ru o ~ -
; m p
( st . rup ); t a n go ( s t t a
g).
; n o sco ,
cf -
. no -
vi ; doc co, cf doc ui ; gi gno,
-
.
- -

sl st o
-
. Rea d App 5 . .

9
Gr 4 8 ;
. 35 6 .
 FORM ATION or w onns . 21

x p al ovo t r ot e
'

ya o ur e
py m
oce r a av
par/raw o r r o l v
e m .

w beby ocev dv T IW ci
px al a v 76V h el
'
6
‘
b m
m -

m
g i e r
’
t
'
t v a rn s
p . .

oi m a l
’
T in) C ai rn) » g é o é
m
-

p yo r f
r ep vev a
'
a o ov f
. r a r
p a r v .

I f

8
0

o a w eM e
y

§
a i
a r nv ow
a

a y y
¢p
“
0 a
-
0 1) a o o v x a v

a c ocev of o r a r wz e? ) Xé yova t x a i S
'

i a M p fici vov
'

x p p rat é p .

6 p vos xptvet 7a ép ya 7631! ci vflpan rwv rig/a dd

' ' '
ow
‘ '
. , .

ép ya wpé o a er e, ch 7ro7
'
f
t2 t oi a r a rt éi r a t Tobe W OM
p m
'
.
' ‘

r a e (p ola rs dw a r of arch i va l 17 tcovov tea l eB

’'
ci x vov
’
-
f .
p . .

ci x ox i m wok e/d ove T i) » fyfiv ew Wm .

Ex 1 9 Th e
. oldiers w ere pelt in g th eir gen eral
. s .

Ch arm i des de ligh ts i n b ees Th e w i se sho uld rule

Th e m
.
,

t he people sh o uld ob ey an w as b r i n i n
g g g i fts .

to th e god Th e S partan s w e re i n j urin g th e lan d of

t h ei r en em
.

i es F ear shall n ot h urt t h e soldi ers I

h ear that th e messe n ger re ports th e fl igh t of t he Per
. .

si an s Let th embring gi fts for th e god Would th at

i gh t h ear th e oi ce of th e po e t ! T i m
. .

Im e j ud e s t h e
v
g
dee ds of m en Th e At rei dae are hi di ng th ei r deeda
.

Judges should n ot recei ve gi fts I h ear that th e .

j udges of th e Ath eni an s recei ve gifts Th e gen erals .

of th e Spartans rece iv ed gifts I hear that th e Ath e .

n i an s are le av i n g th ei r an ci en t lan d i n f e ar an d are

Th e m
,

fl eei n g en should n ot c ut th e r o ck of th e

am
.

g o d d ess W e l .e n t th e fl i h t of th e ho li tes
g p .

V . FORM ATIO N or Worms .

34 . G en eral re marks ,
Gr .
—
54 0 5 4 3 . See App 7 . .

I .

De riv at ion of
H a m
id Gr 55 6 , 3 va b m
G r 5 5 7, 2
'
s,

m
st , . . . .

le er75
p 9
-

,
G r 5 50 . . Ewa pr ui s, Gr 5 60 ‘
. .

Gr 778
. . Dat i n for . mi ,
n st r. in fa ct , i mplyi ng cause.
 GR EEK FOR BEGINNERS .

m
[U se th e gen e ral v oca b ula ry h en ceforth .
]
Ex . 20 . 6 (6618 0 9 70 13 Kvptov ? px)
16 ?
3
71 9 a o la e .

A07) va 20 t f Swa pn fi ra t bflepoa

’ ’ ’
i
f
w w k u ek e
-

m
y a n o
'

at a a r

H
’ ’

fl l 7a i e p é a vp d gop ev O eo v na l
’

b e a u dzya o e v xa ts
p .
~

v bq v 769 duk ia s oi
d fi a
por 7 6v a i va u w l
v ovo t
‘ '

He p bv
p xa h e lra 76 leuXd of d oc i
/ p '
ova t 76 . . m '
m ' '

ibta rea red 6 fil s a ny/La b el 76 9 ( iipa e r fie fip épa e 0 m . .

m
.

NeDuis 69 1 1 6767 70 0 ax a 06v 6 : i ri ;

’

6 p
’

y
71 0 7a pp 1 e
'

ea n
‘ '

70 29 d vfl arzrors, x a x bv 86 w 6 6 0
'

p u a s va ih
‘
a t 7
93 6 3
5 .
'

Ovbw wv 6 Ha iDt os 7911) Osta u o od> la y é ypa ¢ e 7a 29 ‘

Q I
m
.

I
o 06 0 9 owc a lcoves 7a s
f 3
cla ve l x w en o
p
o x t
-

p
'
en a te v . .

8
eu a s 7u
x
A ‘
A
xa x wv m
or E w p
A
a n a r a t e vM 77 0 v 717
¢
I
1! 0 30 11
.
Q
'
3 l t

Ex . 21 . A ri stei d é s th e Ath e n i an ad mi d th e Spar

re

t an Lycurgus Th e j ust li fe is di vin e .

, b ut th e un j ust
i s lik e th e li fe of t h e beasts Th e go ds we re sen di n g .

e vi ls u pon (li t to) t h e hous e of th e At re i da e . Let

t h e stran ger k n ock (at) th e d oo r of t h e court yard -
.

Phoe bus ca rri es a b ow an d a lyre Th e guests wo uld

n ot lea v e th e t able an d h e a rt h of Ch ar m
.

i dé s Th e .

di alogue s of th e philoso phers con tai n an outli n e of th e

b est e d ucati o n Th e m i ns trels use d to carry a wan d
.
- -

an d si ng t h e tales of th e o t Ill co u n sel woul d

p e s .

c o rrup t t h e ci t iz e n s but goo d c o un se l w o uld

p r es erv e

m
,

( t h e )I L e t .t h e A t h e n i an s fl e e an d n ot su ffe r th e

te rri ble (th in gs) Not spe ech b ut earn est deeds sho w
Gyli ppus th e Spartan an d Herm
.

t he good c it i zen . o , ,

Gr 1 1 1 b ; 5
74 4 ; 6 70 3
mp
. .

666 b Th e a tt ri b ut ive ( Gr 5 94 ) h as th e osi t i on in

m
. . a sa e

e:

mm
Greek as i n En gli sh , i e , a fter t h e a rt icle ; a s, 6 6 7a 66s M the
m m
. .

good a n. But we fin d 6 dr a a :6 h oo d:an d e os 6 67a 663 ,

wh i h mk
c a e th e a t t ri b ut i ve so mwh e at mph
e at ic by gi vi ng i t th e dig
n i ty of an a pposi ti ve ; Gr 6 6 8 . .
 FORMATION or w onn s . 23

crates sav ed Syracuse i n spi te of th e fo lly of th e -

c i ti zens A an ight be a firs t ra te poet, but a bad m m -

m
.

en e ral. Ni ci as w as an e x cel
len t an , but h e e rred
g j m th e b ooks of
in udg e n t Th e a nci en ts . ca lled th e
Odyssey rh a psodi e s
j
Deri va tion
Gr 5 5 9 . .

6pxuc69 , Gr 565 . .

Ga v/1 6 . 0 7 9, 6 Gr 4 75 . .

35 SPECIAL RU LE or Amman —Adjecti ves i n «0 9 ,

mtly
.

70 9 , are os oxytone.
v0 9 ,
p 0 9,
- - -

‘
Ex 22 .

erryew 6x
l
. 7 6 ax

1 w h e y n)
’
fi '
n
'

mbv 60
'
71. a m ni on
) 80 0 6 0 75 6 9 . 6 a w
rw It a b
g ) ea w
-
'

xp
A7pel6179 06a 77
’
Blov ¢OBep¢i ea rt 70 39 6 060 09 ’

70
'
n a
p .

Hévov 6 11 0 0 6 1 6661:Bew oi 9 6 vép 0 t 9 67640 6 77 6 760 06 7

. ta 7

a it a l B
O O Jl
d a n ti ) Suva ra t 67x vpa t 6 60 1 70 0 m m
m
-
7a r
-
ar
'

Swa t éi ra t
-
61 0 0 1! 70 69 70 0 Avx obpvyov .

6 7e m 2 7 6 10 76 776311 71 10
1 86779 cf
( .

70 29 Hepa a t 9 '
'
’
eu Gepp O n v ' '

mn '
rc v «pepsin our:
a
px ozev 7a m 0pw av 7rwv 7 6 a 6 ,
6 U \ . a t 6 v0 w n 0 t
'

p
' '

630 xa l evrai v 6 yewpvyol ? 6 6 é

'

yfi g p pq p ¢
m
7 . 0 f v 7 ) 7 0 0 7 o v

6 u n 7779 769
[r
-
xXo mi 9 dfta v 60c ! 6x0 4
'

. of 6 6
p
Bp 69 ¢ a7
t 9 6 l 69 7 63 éiv 70 29

Gm
7 It a 7
a or ne
p 1) vex

Onplo m m
éppt ov
'
O t 0 7 a 7t w7a t
' "

m 3
m
p a a7
-

9
-

o
éBa t vov fea t of 7ro7 0 6 6 ) 9
'
6
'
t i ra t 73
’
7 6 x p a t 0 v . 7
px0
7 a ta v

M brwp ev Eevo¢éi v [ca l Hpbfevo9 b M

'
. e a u b
g t t

6 pxa ior .

Ex 23 Th e
. horses were th e gift of th e gen eral
. .

Th e an ci e n ts pai n ted fo rtun e bli n d May th e wretched .

G
r. 49 .
24 GR EE K FOR BEGINNERS .

youth n ot fi nd h is brother d ead ! Th e deeds whi ch

th e tyran t d oes should be j us t (li t th e ty ran t sho uld .

do hi s deeds j ust) Won derf ul (i s) t h e art tho u hast

.
,

O so ph ist The philoso ph ers co n sid ere d n ot po verty

but wi ck edn ess sham U n arm
.

e f ul ed t h e At h en i a n s

ro uted th e ho pli te s of th e e n em
.

y Dionysi us th e .
,

tyran t of Syracuse fl e d Th e fortun e of Ni ci as an d

W e sho uld adm
.
,

t h e Athen ian s was t err ib le i re t h e .

c o urage of Le 6 n i d é s t h e S partan Th e ci ti z en s shall

Wo uld that we might
.

sa cri fi ce a go at to D i o nysus

hear th e bea utiful so ngs of th e m

.

uses ! 0 th a t w e

might see agai n th e glo ry of th e an ci en t days ! The

w is e m an fl ees both r ich es an d pov erty Not w ealth .

but vi rtue bri n gs h on o r .

III.

Ex . 24 .61) 138
'
6 1 11 mm
) 0 1n rra l 6 1 86 6 pe76 1 6 06
. !
'
mm
8656 1) x 6 2 6 11 6 761) 810 3x0 1 6 1) 6 0 0 61 69 , 0 6 8656 1)

m
11 6 mm 6770 0 9 b d
g pp a x oz) vb o ov 7 0 29 6 0 0 a17ro1 9
'

p
'
.

0 7 1 7 el 1 n t o1) 76
'

7 o r
p ) 3 6 x6
7 1 9 6 9 x a l ol Ill /C77
9 6 q p
.

7 67ra 1 0 1)
p .0 0 11 61) 0 6 17 10 16 17 1) 6 6 1 6 7
x x t O9 6 6 81 x 0 9 11 1) .

M v06 vé7co 70 69 06 0 69 Z e69 86 0 71 67179 7631) 06 131)

-

7181) 6 v0 cc17r 1)
p
'
6m 7 39
1. E 7t é w y 71
9 1
°
6 1 0 9 6 7 171) é cpe
p e
'

f 1
‘
AX6 10 29 oi 1 61)
' ’
I7 t lov 7r0 7
’
70 29 70 29 7 0 6 t t 76 1 9 .

A0770 6 20 1 6166 10 1) 70 69 vexp0 69 , 0 1 86 Hép0 6 1 606 7

’ ' ,
'

PM 6 0M
' '
76 1 7 631) [6 0 0 0 0311 W O
0 1 710 177 IG Z v ‘ ‘

60 71 8656 1
) K 6 p
.1 1) 00 9 n u t
p a 3
7 1) 70 21) x bxvrow 6 .

W PG Tfl Y b? fipe 6 0 11 6 20 1) 11 6 7
'
07 9 K 6p 0 9 fiM W e 761) .

A7pe 69 7 271) 61) M v jva 1 9 3 6 0 17

’
66 16 1) eixezm
al
‘

Ex 2 5 Not gold b ut o
c urage w as th e w ealth of
might
. .

an ci en t Sparta . Th e thi e ves steal an d fl ee .

Gr 4 80 , 3
. .
26 GREEK FOR B EGINNERS .

Ex 2 7 A wise
. . m an s
’
leadersh i p (li t . rule
) is n ot

alwa ys wise . Th e gen eral was a po we rful athle te .

Let us hear th e Opi n i o n of th e j udge Judges sho uld .

n otb e la wless A horse wo uld be an e x cellen t gi ft

m
.

for t h e gen e ral Th e wise d eli gh t i n w i sdo . Le t us .

elt th e la wless c i t i ze n s Th e athle te con si d e re d th e

p
e arm
.

p of
ri z es t h e con test b eauti f ul Th y w as a b ean

Th e en em
.

t i ful thi n g
-
y were wretch ed so ldi ers The
messen ger of th e soldiers shall report (li t ann oun ce)
. .

t o th e Persi an s War is a terri ble thi n g 0 that they -

w ould bri n g arm

. .

s ! Th e Spartans de l i ghted i n war ,

th e Athen ia n s i n art .

V I A FEW SHORT STORIES

.

Ex 6 2 10 11 p6 7179 630 1 6 7 0 9 3
0

. 28 . 1 1) 710 1)

A01) 1) 6 2o1 67 7 1 7 0 69
° ’

f
0 t6
67 01
V
7
1 6 1 0 1)

I
6
f I I
1 5 4
06 0 0 16 1)
v
11 6 2
(6 56 0 9 6 1 1) 0 0 11 1) 2 10 11 116 7179 70
pp
( a /1 6 11 0 1)

2 A01) 1) 6 2o1
’
0 15710 76p 0 70 69 11 6 11 0 69

Ex 6 2 67 6 0 1) 6 A01) 1) 6 20 9 131) 11 6 7
’
. 29 . 16 11 6 2 0 2

86 A 6 1 9 6 2 11 15
'
7 61) 6 0 1 1 16 1) 1) 6 6
1 x p
0179 1311 0 11 6 776 p1 70 6 11 6 1 17 06 76 761) 0 0 4501! fil e
'

0 61) 6 13 A0 1§1) 6 9 6771 7131) 2 15v

’

9 76 9

6776 2 67 t e y6 1) 671 6 1” 11 6 76 15769 8656 1) 0 2 11 0 1

X .

6 0 67t o1 7 61) 2 6M 1) 6 1 >l 6 6 B

’

1 51 v 7 7 ,
6 1

62 6 ) 7 0 69 6 1 1 170 0 9
1
) 1
x e u )
1 1 .

Ex . 30 . 6 61 77670 11 9 1 11 6 7611 66 6 116

.

76 ¢ 1o11 210 va TdM DTa 611 6 761) 86 p )

1) ‘ ‘
m 6 86
m
¢ 11 210 u 6 11 67
’
t ev6 7 0 69 61 7 7
'
67t 0 v 9 M 76 6 1! 7 66
7 6 86
p m
) 7 6 1 776 6
1 6776 2 0 1 61
77 617t 0 1 .
'
67 1 6 14 6 626 5
1)

It is b eli eved t h at t h e b eginn er wi ll fin d no difficulty in t ran sla t

m
i n g th ese stori es, th ough h e ay not understa n d t h e for ation of so e m m
of t h e i nfl ect ed words whi ch a re used. Gr 9 3 2, 2
. .
 A F EW SHORT STORIES .

8p0 9 w la wa 11 66 0 1 61 ) ) 76 1 9 9 1 0 1516 1 1 9 11117

1 61) 11 6 1
6 w law 1 676 1 Ey 1 '
1 a
’
70 10 1370 9 671 0 6

m
,

M p Bafv .

Ex . 31 . 611 6 0 7 0 9 7631) 06 631) 7 6xv171) 6X6 . 6

6 10 7
1 1 676 1 , 6 86 1 6 11 7
1 71 10 9 6 6 86
E1111 139 81 86 6 786 A10 6
'
wa M lea ) 11 0 13 0 1
'

11 6 1 01
p
1 676 9 6 0Mov9 61) 86 6 7
'
70 1 9 M 71 } 01 0 10 1 67
0 16 9

7 67
0 6 19 6xov6 1

Ex 32 . . 611 6 6 70 9 6 11 0p01 71 0 9 8150

'
1 11 5
116 9 6
¢p ,
6 1 767
1)

611 7rp0 6 06 1) 6 8 6 67 1 1 6 0 6 1) 7 1)
11 6 1 11 6 11 18 1) 611 6 7 6 6 66 7 1
p
117115
11111 1
) 1 1 61) 6. 1
1 1
1 6 10 6 06 1) 67
0 6 0 1) 7 6 11 6 11 6 6
¢p , 6 1 86
76 70 1 7 6 6 01116770 11 6 670 13 0 6701 9 oi 6 11 0 01 71 0 1 76
'

p .

66 v7131) 116 11 6 0 6 wov , 76 86 W m

i w 711716 6 m

Ex M 70 9 66 7 11) 619 6 v0p0 1 7ro9 69 6q56 1xy6 1)

'
'
. 33 .

1611 6 1 11 6 76 761) NGN U N 0 » ) 611 6 2 1

6
. 11 6

761) 7 671 0 1)
6 39
1 6 -
) 76 671 6 1 11 6 1 66 1 8év8p0 1) dva fl a l va . 61)
86 71 6 76 1) 0 61) 67 9 7 61)
6 1 60 6 1 6 13
'
86 v8p91 66 71 8p1i11 01 1) .

f A I
t 0 9 69 7 6 11 11
f
86 711 1 770 76 11 10 171) 11 p0 11 0 86 17
G

6 1)

66 0 66 1 «1 11 6 1 6 6 1 1 6 8 6 1 1) 66 7 1 9
. 1)
73 )p 11 6 7 6 0 1
p 11 1 6 0 17

6 6
10 11 6 9

Ex 34 It
'

i s n ow h
( )
t e middl e of th e day , an d th e
y w a rm
. .

sun is ve r h ade of th e tre es i s pleasi n g. Th e s ,

an d th e sea i s b eaut i ful An d th ere i s a b oat . .

Th ree sailo rs are in th e boat O n e sai lor slee ps a n d

th e oth ers d o n ot see th e dan ger b efo re (th e m
.

) F o r .

a rock i s i n t h e sea a n d th e b oat i s n ear th e rock ,

.

But they escape th e d an ger .

5
‘ ‘
l M G‘U [ wr estle l i pa a wa llet i n fron t ; behin d ;
116 06 680 .
28 GREEK F OR B EGINNER S .

Ex 3 5 I h av e
. . Form a horse
erly h e w as st ro n g
.
,

b ut n ow h e is w re tch ed a n d w orthless Do you li st en .

w h i l
e I t e ll t h e c a use Th i e v e s s to le th. e corn of th e

horse so tha t h e h ad n othi ng (li t n ot) to ea t B ut

-

i x sm
.

I m
.
,

n ow I h a v e a first ra te con tri v an ce -

all .

st o n es wi th th e co rn Th e horse as h e eats lea ves .

th e st o n e s ; but t he th i e v e s steal t h e ston es w i th th e

co rn . Thus i t is easy to find th e gui lty (on es) .

Ex 3 6 He re was a horse i n a t errible dan ge r

. . .

Th e other horses we re n ot able (li t po we rful) t o re

lease the ir co m or t h e m
.

ni on f a st er alo n e i s able
pa

t o d o (it) a n d was n ot at h o m
,
e B ut a m on g th e-
.

h orses w as on e very wi se ; an d h e ran up t o th e ho use -

a n d w i th h i s h e ad k n o ck e d a t th e d oor Th us th e
( )
mischief was man ifest to th e master an d h e saved
.

‘
,

h i s horse .

Ex 3 7 Th ere was on ce a m
. . ast er wh o h ad a b ri ck

of gold O n e of th e sla v es stole t he bri ck but th e

master kn e w n ot th e th i ef But the re was a wise
.
,

judge in th e dist ri ct a n d a mon g th e slaves th e re was

.

reat fe a r of t h e j ud e Th fo th j ud o rders
g g e r e re e .
g e

t h e sla v es to li sten to h i s w o rd s a n d sai d Th e thi e f

-

, ,

h as a le af on h i s h e ad An d whi le th e o th ers k eep .

( li t . h a ve
)q u i et th e th i e f q u i ck ly s hook h i s h e a d .

Ex 3 8 Men sho uld n ot con si der t h e gods h arsh

.

m
.

a n d te rri ble fo es an d so w o rshi h i n fea r ; b ut

p ( t e )
sh ould sacri fice t o th em 6 6 0 29 as
,

( )-

g oo d a n d j u st a n d
7

t rust th e mas w i se an d powe rful fri e n ds

,

Th us would
th e go ds h ea r th e pray ers of m
.

en an d re cei ve t h e i r

sacri fi ce s .

66 71 . M00 9 .
3
676 100 3 .
5
1 1 1 00 3
7 11 .
6 6 11x111 .
7 71
6
11 0 6 6 .
 THE CO NSO NANT DECL ENSION . 29

Th e Egy ptian s though t th e sun an d moo g onds ;

th e Persian s o
c n si dered fi re g a ; b u t w od
e kn o w th at
G od i s spi rit, an d m m en us t w o rsh i p h i m( 6 17 3 611 ) in
s pi ri t an d i n t rut h .

V II . T HE CONSONANT DECL ENSIO N .

36 . 0 1 1 0 0 6 176 0 1 6 0
Noun s .

Case Gr 1 3 3
-
Re ad App
e n di ngs, etc . ,

m
.

m
.

1 M asculzn es a n d I e t n i n es
f — Paradig s fro
' ' '

m
m m
.

m
.

labi al or palatal ste s, Gr 1 74 ; fro li n gual ste s,

m m m
.

Gr 1 76 ; fro
. li qui d ste s, Gr 1 84 ( cf 550 , p, . .
“

-
70
p on ly)
m
.

—
EX PLANATIO NS FOI .
‘
e tc ,
G. r 1 7 2 a w fro
; y p ,
e . / 1)
1 ,
'

G r 1 6 8 , 2 ; ot h e r poi nts, G r 1 6 9 , 1 77—1 8 0 ( cf 1 72 , Exo

‘

etc .

m m
. .

Co n t ra ry t o Gr 1 79 b, for s i llust rat in g Gr 1 79 av be con

m m m m
. .

si d e red e re i ita t i o ns of noun s fro st e s i n 1 a nd v , see n in

G r 2 0 1 ; wh i ch t h ey
. a cci d e n tally rese mbl e i n th e no mi n ati ve

case Th e voc at i ves

. i llustra t e App 9 .
et c . , .

It sh o uld be n ot i ced t h a t Gr . 5 5 d is t h e rule, excep t for the

da ti ve p lu r a l .

2 . Ne uters . Para digm

— s , G r In fl e c t. als o
11 81o G
‘'

76 7
6 1 , p( r . 1 82 a) , 41039 (G r 1 8 3 , cf 1 72 ,
. .

E x r u n a r xous . —F ormat ion , Gr 1 6 7, 1 8 2, 1 8 3 ; 5 5 3, 1

. :ac
cen t , Gr 5 4 6 . .

Co mp are i n fl e c t i on of L j u dex with ¢ 6M § p r i n

mi les wi th x6p19
.

cep s wi t h 96 W sor or wi th 515

m
710 0 ,
, , 1 1
1316 10 6 11 w ith 770 111 7 11 , 1
5 po a u t w i t h 1110 w it h 76 7 .

37 . Accen t of 0 110 0 11 176 c Noun s .

Mon osyllabic stems are o x y t on e i n th e th e m( m e co

mo ly) u i f t h ey mk a e th e acc usa ti v e sin

g ular in a ;
om mk
,

an d p i e n on i f th ey it i n
e r sp , a e

Wi t h referen ce to th e acce n t of deri v ati ves whi ch

 GR EEK F OR B EGINNER S .

a re trea ted i n Gr 54 8 56 9, .
— n oti ce th e last state mt
en

Of 54 6 .

38 . Ebercises 0 11 the U n con t mt d N c e oun s f

o 171 0 1 7
1 11 6
D eclen si on .

Ex 3 9 0 1376p6 11 11 0 1 7631)
. .
¢ 6 7 t a 11 6 9 67 e o1)
p ¢ .

E70 16 9 6x6 1 11 6 7w11 9

‘ 3

) 8
'
1
; 1 7 1136 1 11 63 1)
x p é a 6 716

6x6 1 11 6 1 8p6 11 0 v76 9 6 1311 6 116 1 6M r186 9 7631) 770 M

'
.

B X 6 0 v6 1 m
7
3
1 11)
°

7r a 7
p 1 86 76 7716 12
'
6 6 76 . 11 6 1 70 1 9
3

6 111 63 11 6 1 111511 76 6 0 6 69 71 611 716 1 86 11 6 1 76

7 6 ,

1219 11 6 1 76 9 c3 a 9 70 17 6a 0 9 6 5
6 1
p p x p x p ¢ 9
1 9 é w 1 €
. l

11 6 1 6 1 9
p 0 0 1) 17
62 716 1 60 6 70 13 £ 10 1) 6 0 1 6 v 761)
x/
6 137 131) 86 111 616 0 1) 6 13 11 6116 9 ie a l 6 1 6 1 6 6
3
‘
2
'
vug1
p 7 0 9 .

6 1 6 1 7 6 7 0 13 86 6 77670 0 6 6 1 1111 7 69
'

) 6 11 67 0 9
p 11 1 1

1 6 6 11 6 1 76 7 6 86 9513 9 7 0 3
1 6 M o v 11 6 X 6 7 77 6 1 .

Ex 4 0 . . God i s a spi ri t . Pla to calls m en th e pos

sessi n s o of
gods Th e b oys shall learn h
th e . t eir let
t ers Th e lo v e of ri ch e s i s (t h e) cause of t erri ble ev ils
. .

Flatterers are odi ous t o th e w i se A .

rdi n g th e frui ts of th e Hé s é ri d é s
’

g u a p .

sho uld b e guardi an s Of t h e

ri z e of war t o th e Gr eek s T h P ersi an s co n si der

p e .

( li t t h e
.
) fi re a d i v i n i t y T h e A t h en i an s w e r e t.h e

sav i o urs of G reece

‘
.

L
Ex 6p6 11 6 9 631)
' 3
41 6 1)
3

. . 01 11 1) 7
7 17 11 6 11 11
"
6 11 1 5v 6 7767
0 61 76 7 3 6
1 px ov71 . 70 29 1370 176 1
15670 6 1 1) W éb 3
t a VOl 1 6 6 1) 607 8
6 1 7 1 1) 6 1810 9 13117161)
66 7 1 70 29 1 1 17
1
1 0 7 6 0 19 4 6 86 6 01 6 1) 66 711)
7

A
'
0
3
6
t
0 11 6110 11 6 0 1 15 1 3
3

7 3
70 1 11 6 76 7 0 9 7 1 1) 1711 6 110 1)

7 6 1 6 1 11 6 0 15
11 6 76 6a
p t 0 s
pl1 61) 6 l/1 6 11 6 671770 9 ,

ci 1 9 11 6 1 717 1) 7611) 76 11 616 0 1 1) ¢pé va 7 66 176 1 0 13 76

x p .

1
Gr 726 ;. Oxyt one .
 7 mm ) on IM PARISYLLAB IO DECL ENSION . 31

an d 76 66 70 1) 70 1781 11 6 10 1) 06 vp 6 §6 1 6 76 11110 20 9 6 va p . m
6 6 1 6 1) of 86 6 11 1 06 9 76 6 vré 11 6 76 8 6 6
'
6
\

7 9 6 71
p p , p p 1 1 . .

66 7 1 1) 6 3 60 9 7631) 1) 86 11 66 11 0 9 6 9 p§i § .

6 [1 17776 1 6
'
6 2p6 1 11 6 7 1) 11
p 6 7 fip
6 .

Ex 42 figure of a li on Th e h erald s
I se e th e
’

n am Plato called ti m e th e i m
. . .

e wa s T althyb i us a e
g
of et ern i ty An ax i mé n é s con sidered ai r (to be) th e
.

ri n ci le (li t b e i n n i n g) of th e un i v erse T h e sol

p p g
d i er m
. .

—
igh t i n dee d set fi re t o t h e w ood b ut th e w atch -

man would see th e fl ame an d sign al w ith h is trumpet

, , ,

Th e opi n i on s of t h e b a rbarian s w ere a laughi n g sto ck -

(l i t lau gh t e r
) t o th e G r e e k s T h e b i rd w as b r i n ing
g
food for h er youn g i n h er mouth Th e Chi m
. .

ae ra of .

t h e po e ts h a d a w on de rful fi gure b e i ng both a li on

am
,

an d a d ra on an d a sh e go at
g M a
y t h e b i t i o-
u s ora .

t ors n ot rui n th e affai rs of th e ci t i zen s Le t th e ci ti .

z en s
g i v e ( h it h a v e) t h an k s t o th ei r sa v i our S6lon
. .

Con tr a cted Noun s .

39 . follo win g clas se s i n clude th e

Th e mo re i m
o rtan t v ari e ti es of con t ra ct e d n oun s :
p
I Ste mi s n 1 an d v .

mi
.

II S te s n a di phthon g
St m i
. .

III . e s n 9 an d 7 .

Th e Attic di alect prefe rs th e con tracted for s m

m
.

Th e un c on tra cte d for s, whi ch are gi v en to sho w

h ow th ese ori gi n a t e d, are fo un d i n th e old G ree k of
Homer an d th e I on i c dialect of Herodot us .

Nor m B efore
— t aki ng up con tracted w ords of th e Th i rd
Declen si on , th ose of th e First and Second Declensi on s sh ould

be noti ced .
32 GR EE K F O R. BEGINNERS .

40 Con tracti on i n gen eral G r 3 7 3 9 S e e also

m
.
.
, , .

7, Re . Accen t i s fected by con t ract ion , ex

n ot af

ce
pt as st at e d in 7 .

S PECIAL RU L ES or CONT RACTIO N .

—
I . In Decl I , . .

an d th e d ual an d lur al of Decl II , cont racted words

p .

preserve th e fin al soun ds of uncontract ed words, an d

di ffer fromth mi e n accent only.

11 Si m p l t t e con rac s ( G )
r 54 0 i n o v9 an d 6 1 1) are

if m ly p i p m
-

m
. .

un or er s o ens, except i n th e no i nati ve dual

( G 1
r. 5 8 ); m p d a co oun s follow Gr 1 58 b . .

Con tracte d paradi g m of

s Decl I . . an d II .
,
Gr .

1 4 4 , 1 57 .

41 . Ste mis n 1 and v .

Forma ti on and i n fl ect ion , Gr . 2 0 1 , 20 4 . Re ad

App 1 0 . .

Th e sh orter acc plu r , 1

1 6 1 e t c are for e d i n t h e m regular

m1 6
. .
, .
,

w ay ; a s, 1 69 1 111 6 , G r 5 5 , a nd n ot a c on tract ion fro 1 11 1 .

1
1
1 .

Co mp are i n fl ecti on of L . tur ri a an d 9 76 1 111 8 with

71 6M 9 an d 1x069 .

B ienn iu m
—Th e ch ange of o to co,i n th e gen sin g of
seen

m
. .

th i s a nd t h e follo wi ng classe s, i s fo und, also, in At tic for s of

c ertai n word s of Dec] II, Gr 15 9 , 1 62 (c f
. . . .

42 . Ste mi s n 6 D ip h tlt on g .

Fo r mti o a n, in fl ecti on , e tc .
,
Gr .
—
2 0 6 21 0 ; 5 5 7,
1 ;
560, 1 :cc a en t , Gr 1 29 . a.

RE M ARK Th e Hom
— e ri c i nfl e cti on ( Gr . 2 0 6 D) suggests th at
th e v owel len gth en i ng in ce rt ai n cases of word s i n 4 119 ( Gr

my b
-

mp
.

2 0 8 b, 0 ) a e co ensat ive for loss of v F

.
34 GR EE K FOR BEGINNERS .

1 0 1 16 1 1) 6 et 116 1 7 6 017
8l 16 , 0 76 6
1 v 3 71 6 1 6 66
x 6 0
l ”
'
1 1 1) 9 1 .
1
86 11 6 1 7111 6 511) u6v0 9 6 6 v0pa171 0 9 06 14 16 6 761) 6160 9
' '
.

el e 76 7 6 1 6
x 30 ) 7 0 3
1 6 7 6 0 9 .

Ex . 44 . Th e a ct i ns o
gn s of ch aractermu t s be si .

Th e kn i ghts co uld n ot de fen d th e ci ta del Ph illie

té té s w as lam
.

e n ti n g th e pain of hi s woun d Th e .

ren ts of Ach i l les w ere k in g Pele us an d th e

g o d
p a

d ess Th é ti s Th e h erdsm
. en we re w o n deri n g at th e -

si z e an d w eight of th e sn ak e Hi s base gai ns should

Th e brav e (m
.

b e a re proach t o th e seer a n ) k ee s
.
p
h i s ran k but th e co ward lea v es (i t)
,
Th e spo rt an d .

laught e r of h is ch ildren sh ould relax t h e frown (li t

Th e m
.

loo se th e bro w) e ve n of th e Sto i c u rderer .

con tri v e s (6 6p16 ) a loo si

'
n
g of
1ca1hi s f e t ters T h e d i e

t i on m
.

us t i n c rease t h e b e aut y an d o w er of th e o t ry
p p e .

Ex . 45 . HM 070 9 1 l 86 [t é Tpt OV
7 11 76 1, vrev a .
‘
11 6 1
861 6 1 0 1) 7300 9 13 11 61) 6 10 6 6 1 9
3 6 v0pa17rov 63
'
. 76 0 70 1)

86 7 61 0 9 06 0 17 76 51 9 7 6 7 139 13 3 19 6 v00 9 6¢ 06 1p6 v 6

'
1 .

6 u6n70 9 6 06 69 70 29 63 0 16 6 1 761) dé a 7 3

m
p 9
86 lx0611 11) fyévet 76 3 6 01) 7 139 0a 7 t é 6 6 179 76 11 6 ) 70 1? .

670 v9 16p6 9 761) 1 7676 1) 66 0 1 47

6 1)

6 {Iv/1 0 01170 9 656 11 1 9

'
6 1 71 16 56 1 9 0
"
1 17 0 9 70 19
.
1 / p .

3
6176 6 1 7 6 1 70 69
6110 v9 ¢p6 §6 1
'
O 8v6 6 6 0 19
'
11 6 71 .

13 6 6 01) 6 1 9 7 0 1 3 6
5 3 ¢p é 1 6 0 3 1
m
7 6 0 116 70 9 € t 11 6 7 6 0 1 7 11 6 7
’
« r fi o9 7611)
( x 611 1 1 6 71111) 1 6 0 6
‘

xe a wa w 11 6 .
p 1
1 1 1 1)
761 31 1 6 1 1)

81 86 6 11 0 11 6 v .

Ex 4 6
. Poetry i s o Death an i mit ti o of p
a n assi n

bri n gs a release fro m( li t loosi n g of ) th e t oils of life

. .

Th e E tn ean m
. .

oun tai n co v ers th e savage gian t Let

rsuade t h e m
.

th e seers n ot speak false hoods an d ul

p e

Oxytone .
 T HE CONSONANT DECLENSION .

t i tn de wi t h e mpty hop e s. Th e best w o od i s (that) of

the oa k Th e good pai n te r mu t ig i fy th s s n e n ature

m mu t p i t th
.

of th e an i n his li ke n ess ; h e s a n e speed

of th e r unn er, a n d of th e soldie r a n d

th e boldn ess
t h e w i sdo mof th e ph ilosoph e r
,

Wond erful i s th e .

p o w e r of fai th an d h o e
p Th e ac u i ri n g of k n o wl
q
e dge a n d prude n ce i s th e ai m
.

of life t o th e ph iloso
h er W e m ust le arn th e formof th e bod y by t h e
p
Th e cust o m
.

si ght s of stran g ers a re a cause of laugh

t er t o th e m
.

ob an d of lea rni n g t o th e wi se Ach illes .

c o uld n ot escape th e bo w an d t h e dar t of Pari s Th e .

goddesses assign t o th e sh eph erd th e d ec isi on of beau

ty . Cyrus w as t h e ki n g of a po werful n ati o n .

45 . Ir regula r lVou ns o
f th e Thi r d D eelensi on .

follow i ng are th e most i m

Th e p o rt an t of th e i rreg

ular n o un s w ho se e cu li ari t i es h a v e n ot b e en already

p
n o ti ce d In so m e of th ese ce rtai n an alogi es co m
. e to

th e s urfac e whi le o the rs can b e ex plai n ed by v ery

si m m
,

p le c han g es of s o un d It a y b e n o ti ce d also
.
, ,

t hat th ese w ords are ch i efl y ev ery day w ords an d

most likely to show ex tens iv e phon etic corruption
,

fromlon g an d con st an t use .

Wo rds m ay b e h eteroclit i c Gr 2 1 2 heterogen eo us

G r 2 14 ; defec ti ve G r 21 5 ; m
, .
,

.
,
e ta plas ti c
. Gr 21 3 ,
.

Se e also Gr 1 6 8 b ; 2 1 6 2 6 1 0 1 2 1 5 1 7 2 0
.
,
-

, , , , , .

2 6 69 , for An us, illust rates Gr 6 8 . . On accent of a s, se e

Gr 1 72, 1311 0
. .

Infl ection of stems i n 6p ,

Gr 1 88, 1 89 . .

—
EX PLANATIO N8 F0 r . th e o mi i ss on of e in t h e ste mi s n 6 p,

cf En g br eth ren for br eth er en, L p a tres for p a ter es, Gr 43;
mt d mL
. . . .

fo r t h e i nser ti on of 8, t h e for s en er , gen der fro toner,

P im
.
,

gener,
t h ro ugh th e Fren ch . r . ca p . i .
,
36 .
36 GREE K FO R BEGINNERS .

Erer czses the Irr egula r Nou ns

'

46 . on .

Ex 47 7 0 17171 1 111 9
51 6 11 00 9 66 1
7 1) 1 6
3¢p 1 6
m
. . 11 1 6 19.
7 116 1 ,

7
1111 0 1 81 6 71 0 1!
16 0 1
3 6 11 71 ) é
¢p €l 7 1711 8111 6 10 6 611171) p épa
m
1 ~

M
Q I I 9

3
n h a a of
6 7 w1) W c w7
p 76
p
'

a OU O . 1ce a 6 6 71 0 11 11) .

Kfip0 9 76 6 1
’
1) 71 9 3 1 1.17
7
p 9 WG T Gpa
‘
) 4 1 0 11 66 1 0 9 6 7181)
11 7 6 11 6 1 . 1

6p6 29 Av6 6 11 8p0 v 0 0 76 710 6 6 1 8d1pa

'
Z vp6 11 0 6
’

1a1 v 7 11 11 0 9 76
c

11 6 1 111 6 716
I 11
6 71 6 1 776 .
Q w I
6 11 80 6 11 6 1 71 0 M 9 6 a1 §6 1 71 o
1 1

1 .

Q
116 1 3
A 0 1
6 9 11 6 1 71 10 3 6 76
11
11 6 1 6 0 0 3 6 710 1)
l I
v9 0 11
p 9 11 6
1 0 11 1
3
1 1 15 6 11 11 9 11 1511 6 9 7 1 61 1 6 1 6 6 18 1 6 1 ( 163 0 1)
1 71 1 1 7 p7
6Q 9 6 18 1
1 ' .

71 6 1 6 11) 13 150 1 9 11 6t 7 0 29 A01) va 10 1 9 71 7

' '

¢ 6 3 0 0
. 9 1
31) 116 131)

11 6 1 171 71 01 1) 11 6 1 ) 70 6 B l
‘
11 1 6 701 6
” 7 d 1
m
1 p p p7 v 6 11 6 11
p 71 7 1 1 ov
I A
E /
w 9 S"
0
fl

e x a 70 1) 70 1 9 [1 6 11 0
4 6 1 41 0 1 9
1 76 6
py
'
a l en a 1 6 1)

7 131) 6 11 8111311 , 70 29 86 616 1 7171) 43 11 11 17

11 6 16 0 1 00 11 6 11 1 .

Ex 48 M i n erva b ore i n h er
h an d a lon g spear
Dem
. . .

ost h é n e s u sed t o dri n k w at er o n ly but Aeschi n e s - -

ran k i L h r ule rs assi gn ho n o rs t o t h e

( d ) w ne e t t e .

ri est s of Ju i t er T foo foo sh i s a slave t o

p p h e l (li t li ) - -

h i s b elly but th e m
. .

,
i n d of th e w i se i s m ast er of h i s

b ody an d of h i s passi on s M ay th e light of th e m orn .

i n g n ot bri n g n e w pai n s t o t h e wre tch e d Th e b oys .

sh all st ri k e (11 671 7 6 1 th e b all w i th h an d or foo t T h

) e

am bassadors of t h e barb ari an s m

.

i ght b en d th ei r kn e es
i n g but th e G reeks m ust rem ai n ,

c lo se t h e w ay of th e breat h w i th our

teeth an d produ ce so un ds (th e) si gn of

vi r i n h as h e r m
,

ou r thou h t T h n o b l o d e sty (as)

g e e g
an o rn am
.

en t an d safegua rd Th e rock h as a clear echo

Th e city of Ath ens w as sm
. .

all b ut h e r ci ti zen s
p er

form
,

e d (li t d i d i llustri o us de eds

) A fe w so ldi ers of

th e G reeks m i gh t ro ut a w hole arm

. .

y of th e Persi an s .

Th e Athen i an s th e sa vi o rs of G reece guarded th ei r

, ,

coun try b rav ely .

V
ADJECTIV ES or THE mm ra sr nn a m c DECL ENSIO N . 37

V III ADJECTIV ES or . THE I M PARISYLLABIC DECL ENSION .

4 7 U n con tr a cte d A dj ecti ves

. .

Noun s fro m con son an t stems i n Decl III . . a re

c omm o n ly paro xyto n e

m m
.

P ar a d i
g m s fro s te s i n 1 G r 2 35 -
)

s fro m st em
.

Paradigm
.

[
s in Gr 24 0 To th ese . .

611 61 also m
1 1 ust b e ad ded ; o ri gi n all
y a partici ple an d ,

h en ce i n fl ected like ( G r .

Two i rregular adj ecti ves 1 676 9 a nd r an k Gr 24 7

’
1

So m e adj ec ti ves h a ve b ut on e term

.
, ,
.

i n ati o n G r 24 6 , . .

Exr na x a r rox s —ln ge n e ral Gr 2 2 8 For ste mi s n -

1) Gr
mi m
. .
, . .

2 3 3 , 2 34 . For st e s n -
Gr . 23 7, 2 3 9 ( 1 2 9 a ); 11 6 6 6

11 6 11 6 11 6 11 11 6 6 11 r aw -
ta, Gr 6 7
m mwh
. .

Th e e an ing of 11 6 9 is so e at de penden t on i ts posi ti on

i n t h e ph rase t o w hi ch it b elongs ; Gr 6 72 So m g mm
e ra a rs

mt b h
. .

g i v e n o d ua l t o 11 6 9 ,
fo r r eas on s w h ich would see o e o

vi ous

m i g f th
.

Th e ea n n o e sufli x -
evr Gr 5 6 7
t m 10
. .

Th e s e i 11 0 10 s connect ed wi t h 11 0 1 1) th rough rr t o, by
mil ti
-

assi a on .

48 . Con tr a cted Adj ecti ves .

Paradig mf or st e mi s n -
v G r 2 29
mf mi
. .

Paradig or ste s n -
w Gr 2 30 . .

Ex r na ua r rox s . fro m68 11 10

-
; see App 1 0 . .

For oth e r p o in ts , Gr 2 3 1 . .

REM AR K 1 We fin d cont racted adj ecti ves belongi ng to

.

Decl I a n d IL:as ( 111 h a i r, 611 1113, 6 11 1 0 61) fro

. .
611 1 60 9 , 6 11 1 61;
-

m
( Gr 222 . 8 0 also dpy6 6 0 9 , d
p py vpo ii s, a n d xp t 16 60 9
,
'

v 6 oi1 9 , G r
'

xp 2 2 3 For pec uli ari ti es of cont racti on an d

.

a c cen t, se e 40
—
.

REM ARK 2 . A f ew w ords i n follow th e At tic Deelen

si on ; as th e mG ,
r . 22 6 .
 GR EEK FOR BEGINNERS .

49 . Exer ci ses on the Adj ecti ves .

Ex 49 71 1) 1 1 6 711 186
3 6 11 0 11 76 9 611 6 1 1 70 1) i 8v6 6 19 .
'

m
o 7v
. .
x
6 Blo9 3 86 ?v3 p xb 6
‘

fip x6 11 9 , 1 76 « v 7 0 6 p . 1

di 1 8p69 76 x6 26 11 6 1 671 139 76 86 6 6111 6 Bp6 81) 116 1 11 0 6 63869

‘

1 [1 611 0 9 7611) £166 11) 6p069 11 6 1 11 110 11 13 6 1 9 6 ti l/G W OQ

P ‘ .

1 090 1 6 16 1 7 93 A1 1 0 1 6 66 68 6 29 116 1 6 1611

’
11 1 0 0 11 6 9
3 1 6 0 11 6 71 ) 9
p .

70 1 19 6 61 1 v 7 181) 116 0117181) 06 131) 71 6 2811 9 6X6 y6 1) 11 6 1

1 ' .

11 6 1 7 1111 6 11 11 151 76 0 166 20 4 3 710 1) n ow/1 1111) 601 11 13

3
1 70 7 1
1 1
1 .

71 6 9 7 6x6 9 6366 1 6 11 6 11 p69 . 0 1 6 11 16 76 39 11 6 1

1
761) 11 61) 71 611 0 1) 7 131) 86 13 80 11 1311 1386 11 1 1) p op l§0 v6 1 11 .

0pa 6 et9 0 1 6 11 6 06 19 116 1 11 p111 0 116 1 1 76 11 76 86 7 111 7 6 1

' '
,

11 6 1 6 13813 13 6 6 1 8616 76 p eydh a . 7 139 7 6 17

x 9 6 x 61

70 29 6 11 6 7 é6 1 B a eia 13 80 11 13 11 6 11 6 1) 7 111 7 6 1
p p x p
lt 67r17
11 0a vp é §0 11 6 v 76 0a v/1 a 6 76 60177611)
. Oi
34 01711 6 20 1 11 6 611) 11 6 1 11 6 1 6 6 771810 1) 71 1 0 66 1 0 1 136 6 11 °

oi 86 2 1 76 0 71 5176 1 6 11 8 1 61 11 11 6 1 6 v8p6 16 9
' '

76 1 6 9 7 61 1)
3 1 6 1 [1 17
1 .

Z 71 6 117 16 7 63 611 76 9
'

6
'

0 16
7 1 11) 76 1 7v11 6 1 11 111 . 6 1 11

3 67 ou9 8 6 16 636 6p6 1

'

0 1 611)
71 0 7 1 6
1 1 111 11) 70 1 3
1 6 2
0 6 1 1 1) 776 1 6 1 1 11
1 3 .

Ex 50 Ti me i s th e h eale r of allgri e f Th e ri ver

. . .

i s d e e p a n d full of great fish 0 wretch e d boy w o uld

e at y o ur m
.
,

y ou b o t h er ? T h e i n c on t i n e n t a re w e ak

an d si n a ai n st t h e i r will (li t unwi llin g) Th S t oi cs

g e

though t t h e passi on less (m

. .

an ) alon e w i se an d oo d
g
E v e n t o t h e contin en t ( m an ) th e b attle m
.

m
ust b e se v e re

3
( p )
6 b u t h e o b t a i n s th e vi c to ry o v e r (li t of )p l e as

Th e te m m m
, .

r of a ll h i s
ure .
p e ra t e ( an
) i s ast e
p a s

si ons Th e Eth i opi an s are black an d h ave th e i r h ai r

Th e m as s a dm
.

th i ck . i re e v e n t h e fooli sh an d unj ust

act i on s of th e fo rt un at e but th e o bscure vi rtue s of ,

Gr 23 1 b ;
.
9
75 3 c ( 729 f) .
 V
ADJECTI ES on THE I PARIS LLA IC DECL ENSION 3 9 M Y B .

th e un fort un ate escape n oti ce Atlas be ars th e w eight .

of th e broad heaven Th e ki n g an d th e fath er are

types an d i m
.

a e s of God t h e t r ue fath e r a n d ki n g of
g ,

a ll th i n s T e tyra n t could h a v e n o li t n ot k n owl

g h .
( ) .

e dge of t rue fri en dshi p .

Ex 5 1 6 76 0036 70 6 60 16 776 286 9

'

. . 6 676 11 6 39 6 36 1 1! 0 1 7 631! .

1 0 9 6 0 1 6 7 69 66 71 11 136 380 39
7 93 6 676 11 6 2 11 60 7
3 7 0 29 W é Dfl O t

mI
‘

ea l ryépov
z Bp a e i a 66 m7 11) 1
3 70 6 xe w voe d ip a
’
0
. 1 8 6
’ '

m
,

m
I f I I6 6 i
w I
OU O L « u
I!

wh o 76
x fx g p
-

10 1 G
X /
'

1 6 16 0 11 7 0 1 9 , r ovq .

wok k oi s ‘
3
7 6 1! 6 1 0,0 41s 6 13869 66 71 7 6 6 X1) 0 69 of 86
m
,

ar ev 86 2s
l
‘
M 70 1 7 616 a
i no 76 G -

m
a v/4 6 6 7 0 1 6 56 1 11 6 6 y k v/cei e .

3
'
6 8v6 ol a /6 6 9
'

o
'

vr ryevei s
‘
6 0 1 1 7 11 76 9 01 70
x 6 29 . 01 [c 70 29

36 6 11 866M70 1 9 70 69 6 61306 1 9 vea l/[6 9 M p fl dvovo w 70 29

1 .

A01) va t0 19 130 6 11 1 70 l
'
6 136 9 p a x a l (ca l 7 1 13 6 1 s 3
’ -

p p p
‘
1 .

7 6311 6 pX6 1 wv {
'
m pf o a 770 7
0 6 1 11 0 00381 ) 6x6 1 .
[L épOS ‘

A
7 6 16 6 6 0,0 0 1
I
m Q
6 6 7 1 70
A
76 1
I
10 9 .
3 A
0 56 16 11 ( an /17
p 1)
’I
e
x au

86 ct V SpGS Ba peia v 70 29 286 9,

' ’'
20 1
'

6 16 6 5 y vva i lcee x6 76 01
‘
.

1 6 6 6 3 66 1 1 70 1 11 6 9 11 6 2 6B 6 6 { l
'

6 6 1 ¢ ov 9 77 k 6 1 11 0 1 e
p o
I '
,
I
Xo yo1 70 1 9 86 eva efl eo w 1386 16 11 el
A

x6 1
1
I 11
6 1 0 1311 17
'
t A 3
m .

6 3 6 1: H 6
’
’ ’

76 11 /1 13 cov ) t x7 6 76 9 70 8 O 6 o 7ov 16 66 6 9
p p
'

p x .

Ex Th e an ci e n ts th ough t th e figure of th e
. 52 .

earth n ot s h e ri cal b ut fl at T h e Pla ta ean s w ere

p
m
.

le avi n g th e d irect ro ad fro fear of th e e n e y Th e m

hemen t an d th e bustlin us e wear s e o ei r m i om t t h
.

ve g t b
frien ds Th e solitud e of t h e w oody mo un t ai n s i s sw eet
.

to t h e po et an d t o th e ph ilosoph er Th e sw i ft Iri s
an d Herm es th e son of Mai a w ere th e m
.

— essen gers of - -

Z eus Th e n at ure of th e w i se an d t em
.
pe ra t e i s d i v in e ,

but (th at) of th e i gn oran t an d li cen t i ous i s b rutal

Cro esus h a d a great n am e an d gr eat pow er an d m
.

u ch

1 ’
Ip¢s .
9
Gr 5 59 .
(
or 73 0 a )
.
40 G R EEK F O R B EGINNERS .

ri c h es, b ut h e c o uld 6
(x )c1 n o t b e h a
ppy T h e G re ek s .

calle d th e k i n of t h e Pe rs ia n s th e great ki n g T h e
g .

t oi l of th e day an d th e si le n ce a n d d a rkn ess of th e

n i h t bri n g de e p sle e p to t h e h e alth y Ch o i ce i s th e
(
g .

ac t ) of free an d w i lli ng (age n t)

a Let us keep th e
li ke n ess of th e ch a rm
.

in g Aspasi a Th e c haracter of
Ach i lles was ras h an d v eh e m
.

en t .

IX . COMPARISO N or A mm v ns .

50 . For mf s o m
the Co p a ra ti ve a nd Sup erla ti ve De .

Form at ion etc G r 24 8 24 9 2 5 3 ; 236 .

Le arn t h e co m
, ,
.
, .
,

p a ri so n of th e fo llo w i n
g 6: 1 0 6 19 ,

7p
6 6 1 6s 77t 69 6 686
‘
13 ,
0 1 1 as fo u n d i n
,
G r 2 5 0 2 5 11 1
, .
,
.

Th e n o un wpéo Bvs gi ves 1 rp6 0 3 576 p0 9 1 rp6 0 3 67a '

1
,
'

70 9 Cf G r 2 1 6 , 1 7
om mon est adjecti ves formth e com
. . .

Man y of th e c

p arati v e an d su erlat i v e i rreg ularl

p y e i t h e r f ro m e m
ren t ste m m
,

p loy i n
g d iffe s (as i n L a t i n b o n u s eli or

m m r p essi m
, , ,

n En li sh
op ti u s a lus p
ej o u s i g g oo d
bette r bes t ; ba d worse w ors t) ; or fro mwha t i s calle d
, , , ,

, , ,

th e pri n ci ple of euphon y h arsh so un ds be in g soon e st

w o rn a way an d un im
,

p o rtan t sylla bles slurred o v er i n

w o rd s of m
,

ost freque n t use Of G r 2 54 2 5 5 . . .

, .

SPECIAL RU L E or A m
an m
— Th e accent of all for m s

in th e co mp arati ve and superlati ve degrees i s always

recessi ve.

51 . Sy n ta x o
f tfie Degr ees o f m
Co p a r i son .

1 om
Th e a ra ti ve i mlie s a co mari
use of th e c
.
p p p
son bet wee n two th in s T h e w o rd e x re ssi ve of th e
g p
se co n d t hi n g may be jo i n ed to th e co m
.

arati ve (as i n
p
 GR EE K FO R BEGINNER S .

5 11 . 6 30 700 0 6 3 10 0 06 116 70 9 3 & 7 v 60 7 111 . 2 0 111 30 6 7139

1 M 0 3 l xn 3
1 71 9 a r v i 7 3 6
3
’

1
11 16 6 0 0 1 6 7 1 1 7 0 1 0 0 116 70 9 0 0 17 6 .

1 76 11 70 1 11 6 11 0 1 031 70 1 1: Ai a x o9 1311 6 156 6 3 66 76 70 9 7 631:11 611

3 .

3 6 63176 71311 86 76 30 6 1 7 631 0 11) 6 1 3 0 117 16 1

'
11 6 0 1 76 1 0 1 11 7 , 11 0
3 6 70 9
y
ovo w .
0 I 3 I
0 1 1 1 1 0 10 7 6 9 70 1 1) 1 1 13 110 1 11 6 6 7
I
6 1 11 76 7“
A 9
e
x
Ex 5 4 . . Th e moo n is s mlla er t han th e eart h ,
an d

th e e art h th an th e s un . Mi ltiades an d Ari stei des an d

Peri cles were b ett er han Clé on an d Hypé rbcilus m en t

‘

Th e de epest ri vers are slo we st Ath en s an d Sparta

an d Corin th w ere t h e m
.

ost i llustrious of th e ci ti es of
G reece Hom er an d Hé si 5d w e re th e m
. ost an ci en t
p o ets of G ree ce T h e m ai d e n s h ai r i s bla ck er than
.
’

th e rav en Ath en s h ad th e m
. ost illustri ous poets an d
o rato rs an d philosophers of all th e Greeks To th e
G reeks an d Rom
.

an s th ei r c oun try w as dearer an d

holi er an d m o re hon ore d th an wi ves an d chi ldren an d

houses an d lan ds Th e j ust orato r m us t n ot

ad v i se th e ple asan t e st b ut t h e b es t ( th in gs) for t h e

s) n ot th e ri ch (wh o) ar e m
,

e o le (It i o re h appy
p p .

t h an th e poor but th e earn e st th an th e i dle an d th e

, ,
0 u 9“

wi se th an th e i gn oran
0 5 U

Ex 5 5 6 px?). .

6
1 16 11 7 09 i
l
5
m ov 11 6716 7 611 66 7 1 11 .
'
HO 1 '
'

0 80 9 Xeryel, 1 11 60 11 6 d
'

3 111 1 1 9 7 73 9
'
01
11 1 0 1 1 7 6 11 7 9 .

¢ pv yla 9 711 011 1 0 11

r 1 1 1 13 96 1 a i 6 Mi o o ove9 130 6 11 oi B oun
. m ’
' '

70 1 7 0 16 1 013116 10 111 m70 29 6 110 0 6 3

'

m
60 7 1 116 247
“ ’
0 11 0v
Q

az .
3
7 1 8031) xoi a k al
'
6 0 1 16 3 3
4 u x
-
c 7 0 9
1 7 0 6 . 1 p 0

a 1 ou9 6X6 6 1176 9 7 1 6 1 6 1

'

¢ 3 4 76 [1 1 11 1 6
3 p g e
.l o va s 3 X 6 ,

3 43
6 9
'
1 6 1 6 1 o i [1 6
.11 1 1 60 1 7 0 29 7 6 1r
p 3
6 0 v 7 6
'

p w v 67 6 1110 1 9 m '

a i ovcrw oi 86 1 r 6 0 3 15 6 0 1 7 6 29 71811 11 610 11 76

x p p 7
p
'

ei ova wh i
x p 3 p 0 7 0 i 9 m 60 7 1 7 13 11 6 6 6 1 11 611
'

0 1 11
3 6 0 17L 6
'
0 1 9 .
-

dPX’l(340 W ”l57759
 PRONOU NS .

Ex 56 Water ys Pin dar (H11 8a p0 9)

is best , sa

A li cen ti ous m
. . .

an is n ot superi or t o (li t t h an ) t h e

most savage beas t ’ Th e easi est way is quickest for

.

th e arm y W ealth is a most co wardly thi ng \ Th e

.

i n con ti n en t must suffer a m

. .

ost hateful slav ery An ax

im
.

an der thought th e sun n ot less t h an th e earth but

Epi cur us thought i t v ery sm

,

all Educati on i s a b e tter

e ri ch recei v e m
.

p o ssessi on th an ri ch e s T h o re hon or

m n are m
.

th an th ey should I A
( ) fe w w i se ( e ) o re t o be

feared (610 3 630 09 ) th an m

.

an y fools ’Sure fri e n d s are .

t h e true st sce pter for k in gs th e b est safeguard an d th e

fairest ornam
, ,

en t Th e horse i s w eaker but swi fter

Th e form
.

th an th e eleph an t er ci ti z en s we re su eri or
.
p
to t h e lat er Th e last sh all b e fi rst an d th e first last
.
, .

X . PRO NO U NS .

53 . P erson a l Pron oun s .

6716 I L ego e oti sm m L

1 ( g ) 2 i tho u ( ta
)
m
. . .
, , .
, . .

3 0 13 o
.
f
, h i ( L s ui ) — G r 26 1 2 6 2
. . .
, .

A s i n En gli sh an d Lati n th ese old an d wellw orn -

They are so in tim

,

w ords are v ery i rregular at ely

.

con n ected wi t h ourse lv es th at i t w as i mo rta n t t o

p
mark more clearly than i n other words the relation
they b o re to t h e res t of th e sen te n ce ; e g wh eth er I
th e speake r amagen t or p at i en t act in g si ngly or in
,
. .
,

For thi s reaso n w e fin d i n m

,

con c e rt wi t h oth ers . o st

lan guage s t hat th e y b orro w thei r i n fl ecti on s fr oma
n um b er of st e m s as Lat ego m F e m
e n os
; r j oi
m m
, .
, , .
, ,

n ou s
; G e r i oh ,. i r , un s E n
g , I e,
a s . .

In Atti c , th e pron o un 0 15 w h i ch stan ds for th e 3d ,

p ers o n i s u se d o n ly i n a s
p ec i a l re fl e x i v e se n se i t s

m
, ,

pl a ce b e i n g su pp l i e d b y o n e o r o t h er of t h e d e o n
44 G R EE K FO R B EGINNERS .

st rat i ves, usuall y 686 , 3

0 1 70 9 , or 611 6 21 0 9 i n th e n omi na ~

t i ve , an d 6 0709 i n th e ob li q ue cas es Even as a re

co m mon than th e lon ger form
.

fl ex i v e , i t i s fa r less
66 11 70 17. Cf Lat. . su i , s i bi , e tc .

REM ARK {
w ; th e sa e case en di n g m e- m -

se rv i n g h e re for both d ual an d plural dat i ves, si n ce th ey ay m

be di s ti nguish ed by t h ei r d ifferen t st e m s.

—
—’
Possessi ve P ron oun s Gr 2 6 9 6 75 , 6 89 . .

54 . Exer ci ses on theYer son al a n d I ossessi ve P ro ’ '

n ou n s .

Ex 5 7.
3 x 6 .1
3 6 6 1
6 7
1 6 1976 1 6 7
0 13 o f
” : 6 7 6 3 7 6 .

6 o 7pa 136 211 6 17 1 6 61 6 1 76 9 7139 vvx7 09 631 6 9 8 (

'

1 3 1 11 6 o v9 .

61 6 u8pe9 1 M v€ a31 rov9 11 0 6 14 6 l

'

¢ p , 70 1 1 7 0 70 k . ,

xa k a l GXfl I SGS ei6 ly 6 1 6 11 8 1 6 9 3

6 ’
11 6 [
‘
1 1
1 . 1 6 6 29

86 676) [1 611 136 6 6 111 eip l 6 0 8 6 1) 86 70 1? , ,

6 86 76130 13 7 1311 ( od a y 6 7
.
t 6 70 6 6 7 6 717 1: 11 0 1 6
1 1 6 76

0 3 631 6
'
66 71
1
11 10 9 6 0 8 1 76 k6 176
p 0 9. 71 11 5
1 11 6 7 11

Wé M v, 61 6
1 7 6 76 9 lea n /6 71 7
11 M ryov
'
m v. o i
wok ep lo w vcxp0 11 9 k el1 70 v6 69 86
‘
70 69 7 1311 1 , 70

6 7 6p0 v9
7
6b
g 0 6 1 770 11 6 1 .

Ex 58 Th e death of th e child w ould b e an n u

m
. .

dyin g gri ef to us t wo O wret ch ed Aj ax , I ust pi t y

-
.

th y fortun e Let u s cit i z en s re joi ce b u t d o

you kee p
m
.
,

sile n ce , O stran
g ers To ou
y , i n de e d, th e ore i n
mb m th w i
.

nu er , b ut t o gn hon or Th e great
e e se r assi

kin g X é rx é s sen s e an th e oth er am d m

.

b assadors
d
d Ch m
.

May our fri en ar s n ot sufi e r a

grei dé
a t gri ef

God pi ty us w eak an d fooli sh m

.

,
ortals Th e Thra .

ci an s w ere st eali n ou r sh ee Th ere c ould n ot b e a

g p .

forgetfulness of th y son gs 0 poet Silen ce i s pleas

en ter t o m
.
,

e t han n oi se .

1P ‘
‘
Gr 2 6 3 ;
. 112 ; 8
79 1 0 7; ‘
67 “
8 78 ; 6 92, 1 ; 1
74 1 .
 PRONOU NS . 45

5 5 De
. m ons tr a ti ve Pr on ou n s .

I . Th e de mo n stra ti ve
p r n o ouns my ba e descri be d
as

1 . Th e d ire c t :38 6, h
t i s by me L . hi e 0 870 9 ,
h or
t i s, th at, by you L i ste (Gr
. . 611 6 21 0 9 , th at
yo nde r L . 1116 .

2 . Th e in te n si v e : G r. —
6 78 6 80 .

3 . Th e i n di r ect : 5 69 (i n o bli que

6 1 7 cases ) ,
Gr 6 82 . .

of 686 an d 0 870 9 Gr 2 71 2 72
In fiect ion , .
, .

In fl ec ti on of 61 6 26 0 9 Gr 2 71 of Gr 2 6 5 1 , . . .

Illustra ti n g t h e se veral uses of 6 5709 put t h e fol 1

lo wi n g se n t en ces i n to G reek :I m yself se e th e sa m

,

man These are the same (thi n gs) Do you see

h i m We se e t h e man d th e i r fri e n ds
. .

Nor m—O bserv e th e i n fe ri orit y of th e G ree k t o th e La tin

in re spect t o pronoun s of th is ki nd, 0 67 69 b ei n g used i n th ree
d i st in ct sen ses.

II Th e w ord
. oth er (L a li u s) whi ch i s .
,

gen e rally clas se d w ith th e pron o uns i s decli ned like ,

6 15769 0 wi th th e art icle i t acq uire s

-

t he m
,

e an i n
g o f L es ter i C f also Gr 7 0 4 a 70
. 5 . . .
, .

O ri gin ally th e n e uter of adj ect i v e pro n o un s h ad a

t er m i n a ti o n 7 correspo n d i ng t o t h e d of Lat i n i d
, , , ,

i llu (l gu o d
-
,
so t h at -
is i den ti cal wi th a li u d -

G r 86. .

611 6 h L qu isqu e an d 6166176130 9 ei th er

6 70 9 , eac .
, ,

L u ter gue fo llo w th e regu lar a dj e ct i ve declen sion

The i r mea ni ng an d use are ob vi o us fromtheir termi
,
. .

n a t i o ns G r 29 6 cf 6 7
,
3 a .
,
. .

56 Sgn ta a — No ti ce a peculia ri ty i n th e posi

ti on of t h e arti cle wh en use d wi th a de m
. .

on strat i ve
ro n ou n A o d i t t h rule for t h e att rib u ti ve
p c c r n
g. o e ,
46 G REE K FOR B EGINNERS .

th e pr on o mi n al j
570 9 , 686 , 611 6 211 0 9 , 6 11769
a d e cti v es 0

sho uld be plac e d b e t we e n t h e art i cle an d th e sub

st an ti v e w h en th ey h a v e a n at tri b uti ve fo rce On

m
.

t h e co n tra ry , w e fin d th e p l ace d i n th e ord e r w h i ch

ro erl y re d i cat i ve use , a s 0 1170 9 6 6 11 0 w

'
d e n ote s t h e
p p p p
or 0 6 11 0pw1 70 9
'
th i s m an , Gr 6 73 Prob
y th e origin of th is i s th a t th e de mon strati ve was
. .

ab l ,

looke d upon as a subst a n t i v e i n apposit ion wi th an

o th er substan ti ve so th at th e li te ral tran slation would
thi s on e (I mea n th e m e m a n (I m
,
”
be “
) an t h ean ) ,

th i s on e Cf also page 2 2 foot no te an d G r 6 74

” -
. .
. .
, ,

5 7 Reflex i ve
. a nd R ecip r oca l Pr on ou n s .

Th e re fl e x i ve pr no o un s a re c o mpoun ded of th e

p e rs o
n al
p r o n o un s a n d t h e d e mon strati ve 6 11709 Gr
Co n cern i n g o th e r fo rm
.
,

2 66, 6 8 3 . s of ; an d 6 , ,
Gr .

1
6 85 .

Th e p o
r ecio un 67
0 1
p 3o
r cal
71 6 1 of e a ch o th
r n e r 1 1, ,

i s fo rm e d by a so r t of re dupli c ati o n of 6 Mw9 Gr

'

2 6 8 ; of L a li us a li u m on e an o the r
.
,

. . O n th e .

u n t i ty of th e nult Gr 3 4
q a
p e , . .

58 . Exer ci ses on the De m onstr a ti ve, 121311 1 11 1 , a nd

Recip roca l Pr onoun s .

Ex O i 6 11 931 0 1 6 0 1 6 670 1 6 16 1 11 6a v7oi 9

'
. 59 .
1
1 70 M 6 16 1
76 70 1 . 11 611 6 9 711 6111 0 1 66 6 11 7 0 8 166 1 7 6311 66 121 11
4 1v 3
1 11 .

7 3
9 13 11 6 7 631 91 1
39 1 7 0 1
6 17 0 O
‘

Xfi p d 0 1 6 6 6116 1 . 5
70 1 70 111 7 6311

01 1701 11 6
1 7 11 7 6 9 o i Hep6 6 1 136 6 0 116 9 136 6 11
'
. 0 11 70 17
70

0 0 611 6 211 0
67 i [1 611 1 76 76p6 9 70 1570 111 71311 1 ra 7pi
. o

66 11
0 1 0 11 1 70 7
17k0 29 1 76110 1 9 11 6 1 11 1 118611 0 1 9 oi 86 1 76 286 9 6 11712111 ,
I 96 1 0 v6
A 8 1 l
A 7 I a A
17 1 76
6 1
¢ p 1 7
3) 6 171
6 [c a 7
3) 6
3 5
0 71 1 . 6 11 70 9 7g

6a v7ou x6 1pl 71311 i 6 16 16 76 29

’
13760 6 11 76 111 6 1 O 66 71 39
[1
3 p . o

Gr 6 72 ;
.
1
6 73 b .
 PRONOU NS .

1161 6 110 6 0 1 6 966 9 7 2 712111

6 1 70 19
63 6116 11 6 11 8 6 10 7 6 0 v9
6 01 1 0
p p
x6 1 76 v6 6 1 0 76p0 v9 von1§ov6 1 1a 1 7611
76 1 66 71 11 11 6 1

11

116
6 1
I
1 16 .

1 631 10 1
1 1 70 7
01
t

m
a r

8 6
/
A
6 11 6 1

6 1 11 76 70 1 .
9
9 6 16 1 11
1 I
a XAfl M LQ 116 1
¢ 17t o1 6 0 1 0 7 0 1
3
11

Ex These thi ngs spoke th e ambassadors ; m

60 a
y
th eir w o rds (li t of th e m
. .

b l asan t t o t h e ki n g
) e p e . .

Th e gen eral hears th e speech of th e h erald an d speaks ,

as follo ws (li t th ese t hi ngs) This is th e an ci en t ci ty

of th e Atreidae an d this th e tem
. .

p le of,
t h e go d d ess .

This islan d saw th e young Phoebus that heard th e

v o ice of Ho m To this man (i e t o m
,

e t h e v o i ce
er .
) . .
,

of fl atterers i s h at eful We are th e children of th e j

m
.

Spartan s, but our sp iri t i s n ot th e sa e Let us n ot , .

1
ourselv es, be th e cause of slav ery to ourselves Would .

th at t h e ci tiz en s w o uld n ot co rr upt on e an o the r b y

t h e ir evi l cust oms . Th e i
( 1 )1 6
o n e si de
11 are w i ck e do

an d licen t io us, th e oth er (0 1 86) harsh an d Oppressive

To each m an hi s own i n tere st (li t t h e th i n gs .

of h i mself
) alo n e i s dear .

59 . In terr oga ti ve an d In d efin i te Pr on oun s .

As i nLatin there is on e formfor t h e si m p le in

t errogati v e an d th e si m
,

le i n defi ni t e ; 71 9 u i s Gr
p g
Th e stem71 li ke th e stem
.
,

2 77; also 1 1 9 a .
,

by th e addi t io n of a vo wel passed in to th e O dee le n -

si o n 710 a ft erw ard b eca m e 76 0 an d b y co n t ra c t ion

Th us th e form
.
,

70 17 . s in are e x plai n ed Cf Gr . . .

2 77D .

60 . R ela ti ve P r on c a n s .

Th e si mpl e relat i v e , G r 275 ; t h e i n defi n i t e

. rela

ti v e, Gr 2 80 ( re ad 1 1
.

2 ) a .

Gr . 6 1 7; 6 10 ; 8
74 2 0.
48 GREEK FO R BEGINNERS .

Th e word 80 7 1 9 is als o use d as th e i n di re ct ih

t e rrogati ve . wh o ? 50 7 1 9 , (tell m) e wh o ? Gr .

70 0
fro mt h e others
.

Th e re la ti ve
p o oun
r n di ffers in
i ts po we r of co n n ecti ng se n t e nce s.

6 1 Syn ta x of the r ela ti ve —Gr 5 9 8, 6 2 7; cf

om
. . .

9 96 . issio n of t h e
Th e a n t e ce de n t o ccu rs i n En
g
lish ; e g Who steals m y
“
p urse stea ls t ras h ”
for
h e the m
. .
, ,

, a n wh o Wh a t “
h
t at w i c h h) I do, tho u
kn o west n ot n ow .

62 . Exerci ses on the In ter roga ti ve, In defin i te, f

a nd

R ela ti ve P r on oun s .

Ex . 61 1 60 71
. 7
-

67113 7 19 i586 xai pa 1

.
'

°
xa l 0 1 17 11 9 11117 0 1 ; 11 11 15 1 1 0 9 50 7 1 9 11 0 17 1 6 6 1 xa l
1 11
4 1
x
'
G ia n a 7 0 3
1 7 6 60 7 1 11 611 6 211 0 8
p 7w yp
o a 9

0 76 6 ( 0 1511 60 7 1 11 0 0 7 1 9 0 6 a 117 i 0 1570 9 1311 6311 81

' '

.
x 9 ,

1711 0 1 0 1 71 0 1 a o a37a 769 60 7 1 11 5 a 11 70 i3 5711 0 111 11

'

1 , ¢ 0 7 1 9 ,

10 30 71 6 1
'
d a 6 3 1 uCl 3
'

7 7
11 1 0
. 1 x
p a 7 6 29 1 1 11 1
1
1
, 6 11 11 ) vo ov cn , 7a 1 7a

0 15 qr d770 v0 1 11 a 8 6 7r 1i 770 v0 1
'
x a lc1w 7a ii7a
p p
' '

mm
, ,

8 1 1 71 9 8 1 11 1 11 ei ev
3 ! 5 1 7 5
‘ '
7 7 1 11 6 9 a 1 7 1 1 7 0 9 7 x 7 0 v 0 1 11 11 1
-

1 .
x
i) xpvo a (3111 6 71 16 76 oi 710 7 17 10 7 50 7 1 9 dpxi w 6x6 1 1)
'

. ,

57 17 11111 71 11 a 70 11 70 11 6 v8a l y o 11 a vo l ova w

p g .

Ex 6 2Who could hav e ri ch er frien ds th an th e

. .

kin g of th e Pe rsi an s ? Who i s wi ser than Solon or ,

ri ch er t han Cro esus or m ore j ust than Ari stei des ? ,

What cry do I hear ? (Th e t hi n gs) which th e laws

c om man d must be just May ev ery citizen hav e some
ar t w h i ch mi ght bri n g som
.

e
g oo d t o t h e o t h er ci ti ze n s .

Do you kn ow that genera l yon de r wh o bears a staff i n

his righ t h and ? Whoe v er do es j ust acti on s h i mw e ,

Gr 23 1 b ;
. 6 97.
50 GR EEK FOR BEGINNERS .

the Correla ti ve P ronoun s .

"
E3
F1
m
m 33
“

m “
a

m
s a
a

3 4
a
4 2
o
s
H
s 5
6 3 mm $ w m
9
m
0 6 s a 8
0
e “

8
a s a
;
5 ’

g s
fi
a .
'
33
a
z
Efl
-
$
‘
0
‘
O
 PRONOU NS .

65 . Ener eises on th e Corr ela ti ve f

Pr on ou n s .

EX 6 3 . . 0 0 9 l 6 7p6n 0 9 ' '

, 70 1 0 1370 9 67
16709 1 . a s 116 671)
wol ‘

8po9 711pa 9 6 11 6 131 0 11 9 111 6370

’
70 9 c u x 6 10 0 0 11 7 0 70 1 0 v70 u 1 1 11
p
m
' '
1 °

[1 6 11
31 0 0 1 ex c l/T e? a p a
p 7a 11 0
p
0
'

1 6 l n p11 e a
p x m
70 1 11 11777 11
17 9
2 8e17
1 a l11151 0 1 27 1 7 79 w vxijc 7m0 ) 6 3
°

j
0 1 19 01 00 1 1 r 7 , 70 0 0 v70 v9

86 0
"
-

71 0 7a 9 6
x
'

0 v0 1 11 0 1 a x
p a 76 1 9 . 71 6 76
'

p o11 3 671 7 1 0 11 v0 p 1§6 1 9 ,

ia v i) 7r7
'
a o
gb 1 0 1370 11 70 1 0 1370 1 h o ur 611 6 2110 1 0 1
fifi T O GC, a t
p
0 1316 6 138a 1uo vla 11 0 13 67
’
, 7 10 9 5
7 9 7ro7
1 1 7et a 9 ,

67
17121 7a
q a 7a . 6311 9 w l 7 179 17
717
1 17
g1
7 7
1 m ) a
p /1 111 It a . 9

H6 p
1 ”
86 1a 9
'
7 0 111 1171 7
9 7ra 1 11171 0 1a a 1 0 7 1311
xp
'

0 11
w
é yov9 Aflq va lovs 6
fl f I
0 1 0 11 0 7
p a 7o9 oh
1 au OWOT G OS
P
'

1 1 6 111 76
‘ ‘
11 ; x
16 110
777
I if
6 1 , 11 7
171
2 f I f
81 /1 a 1 0 76 po9
f

q p a 7 a 6
x 0 7r0 76
p 09 xa 1

0 11 60 7 6 0 9 l
¢p 70 1370 11 b
’
a w
p ,
g 7
10 11 x
p t V O/LGD.

Ex . 64 . Th e barb arians kille d all as m an y as th ey

foun d of Greeks th e Such as th e act i on s are such

must be th e character Couldst t hou dee m(s piv )
,
.

w ealth so great a good t o m

.

an ? Th e Persi an s assi gn
such hon ors t o th e i r ki n gs as pi o us m en d
( )o t o th e

go ds Dé mcisth en es did n ot th i n k e v ery peace desir

.
‘

.
—
able (li t ple asan t) but p eac e o a certai n k i n d (770 1 69
f ,
- -

Wh at kin d oi w ar would n ot b e better tha n

- -

such a p eace ? Th e lo v e of r i ch es i s th e cause of

man y ev ils to states but n ot of so many as th e lov e
of pleasure an d of i d le n ess How man y years h as
,

your fath er ? Whi ch of th e (tw o) brothers w as th e

e ld e r ? Wi th th e right h an d let h i msei ze th e spear ,

w i th th e oth er th e sh ie ld .

66 . Gen era l R e mk th P ar s on e r on ou n s .

No p a rt of g mm i mo i t
ra ar s re n er esti n
g t o th e

ph ilo log er th an th e p ron un o . Not on ly is it of g reat

9 3
Gr 75 3 f ;
. 666 11 ; 6 97 .
52 G R EE K F OR BEGINNERS .

v alue for e x h ibi tin g

o of differen t lan th e o
c n n e ct i n

guages but i t open s up a most i m

, p o rtan t li n e for i n

v esti ga ti on respecti n g th e origi n of i n fl ecti o n s gen er

a lly Accord in g to what i s n ow th e gen erally recei v ed

Opi n i on we fin d h ere i n th ei r leas t di sgui se d form
.

t h e e lem en ts of n om
, , ,

i n al an d v erb al i nfl ecti o n s as

w ell as of th e m ajori ty of n um erals an d pre po si ti ons

To sho w th is i n det ailb elon gs to more advan ced gram

.

mar We can only n oti ce here that th e demon stra

ti v e i s t h e earli est formof pron oun an d that th e
.

others hav e been gradually dev eloped out of it

Thus th e 1 st person w ould origi n ally mean this
on e h ere as we fin d e v e n i n lat er G re ek 686 dwip
”
,

use d as a p eri phrasi s for 67 6 ; t h e 2 d person w ould 1

mean this one n ear as we fin d in later Greek 6) ,

1370 9 used for 0 5; t h e 3 d person i s still suppli ed by

-

0 1

a de m on st rati v e
76 wh i ch b ecom
.

Agai n 6 , , e s i n lat e r G reek th e

,

arti cle or di stin ct iv e pron ou n ”

(as i t h as b e e n

calle d ) i s used by Ho m e r ei t h er as a de m
,

,
onstrati ve
or perso n al pron oun or as a relat i v e ; an d t h ere are

t races rem
,

ai n i n g i n Atti c of b oth t h ese uses parti cu

larly of th e dem
,

on stra ti ve use i n th e phras es 6 11 61 1,

6 th e on e th e other (li t h e on th e on e si de h e on
Th e dev elo pm
.
, ,

t h e oth e r si de) en t of th e arti cle out

of th e demon strati ve m
.

a
y b e il lu st rate d b
y th e F ren c h
lo fromL i lle
Th e relati v e 69 ii 6 w as or igi n ally th e sam
, . .

’ ‘
, e as ,

1
Th us th e old for m s £0 71 a re respect ively md a e

up of th e st e m66 j oin ed t o 116 , th e m f th

ste o e let person , t o 06 th e
ste m f th o e 2d pe rson , an d to th e de m t ti
ons ra ve root 76.
9
Gr 6 53 ; 3
698
mi
.

m
.

4
Th e sa e n sub s tance of ea ni ng, b ut di fi erent in origi n.
 NU M ERALS .

6 6
, , 7 6, an d h ad fo rce of wh i ch th e
a de mo nst rat i ve ,

Atti c still preser ve s t rac es i n parti cular ph rases Th is

con n ecti o n b et we en t h e dem
.

on strati ve an d re lati v e i s
illustrated by th e double force of th e En glish tha t as
Who i s h e tha t will h armyou i f ye b e
,

i n th e v erse “

followers of th a t whi ch is good i an d th e Germ

,

a n der

w h i ch is arti cle d e m
,

on st rati ve an d relati v e i n on e
, ,
.

Th e con n ecti on of th e r elati v e an d i n t e rrogati v e i s

la i nly sho wn b t h L ti u t u t n d En w h
p y e a n
g g s a
g o , ,
.

t hat of th e in t errogati ve an d i n defin i te by allth e Greek

e x am ples gi v en an d b
y t h e L at ,gu ts si g u i s ah L Qu i s .
,
-

, .

XI . NU M E R AL S
1
.

6 7 Me . mi fior z e rs t te n of e ac h li st, G r .
£ 8; and

i n fl ecti o n s of Gr 290 . . Re ad G r 2 9 6 , 2 9 7. .

Th e e tyml gi l
o o ca connect ion of th e grea ter part of th e nu m erals

i n Greek, La ti n, an d English i s gen era lly e viden t at on ce. Wh ere th e

conn ect i on i s less ob vi ous, as in r é aoa peg, i t i s conclusi ve
qua tuo r f our ,

mi mi
,

ly sh own b y a furt h e r ex a n at ion of th e alli ed for s n oth ers of th e

Indo European lan guages Th us we find in Greek di alectica l for m
m
-
. 9.

1 :
50 p ; ré aaapec an d aga in i n La tin a di alect ica l for mp a or a gua

mwhi h w
,

tuor , fro c e ob ta i n th e eq uati on,

r é aaa peg

And th at an origi nal Indo European word

-
my a appea r in one di alect
wi th 914 , i n an oth er with p , and i n a th i rd wi th t, i s evi dent fro m m exa

ple s whi ch we h ave a lrea d y et w i th i n t h e coursemo f th i s b ook ,

th us

gu ts Di alectic was or ICOC cf. ( 11 d Gr 2 78 D),

. .

n é vf e
gui n
que Di alect ic ru
t/ m( G
e r. 2 88 D, Aeolic),

equus i mc
ro

m
.

The sa e v ari ati ons a re frequent ly ob servab le in a ch ild s

’
first
att e mpt to pron ounce k or 0 14
s

my b
.

Th e connection of t h e English f our a e exhi bited in anoth er

equati on taking i n th e Welsh an d t h e Goth i c, th us :

 GREE K FO R BEGINNERS .

Exercises on the Nu m
68 era l
s

m
. .

Ex 6 5 7631: evr rd a ocpai r a roc fiv 2 67 m

'
' '
. . .

A771 1c It a l E63 0 m l: na l Z o l a /4 2m é xa 76v V 66 9 é 6

’

¢
m
~
. ,

W 0 0 1) as xetpbe p dxn onm exec k pet7oe

’
“
. .

6 K i w é 6 6¢ 9 7 6 i x m o
' ’

m
p 0 9 a /c va y u a u a tp v e e a n r o u .

Gpan rov 86a p epn )

' '

d ru It a l oé pa 7 63V p é v .

EM 1§vwv 6 din e/£69 75V 861mp vpui Ses 7631! Sé Ba pfidpa w

'
‘
,

r ew rjxow a oi Ko t vfltot ”Move 67rM7a 9 tea lS m oa l

'

m
p a o
-
. ve .

{mete [ca l r pujpet s ei x oo w é rre rov 75 wawela 70 29

’ '
' '

. .

dvflpam ow S GtS
'
TG OQ fi M 6 é
’
70 29 w
P 9 e a

dpxow ee how : oi? 7h

'
woiuswe érrpad o ov 7631; 7 ui

m
'

p .

nor m éc ov ov 131) 61 m 70 29
'

Ex 6 6 Th e year is a peri o d of t welv e m on ths

m ) tw
. . .

Man h as (li t th ere are to t h e an o ea rs, tw o e y es

month The city of th e Ath e
.
,

t wo feet o , on e n se, on e .

n i an s h as th ree harbo rs Th ales was on e of th e w i se

men of Greece Th e th irty tyrants were more unjust
.

an d v i olen t than th e m an d slew m

.

ob ore ci ti zen s
Cle archus h ad (li t there w ere t o C ) m
, .

ore than forty

Thraci an s an d horsem
. .

en Th e he ight of th e wallw as
Am
.

on e hun dred feet on g (li t to) th e Athen i an s th e .

E leven h ad th e charge (61 v 6) of th e pri son Th e

Lem
.

aea n Hy dra h ad n i n e h e ads ei gh t of wh i ch w ere - - -

m m m
,

(li t t h e ei ght i n d ee d) o rta l b ut t h e i ddl e o n e i

mortal Eurystheus appoint s for Hercules th e twelv e
.
,

c o n tests whi ch were th e cause of so m an y t o ils t o h i m

.

Ex 67
’
t 6,u1rtot , 35 p év
O7 H
ea l

m
. .
,
”
Hpa M eal/ii Ap7e
, ,
”
s,
‘
'
E0 7 [a ,

p etora = W p edwa r G . .
fid wor ,

wh ich i s soften ed in Anglo Saxon to few er

- and sh ortened in English

I “ ” 23 2 ‘ 5 ‘
70 6 b 73 2
Gr 6 2 1 . a ; 73 2 ; ; 6 21 b ; peri sp .
; or a ;
" 1 88 .
 a n v n a ns . 55

85 82:
H ea l Z ebe Hoo s cSé w Apart,
‘ ‘ "

m m
, , ,

Hcpa w roe 72p 60 :860

mm
”
8é x a l X 03 ei s, 7 ei s
'

p p
' ‘
'
7

m
.

E rs 83 7é o 0 a 5 9 M 0 0 0 S é ew éa 8
’
s i de
t
” p
'

pt 7es ,
p , .

) p év ci vflpai rrwa , 7d Bé Geia 7 65V 86

’ '

eov w, 7c

dvflpwwlv v mm
l éM TT é WDV 7rp6370 v p 31:70 fryeée 7 0 0
’
,
‘
,

a é p a r oe, m
il le r SE86 676 pov 70 8% 7p[r ev 30 x09 767a p , ,

7a r 8é wh oii r os 6 8s 06 1 67epd 60 7 1 xa l p elts»

'
. , , .

70 157a w 7r w7ov 9)
'

p 6
¢p 7 0 5s 8 6 67
“
6
720 1 :
) 82 0 é m
¢p 6 90
u 11
39 3
m
3179 7pt7 ov 8é 8 a w 0 6 y 7 é7a p7ov Sé ci t/Spelt»
'
m m Alf .

m
, ,

6 i 6 0 0 t
’ '
I pa ia t
3 ¢ G é
'

¢ p7
‘

y t u a re es x a ‘
ua a v a
v p ) oe
'
1 0

i 5m 686 ix A 6 mp {y K i wp
m
u at o ur '
xa . v7a e ov. 0 0 ra r

lH l fim : é i A B i
'
It a ,
) h io p i fl e q w ? o ( a r vov o a xe a u z/ t.

E 6 8 A Oly m x.
p i d i
( /
a d ) i p i d of
n a c oa n s s a er o

of fifty G k m
.

fo y ur ears, o th Th
or ree n s . ere are

my an of di b t
causes of th g t t i se ase , u on e e rea es s an

t i d m
un res ra n e f li i g I hu w th fi t an n er o - -
v n . n ac s as e rs

ki n g of Argos, Pela sgus was th e sec n d , o Dan aus

th e ( ) of B e
sonlus t h e th i rd S ar dan apalus w a s th e .

th i rt i eth an d last ki n g of th e Assyri an s In descen t

an d i n n at ural en dowm
.

e n t (li t n ature) Alci bi ad es w as .

i n feri or t o (li t th an) n o on e of th e Athen ian s N0

on e w as m ore n oble than Philcipoem en who mPlu
. .

t arch calls t h e las t of t h e G reeks Th e fi rst ye ar of

th e 1 08th (li t ei gh th an d h un dre dth) Olym
.

pi a d w as

Th e whole t i m
.

t h e last of th e life of Plat e e of th e

journ ey was a year an d three months

.

XII An v nnns . .

69 F or . mti f Ad a on o ver bs .

Form at i on a an d c omp i o of d ar s n ve rbs, —

Gr 2 5 7 2 59
. .

—
a lso G r 2 1 7 220 7 19
Co rrelati ve ad ve rbs m
.
.
,

ay b e fo un d i n Gr 2 83 . .

Gr 1 8 5 ;
. 25 5 ; 3
6 97 . Oxyton es .
5
Gr 780 . .
 GR EE K FOR BEGINNERG .

Syn tax
70 So. m Hi e n ts on .

Th e adverb ofte n stan ds for an attri buti ve adjec

t i v e , Gr 6 0 0 , 6 6 6 c ; as 6 11 011 7p6vros, th e odern '
m
m m
.

fashi on Co pare t h e ph rase, th e then parlia e n t

“ ”

m
.

m
.

Th e substanti ve a
y b e o i t te d i f i t i s on e w h i ch

rea di l y suggests i tse lf to th e i n d ; as oi 7676 , t h e ( en ) m m

m
of th at ti e ; oi 11611 , th e ( en ) of t he presen t day m
In th e sa mm e an n er th e substan ti v e my b omi tt d
a e e

a fter an attri b uti ve gen i ti ve ; as 6 Kaipov th e (son ) of

Cy rus ; 76 769 7r6ltem th e (affai rs) of i e all that
,

. .
, , ,

co n cerns th e ci ty ; 76 70 8 wok éuov th e e ve n ts of th e

w ar Co m
, ,

pare S t P a u l s (ch ur ch ) L a d V e stae

” ’

m
. . .
,

(a e d e ) R e ad h e.a di n
gs of G r 6 2 1 a n d 73 0 a b .
, , .

Th e v erbs 6x6 1 a n d 7rpd0 0 a> are oft en use d i n tran

s iti vely wi th ad verbs ; as
’
exa I ami n a goo d con
’

d iti o n ; 6 6 i t i s well; 6 6 7rpaf0 0 co I fare well Gr

m
, , .

810 S o at) 7r 0
”
d xw, I a well tre ated xa lcéi s i c xto , ‘
m -

m
.

I a i ll treated E6 M ya (li t I say well) an d sr;

'
’
.
o
.

(li t I
. d o we ll) a re used as si n gle wo rd s go v erni n g an

accusati ve case , wi th th e m ean i n gs I prai se, ”

I
be ne fit , ”
Gr 71 2 , 8 2 0 cf . . .

Th e geni ti ve an d dati ve of so e words h ave often m

m erely a dverbi al fo rce : as , of
; w he r e, r ea lly .

71 Ex er cises
. on the Adver bs .

Ex 6 9 . . WORM / as
69 wh elova s 7pé oi eM a o oves 70 ‘

7rov0 t 71 t
'

p
. 61! Z
p ya
'

x
peio o w 13V i v 6 6 R 6 7 0'
! n a v
' '

m '

m
, “

7a oz) 7 i ! 6 6 0 76 v ew a iov x a i ( a ci t/0 30 37

'

t 3 i
'

x 4 n x
m
y 5 70 11 73 v z v

m
.

M a x eSovia Hpa 0ia 61 in:7rp67epov

’

viiv r e
3
rea l .

St ri ct ly speaking, th ese a re exa mpl es of th e old de m onstra ti ve use

of th e a rt i cle, th ey th
“ " ”
en , th ey n ow, Gr 6 5 3. .

In general, th e i ntransi ti ve i s th e ea rli er signi fication of verbs.

7e k a i = L a t ue ; 7 c
3
q k
. a i z L et et, .
 58 GREEK non BEGINNERS .

76
w
.

m v 70 6
0V l
7 1}
x ev 6 U 8656 0 s m , 619 770 W 6 81)
r a vovo w, 6 16 0 0 86 0 0 86 19 800 86 156 6 0 7 6
r I r 3 I I 9
76
6 160 0 76 9 a pa
p .

869 65 7pi9 7éa o 6 pa 76 11161 69 7p(6

,
' '

, . 61176 1396 6 0 00 1:86

7 611 6 616 76 1: 6 A7 w tfiui80 9 67rw9 oi Bpo7o6 7 61:6 px17
’ ‘
v ,

6 2 6 9 ei ov 166 6 77686 9 7éo o 6 a 9 6776 681) 86

'

x p
' '

76 0 0 6
p x p
' '

6 9 ,

6 6
’

B M 6 6 8 607 6 Z 6 6
m
7
7 6 76 166 0 6 0 7 6 7 6 6 r
p a 77 0 v 6 9 7 6 11 6 6 ,

a w ov9 86 6 16 6 6 n a vel
I I d
0 0 86
I
8
3 I

v
Q

76 y w an y 776 W p6 t o v .

86 xa k evra176 7ov 160 6 76611 0 6 117 67 24

'
6p yov 1) 6pX1) [1 6 l
'
, .
,

6 pi0 7 ¢0 v 166 6 0 0 ¢¢0 76 7¢0 v 6 11 8p63v 6 676 3 0 660 70 69 .

i
9
Z n a pn 1 7106
a o\ n a 6 s a 9
«6 7 6 w G
7 a ra 60 76 n
'
on e t (0 9 6 9, 00

86 6 1 69 6
'

6 p 6
7 p 6 6 67 6 7(0 , 86 , 11 0 9 ,

0 67 60 712 60 70 p6 v 06 v 6 t 9 60 7 6 86 p u
p6u 7 c 8 na 6 0 6 ,

M veé vet 7660 9 6 611 0 0 7 3

3 éfia lvop ev 5 7 0 1776 9 6 27 6 ,

66 716 6 9 7w 6 9 76311 u ok eulwv Bit é n et 769 166 6 6 60 69 7 0 7 W) ' '

B)6
0 1 11 166 6 6
¢ B pp p
O 9 d c o 7 é 6 0 6 v .

Ex 72 . . Not o nce ofte n Plato n or t wi c e o n ly , but

sai d thi s th at i n j ust i ce i s a far reate r e v i l t ha n an
g y
v er si mly t ells th e truth an d show s hi s
,

p ai n Who e p
’

j udgm en t h i m 0 At he n i an s
.

own hon est (6 71

“
, , ,

o u should con sid er t h e b est o rat o r W h il i t i s sti ll

y e

li ght we m
.

ust e ach do our t as k s b ut at n i gh t

let us en joy (670 1) leis ure an d m a th e re be m u c h
y ,

s ort an d lau hte r of old a n d youn t o th er Cer

p g g g e .

t ai n ly S ocrates alwa ys di d th e work of a goo d ci tiz en

w ell an d m an fully b oth at Ath en s an d else
wh ere ; at all ev en ts h e di d n ot le ave h i s ran k wh en
- -

th e oth ers (di d) b ut rem ai n ed th er e on t h e s ot an d

p
at ho m
, ,

e h e alo n e observed 060 7 6 60 0 0 3) t h e la ws You

t ell m
.

e i n de e d whe re an d wh en you h eard th ese

, ,

t hi n gs ; but n ot wh o you are yourself an d when ce

re co m
,

ou a e h i the r
y
\
.

3
1 Gr 1 0 54 , 3 ;
.
8
71 2 ; 9 32, 2 ; 0 97 .
 V ERBS IN ACT IVE VOICE .

XI II . a s m 4 0 . ACTIVE V OICE .

of
ForT en smti
es a on .

72 Si n ce e v e ry ac t i o n a
y b e t
p , p
as res e n t o r m
m
,

m
.

fut ure, an d ay be v iewed as a p rocess, a co p leted

m i i
-

act, o r a er e u n d e
fi n ed ac t 1 9 ; 2 7,
i t s e v

den t th at a verb wh ich i s faultle ss i n i ts i n fl e cti o n

w i ll sho w at leas t n i n e ten se fo r ati ons i n th e i n di ca -
m
ti ve mood G k i . ree s d e fic i e n t i n t wo, as wi ll be se en

by f
re erri ng to Gr 823 ; th e presen t and future serv
i n g as both aori sti c (G r 822 b) an d i m
.

rfect t en se s
p e . .

Th ere are ho we ver but si x te n ses regularly i nfl ected

, ,

i n th e acti v e v oi ce ; Gr 3 0 1 (3 0 2 b) . .

T en ses whi ch represen t th e acti on as a process

may also suggest th e i n cep ti on or deta i ls or ha bi t of
,

acti on ; those wh i ch st ate th e m ere fact m

, ,

also
a
y ,

s ugge st t h e acti o n ta ken a s 6 whol e or th e si n gle a ct , ,

or e ve n t h e fi n i shed ac t Th us Gr 8 24 8 2 5 83 6 . .
, , ,

8 3 7; 85 1 .

Of course, it mt us depend on th e vi ew taken by th e

wri ter wh at tense h e sh all e ploy m .

73 V e rbs my b a e div i ded i n t o th ree o j

c n ugati n s, o
m; w
.

o
acc rdin g to th e fin al letter of th e ste e h av e
mt
,

t herefore ,
ue v er bs, p ur e ( or vowel
) verb s, an d

li qu i d v e rbs.

74 F u ture Acti ve o
f fl u te a n d V owel V er bs

m
.

m
.

For ati on , etc , Gr 4 2 0 , 4 2 1 Paradig , Gr 3 1 5

. . . . .

For addi ti on al practi ce , th e syn opses i n Gr 3 3 7

m
.

3 4 1 , 3 4 4 34 8 (4 2 6 D)
-
ay b e use d .

R m a nx —Th e reason for n o sub uncti v e or

j i mp erati v e in
m
.

t h e fut ure ten se i s ob vi ous. All t h at such for s c ould de not e

is e x presse d by oth er ten ses of th ese md oo s . For th e sa m e
 60 GREE K FOR BEGINNERS .

reason the future i n fini ti ve i s rare, a nd th e fut ure optati ve of

li t tle use .

75 Aor ist Acti ve o

f M u te V owel V er bs a nd

m m
. .

Parad ig , G r 3 1 6 For ati o n , etc , Gr 4 28, 4 2 9

. . . . .

For addi ti on al pra cti ce, th e syn opse s i n Gr 337

m
.

—
34 1 , 3 4 5 3 4 8 a b e u se d
y .

Ex r na rw r xon s —S ee Gr 38 9 c, 4 3 3 , 4 34 In th e a or. opt

md
. . .
,
.

th e oo -
suffix a
ppea r s as 1 6 a nd 1 6 , as well as 1.

76 Exer ci ses
. on F utur e cmd Aor i st Acti ve .

7 6311 770 1 717 631:

C
6 6
6 170110 1770 11 06 p6 71 6 60 6 1
9
'

7 V
o 16 7
p 9 .

la th e 7 6 O p np
-

ou 60 6 616 0
1 6 6 0 16 5 1
0 6 1 1 6 11 6 6 6 16 a
166 6 [ t ér t ov Biov 0 07
6 6
1 61 7 17 1 5 1:
.

p . 11 75
.

6 86 1 1169 0 070 9 Aiox iwrr 70 09 770 M76 9 Wv itf el oi .

m
6 1:6 0 K6vo w 76 9 1 075116 9
"
lt d /CO6 0 6770 1

o k ev06 0 1 0 6
j p
'
156 6 7 0 0 9 6 706 17
0 6 11 oi m .

770 177 76 6 6X6 §a v 671 oi 06 0 6 68p6 0 6 1f 16 6 16 6 . 676 71 6 1176 9 .

oi 6 Mt 0 1 6 6 0 70 V , oi 2 7 6 1 7 4 6 76 1 610 6 11 0 11
¢ 1 )
7 A w u 6
y ) . .
’
m
70 29 11 66 0 1 9 76311 06 630 6116 6 6 0 6 new » i) 7 0 29 7 0 0 186 0 0

A W
’
7 t 6y o19 a) o
. 615 7 611 ”6 16p 70 0

211 6 06 116 6 66 11 3 oi 860 77676 1 GICa XGG aJI 70 09

’ ' '

11 6 6 16 6 9 6770 19 70 09 M70 v9 ( 616 0 150 0 66 11 70 69 .

Hép0 6 9 733 Hpa ; 6 0 0 601 0 769 713 ri pen? 6776 186 0 0 6 7611
"

1 70 69 11 6 6 11 16 9 7 7
0 77 5 6 86 5 6 6

Wh
6 6 7 1 11 0 1 1
. 0 6 1 3
/ i le h e sti ll h appy li ves I wi ll o
c un t n o m an .

To morro w Protagoras will i nterpret th e words of th e

-

p o e t A
. n d n ow yo ur t o il i s i n vai n for th e b oys are

They co un ted th e man worthy

,

alread y out of d oo rs - -
.

of th e greatest hon o r because h e saved th e ci tizen s .

May th e ti m e soon co m
,

e wh en t h ey w i ll ch ast i se th at

i nj ust ice Th e (men ) of old u se d to go on an ex ped i

en m
.

ti on asse w h en e v er th ere was o ccasi o n Can .

1 6 73 3
Gr . c ; 725 a ; 88 1 .
 V ERBS IN ACTI E V VOICE .

we n ot defen d Th e ph ysici an lulle d

our fri en ds ?
t h e pai n to rest w i th d rugs Alrea dy th e e n e y are . m
c utti n g th e t re e s, soon th ey w ill se iz e t h e sh ee d
p an

th e c o rn m
Al ost all w e re fl eei n g, t h e hopli tes wit h
mo
.

d i fficult y an d th e Th raci an s
k ly ; but t he re
qui c

Spartan s r em a i n e d on th e s o t
p Wh e re th ey sough t .

l u re an d ho n o r th ere w e re o n l y i d d i
p eas
p a n an , s
g r a c e .

Not th e b est part of th e ci ti zen s are goi n g on thi s

e x pe di ti o n Th e Syrac usan s con quered th e Ath e n i an s
.

an d ob t ai n e d great glo ry Th e con tri van ces of th e .

e n em y w ill rathe r fri ghten than hurt th e soldiers

m
.

/ l 7 F u tu r e A ct i ve
f q
o Li u i d V er bs — Fo r at i o n

Paradi gm
. .
,

et c Gr 4 2 2
.
, . s G r 3 2 6 34 2
. Li quid fu , .
,
.

t ures con tra ct acco rd in g t o r ules gi ven i n G r 3 7 3 9 .

, .

Ex r t a n a r o —To ret ai n th e ch a racteri sti c of t h e li qui d

mth
.

st e e la w of G r 55 d w as e va d ed b y in se rt i n g a e uph on i c 6

m
.
,

after th e li quid . Th us 4 1 6 0 0 10 b eco 1

es ( 1 0 0 6 0 0 1 1
( 10 0 6 6
4 ;

78 Aor i st A cti ve L u i d V er bs — Fo rm o
f
o i q a ti n,

m mG
.

e tc . , Gr 4 3 1
.
( o i tt i ng b
) . Para dig s, r . 3 2 7, 34 2 .

—
EX PLANATIONS In li quid a or ists, th e la w of Gr 5 5 d wa s
.

m
.

s upersede d as i t we re b y t h at of Gr 4 6 Th us 67
110 0 0 0 b e ca e

mi
. .
, ,

27
0 0 00 0
( cf . Gr 4 3 1 D, d) ; whi ch b eca
. e n Att i c 641 0 0 6 ( Gr .

REM ARK —It is . on e gr eat a d van t a ge wh i ch t h e Gre ek an d

Engli sh v erb s h a ve ov e r Lat i n , th a t t h ey possess di st in ct

th e
for mf s or t h e t wo d i ffe ren t m
ean in gs of t h e Lat i n perfect ;

scrip si I wrote or I h a ve wr i t ten .

Exer ci ses on the F u tu r e and Aor i st A ctiv e o

f
V erbs i n -
01.

EX 73 . . 69 i6 7p69 0 6 06 p6 71 6 00 6 1 7
16 0 1 0
0 0 60 0 9 650 71 6
p
'

. .
'

0 0 xpi0 6 1 9 70 09 6 M ov 9 , 0 0760 16 6 6 0 6 Icpbllei 6 06 69 n ah ) .

1
Gr 8 6 6 , 3
. .
 GR EE K FOR BEGINNERS .

0860 p 0 6 16 2 7 00 07 6 8 6 6 0 6 0 0
4 1 1 0 0 11 7
p w 0 , 1
0
. 0 0 0 9 41 0 6 1 7 0 9 .

16 6 770 09 760 Al a 776 76 6 6 0 8 0 i0 76 06 600 7 6 61 0 616 6 0 6 0

'

p .
p p
Q

0 1 770 6 7
. 76 1
I I
776 0 70 1 0 770 677
.
a I
70 1 0 11 6 M 0 7 6
,
Gunpov 6 06 0
I f 9

8 s07e a u 86 2 0 0 KX60 ~ 0 09 6 0 8 6 9 11 dl0 w 5

; 16 0 6 , p ¢ 7 p 0 7 .

6 76 6 ci yia 60 ii 6 6 6 i
0
¢ p p ¢ 17 7
t 60
v 7 1 6 6 0 60 0 o 77 0 67)
7 6 6 680 0 0 00 61 9 6 K6 816 0 9 166 6 7) 70 0 1) 6 070 0
‘
2 4 1 60 0 6
{ 11 6

6606 0 1 9 07 t7 t6 £6 0 7 0770 0 0 016 0 00 6 0 . 80 0 M la 0 6 0 00 6 676

A
7 7776 7 1 86
I Q I
771 6 69 6 6 6 0 w > 0 0 6 16 6 6 1 67 1 0 0 6 60 0 6 0 16 )
A 9 I 9

3 p 1 dp 1 p .

0 07760 7 00
73 1 0 6776 717 6 0 2 6 x
m
0 6 6 0 9 .

0p69 0 070 9 Aia xiv 777 t6 § 0 6 1 0 1 16 9 m 7 0 29 pfl fl d d t f

l 66 ’

A0770 6 20 6 6
’ é
, 0 76 11 6 70 0 0 X f e t 7 60 0 6 7t
‘q g w 0 16 6

6 0 6 0116 6 660 0 60 7 60 0 07 60 116176 6 0 6 6776 p6 1 11 6 260 0

n

. .
,

76 ( 6 19 7686
"
ii 77p6776 1 oi 16 6 16 0 6 0 0770 7 6 0 77p6 §6 16 0 6 0
’
.
0 .

6 0 0p0 1770 69 0860 70 0 BM776 60

'
.

/ Ex 74 While h e still sees th is light of day I

w ill co un t n o m
. .

ortal happy Et66clé s an d P5lyn ei cé s

To m
.

sle w e ach o th er orro w Pr5 tag6ras will in ter

.
-

ret th e v erses of Ho m A ri st ei de s n ev er di d an
p e r

Who w ould n ot coun t h i mworthy of

.

un j ust th i n g

t h e greate st hon o r wh o sa v e d our ci ty ? Th is m

.

'
an

w ron ged an d i ns ult ed m an y w homth e state coun ted

w orthy of hon or May th e ti m e soo n co m e wh en th e

Rom
.

an s w i ll ch ast ise th i s i n solen ce Sh all w e th en

m
.

h
w o are G k
re e s b e sla v e s t o b a rb ar i an s w ho our

fath ers co n quere d on th is v ery spot (li t here on th e

sp o t) ? Th e w i se an d j ust o rat or m
.
,

ust n ot coun sel th e

l asan test but th e b e st th i n gs Why w o uld you n ot

p e

d efen d us 0 fr ien ds ? Alrea dy th e en em

.
,

,
y are c ut tin g
t h e trees an d carryi n g off (6 p776 §6 ) t h e sh e ep an d th e

Th e irregula r verb s can usually be t ra ced, as here, th rough th e

list Gr p 3 5 5
. . .

1 11 61 6 1 i s fitting .
3 G7 75 3 f
. .
 VERB S IN ACTIV E V OICE .

o
c rn . Let th e physi ci an lull th e pai n to rest w ith
certain lea v e s an d drugs .

8 0 P erfect a n d P lup erf ect A ct i ve

.
— Formati o n ,
—
Gr 3 6 3 3 6 —
3 6 7 4 6 4 4 7 4 55 4 5 8 (for re e r
e tc 5 4
f
mG
.
,
.
, ,

e n ce on ly) . Paradig ,
r . 3 17 .
< 3 5
‘
J .

For a dd iti n al o p ra ct i ce , th e s y n opses i n Gr 33 7 .

3 4 3 (but n ot 77 é¢770 6 ), 34 7( but

'
n ot 776 770 t 06
) 34 8, my a

Notice th e for m
,

ati o n of ( 06 1 0 7
0 3 ,
'
be use d 16
. 0
p t 0 60
,

Bt o
c
(G r . 4 4 8) also .

In sta n ces of re du
pli ca ti o n a re se en i n La t i n a s
fro mten do fromdo
,

teten d i also i n En gli sh , as d i d .

REM ARK —l Th e pe rfec t i p erat i ve i s foun d m ch i efl y in

mm d
. .

p ret eri t i ve v erb s ( Gr or t o expr ess a c o an that

mt hi m
.

so e n
g b e d eci s i ve or p er a n en t ; i n En gli sh , B egoue
a s,
”

mt
.

2 Th e state en of Gr 8 3 7 i s espe ci ally t r ue i n th e s ub

md
. .

j un ct i ve an d opt at i ve oo s, wh i ch ar e rar ely used in t h e

pe rfec t t ense .

81 . Secon d A ori st, and Secon d P erfect a nd P lu

p rf e ect .

B esi de s th e co on for ati on of th e a orist an d mm m

p erfe ct , th ere i s an oth e r wh i ch i s fo un d i n so e of m
t h e older ve rbs, di fferi ng fro th e fo r e r u ch as t h e m mm
old ( om e ti me s
s f an ci fully ca l le d t h e s t r o n
g p rete r

i te i n E n gli sh di ffers fro mth e n e w (th e

u n d br oke c o n trasted w i th bli n d ed ba ked
f o

It i s seldo mth at bo th form

.
, , ,

s of t h e a ori st an d pe rfe c t

belon g to th e sa m e ste m ; b u t w h e n th i s i s t h e c as e

t hey a r e ei th er m ut ually supple m en ta ry (as i n G r .

or be lon g t o di fferen t pe ri o d s of th e la n ua e
g g
or th ere i s us ually so m e di fi eren ce of m
,

e an i n g — th e
se c on d a orist an d rfe ct i n cli n i n t n i n tra n si ti v e
p e g o a

or passi v e sign i ficat i o n Th is ten den cy of th e older .

64 GR EE K F OR B EGINNERS .

for mto take an i n tran siti ve sense i s obser vable in

so m
.

e of th e E n li sh v e rbs w h i ch
g p o sse ss bo t h fo rms

of th e preterite ; e g a woke a w a ked h u ng ha n ged . .

, , ,

h ove, hea ved ea ved

clove, cl

Formation e tc Gr 4 3 5 ; 4 5 0 4 5 1 (a b) 4 53 ; 4 5 5
.

.
,

Para dig m
, ,
.
, ,

4 5 8 (for referen ce o n ly) s G r 3 20 3 2 1 .

, .
,
.

For addi ti o n al practi ce th e s y n opses i n Gr 3 4 3

my b
, .

( 4 5 1 c
) 34 5 3 4 6 (4 5 2) a e use d

mti
, .

Th e second perfect i s th e regular for a on for labi al

and palat al st e m s.

Th e a d van ce d st ude n t w i ll be i n te reste d i n n ow

re v i e win g th e forma ti on of th e v erb in Pri m .

ca p . v .
,
—
1 16 .

In sub se quen t

82 . Ex er ci ses on Acti ve V oi ce of V er bs i n -
01
,

n oti ce th e o n of thought ex pressed

ex a ct relati by t he
ten ses . Re v i e w carefully G r 8 3 6 83 7 8 51 .
, , .

Ex 75 . . 0 070 9 086 66 0 0 60 6 6 60 7 69 760

6 9 0 67
070039 6
A K
1 8
I I 1

6
a h c I

47
0 60 1 0 0 0 6 0 0 7 0 0 6 16
p 6 7 0 0 9 1
7 1 0 0 6 16 6 16
p 6 16 6 0 0 0 1 0 .

"
E70 u70 6 9 0M 0 06 p0 10 6 166 6 76 7 139 776 7pl80 9 76 69577
’
7 0 09 A
61p00 10 6 0 0 086 69 77 i 609 6 7 030 06 030 3 6 0 6h 6 09
'
0 66
.
7
16 9 7 76

60 6 6 0 70 0 776 767 0 6 6817 16 6 6 7 0 66 076 6 8 a 0 6 v 0 66 6 0

0 60
p ,
“
0 086 0 6 16 6 16 60 7 0 6 7630 7 870 0 7 030 70 09 7 6 60 71 0 7 t 67 6 60 0 9
p g “ ?
.
W
'

m
7 09 776M 0 1 9 0 1 860 770 76 760 86 06 0 6 70 0 70 0 0 0 0 0 616 0 0 0 016

m
, ,

6 6 §6 69
11 I
6 0 7 6166 0 0 6 6 0 06 0 9 77
1 I w
8
61 I t
6
a r

7y p 6 77 7
96 6 0 6 0 6
p
f
1 a 17 0
p . ,

6
’ '
06 9 .
6 6 1 0 0 0 7 0 29 70 0 7ra 7p 9 4 1 0 0 6 00 60 070 6 756 0 O p6 0 9.
717
I I
86
y I 3

3
fl

6 6 0 , a ll 7 6 0
76 9 1 7
776 0 17 0 0 770 76
xp 7 r 6 6 76
7 00 0 670 0 7
7 7
7 1 0 6 6

0 086 é xk é xl
ra p ev xp 76 6 76 660 6 716 6 6
69 86 77
76 6 760 6
7 6 69 e 0 .

0 613 7760 01 67
770 7 6 66 0 7
660 76 60 0 6 0 7 630 7 0 0 0 6076 6 70 9 67170 10 .

776 0 769 76 6k 777 01 0 7 0 0

7 6 0 0 0 10 0 67 1 6 9 616 60 7 0
7 6 7 60 8 7
576 0 0 .

0 0770 76 00 7 6 0 0 0 7) 7 6 17
777 76 1 0 0 0 76160 0 0 16760 6 2 0 086
7 p 4
9
Gr 34 7; . 3 8 7b .
66 GR EEK F OR BEGINNERS .

6 6
1 6 0 7 030 0 6 00 6 6 ; 0 5701 9 0 17 0 0 16 051 1 6 6
1039
7 10
4 0 0
4 7176 17 0 6
1
6 6 6 166 6 676756 6 70 09 67 0 60 0 9 6 Z 0 1 16pd777
1 9 77 76 6 29 8 6 7 77 1
7 5 0 ,

6 6 8 6
‘

76 6 0 6 776 0 76 9 16 6 0 0 y 7 ¢v
1 0 oy e v 770 7
0 16 6 16 6 0 0 0 6 1

7
c

6 770 7 6
'
16 6 0 6 67 60 69
166 77 0 0 69 6 6X1 16 6 0 60
0 17 06

w9 86 0 6 0 616 17
7 é7 166 0 6 16 6 6 0 6166 86 7
1 16 0 0 0 6 77 6 760 . 7 6 7 610
( A
Ep76 0 10 I h y Q
A0 80 16 68779 166 6
’
67 000 6
6 17 70 69 6
px o0 0 6 0 0 717
0

66 6 70 6 16 66 7610 6 77 601 0 6 6 8616 16 0 667

11 7
060 7 0 6 0 86 0 ?
7 71 07
7 A ,a A
6 1 6 0 81
I t
U M
Q
6 67 6 0
31 7 6 0 0 7
6 6 0 6 0 . 06 76 66 69 70 16 6 0 0 0 70 0

6x0 0 9 7
’
76 166 6 7 6 17
90 69 6777
6 15 16
7 0 6 0 . 71 0 I
11
116 60 6 0
A A0 0
y
77 01 7 0 6
0 p 0 0 69.

Ex 78 . gin es (7 7766 0 5) of th e en em
. Th e en y rather 11 1

fri ghten ed th an hurt th e soldi ers Lycurgus di d n ot .

fen ce h i s city w i th w alls but wi t h th e v irtue of th e ,

ci ti z en s Let us sacrifi ce t o th e di v in i ti es such

m
.

(t h i n
g) s as a re
( )
t h e c us to Who e v e r will d o j u st .

(a c t i o n s
) h e sh all al w ay s e v e ryw h e re fare w ell A l e x

a n d er cro wn e d th e t o m
, .

b of Achi lles Th e seers .

tho ugh t i t a sign of great e v i ls whe n Phoeb us shook

h i s own sacre d i slan d Delo s Th e goo d (m an sho uld
)
alw ays stri v e a fter th i s m
.

ost of all h ow h e shall d e ,

fen d th e righ t (76 S uch an action n ei th e r

c ould th e ci ti z en s th e m selves do w i lli n gly (li t w i lli n g) .
,

n or w o uld th e r ulers allo w i t What in th e w orld - -

m
.

7 0 76 sh all w e say f ri en d s (67 f r th i s i s

’

( ) y 1 o ,

a t e r ri ble que st i on w h i ch So crat es h as ask e d h as

aske d th i s a t erri ble th i n g) He w as a youth th en
an d hi h m n de d li t m
.

n de d gre atly ; but h i s ho es

g i ( -
i ) p
de cei v ed hi man d n ow old age a n d di sease h av e tak en
.

m
,

i
-

hi . - .
,

Ex 79 8
'
77
'
. .
7 7
6 6 1 67
677
0 6 6x0 0 659 06
p
77 6 0 3 6 69 7 1
¢ I I I Q I a e
8
\ 9
0 o 00 1 0 0 16 6 0 6 0
7 .
xp ovg
o 0 1 76 160 0 0 , 70 69 7
6 0

Gr 2 73 ;
. 86 6, 3 .
 V ERB S IN ACTIV E V OICE .

6
'
éx0p0 29 4 3 0 0 9 7 7 86
7 7 7p 4
1 6 1 7 i ,1 03
9 17761 0 0 M 7 p
6 77 7 6
p0 0 0 6
. .

1 16 166 86 67 60 0 60 6 7 667 3 B 1 8 6 5
'

66 0 76 7 030 0 7p6 71 7 7 0 0 716 0 6 0 7 1

6 60 £
Q I Q
0 6 86 A 0
A
0 6 60 6 676
I

76 170 6 0 06 7
.
4
6 0 0 6 6776 1 6 0 76 0 6 0 17 ,

66 0 70 29 6776 770 106 0 6 0 16 6 6 7 0 0 6 0 7170 800 6 7

'
6 60 7030 770 M

0 0 0 0 166 6 69 60 7 6 0 67 6 8 76 76 1
'
6 60 1 0 7 1
7 6 0 0 6 p 0
p 6 9 , 7 ,

667 667
'
6 167 16 6 6 6 0 0 770 0 1 1! 0 6 770 7
1 6 06 0 016 0 17
1 0 7 0 070 7 617 06 0 6 , .

Q
06 0 7
I Q Q C I V
0 8
Q I
66 0 70 76 76 , 0 76 0 6 W LGT G OI
1 €
P ¢W x 6 9 0 6OV6 7 7 0 7
66
‘
01 ,

60 01 6 6 1 86 60 039 616 6 7
6 770 7 6
5
6
’
16 6 70 0
6 16
p 0 6
71 7 0 ; 0 6 0 0
I
A0170 6 60 6 770 7
i
6 2
(I
0 6 9 6 0 6 0 p0 69 7
a t
.
7
6 17 6 0 6 9
6 7 0 0 17
7 71 6 .

770 i?
¢ 67 wlb €v ; [1 0 0 91 6
6 7
71
03 70 0 7 0 65 6 0 7 60 ,

6 36770 06 0 6 60 86
76 0 ,

Then first th e youn g soldier di pped his

80 .

spe ar i n blo od What arts what con tri van ces co uld
t h ey n ot w eav e ? Dae da lus i n v en te d m
.
,

an y w on d erful

c on tri van ces I could n ev er lov e h i mwh o sle w m

.
y
fa ther Th e env y of Z eus sm ote th e leader Aga
mé mn ( m O restes cut h is locks
,
.

( )
as a si gn of

m
.

g r i e f Wh i.th e r h ast t hou fl ed y fa th e r ? t o wh at ,

hope h ast tho u agai n trusted ? O foolish slav e n on e

of these things shall escape th e mticeo f yo ur master
,

- -
.

83 .
—
Con tr a cte d Ten ses of Pure V erbs A0 613116 V oi ce .

V erbs i n 6 0 1 6 0 1 0 0 1 suffer con tra cti o n i n t h e

- - -

res e n t a n d i m
, ,

rfe c t t en ée s Th ul f t h
p pe e r es or e co n .

t ra cti on s are gi ven i n ( i r 3 7 3 9 4 0 r

Paradigm
.
, ,
.

s —
G r 3 2 3 3 2 5 (cf 4 0 9 a) ,Rea d Gr . . . .

5 72 .
5
Nor —Th e m b egin n er sh ould
th e paradi g s d ouble a t r eci te m
fi rst, i e , as th e y a re giv e n ; a fter wa rd h e ca n t hink t h e n u
m
. .

V
ont ra ct e d, b ut ut ter only t h e contr acted for .
,

G7 34 7;
. 5 23 , 6 .
 GREE K F OR BEGINNERS .

84 Ebercises 0 16 the 0 0 16076 0 66 66 V er bs .

Q
.

Ex 66 6 7
81 6 60 6 2 0 116 16 7 17 7 6 60 7 60 17 0 57
. .
7 9 ,
70 6 ,

A
' ’
6776 6 86 6 7 6760 6 7 0 0 376 6 9 6 117
4 0 6 0 , 7 6 7t 0 9 p 60 7 0 7 6 *

1 66 0 1 0 6 6 17 0 6 [77
761 79 [6 6 77

0 0 169 10 d
0 x6 5 9 6 0
71 6 7 0 10

3
0 6 0 6

6
0

6
9

? 6
11 7 0 1 1 .

$ .

4 [ 7 , . 9 77
5 7
1 66 0 6
7 7
0 0 66 9 16 0 71 6 T o
p 1

6 Z 0 717 63 6 6 17
7 6 9 . 6
¢ p 0 0 77 0 6 0766 16 0 67 6
6 0 7 0 160 7 6 7 0 1 0
77
0 1 0 .

A0170 6 20 6 0 616 036 0 77 6

’
6
'
0 6 70 x77 6 16 6 70 79 77 M 0 1 9 16
p 6 7 0 26 0 .

N616 66 0 166 6 70 69 0 7p6 760 1 76 9 776 0 76 17 '

817 776 0 76 x606 0
67 60776 6 717
0 861617 0 16 6 6 76 06 26 776 0 76 6776 70 0 0 0 6 6 0 6
'
.

7760 76 166 6 6 616 0 0 6 0 6 09 777 0 i10 6 0 0 6

‘

t17p
717 7 0 6 16 6 6 0 616 6 186 Q 60 19 6 0
. 8 6 676 6 0 01 9

6 Kp0 20 0 9 166 6 7270 66 0 70 0 757 0 6776 676 06 630 41 060 0 9

1

0 6 770 61776 6 1 670 0 0 60 676 776 0 70 1 0 7 7

66 6 60 76
’
67170 11 0 71 6 8179 16 6 6 Ope0 7179
'
671 776 286 9 .

676 0 06 7 1 0 076 7ra 7 686 776 286 9 2

p 7 0 0 6 r
16 6 9 , , .

7 69 0 616 6 0 7139 7 6 6 760 71 79 767 9 70 17

16 57 70 0 6 560 2 89 717 0 7767 6 60

60 0 10 6 0 ; 0 0 767 1 80 166 20 6 0 60 7 0 9 6 7
7 0 0 6 60 6 6 0 67 6 01 , .

( gif Ex .

Th e Spartan s
82 . We ask j usti ce
m
, p i t y ;
ust n ei ther fl ee th e
ourn ot
p y,
a n ot a

m
3 t . selves, n or

allo w o th ers
(t o fl ee) W e should coun t
of w o rthy
Th en ce fl ow man y
.

hon or th ose wh o hon or old age -

e youn g am
.

s ri n g s of
p p ur e w at er A ll t h . o ng l
( i t of) .

th e Ath en i an s w ere t h en ab solutely b rea thi n g fire .

We all seek happin ess but on ly h e wh o practi ces v i r

Ci m
,

tue is t ruly h appy on th e son of Mi lti a des w as

freein g t hose whomth e Persi an s h ad en slav ed Som
.
, ,

e .

of t phi losophers say th at th e blood oth ers th at th e ,

brea i s t hat wi th wh i ch w e th i nk b ut th e
best agree wi th Plato th at (629 ) th e so ul i s n o part of 1

th e b o dy but som eth i n g d i v i n e an d i mmortal which

,

i nh abi ts an d m
, ,
“

1
oves th e whole b ody .

’ 8
1
Gr 1 0 5 7;
. 74 1 ; 4 11 ; 4
4 12 ; ls
e77.
 “
(Do U lU fi n

X IV . V ERB s IN -
01.

PASSIVE V OICE .

8 5 F or . mti a on f
o Ten ses .

Th e ten ses of th e passi ve v oi ce as those of th e

a c t i ve are all fo rm e d fro m th e v erb st e m b ut a s th e
,

sa m e m o d fic o s of th e erb stemappea r i n se veral

i a t i n v —
of t h e t e nses i t is con ven ie nt t o con si der th ese m odi
c ati o n s to b e m
,

ad e on ce for a l l i n so m e on e te n se

n ses as i t fo rm m
,

a n d to
pres e n t t h e all i e d t e e d fr o
t h i s ; e g th e pres pass fro mt h e pres act th e perf
fromth e perf act e tc
.
, . . .
. . .
,

. .
,
.

Mi d dle an d pass ive en din gs Gr 3 76 3 82 —

m
.
,

86 . 1 . P r esen t I p e1feet M i ddle P a ss i ve,

and -

G r 3 14 —
Syn opses, Gr 3 4 2 34 8
( ,
38 3
mG
. . .

2 . Perfect M i dd le Pa ss ive Syste -

,
r . 31 8 ; 4 59,
4 60 ( , ;
385 4 3 8 9 b), 4 65 ,
4 6 6 . Sy n opses, Gr 3 3 7 .

34 1
mG
.

l paradig s, r. 3 2 8 ; with use of 4 6 1 ,

4 6 3,
4 64 for ”
re e re n cef on ly .

/ 3 Aori st
. F uture P a ssi ve, G r
a nd . 3 1 9,
—
4 6 8 4 74 .
—
Syn opses, Gr 3 3 7 34 5 . .

87 . Exerci ses on the P assi ve of V er bs i n -

01 .

Ex . 83 . 7 0 29 701 0 d w0 166 160 29 776 6 86 0 6166 06 . 11 0 06

I A0 170 0 I I
8
C a t p
v
y po 6 9 77
p (6671 0 0 0
6 1
1 0 0 0 1 6 6 0 70 0
0 0 0 6 0 6 0 ,
0 6 6 77 a
7 6 0 6 0 0 1 0 1 01 0 0 6 0 0 8 6 6 8 6
p 4 0 0 170 6 0 0 70 6 6 16 6 0 1 9 0
p 6 6 7 6 7
. 0 6

16 60 0 0 76 6 , 0 2 7 6 76 86 60 6 16 6 1 13 8 6 0 6 1 60 7 6 76 «6 0 0 3
p 6
6 77
0 16 0 0 0 6 . 7 010 6 7030
770 7 7 0 1860 0 60 70 0 676 x011
7g 0 e7 1 7 33 0 33 ¢p0 0 1§0 0 6 0 0 30 16 6 06 , 67
1 186 0 67
16 17
p y3; a 16 6 . 66 .

776 0 70 1 0 2 1 77677p6 1676 6 0 0 1 6 0 6 6 0 6 776 0 76 9

761 .

A
7 60 6 ? 616 6 60 0 1 0 861
66 6676 0 0
p 776 0 6 70 6 9
"
E7t 7t 1) 0 6 [
1 66
16 6
0 110 76 6

Gr 5 14 , 9 ;
.
9
5 14 ,
6 .
70 GR EE K FOR BEGINNERS .

6 0 7 69 WM ZG TG 6 7 0 8 76 B61 760 7 6 1 676 6

’

x
a t1 0 9
’
,

0 0 15 6776 6 76} 0 6 7t 776fry6 60 17 6 0 60 0 5

M
’
0 6 76 6 .
716 0 17 6 9 1 0 0 0 0 ,

0 6 677776 29 0 6 86 039 Td t O T a 8 1 67 6 1 1 63 6 60 0 0
'

,
X 7 7 7 6 7 6
'

87) 16 6 16Xd 0 6 76 6 1} 00716 7030 2 0 1 6 160 0 60 1 0 776M 9 7

7 . 66 76

M 69 M0 60 60 6166 16 60 7 0 770 .

Ex 84 . He wh o alwa
y s t ells th e tr ut h w i ll al
of our an ci en t m
.

w ays b e trusted . Th e whole as race

t ers h as been destroye d Le t th e en e m y be purs ued

Th e b rav e wi ll rem
.

in all dir ecti ons . ai n t h ere w he re

they hav e b een placed an d wi ll n ev e r le av e t h eir

Men are often m
,

ran k s . ore i nj ured by evil counsel

th an by w eakn ess or cowardi ce Thi s i s th e place .

wh ere Sophocles i s buri e d Th e occas i o n was

such as sho w s wh o have be e n b est e du cat ed an d wh o ,

ar e th e wis e st an d b ra ve st Of th e G rec ian poets

Hom er an d Aeschylus an d Sopho cles are m
,
.

ost ad
mired O f th e citi es of Sicily Nax é s was first foun ded
.
,

by th e Chalci di an s ( X 6 7 uc6 86 69 ) an d aft erward Syra ,

cuse b y th e Co ri n th i a n s Whatev er your frien d will

co m man d shall be (li t hav e been ) don e
.

. .

Ex . 85 . 7 766 77 1
7 6370 0 76 1576 676
p6 8 6 pa 76 0 0 776 0 6 2

m
7 63 6 61 7 60 76 0 06 770 7
t7t6 7
6 60 1 15 76 166 1 66 6 766
6 76 6 76 .
7 67 7 6 6 7
Mw6 86 16 6 6 66 06 7 0 6770 76 616 6 20 0 9
‘
$
« 0 17 6 77X61 9
‘

770 .

'
6 0 75 6 6 55 6
’
166 16 69
6 0 6 76 6 .
7 6 7 1 0
7 77 6 7 1 0 6 0 0 6

X670 6 . 776 0 76 9 6 0 60 0 00 0 60 6 06 0 0 776 0 76 9 86 6 X7 , t6 y17 '

0 67 6 6 06 0 70 6 16 6 6
6556 6 770 7 6 xp60 0 9
. o
i0 0 0 16 6 X7
, u
16 1 6 760 70 6 776 0 76 9 7 6
7 66 16 0 78 660 0 7 6 6
3 0 0 0 0 6 7 7
6 6 0 7 .

8 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 7 8 2 6
'

7p 0 7 1 0
x 0 9 6 7 0 1 7 16 0 0 0 , 7 6 0 0 0 0.0 6 0 9 7

6156 6 76
7 7 26 60
, 0 6 86 6 1 6
77 6 7 77 7
1 6 0 111 0 6 6 6 6 16
, 6 6 7
6 3 6 0 6796 2 ,

67701 9 6 0769 777 1 6 86 6 00 7 6 0 0 6 70 0 6 06 6

p 7 .

‘ 9 3
Gr 9 9 6 ;
. 4 71 ; 71 9 .
 V ERBS IN PA SSIV E VO ICE .

Ex Th e wretch ed Olyn thi an s were scattere d

86
m m
. .

ev erywh ere fro ho e He wh o i nj ures oth ers wi ll

m
.

be i n j ured hi self At le n gth tho u di dst appear (li t . .

was t ho wn O dearest li ght of golden day When

s .

th e youth was alre ady all but (60 0 0 0 8) w i nn in g h e 1

,

was t ripped up an d th e slo wer runn er obta i n ed th e ,

priz e Wh e n h e was se iz ed t h e fig ure of Prot ein

was of ten changed ; at on e t i m

.
,

e he a ared a bull
ppe - -

at a n oth er a d og at an o th er a b i rd
-
Th ey wh o w ere -

n o uri sh e d by th e sa me m oth er are n ow most hosti le

.
,

to eac h o ther N0 on e kn o ws where th e great leader

.

was buri ed .

88 . Con tra cted V er bs, Gr .

—
323 25 3
.

89 1620 6 0 0 68 6 8 on the Con tr a cte d

.

EX! 87
N
”
To Wé 7 6670 9
7
. a l, 6
0 0 .

”
0 6776
px 06 9 616 6 70 0 0 , 0 176 6 0 0 16 6 70 0 0 76 6, 6 0 60 0 86 60 6 9
p 76 p p
16 16 7710 0 0 0 6 776 k 60
5 6 16 60 7760 0 9 0 7 a
’

p e7a 6 0 8 6
. W M U O LO S m '

,
'
‘

4 60 0 0 6 276 6 7 0 29 7 63 0. h a 0 69 0 6 61 6 00 6 0 616 30 70 6
7 m
W W
'
.

¢ 6 M 9W d t 16 60 0 2 70 619 6 XM 0 9 6 0 6 0 90 6, [1660 0 6d 86 0 2
16 0 0 60 9 0 00 2 6166 t 166 7
t0 77 676 0 0 Tp60 6
6 60 . 0 p p
70 29 A6 6 6 86 66 0 0 10 69 6 0 8p6 66 6510 0 60 660 9
’
1c
pla 6166 7
66 270 .

1 6 XX 67616 6 70
6 606 0 6 6 66 70 06 6 8 6 16 0 616 6 06 ,
.6 0 0
x 166 .

’
670 66 7} 776769 6 8616 6 276 6 166 6 {JfiPIC ETa l rye 159 Wp EO BGW '
,
'

A 0 “
’

5 1
16 0 6 6 0 60 068 6 8 6166 100 9 . 7) 0 6 20 6 713 9 166 70 ,

1 7 60 0 0 06 6 6 8 6 0 a 7e 166 6
5 2
m
7 1a 0 7
‘ 8 7 0 66 0 76
17
2 6
p ,

8o u7
'
96 86
'
t e66 0 W
‘
LW G TS 7
7
‘
3 137
97 77 9 fi ovlt
‘

{6 11770 76 Cl

( 0 60 29 0 0 16 77
770 7
p 16 6 0 6
’'

( 0
77 5 9)
7 8660 0
6X0 [6 77
30 0 60 0 6 86 16 6 20 06
67 6 8616 6 20
\ 16 6 7; .

Ex 8 8 He wh o lo v es others always i s hould

an d s

hi m more from
. .
,

be , lo ved self . M an y ar e o
c nquere d

Gr 3 4 3 , 4 98
. .
 GREEK F OR BEGINNERS .

t heir own folly th an fromth e courage or wisdomof

t h e i r en e m i es Itali a was fo rm e rly called Aus o ni a

Not th e nu] us t but th e j ust m

. .

u st at last re cei v e th e

riz e an d be cro wn e d ( All thi n gs are sold at At h e n s

p .

corn an d sh eep an d wi n e an d oil an d th e v oi ce of

Aeschi ne s S i n ce e v ery v ac uum(nevoy) i s i m mediate

,

ly fi lle d up th e an ci en ts sai d that a v acuumi s h ate

.

ful t o n atu re \ Then

‘ en vy i s a gre ed by u s (t o

be) a di sease of th e m i nd an d a ca use of pai n t o hi m

.

w h o en vi es an oth er At At he n s the re w as t h en great

“

fear of sedi ti o n an d rev oluti o n (r p iypa m veai repa ) ;

.

'
c

all (thi ngs w ere b ein

) g m o v ed an d d i sturbe d .

XV . MIDDLE V OICE .

D gferen t U ses of the M i dd le

’

90 . .

Th e G reek v erb oi ce resem

h as a h
t i rd
bh n g th e
v

assi v e i n m n y of i ts i n fl ecti on s ; wh i ch i s calle d t h e

p a

mi ddle v oice as i t partakes of t h e n ature of b oth

,

th e o th ers Gr 8 1 1 —
, 8 14
.

B e si de s the se pri n ci pal uses th e m

.

i ddle h as oth er
i di om at i c use s w h i ch m
,

u st be learn e d b
y o b s er v a ti o n

In ge n eral i t m ay b e sai d t h at th e m
.

i ddle di ffers
fro mth e acti v e as i t i m
,

p,
li e s a n i n t e re s t i n th e a c t i o n

on t h e art of th e a e n t an d t h us gi v e s a s u
p g , bj e c t i ve

ch ara ct er t o wh a t i n t h e acti v e i s ob ecti ve Th

j u s

cpléw i s stri ctly I li m I m

.

i t by out ward act ”

ark
’

out
”
b ut th e m i dd le 6p£§opa o i s I li m it to m yself
“

mentally In m
,

I d efin e ”
an y cases ho w e v e r it

is m e re m atter of usa e wh eth er t h e acti v e or m

.
, ,

g i dd le

should b e e m ploy e d ; j u st as i n o th e r c as e s i t i s d i f fi
c ult to de ci de w h eth er th e w ord emloy ed i s t o b e
p
1
Gr 9 3 2 , 2
. .
 GREE K FOR BEGINNERS .

ipa 3 waxi ra s 80 0 W l h uddle r fipa w os

'

m
‘
70 1 9 ' ‘
c a t. zea , (

W m il a, h :p
t ei r a xa
pw v vo ei re 05 e
'
ovv .
'

é xpa rqdna a v 7673 or A01 wa w i , va v epov Sé ov aro7w

’

mm
fl aw

m
' ' '

r iw a ci fw v p w flov ¢ é ea €e
5b
’i
ex oy ia a w o a
’ ’

px w p g .

N wplv dp yia s 76 rea l deck la s‘

a ir ei re l of) M p fié ve re ‘ '
m .
'

m
.

5 tea /4 6 9: a i reia de
' '

. ( B r a mm dM -

v
'
ra T e, 89 3
70 1 9

0 2
3
;
‘
éxflcw ovq 7 6 1 0 11
’ ’
86 3 0 09
"
e
x pon
s ev wa i sts '

ao
4 11 av

lnew to Hok vxpa r es, 130 1:

‘
a a c. a e, ,
1 0 6 we a w7 a w
p ¢paw ‘
7 0 11 ( 1
i
T )” S é poipa v op ws a uSei e Bpo rwv 7 1541 6 1176 81'
'
' '
.

r a vea oi p ew A f ei oo oix a B er é rrow o, oi 86 1 00 11 6 42

’ ’ ’
04
p
'

py e

ép evov i n It a l r o be Ba pfidpovq é rpé dra v ro

'
,
' '
. J
Ex godde ss clun g to th e kn ees of V ul
Th e
Wh y should Ch arm
.

”
can an d en treated a gi ft i des
hav e h is son t aught (to be) a good horsem
.

an b ut n ot a ,

good citizen ? He i s such an one as w ould re v eren ce

”
n ei the r h i s ren ts n or h i s k i n g but lo v e a n d adm i e
p a r

h im
,
“
self alo n e He h as n ev er tas te d t rue pleasure wh o
Th e horsem
.

h as n ot shunn e d pleasure e n we re n ex t

m
.

(li t. h eld t h e selv e s) to t h e ho p li tes Wh e n w e ( )

h ad .

bath ed a n d an oi n t ed w e b egan our di nn er ; but as soon

a s we taste d th e win e w hi ch th e barb ari an s b rough t

im mediately we were all fallin g asleep An ytus an d

,

Melé tus i n dicted Socrates an d persuaded th e people

wort hy of death f Prom
,

that h e w as (li t i s eth eu

‘
s

w as alw ays ben efiti n g m

.

ortals but h e could on ly pro ,

cu re pai n s an d t o i ls for h i m se lf (as a re w ard for h is

)
h um an e d is osi ti on
p T h e Sy ri a n s d o n ot e v en
.
y e t
"

forget t h e death of Adon is (st b ut st i ll ev en

n ow bew ai l h i m“ We m ust ran so mour fri en ds whom
.

th e en em y are guardi ng an d at t h e sam e ti m

.

e let us

Iph i craté s hi re d t h e arm

,

reco v e r th e d ead b o di es y .

4 23 D ; 9
71 2 ; 3
1
Gr . c f. or Gr 9 3 2 , 2 ;
.
4
75 3 f
.
 V ERBS IN ya .

of Ch ari dé m us for th i s Ch arid é mus used t o out let -

se lf a n d hi s soldi ers «Th e Syracusan s estee m

,

hi m V ed

th ei r v i ctory a great thi ng an d cro wn e d th e m

.

se lves ,

for b efore th ey we re afrai d of th e At hen ians .

mm
93 . Exe rci ses i n D ep on en t V er bs 1
.

l
Ex Aw a it»?
'
. 91 . 70 1 70 vs5 ‘
o7 d7a ve fl y p
ov e a, fl
f,
ow w es 7ov9 a l l ow; a i
‘
fl
Be a tpe rep v a p a p
A
n ww a i ae i , 7e
fl
' '
l
m f

M vfldvow a i r a we c ol xa pi ei7a i 6 fia o ck ebe,

. m -
.
'

7ra 7 l MO )
7r0 7é 3 evrei dr Od
’
7 8 0 3 ya h -

1) a o o a y
9 5 p p .

é fleda a w o, £ 60 159 fia flna a v Ga v/ a d an rea l 1} ’

mm

70 r
ea l . mi : xijpx a a ép cp ofiw a 70 29
x dbv a
'

é p aa w . a e

d
y p em
s oiin 69 (w hen) ? 77 3 7ex p y xp
e éi w o
'
,
dp s
' ’
m
SEof; 7 51: 7e é
x y p p
v e
'
m . a w o all ) ? a d ire 70 09 dvflpa ove m '
m
a c to; a k nflwe 1 3M a o oa 1 W ORM
r w
8uca
c a a

fiq
c a 21

4 ¢
a

ei

m
Ica i a a e
p y
a 'a
A I w
ia WM Iova
t
l 0
4 S 9 Q
exew oc.
‘
a vpa a 70 7 6 a e rya or
0 70
p
0 a
p p zea . .

11 131:i) oi 7rp67epov eip ya a p évoc s ia lu a 7g ?) p év Efipwri dy'

. .

7 a p éu xa xai e ei f a
py a i 765V
'

7d 83 xma x éic . ,

70 13 BeSo( a/ch e
p w s
i
w a d uw a m
Ex 9 2 . . Th ey m
bla ed the selv e s, but al
n ev er m
w ays though t th e state or t h e law s or t h e rule rs t h e

c ause of thei r own errors an d troubles There are .

tho se w h o th i n k th e go ds h arsh an d t erri ble an d so

ray t o t h e mas to e n em m
,

s f ro f h
'

p i e e ar ; b ut t e re are

those wh o thi n k th e mk i n d an d gr aci ous an d pray t o

th e mpi o usly as to w i se an d po werful fri en ds
,

Men
n atu rally follo w an d i m
.

i tat e th e i r superi o rs an d lead ,

a n d fo rce th e i r i n feri o rs W e n ot on ly use our sen ses .

,

7
Gr 4 9 7, 8 1 7;
. 4 25 ; 3
4 12 ; 4
359 .
76 GREE K non B ne n m nus .

b ut w e also joy thei r use Th e e nem

en y were re ck .

on ed (to be) n ot less th an hopli tes When h e .

h ad reckoned (up) all th e e vi ls of life th e wret ch e d ,

man prayed to th e gods (for) death [Whether] is h e

-

w orthy of great er pun ish m e n t wh o force d th e ci t iz e n s

or h e wh o bri bed th e m (li t w as pe rsuad i n g by m o n ey ) ?

I n ev er e njoyed an yth i n g m
.

ore th an this spe ctacle .

In v ain h ave we use d sacrifices an d prayed to th e go ds ;

th ey fa v or th e en e m y an d do n ot hear our prayers
A m
.

oth er sai d to h er son This shi eld thy father ,

always k ept safe a s g

( m
-

) f o r th ee ; do t ho u t he refo re

Socrates used to e x am
, ,

keep i t safe or di e ”
i n e wh at - -

th e m ass of m en assu m e to be m
.

an i fest For th e
most part men do n ot slan der those who mthey
.

d espi

XV I V ERB s IN
A .

94 Th e verbs i n 1 a are co mp ti
a ra ve l y few i n
mb mo t
.

nu ; b
erut th ey belo ng to t h e
s a n ci e n t roo ts,
an d for this an d other reas on s a re co n si dere d to
pre

m
se rv e t he oldest fo r s of th e Gre ek v e rbal i n fl e cti ons

m m m
.

Co pare th e Lati n verb s su an d i n ua

g an d E n
g
m
,
.

mti
.

For a on
of Ten ses .

95 Th e i n y a differ fro v e rb s i n w i n th e
verb s m
m
-
.

p re sen t, i
perf ect ,
a n d se co n d a o ri st te n ses ; see also
G r 3 11 , 385
m mm m
. .

Th e for s 7 (o 7u
), d e u 0
n/ ( ),
s 7 “ é
( ), i l
l us

t ra t e Gr 3 71 Sci/w ow a n d xepci v u , Gr 4 0 2 e
mm m
.

m
. .

B ut w v i s so et i es due t o a ssi i lati on as é w v

'
-

m
fro écr vv/u , cf L uss ti s
-
. .
-
.

Gr 725 , 71 6
. a.
 v ane s IN

Th e ten se s wh ich follow

o j g o th e a) c n u at i n are

formed fro mth e v erbal ste mregula rly th us ,

st . 0 7a fut .
5
0 73 0 0 1 .

st 06 ( H
i. m
) ,
fut . 0150 s) ‘
.

st 80 . fut 86 0 m
m
. .

st . 86 fut .

E ven i n ten ses wh ich prop erly b elo n g t o th e con

j ugat i o n i n 1 “ w e o ccasi on ally e et w i th fo r s wh ic h m m
belon g to th e co nj ugati on in -
m as i f fr o m 7i 0éw, e tc
f
mid dl
, .

o
96 of 73
1927
m
. e, 7 4

disar seize —
3 2 9 3 3 2 , 4 76 ; wi th
,

use of —
4 19 for f
re e ren ce on ly
midd l of
.

2 . Aor ist, a cti ve a nd e, th e pre ce din g

ve rbs , Gr .
—
3 3 3 3 35, 4 76 ; wi th use of 44 0 4 4 5 fo
-
r

f
re ere n ce only .

—
Nor a As Beixvvp z h as n o secon d aori st , th e i rregular 38W
i s gi ven a s a n ex a m ple of sec on d a ori sts i n -
v

B arn um Wi th
— r egard to th ei r
of th e
m ean i n g,

sec ond
{m y an d 38W
i llust rate t h e i ntran siti v e force aori st wh ile
an d zav a u, t ra nsit i v e
‘
t h e first aorists, 30 1 qu a a re
-
.

9 7 For t en se s i n fl e cte d a fter the “

Co mmo n

For m
.

,
see Gr .
—
34 9 3 5 2 .

RE M ARK —1 In i cy r a m th e perfe ct an d plupe rfec t h a v e th e

3m
-

m m
.
,

i ntran sit i ve force ; as m ,

I h a ve ta ken y s ta nd ,
a s ta n d
i ng ; arr I s tood was sta n di ng
. .

2 B esid es th e re gular i nfl e c ti on s of th e perfect, w e find

m mm m
.

sh ort er for s used i n t h e d ual an d plural of { an d so e

ot h e r v er b s se e Gr 4 54
m
;
mm)
. .

It w ill be n ot iced th at { ( for vi olates Gr

m m
an ore -
.

Gr 3 6 5 ; also t h at i t
p , 7 10 “ 8£8 ¢
p , d o n ot follo w G r 4 6 0 m
m
. .
,

i n th e perfec t i ddle, n or Gr 4 6 9 i n th e aori st passi ve . .

for e dedqv follo ws Gr 73 ,

’
. c.

Gr 50 0 , 1
. an d 4 .
 78 GREEK F O R B EGINNER B .

98 . . Eicerci ses on the Verbs i n

Ex 9 3 qi vé vv vé p ovsmm M i e xa i Ao m
m
‘
oo
' '
. .

xoii o i HM 7a i ei e é x d o a v 73 é
3 p xy rea l 0 w
p p
'

7 7

m
ra v
p y
'
ov.

E oi Q oivucev ex é w eslé a w otzv Hepo a i v 4585 80310 5 ;

‘ ' '
'
a a v.

o a v. 76 mEM nmw mik w 1 3 )

‘
x
‘

v eo 71 0 0 77 1 ) 7631 :M anua ls» :

M 68 mI i mpipu §8o m
’ 5
é p ovv éfl
'
a coo ( c a xov ev
v e70 . 9
7e l 70 a diya éxpi o ev
da w i 8a tea 0 0,
x oi dud o
p oc
' '
. m '

8370 0 oi dea l 70 29 dvdpa oi v 70 139 76 V 710 v vé p ovc m '

'

7 edeixa 0 w oi 06 0 i vi
'

w. 8i 8da a w d v8p09 voiiv

, m '
.

a u 8 8 8 é 8
'
oi uov §8et eu
f ' 3 i i fi $ 0
m
0 7e 7 e
xp0
'
0 p e v 0 1 s ) a t , h

'
Hpé x)~et 7ov é k e yev 71 0 76 0 0881:
0 68(5 3 (DOC ci el m
mm
-
'

mi n a x w ei7a i rea
-
'

l[i i i
. i eflea o dp efla é v ra iida 5
'
Ica
’

70 09 p 31! 06 0 i) ? 83 i
w:
‘
v p d qv i
g
m
q o
p p
7 r7 a
x . ,

7 0 29 8é wip ocv weifiov 1 6 10 1: 40 78 8é

) 5 9 5 6 1 1 1 ev a 1 0
4 . .
,

b i d fi fl
’

B o vh ezi eo de 575, k t
'

6 60 be 7 0 e wo k e /b ovs p va a e .

Ex 94 .Z eus appo in ts (7 i017

.
p )
i all th i n
g s as i s b e st .

M i n es lai d do wn for th e Cretan s laws wh ich h is fath er

-

Z e us h ad gi v en h i m
He wh o orders (li t in habi ts)
w ll m t
. .

h is own house e ,
us al
s o settle well th e affai rs

of th e sta te Man y accoun t th e pleasures of th e belly

m
.

( )
t h e e as ure of h a
pp i n ess A ge si la u s se t u p ( m i d ) . -

a trophy wh en h e (h a d)
p u t t o fl i g h t t h e e n e m y I - -

w i sh th e t rum
.

pet s w o u ld g i v e t h e si g n a l of b a t t le

Pré m
.

é th efis th e (son ) of Ia petus steals an d i v es t o

g
mortals th e fire of th e go ds These barbari an s shall .

n ot e ve n show th e wa i w t t t g
y o r
g v e a e r o a n y s ra n e r .

How could h e put right (ed) th e affairs of th e stat e

wh o h as n ot e ven ord ere d hi s own house ri gh t ?
\

Ex 95 . . m
é fev fe 7rpz§cov Epi x06 ov i; a i8chq
i ovv
’ ’
m .

i é a
[ y u h 7 6H0 I
t a l é
p y a 0-
111
22153
4 7 0 09 d vdpti
.nrovq 7 6 11 769 ,

m m
.

in evri a w a i inflowd 76
’
'
l Ni xi e 7a tea l s ebu 7a zea l
-
m ,
“ -
.
-
 v a ne s m I
“

d
n 8i o 7 a e
py a i ow a i
9
131: a v7
I
e e
’
ow e e
x ei a r s e 7 €
pg0
9 v
m
A Q I I

m
.
,

d O ei a u 0 0 0 ¢ LOT j
IQ if8 w p p i' v
y a i eh a ic
p 0 683 :7 3
0
' ’

m
,

¢ ev8ei 70 d 7
z 5in 5770 0 oi o
. i i 8i/ca i oc i oi li d/LOL
‘

, m
8ixa w i 76 075d0 w a i oi 83 d8 0 t dufipan roc Ka i 70 139 11 611 0 0 9, m
Orja ov ra i d8ix ovv ai 8e H sia i é x ei va i o c a i a i a 7 e 1 ov
’

p
m p p 4
'
'
.

m ( V
' fl u
'
.

a ei xa i 0 eo r a a t 7 Ica i Icw ovw a i

9 vI
7a s e v de
n a

d x M
m
'

7
' ‘
. , .

A
m 7ro7
u7wv
A
bofiwv evr
I a
i k
t A I
m w eo w MI
m 4v
7u r a a a v at
q 7a
'

p a
7 0 5.

M 70 9 é o 7iv ( 89 a i Set 11 116 9 xa kk i i6 0 1 l

/3 v 1 . xa .

( dei ovo i
p p
'

70 09 fipo70 69 2
70 9 Bp 0 70 29 dei Mia a t e x epci v -

m
.

'
Ti a a pp n ii ( ii/w o e 6009 dike
m
£
-
e v s,

h 0 1582 i
3 p ia u i n rl8a éxop ev
’
I
'

t a t ( ie ( ( ) , .

, m
wa i y évow 7 7p09 eé 7 vxe0 7 epos 7d 89 dM buosoe tea l
’ '
‘
,
’
,

I6 110 3 «
i 0 a t vva ucl a e wm u 8i8w w 7 (p oo ls
I
”
V f

7 v 0 te s y px o
'

0 ) . .

Ex 96 . . Not only th e wat er b ut e v en th e w i n e

was bein g frozen w ith th e cold Th ere are (thin gs)
wh ich can (li t could) be m
.

ore easi ly broken th an ben t

. .

Le t th e ch ildren stre w th e w ay wi th ro ses an d other

fl o wers Di sease an d pai n will on e day (wo7e) e x t i n
’
.

gui sh that in solen ce of youth This too i s a proof .

that h e i s n ot stron g (li t for) h e d o es n ot e at h i s foo d ,

.

w i th pleasure Wh en I was stron g 0 Ath e

m
,

n i an s sai d Ni ci as I h e l e d u u h b ut w d i
p yo c ; n o s

ei w) m st ren th an d
, ,

e ase an d
p ai n are w asti n
g (qbd p y g
I m
,

ust li e h e re alt ogeth e r w eak an d h elpless Si n ce .

t h e ge n eral d oes n ot gi ve u s wh at i s j ust w e wi ll all

go ho m
,

e (a d o ) Kn ow th i s th en that th e gods will

d estroy h i mwh o h as brok e n th e o ath s wh i ch h e sw ore
.
, ,

In Theaet et us spiri t an d i n tellect an d passi on were

fin ely m
,

i x ed .

1
Gr 5 2 3 , 9 ;
.
9
a2 s, 8 .
 GREE K F OR BEGINNERS .

XV II Moon s . .

99 . Synta x f
o the Infin i ti ve .

In gen eral ,
Gr 9 38, 9 4 3 , 94 5 , 9 58
. 94 6 .

m
Ri e a nn —U sually 60 76 , be fore th e i nfini ti ve denot in g te

lt ( Gr refe rs to so m e an t e ceden t ( 5700 1 9 e x p re ss ed

m
.
,

o r understo od, wh i ch d en ot es anner or degree lTh e a dver bi a l

mth
.

force of t h e i nfi n i t i ve w i th 610 76 i s th us d i sti n gui sh ed fro e

p r ed ica ti ve force of t h e fi ni t e md oo s wi t h th e sa m (G e r.

1 00 . Everci ses on the Infi n i ti ve .

Ex 9 7 xpr) eiv 70 50 1770 1! dyéi va 14 1786770 76 xa 7a

. .

(7
10 76 arci v7a M fiei v 13 7rci v7
’ ’
a 7 tiva i dvrofia h eiv
'

6 1s .

E
'
7 011 ( byd wa x a 7 6 0 71 ) 81 11 8 16 10 1 9 ( 50 76 70 M B
5 e v .

ui
q p 80 16 6 21! dp ov, dM ei va t 067 m W ai 6p0039’ ’
. m
X a N a86 a v 701:EXk é 8a 0 030 6 011 , {4 1 6 29 8 ( if/ro
’ ' ’
1

8pci0 6 0 0a t 70 wpé lypa 7a f vva uci i 8 i8 0 1 0 w 1}

’
w

m
y c
px e .

41 150 19 .a wl/ u dv M W V d 8 ei0 0 a i 13 d Bt /CGZII a d in m '

. m
6411) dvrt éva c 67rd 86 76 vé0 0a i 6712 7 13 oix ia ti f [1 610 711
f n zei
m 7a 7 ta d vew 06pa v a 6 7r0v 0 13701 o v .

(71 0 76 dua pwi vew 7ra p0 776 0 1 1:dvdpaivroi v vé p ov . . 1

60 70 7 011 7rp6 0 3 1576 pov iryei0 0a t 7ra w 09 It a l 60 70 11 xa i

W ’
0 1586770 76 n ee5M) “ xa pi0 a 0 0a t 793
m m
ov .
-

n a a Pa a ioi s dvrei
c
7ra 0 7 0 81xa i ov
' '
7a i
p p .

« vva i i 7rtv6 w oi vov 6 1 81 0 7 0 9 Bios

y f 11 7 3
g ¢p ovei v 3 . 1 .

m
7 011 8t xa w 0 15 yv 0 13701 0 éfio v ( 50 76 16t

7 0 09 0 0 09 M 0 0 9 i; 70 09 7 61 11 55k ti /cove
7 p .

Ex 9 8 . Xe n ophon left half of th e arm

. y to
guard th e to wn He i s worthy of rece i vi ng blo ws
. .

It was soon an n o un ce d th at Cyrus h ad con que re d

“
.

‘5 7
‘
Gr . 94 2 ; 9
94 0 ; 8
94 0 b ; 4
94 1 ; 5
9 4 7; 5 0 3, 20 ; 1 0 23 ;
8
74 1 ; 9
5 3 9, s ; 10
958 H Pcri s 19
Gr 9 5 1 ; 18
952 ; 14
94 4
.
p . . .
 GREE K F OR BEGINNERS .

1 02 . Exerci ses on

Ex 99 7a 157a 60 ,0 d K6v0 1v0 9

m m
. . 1)
I I
9 a l 1) 06 0a 9 7010 0 76 0 9 a
A 9 I I 9
ou 71 1 0 76
1 p .

l 5 i dl la 815,
‘
e ua t 70 1 9 7rol e10 ov9 71
I
Wp B o i : y p
a vew , 0 11 717
1 e
c1 a u 7 00 10 17 1
9
1 806 8
00 6 1! 0
I
0 ov r l 07a 0
I
1
C Q A

67 0 x0 11 61:733 cvyopa Gz l
’
6 5 1 1 60 0x 019
"

1 151)
1
.
y 1 [0 11 7 1
4 10 10 0 ,
1

7 7s 80 0 00 1 1 659 8 i 8
'

‘é 1 0 5
1 l 0 9 n) 60 7 0 9 j
o e7 a 0 l e y
v 0 1 11 0 6 0,
.

9 6l 96 v a 57011 7 39 0 0 11 dwB p k 0 157 0 9 rye 0 1 v

'
"
61
2 5 06 p
a8ez
.

’
dw0 0 0 19 owe
2 v 7
0 70 ov va i 8a p 00 0 15v7a
0

70 1 95 671 0 -
0110 1 1170 9 . 5 0 1 586 09 770 770 76 5 duol o'ydi v 81 80106 21)
éé l m fi 7 0 cil l a
1
'
06 w a
p6 0 ci 9
LG
[ / L 06 l é ywv 78
3 15 0 01

m
.

A I A A I f

v110 0a 0 770 11 0 1 11
g 9
ex wall ow 0 0 11 00 7 0 117 6 9 70
p f
0 0 fy a c s

610a 0 7 ou xdl l 00 7a , 0 1570 19 0la 70 0 é pa 7a xa l d

' '

0 0 00 150 0 1a ive0 o i i 0 0 0 d d d 0
'

d y l l l l

m
a0 p ) p e 7 0
a
p v x 9 7

m
1 . 1!
I f
8i 8
9 9 3 G 3 (I

p
7 0 7rov a .
p s a i as a u
x 0 ) a 0x wv, a l l 0 0 7 09

058010 6 211 BU V dfl GV O Q p i) Bodl e7a 0 .

Ex 1 0 0 I put a st op t o th e poor bei ng wron ged - - -

m
. . .

Do n ot be weary (of) learn in g

-
Th e gods, a s i t see s,
m m
.

often delight (i n) ak in g t h e s all great a n d t h e

great s mll o a Ph ili p (of) actin g un j ustly

I c n vi cted .

I amcon sci o us of h av i ng si n n e d (li t to m

.

yself ha vin g
Th e barb ari an ca m
.

si n n ed) e agai n st G re ece wi th a

re a t arm en sla v e i t to hi m :
.

g y t o self E very on e ex
- - - -
.

c uses h i m — —
self w h e n h e h as erre d Th ey sen t away -
.
-

Ph brm i dn wi th (li t h a v i n g) th e shi ps It i s ri gh t to - -

bri n g h i mwh o acts un justly b efore t h e j udge s t o b e

. .

- -

u n i sh e d (li t ab out to suffe r pun i sh m ent ) A lc i bi a

p
d es wh ile still (li t still be in g) a boy_was adm
. .

ire d by
.

the ci ti z en s.

4
1
Gr 9 70 ;
.
9
9 73 ; a 5 33 , 1 ; 74 2 .
 M O ODB .

Ex 1 0 1 0 K9po9 7011 Kpoi0 0 v v0 j0 a 9 xa 76 0 7pé

. . m
«P a m
70 159 Av80 159 11 0 1 7 6 9 vrp09 a 157 bz' éfl l evrop eu ci19
.
1
¢7
1
'

l
0a vp a 0 7bv 70 0 x 0 0 0 W OO 91 oi 80 vl eia v It a l 86 0 p . .
°

1 0 11 6815
’

4 0 3 0 15 0 0 5 1 50 5 170 l a t d
m
1 10 6 0 0 0 6 ,
0 1 76 0 7 0 11 0 1 1 7 71 10 1 yx
1 6 01 800 701 4163 0 11
1 / 1 f w pé r 711009 701 6 0 1761170 , Ka
.
“
1 5 -

'
n é 1 9 610 6 211 69 0 6 l é ye0, xa l 019 70 , efyew 0 1516 610 0 06
‘ ‘
v
p l .

If A 0 0 70 76l 1) 9 6 0 1 77
’ '

p p 786 0 9 7 i 0 15 7
90 w e
py y
a e o v ev 656 o

m
,

7 139 0 0 1 10 9 , 70 6x 6v7a 7110 06 211 ii 7 0 8 0 7 011 0 770

C 9

A I
4 A
0

7 01 11 110 10 0 11: 71 10 7011

1
A I
x pa 7ia v ev 7 7wol et xa 7a 0 7 1) d a 0
3
9 V A
a 0 0 Avxov yos stars
p
t
“

,
'
5

; t
' ‘

5
2 1 7rp0170 9 611 703 0 00 oi p 71 0 6110 0 11
'

m
7 a l x i8a 9 7r 0 9 Ad /
A I
m
m
a v 6 071 0 117a , Al l0 10 111! 17
Q A
mm
m
p 1
'

0 6 0 9

70 15 K oi} n ol l 0ix 09 8 6
p w ,

071 0 70 15 E15p0 17a

'

Th at wh ich i s good h arm

Ex 1 0 2 . . s n ot though

i t be (li t h avi ng b ee n ) spoke n twi ce You just (li t

a li ttle an ti ci ated m
. . .

ask i ng th e o A
) p e (b
y) ( q ue sti n
) t .

th e v ery begi n ni n g of sp ri ng (li t wi th [0100 ] spri n g

b egi n n in g i m mediately) th e Lacedaemoni an s made
.

a u i n v asi on i n t o Atti ca
-
Th e te rri tory was large an d .

good an d there were people t o tilli t (a r ti cle wi th - - -

Le t us n ot o v erlook Lace daem

,

dn be i n g i a
s ulte d Socrates used t o pray to the go ds sim
.
p ly t-
o - -

g i ve
g o od t hi n gs fe eli n g th at th ey best kn ew (li t as
,
- - - -
. 4
best kn o wi ng) what i s goo d Not being able to fin d .

t h e path s th ey wen t astray a nd (li t wan de ri n g) pe r

,
- -
.

i sh ed Su rely you h av e h eard th e (sayi n g) of Arch i

medes Give me (a place) where I amto stand and
.

I will m
, ,

o ve th e earth ”
.

1
Gr 50 6 , l . . Dori c for B1i pa1r o11 fro
’
m8 51 6 1 1 7713, Gr 1 4 9
. . Gr
.

969 c .
84 GREEK F OR B EG INNERS .

1 03 . M ood s i n D ep en den t Cla uses .

REM A K R —1 It h as b een n ot i ced alre ady th at th e opta t i ve

md mp
.
.

oo h as th e sa e e rson al endi n gs as th e secon dary ten ses ;

furth er m ore, in my an of i ts uses t h e O pt at i ve serves for an

mp f
i er ect or lu
p p e rfect sub j un cti v e as i t w e re ( Gr 88 1 It
mt
.
,

us n ot be overlooked , h owe ver, t h a t i n Gr 9 3 7t h e opt ati ve

m f th
.

i s sh o wn to be an obli que for o e i ndi cati ve also .

2 . Th e Greek sub un cti ve

j is n ot used in i ndi rect di scourse
except wh ere it would be used i n t h e d i rect disc o urse ; so th at
in ch angin g a sent e nce fro m orat i o rect a t o ora ti o obli qua, an

in d i cati ve i s never altered to a sub uncti ve .j

—Ex am
Nor m ple s of fin al clauses an d i nd irect di scourse
h ave b een given already ; on ly cond i tion al se n t en ces re mia n

t o be illustrat ed .

Con d i ti on a l Sen tences — Gen eral features, Gr 8 89 ,

form
.

89 0 . Clas ses an d
“
s
”
di stin guished, Gr .

89 1 .

Nor R—By r eferri n g to Gr 8 9 1 or wh en fuller i n form

— at i on
'

—
. .

is n ee ded, to Gr .
—
8 9 2 90 0 l t e th e st ud e n t classi fy th e con di

t i onal sen t en ces i n th e followin g

1 04 . Exerci ses on D ep en den t Cla uses .

Ex 1 0 3 . . 7ra1 17a
'
7 0 7a 157
' ’
—
6 0 7a 0 5
10 01 1 1 dpei v, 60 11
e

10 )
1 0 1
7 11 77 11 0 11 ( 16 1 0 5 i
5701 106 11
ei a 1 70 . 70 159 IIé 0 a 9
p
i80 06 11 , 61116 0 70 11 7011 10 0 10 011 0 6 0 86 2 100 l d §6 011 0
. 11 0 010 6 61 0 111
9 9 A I A
1 8 1 8(10 17
( I
1 71 11 7rol 011 15 0 a r
9
0 0 70 11 011 0 1 ) 0
0 1 , 7 7 6 p
7rdl e 0 8080 0 10 6 09 0 1119011 0 19 800
é
7rol l

1 060 0 11 , 5711 0 9 0 10 0 150 1 11 7rol l 0 10 17 86 8 0 0 i 1 8v11 0 9

0 Q A
11
0
A
01 10 1 1 .

E
I 9
l 8
9
d
9 ( 1
l l 1 aw
xp ,
'

1 11 0 1 0 0
71 ) v 7 1 1 o v
n ve 9 0 0 7 a 06 1 1 6 0 e a 0
p 0 10

0 1510 6 00 011 06 0 i 6 i 70 157 0 60 0 0 15. 0 a 10 6 11 , 0 770 11 7 6 9 0 11 drrwl b

p0 e a 9 0 11 657709 él dy 00 110 70 9 , 0 1 586 09 B

'
ovla ai H
a vei v .

mfi
.

6 15 70 ara 0 70 29 dl l 0 09 0 5 0 11 xa l e ‘

p 100 10 , 0 1 10 s

1
Gr 59 ;
. 4 91 .
.
86 GR EEK F O R BEGINNERS .

0 i Io11 80 20 0 0770 10 76 2110 0

’
70 1570 0 1511 0
0 l 37
60 7 0 11 11 0 157 11 o ,

570 5 70 611 0 11 6l 11 6 70 0 033 0 70 11

0 1 , dl l 0 100 0 770 7 6p0 0800 11
A776 10p1110 70
’

67 16 76 7 011 9 6 011 10 0 11 60 0 7 011 770 0021 11 7021 9 6 05

, .

511 0 7170 0 159 100 0 6 2776 11 0 1570 29 A7 0 70 07 1670 1 157

‘ ’
01 0 17 11 11 7 0 211 , ,

11 009 770 06 211 0 1 1 60 11 70 9 0 158611 0 0 1770

'
0 15 815110 70 0 0 6
7
’
11 7 ,

3 716 1737 7 0 11 770 7 6p 0 77 0 00 5

1 11 70 0 « 0
7 p 0 11 8 610 6 2110 9 1

o 170p 770 7i7 0l6 i 7011

t
70 1570 100 0 0 v i09 07 00 10 1 9 770 06 2
p¢ .

11 0011 , 100 0 0
77 1170 86 110 11 v0 011 0 157
05 0 50
0 17 9 770 06 2
‘
100 0
5 6 1 5
670 1 11 86 156 01 0 15 06 29 00 117 00 4
7
0 6 120 110 70 5 07 0 , 1 7 0 1 70
7
1 76 .
7
”
120 776 p 70p 0 770 7 7 5
6 76 1 6 0 70 159 11 6 10 0 159 10 0 0 ( 01 0 770 06 2 ,
1
p p p
0 0 70 1 100 0 0 11 009 0 99 06l 6 0 0 158 6 « 0
y p 0 7ra 7
p
17

10 10 011 770 0 0 11 8680 1 10 6 7 5 v io i

'

1 16 0 0 158611 0 d l l 0 '
10
p 1 ,
p 0
211 0 770 1176 9 7070 610 0 7011 v i011 100 0019 7 070 0210 0 7011 770 76p0
‘
, .

0 7007 7070 02111 7 011 11 1 0 11 0 15 7070 02 7011 770 76pa 7011 7767017 1 0 117 0

A70 1711 070 17 67 0 0 7011 l 6 70 11 7

’ ‘ '
0 157 1511 . 11 l 6701 157 0 211 00 0 ,
1

0 10 0 150 111 100 0 7700 76 150 111 795 77670 111 0 11 7 1

, 6x6 0 {01 0711 3

l
6 15
9 17 1 10 011 0 1510 6 6 70 0 dl l 0 7 16 70 3 63 17
m
px
059
10 6 » ,

A
’
610 0a 11d7ou 0 0 1 l 6 0 1 150 211
70 15 ( 77
0 61
1 11
77
0 11
1
7 17 7 7
11 .
01 17 ,

670 6px6 70 0 d5pa 100 0 111511 60 7 011 676 oi 116 10p0 0 0 100 150 0 1170 0
, ,

1 5 9 70 15 11 0 9 0 i 0 5
777¢ 7
9 0 1 1 0 5
1 7 0 5
1 6 0 5
1 10 0 o 10 0 1 0 0 1176 9
(5
1 0 0 11 70 0
, .

Notes —
4 186 Gr 5 3 9 , 4 ; cf 38 7 b ,
1 67
0 11 0 77. 0 10 1 . .
b

0 11 0 01 W6l l0 1 , I re ort 0 03 3 0 7 0 11 sa bba th 0

d
( ) p p 70

m
, .
, . ,

n ow 10 017
. 01 crasi s of 10 0 0 6705 , v eri ly (a en
) . .

8 0 0 11 . Joi n e d t o th e relati v e ,
0 11 gi v es i t an i n d efi n i te
force ,
w h a tsoever .
h
{ 0 10 770 06 2
qu i c e ns k .

100 00019 (
100 7 0 , o
acc rdi n
g as .
k
( 0 11 7li f
,e .
l
0 00 51100 9
et e rn al
m 0 6 70 3 63 17106 11 0
.
7 0 06 7 , h as pass ed .

Xenophon An a basi s 1 1 1 1 0 An swers m

2 . ade , ,
. . .

by th e lead ers of th e Ten Tho usan d G reek s wh en

Art ax erx es sen t t o deman d th ei r arms afte r th e d eath

of Cyrus .
 m oon s . 87

E1100 81) 0 776 10p0110 70 K7 0 147 1 10 0 9 77 6 0 3 15

” 5
t e0 1101p p ,

70 70 9 0511 157 0 77 00 06 11 0 11 0 770 00 11 0 0 6 11 17 70 077M 770 0

,p p
1 3 5 6 01 1 7 01
5
1 056 11 0 9 86 0 9 17 6
5
80 26 11 b
11 7
.
3 0 20 9 0 1 7 7 1 1
75 , , ,

450 7 05116 0a u7 0 0 §01 77076 0 019 10 0 0 7 01 11 0 1576 2 70

, p 7 ,

0777 00 1
7 0 1 9 8 00 ¢ 0 X 0 0 11 80 1
710 E 5
1 70 0 11 « 0
y p 0 1
. 9 10
p 0 7 01 11 ,

0001170 6 1580 776 00 0 9

5
7 0 86 2 0 157011 0 15 76 211 100 0 0 15 M 3 6 20 6 7
'

3 0 15706 7 0 0 M 3 6 0 M 7 67 0 17 0, 0 0 7 0 0 7 0 2 9 a 7
p0 7 0a 17 a 0 9 6 0 11 ,

11 0 ¢ 0 72110 9 6 0776
'
0 157 5 70 1570 00 0 1 11 70 0 9 70 1570
0 x p0
p . 0 ,

E0 0 07te159 11 010 0 11 17 K 15 0 11 0 77610 70 11 6

'
d
1
1 6 27 0 0 677 6 0 p ,
T 0 9 .

0 5 2 1 60 70 11 00 7 0 9 7 1 9 0 1 69 0 11 70770 06 270 0
7 77 N
m
- 0
7 7 1 0 1 7
0 5 ;
”
0 60 77 760 11 70 15 05
5
80 100 0 1570 0 9 60 11 70 15 6 011 0 0 6 6 11 7 7 7 ,
x p0
100 0 777
'
100 7770 70 7
. 0 051 61 709
1 1 0 800 3 0 70 111 3 6700 9 0 11 0p0 1 770 111
5
S U V é p GIJOQ 0 17 6 211 00 0 11 0 158 6 15 770 0 6
5
5
1
4
“
0 17
6 1 77 6 , 0 06 11

0 211, 815 M 6 70 70 1570 11 9 6 0770 70770 9

’
157 v0 00 0 0 11 0 770 10 76 211 0 0 .

”
0 11 6 11 1511 019 0 15 0p 09
5
1 1 01 7110 20 9 6 0776 11 5
12 4 0 7 , , , ,

01 58011 0 7
07111 60 7 11 0 0 70 0011 1 61 5 0 0 p6 7 17 0777 10 0
100
~

R
0 5 67
6 0 11 100 0 7 3 0 0 6 7 7
7 7 7xp 7 1 0 00 0
'

7
0 11 0 1 11
60 11 76 9 ,

0
5
80 11 76 9 8 0 11 70 1570 100 0 7 01 11 0 0 10 0 70 1 11 0 76 17 7
'

770 1 0 1 110 0
7 p .

M 170 1511 oiov 70 70 0110 17 8

'
1 01 0 00 011 70
'

7 0 21 7 7 70
p 0 0 1 0 6 0 11
'

07 0 00 0 1511 70 1570 09 100 0 7 0111 1570 6 7 6 1 0 111 0 1 0 00111 7 0 15

7 7 00
x
5 0
5

; 0 6 00 . 1 1 10 0 1 0 0 9 80 7 0 5
1 7 0 ¢ 0 702 11 0 9 é éM O G 10 0 0 6 0776 11
Y
’ ‘

0 00 410 0 0 04101 560 0100 9 01 11 6 0 11 00 106 100 0 7 0676 09

5
1
1 17 , ,

0 1510 0 0 00 70
m 00 00 7 0 611 70 0 0 11017 70 9 0 511 6 15 0 06 0 0 11
k 5

x p
°
,

0 6 760 0 11 0 0 6 717
157 11 776 0 01 6 11 60 00 0 717 9 3 0 0 07 0 60 1 9 8 0 110
7 7 7

Notes p 5 0 6 11 77 09 ) li t b e for e ; 77
( p
. 77 1 0
p 0 soo n e r , . .
,

th a n 770 0 80 26 11 77 09
( p
b
7ra 0 surren d e r
.
p p , .

70 1570 i n an swer t o th is ‘1
Gr 5 1 9 , 4 0 0 70770 06 270 0 .

m
, . .

(0 11 7 1 la y s cla i t o
f
611 7 09 G r 7 5 7 3 0 8 00

m m
.
, . .

—800 i passable h
770 6 0 06 11 put (th e
px . ,

selv e s) i n t o your h an d s 0 17ex ce t 0 11 wi th i n

’
k
60 7
p . , .

fin iti v e i n orat obli q wh ere 0 11 w ith th e Opt ati v e would

. .
88 G R EEK FOR B EGINNERS .

be used in orat rect . .

, Gr 9 64 . a .
‘
mm '
a xos
'
r ea lz as ,(

3 Euri pides M ed ea —
1 0 6 7 80 Med ea, h av i n g
md
. .
, ,

sen t th e fatal robe t o Creii sa, is ab ut o to ur er h er

own chi ld ren .

0 7Z
i7 ap e /u « Tknp ovea r dm 68611
mq m
y
'
( v ,

na l 70 69 85 wé épa v én
’

pw

m
vea r '

m
m
,

8
7ra 2 a£ 7r osewrei v B é ko 3 76
m
p u
‘
o . ( ,

80 7 m 0m l Sefu w xépa
m
‘
un b

m
-
ad e [Ja a . .

i c lk f a r ov S
'
w (
p x p p
et
'
n ,e p ol .

mi '
o
xfi pa lea } 71 1 69 0 17 0 1: a fl yevé q r éw
7 .
’
v,

a wn/1 0 1 0 270 0 1 , dkk £166 2

’
. 7 6 8 6110686
.
’

wa r d¢ elh erfl
’
a :yk vxeia wpoefioh y
‘
d

c) ? a Oa /coc xp be c
f
w efip d 0 flow rov
’
'
é
T x uwv.

co ei f e 8 w ei r
’
m ip ) wp BXé f ér
’
lrew

an d mom
o s
x p os
'

x p
' ‘
.

0 a 7 h
7
"
£9 i x a x o s.
‘

mlp fié vw p év ola Spar ”Q M Ica x d

a v

v oe Sé xpela o wv
'
y ep é w Bov p d r
' '
m ’ ‘
'
m v
k
,

1 Bpo roi s
’
a in os x a x wv
'

p 1 7
‘ '
oa /re r
1.6 0 e .

Notes . d
y pgi v e s t h e reason for 7r osewrei v Bou
p l e
‘

pa s
b
G r 2 1 6 , 20 wpoc m rov ( 71 7 9 ,
1 6 coun t e

m
. . .

o
‘
n an ce .
d
r
p B M
oQy (w po qfi é h
o l w) e b rac e w h e n/c g

m
, , .

t en der, L . ollis
xp é s sk n ,
i . fl esh 8 w
x p é co ( ai a
x p )
‘
, .
,

I depart .
h
0 169 76 , G r 1 0 0 0 014 069, wrath k
B onfi . . .

M vpa (Bovk eziw)

. , o
c un sel .

4 . Thucydi des i 86 Speech of th e Eph or Sthen e , . .

lai das at th e con gress h eld at Sparta before th e Pelo

nn esi an war
po .

Tobe p év l oyous
A A017va lwv of:
’

m
-
o 70 W

q é a x w ev wéo a w es vyczp wow

‘ ’
m - ‘
‘
éa v r n 0 68a p o6
-
m
 —
GREE K ENGLISH V O CAB U LARY .

Tun refere nces are t o sect ion s of th e Gr a mm ar

‘

mt
.

Th e V oc abulary us n ot be e x pect ed t o tra nsla te t h e Ex

e rci ses Wh ile t h ere fore, t h e se n se of t h e w ord s h as be en
mm t
.
,

ge n e rally g i ve n w i th su ffi ci e n t d e t a i l t h e sy n on y os apt

mm
,

st ud e n t s
’
for a gi v e n c a se h as b ee n so e t i e s l eft fo r t h e

selec ti on . Th e force of p a rt i cle s,

i n d e ed, ca n b e b est le arn ed
on ly by a tt e nti ve rea di n g :see al
so th e fre quen t referen ces t o

t h e Gr a mm ; ar an d , for use i n wri t i n g in Greek, of. 84 9 .

Pro p mer n a es a re n ot alw ays gi v en ,

e speci ally wh en t h ey
can be obt ai n ed by s ub st it ut i on : as, Alci bi ad es

Word s conn ect ed i n d e ri vati on wi th th e Gree k w ord w h i ch

pr ec e d es th e m a re i talici zed ; wh en w i thin bra ckets, t h e y are

n ot n ecessar ily syn on y m ous wi th i t . Th e d i sti n cti on bet w een

cogna te a n d d er i ved w ord s i s t o be o ve rlooked . Th us
m
n e v er

wa ter i s cogn at e w it h 68a b ut h ydr a n t is d e ri ved fro it m

m
, .

It will be n oti ce d t h at t h e aspirate of a n y Gree k w ord s i s

r epresen t ed by a in c orrespon di n g La ti n w ords, et c as, 35,

5 p, 6A»; ( s t filth ) s i loa Th e of s i lva
'
1 1re sea , s up er , a cor

mi l m
.

mm
.

r e sp on d s w ith th e ob solet e Diga 23 D ; a, si a rly , oi n u ,

wor k ( Ger wer k) c orre spon d w i th olvos, i

’ ’
oi cus, o xos,

mmth
.

It h as b een sh own b y G ri at th e sa mw e ords wh en

foun d in ( 1 ) San sk r i t G re ek or Lati n ( cla ssi cal , ) ( 2 ) Lo w G er

m ( as th e En gli sh) , ( 8) Hi gh Germ m

, ,

an an , ex hib i t t h ree syste

a t i cally va ryi ng for m s, ap pa r en tly s ui ted in each c ase t o th e

n ati on al pre fere nce Th us, tr ee, d r ei th ree
mm l w i
. .
,

G ri ’
s a s t h at an aspi rat e i n th e classi cal la n guages i s
r epresent ed by a mid dl mt e u e i n Low Ger m an ( or En gli sh) ,
1
Ca nn on —Th e referen ce s of th e V oca b ulary s ti ll refe r t o th e old

edit i on of th e Gra mm Th y a r. e a re n ot i n di spen sa b le i n mt

os ca ses ;
th y m —
.

an d wh erever i gh t p
e rove h elpful, th e t a ble, Gr pp 4 0 6 4 2 2,
tly dj t th m
. .

will con veni en a t us e o th e n ew edi ti on .

 —
G R EEK ENGLISH VO CAB U L AR Y .

an d by a s m th mut
oo e in High m ; mi ddl mt i th
Ge r an a e a e n e

classi cal is re prese nt e d by m th mt i t h E gli h ( L w

a s oo u e n e n s o

m)
Ge r an an d by a r ou gh m ut i t h H iegh G m ;n d e er an an a

m th mt m
,

s oo u e in th e class i li
ca p s ret d by h t
re sen e
g i a rou a e n

t h e Low Ger m an , a n d by a m
i ddl mt e u e in t h e High Ger m an .
‘

Th us
Ht e n G m .

Toch ter
[Pr uodor]
[Ka rt en ]
Th e word s i n bracke ts are i n t he old for m
my mgw d
.

Th e re a re , i n de e d , an ex cept i on s, espe ci ally a on or s

cont ai ni ng aspi ra t e con son an t s Th i s ari se s in p t f

armt h ro e

m
.

d egre e t o wh i ch t h e High Ger an s h av e a ssi mil t a ed t h ei r lan

u
g g
a e t o t h at of t h e Low Ge r m an s.

Th e i mp orta n ce of a k n o wledge of th i s la w li es i n t h e facts

t h at :
m
It pre ven ts ety ologi cal guess wor k E g , guess wh ole -
. . .

t o be conn ect ed wi th t i e s, an d y ou are w rong Wh ole, ha le, .

et c are really aki n t o xaM s ; and th e La ti n sol lac, for i n st an ce,

-
.
,

t o 61 0 9.

It h elps t o sh ow ori gin al Arya n roots E g , cap u t . . .

sh ows th at h ea d h as lost an ori gi nalf Th e O ld Eng i s h eafod , . .

th e Dut ch h oofd , th e Ger h a up t m

m
. .

It h elps t o sh o w th e ori gi n al ean i n g of w ord s th at

h a ve ch a nged th ei r se n se. E g,
. . to brook, i e . .
, to p ut up - -
wi th ,
is akin to f ra er , fructus, of wh i ch t h e r oot is f ra g, to j
en oy.

Th e 0 . Eng bruca n
. t o d igest , t o e at , to en oy , j to s to mh ac ,
to
en d ur e, to brook .

Th i s varyin g of t h e con son an t w ill n ot a ppear, of course,

i n words d i rect ly i nt o Engli sh fro

ad opte d Greek an d La ti n m .

m
E g , w h ile ar {1p appears as fa th er , w e h ave also p a tri oti c ;
-

m
. .

wh ile cap ut appears a s h e(f ) a d , w e h av e als o cap i ta l Pri . .

of Appen di x
1
Hen ce we fin d th e Engli sh s ooth
sh all m mt u e corre spon di n g t o

Greek m i dd le ; En gli sh iddle mut e t o Greek m aspi rate ; Engli sh as

p i ra te m ute to Greek s ooth m .

92 GR EE K FO R B EGINNERS.

Wh en a v e rb is follo wed by words i n any oth er case th an

m
mm
th e accusat i ve , t h e fa c t i s sh o wn i n th e proper c ase of

th us 6 n
’
r un, I agree so m ew h at wi th so e on e m .

Nouns
wh ose ge niti ve i s not sh own a re of t h e first or
secon d d e clensi on ; t h e ir i nfl ec ti on i s th us suffici en t ly i n di

os ted . Th e arti cle wri tt en aft er a n oun sh o ws i ts ge nd er

mmb m
.

It will b e conv eni e nt to re e er th at a, a, and v are co

m ly ou shor t, especi ally in a fli x es and as c onnect i n g v owels of

d ecle nsi on and con ugati on. j B ut of 1 80 , 1 3 1, 1 90

. c.

iyopci fw, ti tre) , 4 72 , I a tten d th e

m
(

arke t, b uy .

a lp h a p ri va ti
4 83 ; cop u
ve dy s pe é w, 4 72, I ad dress
m
a ,

la ti ve , c f dp a d en o ti n g n u a n ass e b ly, d ecla re

m
. . .

i on , li ken ess , or i n ten si ty, as dyp c, a , o r , als o 0 9 , or , 4 68, O f

i n da s, d deh tpdc m e up h o th e fi eld s, wild , savage
m
-

m
.

e rely to s often fi
'
ni c , u se d y p
-
xo s, ov, rus ti c , rud e , li t

m
.

p r on u n ci a ti on , as i n d n13 ,
-
d welli n g i n c ountry .

d ya dcic dypé 9 , 6 , L a ger , a field , coun

m
‘

—
-
. .

dya di c, r) , or, 2 28 , good, brav e, try a s opp to tea (.A cr e, .

n oble ; f a d a Od, good s, p os a gr i culture )

y
-
.

s e ssions, wea lth dye) , aor fiya yo v, 424 , l, L

dyye M m m
. . .

(i d I a go, I lead , d ri v e , c on duc t,

'

ie a a
m
n
m
, , .

e ss en ger, ann oun c e , re ob s erve id , Ile a d to ( for)

t m l f m L d uc o
m
p or .
y se , a rry, . .

5 M p v czye often
’’
kos, 6,
’
h ere !
’
1 , a e ssenge r, e n

m
-
cr
yy e .

voy. A
( g )
n el Of 570 ( De a gogue )
m
-
. . .

dyeipm
.

, 4 32 1 , I ga th e r
, dyé w, (Bro s, 6, a n a sse b ly, are
tog eth er .
( P a n egy r i c
-

) Of . . n a ; s truggle A
( g ny )
o . .

d aexca , r}, a si s ter

m
-

m
.

i q e 20 9 , a ge d Bekqx i r, 6 (askcptir, a tri x) , a

m
( r,
-

e ss, un d e cayi n g . b ro th er, li t of th e sa e .

1 E P
''

y xvpa ,i
w 3 0 x c 3 an a n b i rth ( hil a d el h i a
p )
m
cz , .
-

m
, . .

chor, L a ncor a 6 8 i n) , flo w, 4 72, I a unjus t ,

—m
. .

d yvo , r}, 130 Exc 2, i gno -

I wron g
m
. .

ra n ce , wan t of p e rcep ti on « 38 in , pi, 4 6 4 c, i njusti ce , wrong,

m
.

Cf yryva xw o fl en s e
' ‘

— m
. . .

d yué c, 6370 9 , 2 18, i gn o ran t of, d dcxo r, ou ( di ), unjus t, wron g,

m
- - -

un ac qua i n te d wi th p as s i p rop er
m
, .

ti dv va r
'

u n known, ob scure p we rle ss Qf

m
.
-

, o v, o
( i o ti , h i l f th i ngs, i pos si b le
‘
a g a t e r n ;
g p a c e o
m m
'

y p q , .

rm
b li ng, ark e t, L fo d d ( f d d ) d fi ,
m m
a s se or
m
s) u es a o na t ,

m
.
,

ru ; ti e of as se bly Cf . .
5p 0 , I s i ng C f . .

dye ipw .
et a . o d e .
94 G REE K FOR B EGINNERS .

1 , a s p ass of a ipeo , I a .
’

m m h elp le s s ; p a ss , i
ean s, . m
taken , caugh t p rac t i c ab le

m
. .

m 6, Alcibi a des d p fivw, 17r d) , L

.
-
a n ia , I wa rd .

a 8 63 , li t oth er wi se , b ut O ff, d e fe n d, r i n ot , 68 9 a
sp a; 63 7—
. . .
,

Cf L a lia 3 9, li t on b oth si d e s ,
m m
. . . .

si xt e e n , 50 , 294 , I a ke oth a rou n d A p hi th e a tre ,

m m
.

e rwi s e, ch a n ge ; I gi ve or a p h i b i o n s L bi
m
, a -
.

t a ke i n ex ch a ng e , r i rw o s, ‘ ‘
dp ¢ or €p w ds v, fro b oth s i d e s ,
5 78 ; I ch an ge p la ce , leave , on b oth si d es
m
.

q u i t (P . a r a ltar ) -
. dp ¢ oh 2 5 5, b o th , L a bo . .

exi st s », 23 7 of e ac h oth er . . «i v, 8 73 , p e rh ap s , p erc h an ce .

( P a r a lle l, alon gsi d e one a n

-
dud, 635 , 6 36 , up ( A na log
y )
-

di m Ba lm
. .

oth e r ) 4 35 1 ; 4 1 6 , 2, I
m m
s-
.
, ,

n i c e” , fro an oth er p lace , s tep , or g o, up , I oun t .

67 0
.

m
L a li und e
m , i n
wh ere , L a libi
a n o th e r p la c e , e ls
.

e (i l
( A na ba s i s
)
I know accura te
ly, rec ogni ze , rea d , L a gno
.

m
. . .

dh kop a t , 6 X0 bu , 4 32, 3, L sa li o, score.

my
.

I sp rin g, le ap . ( i '
i
xa o c, a ,
or
, als o o r, o r, of
abh or, 0 , o th er, L a li a s or wi th forc e , n ec e ssa ry .
(L
m
. .

re a i n i n g, re st Allo . a ngo, a ngu s tu s , a nx ious. -

)
p a t h y ) dvdq 6, c on s tra in t, n ec e ss i t y;
m
.
,

czM o a e , t o an oth er p l i iq th ere i s a n e

’
a ce , L
‘
. (

a li o c es si ty, i t i s un av oi d ab le , i t
m m
.

fih h or s, a t a n oth er ti e, L . us t b e , 7 63 ; L n e cesse .

a li a s ; 6k p i n db 83, at e st
m m
. .

—
.

o n e ti e a t a n oth er ( i v d e) I l
y
-
e ad up or b ac k ; i d
m
.
, ,

su , i n a n o th er w ay , o t h er I p u t t o se a .

wi s e , L a li ter (i v ( ig
, a , or, 4 8 3, n u
. . l o o, or or 0 9
-

,
d Roy i s, or u n u tterab le , irra
m
-
.

ti on a l, i l logi ca l sp a 1a f u ( imi
m p p
7 s e s as s
- -
. . .
,

a s, é s, 6 , a g ra i n or lu p of Ket p t u, I p ut, or se t, up ; d e d
sa lt ; p l salt, L sa l i; ah , i ca te , ascri b e ; i d , I re m
m
. .

t h e s ea Ana the a , li t t hin g

g
trac t
mm
-
. . .

line , at th e sa e ti e wi th , to d evot e (
g e t h e r w i t h (L si u l) C f m dwbps la , i) , anli n ess, cour age m
m m
-
. . . .

dp o b ( i vd ei w , a , o n, an ] asc u
d
.
p
d p a ans, i s, u nle arn e d , i gn o li n e ; b rave (An rew )
m
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m m
.

ra n t, st up id Cf s wa drea , 6 , th e wi n d (L a n i a ,
m aor m
. . . . .

di sa pn i wo, w n {in a p )
m
a ne one
m
a on , . .

4 3 6 , 2 , I fa i1 t o h i t, i s s ;
r o w, dvfip, ( i vdpds , 6, a an , h u sb an d ,
I fa il or err, d o wron g . L vi r ( Al
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)
.
-
.

, fa ilure , e rr or, si n
dna p r ia , a (i x
/ 00 9 6 a b u d , fl owe r
m
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.
, 6 0 9 7 , . .

d a ocr ia r), a bros ia , li t i ( A th l l th )

m
n o ogy p o y a n u s
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m
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or tali t , fo od of th e d Idq a w o c, or, h u

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P
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.
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c p ei wov, o r , b e t t er

a p é a vos o v
c f 223 R a
m w h
. . .

;
h u an b ei n g a lso, a wo an
P
.

x (p nx j) i t o ut ( h fl a n thr op y
)
r
a -

, , .
 G R EE K ENGLISH V OCABU L ARY
-
. 95

sir l y ,
-
I
l
m se n d u p or fo r th , le t d rr

2
h
5
cio r ( i

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( i v i n f ant I a k e to s tan d up , s i ngle , s i p le, L s i p l es

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s e t up , ra i se up ; i n tr a ns si p y l a b s o lu t e l y
m m
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,

ten ses, 4 1 6 , 1 , I ri s e up , etc e s, 623 , L a b fr o a po

m
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,

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i sh (C f o f, p a o s t le ) .
-

dr um
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6 1 30 E 2 w f d I t I f t h
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.
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s e p o fl , g o o r ,
-

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vdo s ta i n wa y, L eva d o
m
. . .

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dvr i , or i g ov e r a g ai n s t ; . 4 4 4 , 2 , I run away fro ,

h ence, c orre sp on di n g t o, sh un

m
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m
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c h an ge ( A n t a g oni s t ) .
i r ep a
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y ; id , I. se l l ( A p o d o .

dw a h a p d d I t a k e or
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fl m i s, 5 76 . killed .

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sp ea k a gai n st , gai n say A

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m m
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p le t (in c “ sl um I kill, slay ; c on

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( p y ) l l o n

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a n o a r ek s e n a w a o s -
.

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 96 G R EEK FOR B EGINHERB.

6p ( ly0 9 , whi te ) 6, whi te « cli

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0 i o n i s, i80 9 , i) , a shi e ld L
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p 9

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mh d l
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.
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m m
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«p un 0 9 , r) , or, b es t, 223 B a
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mm
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m
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ra i o
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mm
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-
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w h er e o ne i s ; o n t h e s p ,o t
take th e lea d of, rule, 5 74 , a t on c e
m m mm
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m
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a
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a r chon a t th e v er l
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m
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m
d dfop a t , a a op m
.

, I gree t, sa u n grud gi ng wi th out s ti n t,

lute , e b race m A
( p s a si a ) .
p l e n t if ul . .
98 G R EE K FO R B EG INNERS.

6 a a r ria g e ; w emdlo c k i n g p e rc e p t i o n ; O p i n i o n d e
m m
71 , ,
1 0 9 0 , , .

P l
( yg s) i t ( G o i c
)
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m y
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tr i c o vw r f a t h e r an c es
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)
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G s u s , t . c k .

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m m
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m m
.

w b
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. o f k n o w ust , ough t, 764 b , fi n .
 G REE K ENGLISH VOCABU LARY
-
. 99

66 1 11 111111 1, 6 6 1 611 1, 4 4 2, 3 , I sh ow, 8111 I step , 0 1 cross, ’

ll xpl i (L t h h D i b
p o i n t o u t ; t e e a n ro u g or ov er ( a e t e s )
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m
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61 11 6 0 1 6, 13, s la n d er, false accu -

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)
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66 1711 6 9 , 6, 4 60 b , a b a n d, b on d, 61 6 h ows, 6, conversa ti on, di a -

fetter ; b on d s, p ri son Of . .

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m m m
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p ose , an a g e ; id , di s p ose .

p p f
r o o s.l a v es h en c e, a d es o f , b e q u ea t h .

h ose su b ects a r e s la ves 6 a r p 1 Bm I b w

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)
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acce p t ; e n te rtai n ; e xpec t 81 86 0 11 a l os, 6, a te a c h er

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m m i s s ; i d , e n trea t , lon g for, 7 1 11 6 71 5 53 , 5 54
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te r .
(D i a d e -
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-

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mm
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p .

1 1 11 11, 11, h on or, es tee m

as a
, val ue th ree b anked ( shi p ), a tri
m m
-
.

1 111 1 0 9 , 0 , or, h on ored , e s tee ed , fe .

'

p1 9 , thr ice h d
'
1 1
p 1 1 o9
, 1
1 a v t i r
ri m
, ,
.

1 6 1 1 11 0 , 4 35 , 5 , I
e,
p ay 1 11671 111 0 11 , 1 6 ( newt of a n a dj ) , a
m m
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a p ri ce , e xp i a te ; id , get tr op hy, L tr op ae u , a tok

.
.

redr e ss , p uni sh , 1 1 1 6 , 54 4 a e n of th e rou t 1 1 0 1 ) of t h e

( 1 6
m
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1 i, L qui s, wh o w h 61 m
9
t O f
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a en e
m
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, y . 1
p . . .

4 4 5 , 6 , I 1 p611 0 9 , 6, a turn ,
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1 1 1 161 0 11 0 1, a nn e r, way
m
1 pa1 0 0 1 ,
1
-
.

woun d, h urt, da age

m mm
.

1 1 1111 0 1 11 , 0 9 , synony ous wi th 1 0 0 61 6, 6, 4 5 7 c , n ouris h t,

1 61 0 9 . a i nte n an c e
( A t r o m
h
p y ) .
-
.

31 1 1111, 4 08 , 6 , I en dured , dared , Cf .

h eld out ( L ( t ) l )
. a tu s .1 71 10 1 11 6 9, ( i v, Tr o a n
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1 0 1 i n truth , ve ril 85 2 1 1 d v , 1 6 6 o

i y— fi
y 1 , 61 11 o r , 4 3 7
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,
r ot -

, th ere fore , f rth er, 8 6 7 8 , I h i t, ff t e

m
v .

1 07 0 9 , cf 1 0 1 60 86 an d 1 0 1 0 61 0 1 ,
. i s lifeless, 5 74 ; ee t, ga i n ,
24 1 , 24 7, L tali s such 1 11 69 , 5 7 4 c ; i n tra n s , h a p
—
.
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i n ki nd, na t ur e, or qua li ty p e n u s e d both as p red a nd

.
.

1 6 1 0 9 , 6 , a stra i n i n i t h
g o r p c
 G REE K ENGLISH
-
V OOAB U LARY .

1 611 30 9, 6, a to b, L tu ul m . mm . as su m e , suggest. H
( yp othe

611 0 9 , 6, a b low, i n d en ta ti on ,
mp
1

i res si on , outli n e , typ e . 119 , 116 9 , 1 2 1 B , L 1 11 6 , p i g,

6, . .

611 1 0 1, 4 m 4 2 7, 1 9 , I b ea t, eow
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m
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s trik e , s i te , kn ock r , o r , 2 24 R l t u t
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.

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n 1¢ h 6 9 , 611, b li n d , o f th i
m
ng ,
s
d i , ob scure . 11
4 0 9, 6 0 9, 1 6, h i gh t, th e top .

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w h t on e ob ta i n s ( UP )
m
1 6 11 7
1 , a
m m
.

6 1 6 1) fr t h d 4 2 1 , 1 1 , I wet, s n d
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e
m
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y ,

g oo fortl e hen ce, for ra i n ; 0 6 1 , i t ( Z eus) rai n s .

tune, ch an ce .

v B m
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fw,
t,
or 1 0 1 ,
out ra ge .
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I app ear ), I sh ow,

( 6q
63, 29 1 11 1 ,4 1 7,
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wan ton vi ole n c e , m i d , 29 1 , 4 14 , sh ow m y se l f
mf
6 0 19 , ,

up p i sh n e ss , i n solen c e ; an
-
a pp ear ( Ph a n t
.o , a ncy,

outra ge H
( y b r id , L
. sup er .
p ha se ) .

bus ¢ 6 X y$ 7 ”7 l i n e of b a t tle
m
. a , a 0 9 , ,

{ryu}9 , s oun d , h ealth y, vigor ar y i n b t tl h zla nw

m
a e , n z .

ous ( L o. i geo ,
h y g i e ne
.
) .
¢ a vep6 9 , a , 6 11, 4 7 1 , v i si ble , an
1 6 7, wa ter ife st , consp i cuou s Of 416 1
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vdwp, 11 811 1 0 9 , 1 6, . . .

H
( y d r a n t, L u nd a ) IMO.

mdi i
. .

11 16 1 , 6, L fi li a a, a son Cf ¢ ipp a xov, 6, e c n e, d rug,

m
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1 1 610
1 .
p oi so n .
( Ph y)
ar ac
6h ) , L si ted ¢ 6Aos q, o w, or o r, li gh t,
mtt
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s tu n, tri vi al, worthle ss

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m
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vh q6 1 9 , 6 0 1 , 6 11, 4 70 , 5 , wood y, ( i
p pe , 0 10 0
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1 11 0
711 0 11 , 4 50, 6 , L .

wood e d f er o, I bea r , 0 e n dure ,

mid z
.

u achi eve ; ca rry off

y
m
1111 6 1 9
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,

for yself, gai n , sec ure

€
vp 1 6
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6 m 6
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¢ y 1 6
t , ( 1 1 0 11 11 1 o r 0 6 1A a t, -

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, 1 6 , L f uy i o , I fl ee,
.

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( yp er bol ica h ) s h un ; ta ke fli gh t
m
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bn ep opé w, I overlook "L f o r t s

mm ”a a a re p a y
m
-
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. in g ; fa e .

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61 6, 655 57, L t a b, un d er
.

— ( 60 0 0 ,
te ll, sp e ak ( L
4 04 , 2, I sa y,
Of
m
1 . . . . .

t wo I a un der i n 4 50 , 8
—
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qui ry ; resp on d esp i n d ia (681111 0 1 , 6 0 0 1 , 641811 11 0 , 43 5 , 3 , I

m m
.

loo : p lay a p art H

( yp o co e b e fore , an ti ci p a te .

e ip w, ( pm( c tfi
cr i te .
M d ) 1
op a , 61 1 86 11 1111,

int o voi ce, I su sp ect Of 1 0 6 9 I destroy, corrup t ;

m
-
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611 0 I place un der ; i d , p a sta ,

g o t o r u in .
1 20 G REEK FO R B EG INNEB S.

G ou p6 9 , 6 , en vi ou s, i a f, 0 11 0 9 , 6, 45 4 R b , wa tc h
¢ f
tn k
m
.

jealous . an , g uard , gua rdi an ( Ph y .

0 0 1 60 , 611 111, I la cte ry )

41 .

1 1 111 1 1 110 1 , 5 95 W
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8 116 1 , 6, en vy , ill wil l ke ep , ob ser ve ; id , g uar d

41 6 -
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6 1 110 1 11 6 9 ,
m
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17 66 1 , 13 111 , I lov e , a f d f 16 0 P
41 1 on o 4 na ture ( h ys i
my )
11 . 19, “ 0 9 .
,
1 A
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shi p .
¢ 111 6 v, th at Wh i ch h a s
1 6,
¢ 7 1 0 9,
1
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, , l o ve d , d ear , gr ow n , p l an t (Z oo h
p y ) la .
-

p l eas i n g ; fri end m 4 2 3 4 (6

2 4 1 6 3 I
m
c 11
.
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10 0 0 162 , 6, love of kn owl

(61 7 -

g r e w ) , I a k e g ro w , p r o
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m
wi sd o , p h i losop hy 6 },
1 s o u n d v o i c e c r y
m
a .
, , .

¢ 171 6 11 0
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ono a h
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93 6
11 1 11 1 1 9
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£ 11
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, p os
(p h i 1 1 11 0 9 , o w, lovi n g h on or, s e s s ed of Sp e ec h vocal
m m
-
.

a b i ti ous, e ulou s (bibs ,

¢ w 1 6 9 , 1 6 , 1 60 0 , l
. i g h t .

(fil ey w, $111, I b ur n , i n fl a ( Ph oto gra p h ) Fr 1116 0 9 , for

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:
- -
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tr a n s a nd i n tr a n8
.
¢ 1 1F0 9 , 39 O f .(pa in ) . . .

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4 5 1 11 69 , 6 611 4 7
1 0 1 , fear ful; ,
act .
,

fri gh tful ; p aw , fri gh te n e d

m
.

I fri gh te n ; id ,
a mafra i d of, fe ar, m m ’ '
m6x6pq
4 3 2 2 1
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a1 1111 v,
x p x .
p , , ,

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( y d ro p h ob i a ) I rejoi c e ; a d eli gh ted ,
m
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6, 4 5 8 , a urd ere r 61 1 a ( E u char i et )

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4 28 , 1 7 , I t e ll, d e di fficult, h ard .

c lare ( P h r a se
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.
.
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511 1 , 4 4 2 , 1 5 , I a i n g 150 0 11 , 1 11 , 2 20 ; 4 7 0 , 5,
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m x p o
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p ag ,
r vor , gr a tify, i n d ulge ,
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b reas t ; but eo , th e h eart, 59 5 b

m m
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i nd ( F r en sy, p h ren olo

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6
x p 1 9, 1 1 0 9
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f), fav o r , W »
th ank s (E u cha r i st )

I th m m m m
-
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k a p d w 6311 0 9 , 6 , L h i e p a, win
6 66 6 e an , a
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11 0 11 6 61 , , x ,
.

ed ti e a n d so. te r, st or
m m
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.

¢p6 «or, u
p p
r o se P e ip, e1 p6 s, 6, 2 02 1 8 th e
x
m
s, x
“

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d h an d , ar S chi r o
e uc e . ( u r g e
. o n ,

M , 3
1 , L .
f uga , fl i gh t, exile .
p o di s t ) .

Cf e i 1 o 1 o 9 , r) , 0 11, c f 11 11 11 6 9 , 223 ,
'
.
x p .

( fi
v ka x
q, 6, 4 5 7 a, c , wa tc h , sa fe wors t .

g uard . e i a w 0 11 , c f
x p , 2 2
. 3 , w ors e .
 ENGLISH GREE K V O CAB U LARY -
.

Con sult th e p re cedi n g voc ab ulary for fuller infor mti a on

ab out th e followin g word s .

aga i n , “Ha h

m
n 11 11
,
aga i n s t, 6
' °

m
1 1r1
, oo r, 11117 .

ab le , I a V 86111111 11 1 339
V P?
m
, . .
1 I “

a b ou t, dp tbi, fl ep i, Ra n i a ge d
3
m
an ,
7
1 0 10 11 .

m
.

a b ove , i é p m . age le ss , 0
7
’
1 .

ab s olu t e ly, de 131 agree , 611 0 7

1o e
y m
m
. .

acc ordi n g to, 11 u . Aesch ylus , A1 a k 0 1.

”
accordi n gly, a pa
m
.

acc oun t , V f i ery “,

. id .

ac c oun t ab le , a i r i ng Ajax , A1 0 9
fl
. .

ac cu sa ti on , a in a Alex a n d er,
'
.

accu se , a ifl dop a t al
l, 11 6 9
m m
. .

ed , I a all b u t ,
’
a cc u s to , 6170 11 o11 .

Ach illes, Axi kkc v c allow, i t i s allowe d, 356 0

m
1 1.

a c q ui re , 11 76 0 11 0 1 . al ost, 0
x 1 86 v, 6A i yov
‘
.

ac qui ri n g, s 111 710 1 9. . alon e , 11 61/o r .

ac t , s . 1
py ov V 11 11 6 0 17111 ;. a a lon g ,
l alre ad y,
' '

p ya , 11 1r1 1 11 1 11 11
p p 111 .

a c t un justly, als o ,

ac ti on , 117 5
16 19 . altogeth er, 11 6 11 1 1 .

ac ti ve , always ,
a dd re ss an ass e m
b ly, ( i yopc m 1
a
mb d
, 1 1 1

a 6 8as s a ors , 11 1 0 1 1 1 1 .
ad orn , 11 0 1711 511 1 . mb i ti
a
1
ou s,
mb i 1 31
10 1
1
3pm
.

a d van c e , a r os a ,

m g mi
» . 11 1 1 0 11 1 11 .

a d vi s e , Bovke é m a on
im d
-
.
, 11 1 .

a ffai r , wpdyp a ; th e a ffai rs o f A n ax an er,

th e s ta te , r d Ti : an ch or, dy x vpa
) .

a fi ord , 1ra p1 x10

‘ '

an ci en t, dpxa i o c, wa h a 1 69
m m
. .

a frai d O f, I a , 613 11 1 11 11 . an d , 71 a n d ye t, i 70 1 .

a fte r, 11 6 7 1 5
'

ml ( 2
an ger, op yr1. -

mm
.

aft erward s, 3 1 . an i a , 1 10 1 .
1 24 GREEK FOR BEGINNERS .

ann ounce, «wi ll»

mxp
.

°
oin t,
°

x p i w " d ra . 1 op aa

a n oth er, an “ .

an swer , V
°
11 11 0 11 1 v0 11 a 1 .
.
p
an ti c i p a te , ¢ 01i
a n y, 7 1 9 , 11 6 1 .
a p a rt , w i
x p c .

i B ab ylon, 8 115 111 61 10

a p pe r,
a ¢
mt
a vo
pa a .

app o 181111 1 B ac ch u s, A1 6w 11 0 9
m (w h
, 7 . .

ar s, o. b ac kward s ,
b a d , 11 11 11 6 9 .

aroun d , 1rq : b a dn e ss,

°
ip ¢ 1
°

1, 1

mm
.

arran ge , 3 b all, a d m Ipa

mt
1 1 . .

arran ge en , 1 1 351 1 . b an d of ac tors , x6,10 9 .

art , 71 x10 ] b ani sh , gxfidkh w ; p a ss 611 11 191

°

m
“

i
.

a r t s t , 71 xvi s
'
7 113 .

as, b arb ari an , d Ba po s

my mh
‘
11 1 9 , 1
; .

511 0 9 b a se , a dj 11 1 1rxp69
°
as an , or uc , as , . . .

a s re ga rd s , 11 11 76 . b a th e , An tiop a t .

a s soon a s, b a t tle , “( ixv)

md m
10 9 7 1 1 1 0 7 11 .
x .

a sh a e , I a , a 1 1r
x vvo
p a t. b ay, 11 6Mro 9 .

a sk, 71 b e , 1 211 12
°
11 1 7 10 , 1
p 1

a ss , b e ar, V (bfp w
mb li g
. .

a s se n p lac e O f, i yopé b ea s t, a fo v
mb ly
‘

, ( . .

a s se ,
b e a t , 7 1311 7 10 , 11 617710 .

as s i gn , 11 111 11 1 . b e autiful, Ku kli s ‘

.

a ss oc i a t e wi th , 6p 17 b ea u ty, xdhk0 9
°

\ 1 111
m
. .

a s su e, 1311 0 7 181 11 0 1 b ec a u s e , 61 1
m
. .

Assyri an , A0 b ec o e , 713 110 11 11 1

° °

0 11 10 9.
p .

a s un d er, 81x11 . b e e , 11 11 1 17170 .

Ath e n i an , A01111a 1 o 9
°
b e fore , a d v 1 1 p1 11 ; p rep 11 p6
°

m
. . . .

Ath en s, A01111 0 1 , at, A0 6 b e ge t, 7 1117 111

°
'
°

0 1. .

at, 5 b e g for, 11 3
m
1 1711 9 .

a t a ll ev en t s, 7 b e g n , 111 x111 , dp
m 7 i 1
mm
0 1 11 .
x
ac .
°°
h o e , o 1 x0 1 . beg n g, ( i p l)
x .

la s t , 7 11 0 9 . b eh old , 91 1 31111 11 1 .

le ast , ye . b eli e ve , 171 0 7 1 6111 .

len gth , xpovw b e lly, yu a n w

'
. .

on c e , 0 117139 1 11 b e n d , 11 1311 11 7 10
— m m
. .

on e ti e a t an oth er ti e, b e n e fi t, V 1 13 61 6111711 1
d h h on —d kko n
. .

b e si d e, 1ra p6
m
. .

ran d o 13 b e st , 5p 1 0 7 0 9 , X130 70 9 , 3 17
m m
, 1 1 7 1 15
7 1 7 1 0 70
'

9.
th e sa e ti e , 1111 0 b e tter, 6 p 1 1 v1nv, fi1 h 7 i w v
°

m
.

m
.

a ttac k , wpo o Bd b e tray , fl po bidw

m
. .

t b e wa il, 11 611 7 0 11 11 1
°
a t te p , 1 1 1 1 x p
1 1 1 10 . .

At ti c , A77 1 11 6 1
'

b e y o n d , 131 rep
°
. .

a t ti re , b in d,
°°
a u th or , 11 1 71 o 9 . b i rd , 611 14 9 .
1 26 1111111111 FOR BEG INNERS .

cloud , " ( eX11 cra b b e d,

'

b x k u roc a .

c oa st alon g, u npa r l eo . c ra ft , 867

’
10
3
.

c old , a .
4 10
x 0 13 cree p , V , 1 11 17111 .

c olon i es , Cre ta n , Kp rpc, you q 61

'

m 1 m6
. 7 .

; I a cross ove r,
mm
co e, 0 10 1 , 111 1 .

au 11 131 11
11 1 7 crown , s. 0 7 1 1 111 1 0 1
'

1 V
mm
co . . 11 7 1

co on , 11 0 1 1 51
mpl ti
1 .

co e on , 71 110 1 . ory, s
.
B } . 0 1 .

i g
c on ce rn n cub i t 11 13 vs
d m
,
,
con e n , xa r a c vé a xw. culp ri t , 11 1 71 11 1 .
yy
c on qu er, u i m cu rse ,
”

I am0 m30
n .

con sc i ous, c us to
consi d er,
, 1 1110 1

a xon
8 11 .

c ut, v . 1
,

111 11 11 1,
0 1.

11 6 mm .

cons i d era ti on, 0 11 1 41 11 .

con si s t, 0 1
0 11 0 711 11 0 1 .

con sult, Bovl 1 110 11 11 1 .

con ta i n , 1 x1» .
con te mp l t 01 11111 1 111
a e, da n ce, 8 xé po c V xopw w
mpl ti
. .

con te a on, 0 1 11 111 0 . dan ger, 11 111811 1111 1 I

c on te s t , 6 111 11 , do l 811 11 1 11 111
7 or . .

c on tin e n t, a d j J xpa r c
y é dared I, “ My"
m
. . .

c on ti n u e 11 111 111
. . darkn ess , o it 0 1 -
.

c on tra di c t, dw d c w d art, f31 k11 1

’
~

y . .

c on tr ry
a to, “ 11 116 . da ugh te r, 8vy11 rqp.
c on tri van ce , 11 71 a w) da wn , s 1 1 1 1
x . 1 .

c onv e rse , 81 0 k1 11 1 111

71 . d ay 17, 11 1 11 1 1 .

c onv ersa ti on , 81dkoyo 1 . d e ad , 1 1 1111 0 1 .

c on vi c t, 1 R1 d e ad b od y, 111 111161
yx11 1 . .

Corin th , Ko11 1 11 011 1 3 d ea r, (I n dor .

Cori n th ia n , Kop1 v81 os d e a th , 06 11 11 70 1

'
. .

c orn , o i r o s. '
d e ce i ve , 41 1 11 8111 .

corn er , w vi a d ec i s i on , 11 11 1171 1
y
‘

mkdfw
. .

correc t, . d ec lare , ( i yopw w ‘

.

c orr up t , V . 1 1 01 511 11 1 .
1 d eed, 0

c oun se l, s Bo ul e dw
'
.
fl oukr; v. . d e ep , 11 j 3 11 811 1 . .

c oun t h a p p , 1 11 811 1 11 0 1 1 fa1

'

y 1 . ton e d, 30 v .

worth y, 11 5 1 11 10 .

c ou ntry, d
d e fen , 111 101 6 0 11 111 , ( ip vvo
m
1711 711 1 9 .

m
.

c oura ge , 1 811 1 111

1 11 . d e fin e , o fop .

c oura g e ous , 11 11811 1 20 1 d e i ty, 811 111 111 11

— m
. .

c ourt, p ay to, 81 110 11 1 1111 d e li b e ra te , Bovl w op

m
. .

c ourtyard , a t k
é d e li gh t , V r 1 p11 1o tra ns xa i
' '
'

m
. . .

c ov e r, v xa kv n
. .
p 19 .

CO W, Bo ut d e p art 11 1r1 pxop a 1

m
.
,

c o wa r d d e p ri ve , o r 1 p 1 1o, «p /1 1 0 11 11 1 .

c o wa r d ly d e p th , 3 11 00 9 .

c o ward i c e , 81 1 71 10 . d e sc e n t , 71110 1 .
 ENGLISIP G REEK V OC AB U LAR Y .

d eserted , a p “ m dri ve , v . cl a i m; o ut of sens es,

m
.

d e se rved , dft o s fii o
’

c t.
p
m m
.

d es i r e, v c dup ew dr ug,
'

ipp a xo
’

. . 8 .
¢ ¢

d es ola ti on , q p ia .

d es p atc h, v .

d es p i se , xa r a ¢ pové m
d e stroy, (pd:
Ru m
1pm, a
l u , duck m '

mm
.

d ex te rous , deé u ir . each , 3 oth er, ( in

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 ENGLI H GREEK V OCAB U LA Y S -
R .

p oor m mm an,
'
s.

p orc h , «n od .

p ort i on, oi a
p p .

i ti 850
m
p o s on 11.

m
,
'

p o s s e ss 2x1», xé x p
, .

'
sed of sp e ec h ,
p os s e s
¢ a1 v1
)

p oss e s si on 61m
—of
11 1
-
.
,

si on , t
'

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p
u d w ith 6 8 6
m it
p o n v . ». race , s 7 1 11 1
11 11 0 1
m
.
, ,

p ou r in , rai n , I se n d , 5 ra s, 51 1
m
.
,

p o ve r ty 15 ra i s e, 7
—over
11 6 1 1
, 1 . 0
p .

p owe r,
8151 11 11 1 1 ; h avi ng ,
up , 31
1 11 0 71
111 1 .

ran k , 7 6 5
m m
kv
‘
s. 11.

p o we rful v a r dc ra n s o v. Ma a

mf
, .
, .

p ow e r l e ss, 81 86 1 11 1 0 1 . ra sh , Opa '

s.
i d ra th e r,
'

p rac t s e , V a x e.co .
“all oy .

'
i
'

p ra se v é fra w ew 8 211 11 1 110 1 ra ve n , xop a f

mm
, . . . .

rea d , dva y vyvé x

7
p y
ra , 6 1
x op a t . .

p y
ra e r, 1 6x13 . rea lly, 331 11151 ,
p re ac h , xqpt cra
i
m re as on , k6y0 1
m
. .

p re c i ou s rece i ve , ka pfid
m
, ,

d 6 «pi » r eck on, koy ffop

m
p re e
m
ec ss or, . .

'

p re se n t , I a , 11 4 11 1 111 1 . re cover, t o f o a
p .c

p rese rve , re fl ec t, 0 110 71 1 11. 2

il
’
re fute ,
' ’

p re v a , xpa r e w. h t y xw c .

p ri es t i sp edc re gular, 11 1511 1 0 1

m
. .
,

i re oi c e ,
j
'

p r e , 8 é pa
. .
x a1
pa).

p r i n c i p l e , d pxé . r ela te d

p r i s o n , re la ti on
ri va te , 7 8 re lease , M ao
p
mi p m
10 1 . .

i 1
'

p r z e 0 1 re a n,
mi i g h m6
, 01 . e .

i , 11 0 11 11 6 re a n n
mmb 3 11
p r o c es s o n
m
-
. a 1.
m
,

p r o c la i x q aa re e e r, 11 11 11 1 1 0 1 .
m
.
,

re n d er,
'

p r oc u r e e b p f a x o
p dn odidwp c, wa pexao
m
, . .

p ro d u ce , v ri re p a , 611 0 813 11111 1

y
m
. .

p r oo f , 7 1 11 1 61
1 1 1 0 1 1 . re p en t of, p er a ywvé o x .

.i re p roac h , s 811 1 1 80 1
p p
ro o se ( a l a w ) , yp ¢ . w . .

p r o v i d e n ce , p pao i . re qui ta l, 11 0 1 11 6 .

p r u d e n c e , 11( 1 6 re sp e c t, 11 1731 1
m
111 0 1 1
1 1 . .

p u n i s h en t , 8 13 1 0, 11 0 1 11
6 . re st , I lull to 11 0 1 1 60
1 , .

p u re , é a p61
xa . re s tore ,

p uri fy , xa d a ipw . reve ren ce , s u z sa,1 . .

'

p u r s u e re vere n c e , v a i o dvo a t a ideo

x p ,
m
.
,

p u t V 1817 11 1
7
11

m
. .
, .

t , “ 0 15 re volt, v . dcbccr ra p
'

p u t a s t op o 111 . .

h
'

p ut t o fli g t , r p e rro y a o . re wa rd , 11 1 0 661 .

ut u o n 3 1 1 15
0 rh ap sod y, fi t odia
l
p p , 11 1 11
11 . ax
q .
1 36 GREEK r on mmm o a.

ri ch ,
ri c h e s, fl k o firoc, xpv
ri d e , 11 0 6 1 0
'

m
'
ava . sec on d , 81 61 1 po r
sec on d ly, 81 151 1 11 0 11
.

m
. .

ri gh t, a dj . sec re t, a dj xpv 61 . .

ri gh t h a d, 61 6111 se di ti on , 0 7 1111 1 9
n
m
. .

ri g h t, i t 1 8 , x1" ? see , V H l 1 1ro , o it»

'
. .

ri gh te ous , 8131 0 1 0 5 . see d , 11 1 1 1 p .

ri gh te ousn ess , se ek ,
ri ver , n or a p o s se e r, 11 611 1 1 1
m mm
. .

roa d , odo r . see , 1 1 , 8 x10

0

mm
.

se i ze , dp ff
'

rock , fl cr pa
m P m m lf
. .

Ro a n , ann i e r . self, ( y s e lf, hi se ,

d
rose , p do v a vr o c.

mw
.

'
rouse , ( y u p k eo . s elf
V mk
,

rou t, V . 1 11 1 0
1 9 . se ll, . a e».

rub , V ”1 13 0
. . sen a te , Bonk } .

rud e , sen d , 11 1 11 11 111

'

po 1 x o s
dn oo 1 1 M e
'
awa y , ~-
.

.
r ule , V rai n , v 0
. a
px to. .

ruler, Bun i o n ) 1 , xor . se nse , 70 01 0 1 9 , y our

1 0 .

s ep ara tely,
' '
run , v . r pe
x to.
x pw cs .

se rp en t, 0 951 1 .
run n i ng, 8 . s ervan t , Sa i lor, fl a i r
m
.

rusti c, dypo os. s e t fir e to, 5 11 1 0 .

fre e , 1 M v01 dw
'

p
.

i n ord er, r a a o w
'
.

up , op o
'
ow, 1 0 7 1 1 1
7
1 .

s ettle , v 7 1 917 11 1 . .

sacred , l1 p01 se ven ,

V 00 0 1
f
sacri fice , s 0110 ; se vere , Bupur
md
. 111 . . .

sh a d e , a n d
m
safeg l r
m
.
.

sa fe ty , 0 01"
-
. sh a ggy, 811 0 17
9 .

sa il, s h ak e ,

sailor, 110
sa lt, 5X1
11717
1. sh a
sh a
m i
mf l
e,
e u
a a
x
a
v m
w xpo s
.

mi f pm
.
. ,

sa lute , do s h ap e . f
¢l
m6
o .
fl op

sa e, 61 61 sh arp , 0 5 5
S m
11 . 1 9.

ai an , sh eep , n po a r ov. fi
8 8 11 1, S n a u a s. sh e -

go a t, x 1
p p
a 1 a, 0 1
5 .

sa vage , 017 11381 1

7 sh ep h erd ,
111 .

61 6 0 shi eld , a w l 1 1 .

m m
s a ve , 0
-
.

sa vi our , 0 0 1-r i . shin e , Ad /1 1» .

say, My10 . sh i p . va v 1
s h ort ,
'
sc at te r, 0 1r1 1 p0 1 . 11 1 11 130 1.

se e p , 0 xq mp '
0 v. sh ort -
li ve d,
Scyt an , 2 11 11 00 1 . sh out ,
sh ow, ( a 81 1 xvvpu
'
se a , Gdka ara a .
b , be .

se a s on , sh u n , ¢ vka o a o a u
p
1 38 G REEK 11 0 3 B EG INNERS .

tha t, p r on 3111 270 1 . .

th e , 6, r}, 1 6
m
.

suffice , th eft, d o }
’ '

0
p 11 1 o . .

th eir, 0 ¢ €r e o1 , p
th en , 761 1 , 0 1 11
3

m
.

sun , fil s. th en ce ,
s upen or, 11 111 10 0 10 1 . th ere , 31 00 .

m
th ey, n oa, 61 1 21 0 1
’ ’

thi c k, 80 0 131
m
s urp a ss, frpo1 o1
x .

s urpri si n g, n a pa do os. f th e f, A e
i
'
‘ ‘
s .

surroun d , 11 1 0 1 3 10 11 10 . “11 0 8 " P6 71“ ,

-

th ln k, rop ifo , 0 1 0 11 0 1
ill”
w .
.

swan, 11 6 11 110 1. thi rd, r p i r os - ‘

.

thi r ti e th 1 11 111 11 0 0 7 61
m
.

s wee t, 3861
1 thi rty , 1 p 1 1i xo a '
'

. .

swift , 30 11 61 th i s , 0 670 1 , 581

m
. .

swi , th i th e r, 311 1 30 1 .

Syra cusan, 2 11011 11 60 10 1 . th ou , 0 15 .

Syra cuse , 2 0 111111 0 0 0 0 1 . th ough t ,

Syria n, th ousan d, 11011 0 1 .

Th rac i an , e 1x) 5
“

three , Tp1 i 1 .

thr i ce , r p 1 1
'
.

tab le, r p1i1r1 fa . throw, v .

take , X11 11 3 6 11 10 , 11 1111 0 1 th u s , 0 51 0 1 1

m
. .

in exch a nge . 120 1110 0 10 . th u s uch , r oa ofiro .

up , c i pa th y, 0 151
m
. .

ta ke n, I a , 19 1 10 11 0 11 0 1 ti ll, v
1 1rydfo11 0 1
'

m
. . .

ta le , ti e , xp ciVO S
m
‘
.

taste , V y 1 6op
. ti red , I a , r eig n » .

teacli, 81 86 0 11 10 get (h ave ) to an oth er place , N ow

'

t a ugh t, 81 80 0 110 110 1 . t o d ay, 0 611 1 pov

-
.

te ach er, 81 81i 0 1ca k0 1 . to geth er, 511 0 .

te ar, 81ixpvo 11 t oil, 11 6 11 0 1

m
. .

t e ll, (pp i fm , ké yw t o b , 1 1511 80 1

m m
'

m m
. .

t e p e r, V x1 p1i111 p 1 to orrow, 0 6p »
m
-
.

t e p erate, 0 m
.

¢p 11, 1 11 1 1 0 1
1 7 m t on gue ,
m
.

te p le , 1 1 p1i 11 . too,
t e n , 81 11 11 ten th , d1 xa1 o1
‘ '
to oth , 68o151
m
. .

t e n t , 0 11 1711
6 . torch , la 1 d1 .

ten th ou san d , 11 6p1 0 1 . to ward s , 0 11 61 .

te rri b le, 81 1 11 0 1 town , 5 0 70 .

t erri tory, opa x trai n , V 6 0 1 1 510

m m
. . .
'

th an , 17 .
t ra p le on , wa r e .

'
t h a n ks , xtipt s ‘
tran sgre s s, n a pa Bacvo .

tread ,
'

t h a t , conj 0 71 , 111 1 ,
. fl a r e w.
 ENGLISH GREEK -
V OC AB U LARY . 1 39

treasure, 6q0 avp6 1 . up , 811 6 .

tre e , 81 v8pov
'

. up on ,
tri p up , o cta n e» up t o, 21
m
. 1 .

trir e e , 711 1 611111 . upri gh t , 6p86 1 .

Trojan , Tpa uxé s . urge on , 0 11 1 680 1 .

use , V xpé op c u
. s. 5
” 1 1 0 11 .

11 6 110 1 .

Troy, Tpo m .

true .

truly, fl
a i r ow.

m
tr u p e t , 0 19111 176 valid , 11 15p 1 o1 .
mt
.

tr ust , V 11 1 0 1 1 6111 v eh e en 65151

-
. .
, .

tr uth , a l 1101 1a
'

. V en us,
turn , 8 r p61ro1 V 1 11 111 0 v e rily, 13

m1
. . . .

tr a ns . rp
-
0 1 111 . v erse , 311 0 1 .

turn out , 6 11 0 30 1 ve ry , 11 10 10
m
.

twelve, 8111 81 110 Av

’
. vex, 10

m
.

twe n ty, vi c e , xa
'

mo
a.

twi ce , vi cti vo d i
mn
, .

two, 80 0 vi ctory,
'

. t .

t wo h un dre d, 810 1160 1 0 1. vi ole n c e , Bin

fl im
.

typ e , n nros
’

. Vi olen t , os
‘
.

tyr an t, 76p 0 w 0 1 . virgi n , 11 0 11 0111 0 1 .

Virtue ,

voc al, 4 3 1 0 1 10 1 1 1 .

(pm
'

voi ce , wp .

v ote , 8. 7 6111
1 111

mm
.

V ulcan , Hcp
”
ar
‘
.

U lysse s ,
un ac quai n te d , 671161 1
md
.

u nar e 0 1 116 1 .
, 71 '

un d ec a i n g,
y y1 1
‘
11 p 1
a1 .

un d er, u1rd wake,

m mm
.

walk ab ou t,
'

un d e rgo dan ger, 11 1 11 80 1 1 60 1 .

p u fl .

un d erta k e , a 1po11 a 1
''

. wall, N i o n
“
x
un d yi n g, 6 01311 0 70 1 . wan d ,
un e d ucated , 611 0 181 0 1 0 1 wan d er, 11 3 11106 0 11 0 1
m
. .

un fortun a te, Ov wan t of lei s ure , da xokia

'

xn
r . .

un gra t e ful, ( i xé pw r o s '

. war, 0 6211 11 0 1 ; wage war,
un rud gi n 1 1 00 110 1
1
g
un i ve rs e ,
g
1160
, 0

ward O fi , 611 1511111

’

m
1 0 1
1 . .

j war , a dj 01 p11 0 1
'
un ust, 5 8
m
111 01 . . .

I a , wash , V A0 60 ) . .

un p lea san t , wa s te , v 9581 111 0 1

m
m m
. .

un re s tra i n e d , ( i 61 watch , 8 cpvka i

m m
-
. . .

un wh oles o e , 110 0 6 8111 . watc h an , (pa ws .

wa ter, dam
”
u n willi n g, a new. p
m
.

un worth y, a 10 1 . way, 6861 .

140 0 11 113 11 110 11 11110 111 11 0 3 1 .

we , 611 1 1 1 .

wea k, 00 01 11 11 .

wea kii ess, 110 611 1 10 Wi th 6V , 11 6 r d

0
-

m
. , .

a Vi e w to, c
'
wealth , 11 ) 0 0 1 0 1
'
. .

wea pon , 60 1 1 11 d ifl i cn lty,

m
1

m
.

weariso e , 6 1 111 11 1 th e h e lp of, a i

m
. .

weary, I a , wi th out sti n t dc] 00 110 3 , . .

wea ve , u h 11 11 1 . wi tne ss , p dp rv s '

.

wolf, Mixe s .

won a n , 70 1 6
r
1 .

won aer,
v m
7
1 1 11 0 0 1 .
won d e r a t
8 ) “ a"
won d erful, 00 14 1 0 0 7155
, i .

wood, 5X1)
66 11 100
.

1 1.
wood y, if) 61 1 9 .

wh a t, word, l oy o s, pfip a , 311 0 9

'
wh a t ki n d of, 11 1120 1
m
. .

wh en , i n tcrr 11 61 1 ; i nd i rect, work, V epy d foy s 3pyov

’

. . . .

0 11 1 31 1 ; r el 17 1 1 . . world , 116 0 11 0 3 3

wh enc e, i n terr 11 6 61 11 1 1 1 861 11

-
. . . worse , xe ipa w .

wh e ne ver, 611 111 1 worshi p , a cBw, esp i n Mid

’

. . .

wh ere , i n terr 11 11 17; i nd i rect, wort hless, dvdfw s

m
. .

511 0 0 ; r el 0 13, 310 011

. . worth y, 551 .

wh e th e r, 11 61 1 p0 1’ . Woun d , s 9 1110 9 v 711 116 0 11 0

. . .

whi c h ( of two) 11 61 1 110 1 . wra th , 61) yr} -

.

Wh ile , Whilst, 1 1111 wres tle r dflq rlc

'

m
.
, .

whi th e r, i n tcr r n ot ; i nd i rect, . wretc h ed , rh f

n w .

511 0 1 r cl o f W
write ’ YPd
m m
. . '

wh o, i n tcr r l 81
o

wn t g’ Yp ‘b'l
f ;
m
. . .

wh oe ve r, 611 1 1 1 wron g, V a d cw
m
. . .

wh ole , oh .

Wh olly, 6X1“ .

Wh y, 1 1
“
.

wi c ke d , 11 0 10 1110 1 .

wi c ked n e ss , year, 370 9 .

wife , y e s , v ai .

Wild , y e s t e r d a y x 6 1}

m
.
,

b east, y e t, n o, 6p .

will, v .
Bovko11 0 1 , 011 111 .
yi e l d , n e i fl op a t .

willi n g, 1 11 11 1 11 .
y o k e , ( vy é v .

wi n , v 11 1 11 0 111 h
’
d t t e xei vor
‘

. .
y o n e r , a , .

wi n d , 8 a v1 11 0 1
. .
y o u , 1511 6 39 .

Wi n e, 0 1110 1 .
y o u n g , s r exvov ; a d
.
j
'

wi n ter, 111 1 11 01111

m mm
1511 576 20 9
m
.
y o u r , 1 .

wisd o , 0 0 ¢ ia .
y o u t h , vea a s, o s
'
‘
.
14 2 ca m s on a mm u nns.

mdifi d th mi
m
o e e a n notion, i e. , th e a fi c or p e
r x fi o fl
f i n ecti o n

mp
. .

Co I w i t w i h i yp ¢ , I w w it i g y p
'

7p are
, r e , t a o v as r n , e

I ha ve writ te n, t h e a ct of wri t ing, ypa tpe iov, t h e i ns tr u

‘

m en t of wri ti ng, 7po¢ 1 6 1 , th e p er wh o w ri tes, ypa tl ux ds ,

~
m '

mi t d t o o wri ti ng ; h eadfioh or, stoned , h cflofioh oc, fl a

’
mi ng ston e s

W p e ,
omm m
th e r killed , q p oxr dvos ,
ot h er ki l
-
li ng O n t h e m -
.

ot h er h and, any st re ngth en i ng of th e radi ca l, or we ake n i n g o f

mti
t h e for a ve pa rt would ten d t oward t h e con trary effec t .

Rh yt h m mi mb
,

i c accen t 8
( ) was d e te r ned b y th e nu er and q ua n

ti ty of th e sylla bles of a w ord ; Gr 1 00 b, 1 2 9 . a .

In i llustrat ion of th e foregoin g, it will b e obse r ved t h at

ne ut e rs h a ve recessi ve a cce nt, Gr 5 4 6 ; ac c e nt is also r ecessi ve

mp m
.

in con ugati on j an d co ari son, § 5 0 ; i n co p osi ti o n ,

t h e ac

cen t, t h ough usually recessi ve, i s really at trac ted by th at part of

t h e w ord w hich defin es t h e oth er and g i v e s i t s speci al si gn i fi

ca nce to t h e co mp ound . Cf . a lso Gr . 2 74 , 38 7 .

8 In both vowel an d con sonan t declen si on s, n e uters h ave

mi
.

th e accusati ve t er nat i on for t h e no mi ti na ve case. Languag e

ut te rly re fuses th e c h aracteri st i c for mti a on of th e no mi n ati v e

to th e n euter gen der ; ev id en tly be cause th e n e ut er, e ven w h e n

it assu m es t h e posi ti on of th e s ubj ect of th e sen t en ce, ca rr i es
wi th it th e n oti on of d e en d en ce
p d i sti n ct fro mth e self sufii ci en ce
-

of th e m asculi ne s. It ca m by e p ost ’
is ‘
i t w as sen t by
p ost
’
; b ut he ca m by t he e t rai n c an n ot b e paraph rased i n
t he sa mm e an ner
”
As we ta ke i n an i mt a e t h i ngs i n th e ass, m
mi i
.

n eut ers use a n en di n g li ke t h e fe n n e si ngular for th e ir plural

si gn, an d ta k e t h e i n t h e si n gular
v e rb

my m
.

4 . It a be h elpful t o so e to see th e t enses grouped as

follows

r un s. v mw or ACT ION m s m ar ru m
mpl t m
. . .

Present Inco e e ( or Pres Pres I pf (or -

m m
. . .

mpl t
.

I perfect . Inco e e. Pa s t . Pas t I pe rfect

-
.

Fut ure Aori sti c (or h it Fut Aor (or -

C mpl t d
. . . .

Perfect o e e Pres Pre s Perfect -

C mpl t d
. . . .

Plupe rfect . o e e . Past . Pa st Perfect-

.

Aorist . Past . Past Aorist -

.

Gr 8 2 8
. a.
 APPEfIDIX . 14 3

Illustrated wi th 7p

i m
m ,
Lat . scr ibe, th e foregoin g beco m es

w ht Ia wri ti ng (or wr i te), L . scri be.

m
m
{wa nt on I was wr i ti ng, L . ea
'
i bcba
ib m
.

[ sh a l
l wr i te ( or be any). L . ccr a .

m
'

17.wee" -
I h a d wr i tten, L scri ca a
p
'

mi p i
. .

( ” c an I wrote, L. e .

5 Greek like Lati n, but un like English , i s SYNTHETIC ; th a t

mi m
.

is, i t tacks on to a p art of th e word, w h i ch re a ns ore or

less un ch anged, cert ai n soun d s to i nd ica te th e re lati on s of th e

w ord ( n oun , verb , e tc ) to oth er w ords ; wh erea s we e X pre ss

mh
.

t h ese rela ti on s by se parate w ords Th us, ¢ 1 M § p a

Gra o a a a or

mp
.

= I sh all b e lov ed .
“
It i s i ort an t, h ow ev er, t o ob ser ve

th at no i nfl ecti on i s ar bi tr a ry ; i t is now ce rt ai n t h at e v e ry

i nfl ecti on i s th e fr ag mt en of a on ce se parable w ord , h a vi ng

i ts ow n di st inct m eani n g . For in stan ce, A 6
¢ q j p g
roo a
1 wh en

an aly ze d, consi sts of fi ve parts :

( 1 ) Th e ste m¢ k p 1 r

( 2 a—th e reli c of th e root dhd, ‘

to do or
‘
mk a e.
’

q
—t h e r epre sen tat i v e of t h e root j a i re ‘
to go .
’

oo —th e future si gn , w h i ch w e see i n i o op , eso m ( er a )

—
.

p at th e fir st personal pron oun , in obli q case . .

“
Th e w h ole conce pti on , t h e refore, is syn th et i cally b uilt up

m m m
m
of th e ele ents, Th ere w ill be ( 170 ) a goin g ( q) t o
- -
ak e ( 6) e

(p m) lo ve d (e ) A n d a on g a l
l t h e u ltimt ud i n ous f o r m m s

md
.

assu e b y th e Gree k and Lati n v er bs, t h e re i s n ot on e th a t

d oes n ot follo w so m d fi ite e n e an d asce rtai nable la w . Parsin g,
th erefore , will lose mh f uc o its rep ulsi ve n ess an d di fficult y,
wh en i t i s on ce un derst ood t h at th e d i st ort ed sh apes a ssu md e

by so mw e ords a re n ot d ue to a rbi tra ry li cen se i n t h e a mlg a a

mti
a th e d ifferen t parts, b ut to w ell un d erst ood and regular
on of

la ws of ph on eti c corr upti on ”

Fa rr ar s G reek Sy ntax
’ ”
.
— .

Th e above q uot a ti on h as been reta i ned j ust a s it stood in th e old

edit i on , th ough a s to det ai ls i t migh t b e repudi a ted by th e n ew sch ool
ph i lolog i st s ; for i t i s st ill sub s t an ti a lly correct as t o th e ain point m
wh i ch i t was intended to illustra t e .

In oth er ins tances, too, th e now questioned doct rin e of th e ao

14 4 GREE K non a n i m u s .

6 Concern ing th e tense si gns con ven iently called c las s —

m— m
-
.

sign s i n t h e prese nt syste s it ay be not i ced :

That th e lengt h e nin g of t h e ste vowel i n v erb s of m -

Class 2d accords wi th th e m ore ext end ed vi ew of th e ac t i on in

t he present syste ph on ology im th
nfl ect i on a n d ough
syn t a x

m
, , ,

ay b e all i nvolved i n i t Of En g bi te, bi t ; ri se, ri sen ; gri pe

. . .

( Goth i c i
g p ,
re a st i )
g p g p
r ri
m
. . .

It h as been suggeste d t h at t h e i of Glass 4 th c o e s

fro m a root d
j , m ean i ng t o go —f c 263 m or, in th e cau sa l

my p
.
,

sense, th e red up. iry“ , L j a ci o -

an d we a e rcei ve a li n k
lmt
.

bet ween t h e origi nal se n se of th is e e d it en an s force as a

m ere tense sign in t h e

-
English ph rase to go a -
beggi ng ”
co m
pared w i th t h e a orist i c to b eg
m
.

”
Th e ve rb
“
sta nd, past “
stood, is an i n stan ce fro
English of a for mti a on of th e presen t an alogous t o th e n asa l

for mtia on s of Class 5t h

m
.

fi i
a m (p d -
WM Gr 5 1 9 , 7) i s a n i n stan ce of pleon as in
mti m m
, .

for a on , w h i ch ay b e obse r ved also in th e ost w id ely

d is tin ct provi nces of lan g uage . m

Co pare «pan e r oe, a st re n gt h
-

e ned a pt- Br os .

Class 6 th i s called th e In ceptiv e Cla ss U sually th e i n

m
.

cepti ve e an i n g c on si st s essen ti ally i n th e fact th at th e ac tio n

comt es o p ass gr ad ua lly ; a nd we my a th e re fore, rea son a b ly

m t h t th i m
,

assu e a s sense exi s ted at an ea rly pe ri od i n t h ose for s

fro mwh i h i t c see mt s o h a ve di sa ppeare d . B ut t h e gradual

reali zati on an d th e re pet i tion of an act ion are regarded by

lan guage as n early aki n ; h e n ce Gr 4 9 3 .

Class 8th i n cludes t wo pri nci pal di vi si on s :Thos e th e

ste m s of wh i ch , th ough apparently d iffe rent, can be con n ec ted

mth md
’

p h onet i cally; e .
g .
,
a ipé co, 3pxopa c, fro e ass u e roots fa p

led old sch ool h a s

ca l b een allowed to re mi a n, b eca use n o sa t i sfac t ory

a nd gen e ra lly a ccepte d sub st i t ut e h a s yet b een proposed Th e rc

C mp
.

of Prof V i ctor H Sh ort

“
ccn tly
’
p bli sh ed
u t ra n sla ti on enry s o a ra

( Macm
.

t i ve Gra mm a r of La t i n a nd Greek illan ) , h oweve r, furni sh es

a very conveni en t pre se n t a ti on of th e re sea rch es of th e la st ten years,
wh i ch h a ve so revoluti oni zed pre vi ous conclus ions in C mp
o a rat ive

Ph ilology .
14 6 e nn ui :FOR n mm m nn .

I h a ve

I sp eak

I turn

wealt hy

I mk
a e j oyous

8 Th e use of a distin ct form th e stemo f course for t h e

—
m
,
.

v oc ati ve is consi derab ly it d li e Fe w substan t i ves or a d ec j

m t mpl y
.

t i vsa, ex cept p p
ro er na es, e c . , are s ufii ci en t ly e o ed in
a ddress to requi re a separat e for mf
th i s purpose
or Hen ce a .

d isti nct voca ti ve case is scarce ly foun d i n t h e parti ci ple, pr o

n oun, a rt i cle, or n u m e ral. In Dec . I. an d wh ere na mes o r

e pit he ts of b u d w e fin d di sti n ct vocati ves, ex cep t

pe rs on s a o n

mf
,

wh en e uph ony or rh yth orbids ; b ut i n Dec III few word s

m
. .

h ave a d isti nct voc . case, an d e ven th ese often e ploy t h e

no mi t ina ve i nst ea d Th e mtil ti

u a on of th e ste mth at would
mtim mpl y d
.

so e es occ ur were i t e o e as a vocati ve, w ould leave

it scarcely i ntelligible ; th us dva as th e voc. of st a g m ean s 0
king ”
; but as th e i pv m . of
“
up.
”

Th e ten dency of th e vocati ve to re cessi ve accen t i s d ue to

th e ab sen ce of c a se en d in g
-
to a t tract th e accen t fro mi t s or iginal
 A PPENDIX .

plac e on th e root or ste m of th e w ord ; th e nat ural ton e of

fa m i li ar a d d re ss e n h an ce s t h i s t enden cy i n w ords of frequen t

Of Gr 1 4 7c . 1 5 5 a, 1 85 , 1 8 8 ; 2 1 6 , 4
mti
use
.
. . .

wi t h th e i nfl ec tion and for on of words,

9 In con necti on a

m
.

uch i s s ai d a b o u t cu p b o n i c c h a n g es

m
.

i i t d t r ee a b l e w h e n t h e re i s a d u e
“
Sp eec h s e a s e s a n o s ag
w l d t an d n o n e e d le s s e x p en d i
alt er n a t i o n o f v o e s a n c o n s o n a n s,

h w h i e s o u n d s a re so r e la t e d t o e a c h
t ure of b a t e n s u cc e s s v
;
m
r e

th u s ed a n d t h e o d e o f u s i n g
ot h e i n r e s p e c t t o e o rg a n s

m
r

h
t e , m t h a t t h e v oi ce p a ss e s r e a d i f r o o n e t o an o t h e r ; a n d

wh en w ords b egin an d e n d a g r e e a b ly
”
H e n c e .e u p h o n i c

ch anges are ch iefl y t o avoid h i a t u s ( t h e s u c ce ss i o n o f di s t i n c t

v o wels wi th out an i n t e i c o n so n an t ), G r 7 5 ; t o re d u c e
rv e n n g .

t h e openn ess of vo wels ; and o t “

w e a k e n , b l e n d ,
a n d a t l as t

s lough a wa y so u n d s w h os e e a n i n g m
i s no t v i v i d ly fe l t
”

m
.

Th e e s a t o f e up h o n y as w e s o e w h a t m is t a k e n l y t me r i t ,

m
,

i s t h eref e o r i n t h e o u t h an d n o t i n t h e ea r ; an d i t ar i se s i n

t h e sp o n ta neo u s a n d u n c o ns c i ou s c fl or t t o d o w h a t i s t o h e

d on e w i t h as umc h ca s e as i s c o n s is ten t wi th b ei ng int elli gible .

Di ffe ren t soun ds a re obj ected to by d ifl erent people s, a nd by

’

d i fi erent co mm i i
un t e s—e ve n i ndi v i d uals —of th e sa m p pl ;
e eo e

y et i t is true th at all, or n early all

,
o f th e se di ffi c u lti my b
es a e

t raced to ph ysi ologi cal de fects or early t rai n in g It ca n b e .

easi ly sh o wn , too, t h at th ere is of n ecessi ty a gen eral t en den cy

to treat t h e sa m diffi lty i

e cu n s ub sta nt i ally the sa mw e ay
‘
;
th ou h th ere
g l mk d
ar e a so ar e n a t i on al prefer en c e s, a s sh ow n

alre ady i n t h e i llust ra t i ons of Gri mm l w ’

s a Whi tn ey
mg
. .

A on th e different w ays by w h i ch t h e pri nci ples of

econo my i n sp eech operate, are th e following

ABBIM ILATIO N—Gl ‘
4 6 5 1 , 5 3 5 5, 6 6 , 67 8 2 ; En g cob

mpwb
- -

mgod
.
.
,

web fro co -
e ,
o
g p
s el fro -
sp ell.

Yet th ere myi

a re an n con si st en ci es i n language It i s a co mp re

mb i m
.

h en si ve la w th a t h d ar co n ati on s of soun d are ore tolera b le wh en

th ey h ave a ri sen out of st ill h a rd er co mbi na t ion s. Even fro m a d ue
rega rd t o clea rne ss of m ea n i n g, langua ge i mp o se s ce rta i n li mit s on th e

ch a nges o f sound It is our i ilege , t h en , m erely to account for t h e

—m h l
p r v

—l w
.

facts, n ot to enact uc ess enforce a s.

 A PPENDIX .

( Gr 1 28) accen t How ca n accen t be recessi ve an d retent i ve

mw
. .

i n th e sa e ord ? Rules for th e place and ki nd of th e a ccen t ,

as regula te d by t h e q uan ti t y o f t h e ulti a a n d p en ult m . Co m

p a re o r d i st in gui sh Greek an d En gli sh acce n t, as t o na t ur e an d
mti o ve. Has accen t an y conn ecti on wit h th e sen se of a w ord ?
Illustrate frombot h Engli sh an d Greek
m m
.

Defin e ste , as related t o both t h e for an d th e se nse of

5
m m m
.

a w ord Di sti ngui sh ste

. fro base, so called, and fro
r oot ( Gr Distingui sh suffix ( Gr affix, endi ng, te r

mi
. .
’

nat i on, ch ar acteri st i c

mi
.

6 If t h e ac cen t of th e no s ng. of a n oun b e gi ven , h ow

my th
. .

a e acc en t of t he oth e r ca ses be kn own ? Rule for accen t

i ng t h e ult i ma of n ouns ; for a ccen t i n g n e uters, a n d n o mi s n g.

m
.

fe endi n g in ii ?
m (m )
.

7 Explai n 6 dvdpa
. oc an 1) firepow e r, r b firepo we r, i)
:(ml f ml )
,
’
a m
ket yé the foe a e or e a e ,
i llust
asrat i ng gender . Di s
ti ngui sh a ls o:an d i
o x oe, of. oixos
'
house, Gr 1 0 2 . .

Ex plai n proclitics w ith both English an d Greek ex

a mpl es.

8 Wh at th ree va ri e ti es of no uns i n Decl I are for md e

m m;
. . .

w i t h th e suffix r a , n o . e a cc en t uati on of e ach ? Mea n i ng

a nd accen t uati on of nouns i n 8119 , of Decl I ? Wh en and w h ere
mi
. .

d oe s th e ch arac ter ist i c of n ouns of Doe] I re . a n un c h a n ged ?

pri n ci pal exc Gr 1 3 9 ( c, d) ? Wh en a nd wh ere d oe s th e char

m q?
.
, .

act eri st i c a b ec o e pri n c i p al ex c Gr 1 39 a ? Gi ve th e

m
. .
,

quan t i ty of fin al i n d yxiipa , p ocpa , «

a '
9 .9 0 i , i n th e n o and m
m
.

ge n case s si ng In fl e ct t h ese ste s, wi th accen ts :0 0 4 , m

mm
. .

p ov a a , ar m a da ( ox y t on e) , da h a a a a 86 0 770 70 , 0 6 a In '
u s, .

m
.

w h at pa rt i s te r i nati on, affix, suffix , en di n g, case e ndi ng,

-

m
m
ste , root ? An alyze x pibv m .

9 In fl ect an d analy ze i te 0 6 0 139 , capo». 86 p m Ju tify s

m m
.
,

th e case end i ng of the no . dé pov . Wh at part of supe r i s st e ,

and w h at part base ?

1 0 Di sti ngui sh re stricti ve an d ge ne ri c a rt i cle s ; v er bals an d

m
.

deno i na ti v es ( Gr
mt mp d
.

How
mgam
are os co oun n ouns an d ad ecti v es accen t ed
j ?
Di stin gui sh ¢ dti c fro mfilm; ¢ 7ti w
( ¢ a fro e ».

11 . Th ere were at least h ow my an case ~

for mi s n e arly
 RECENT PU B LICAT IO NS

FO R THE STU DY O F G REEK .

n adlcy ’
Greek Gra mm Revi sed, and i n pa rt rewritt en, b y
mA
s a r.
Fu nn i es Ds Foa u nt, Ph D , Professor of Classical Ph ilo l
. .

ogy in Ha rvard U ni versity

m
m
.

Th i s g ra a r no t on ly p resen ts th e lates t an d b e st results o f G reek s tud i e s ,

b ut also trea ts t h e la n a e i n t h e li gh t rec ei ved fro pa ra t i ve phi lolog y m m
gug
'
co .

The work i s clea r i n l a n gui sh . accu ra t e i n i ts d efi n i t i on s , j ud i ci ous i n i t s

m m
a rrange en t . a n d sufi ci en t ly co pre h e ns i ve fo r all purpose s , wh i le i t i s M e
m m
m
h orn cu h rous deta ils It i s s i ple e noug h fo r t h e b e gi n ne r, an d co p reh e n s i v e
m m
w
.

k fo r th e os t ad va ucsd s tud en ts la e 4 05 pages In t rod uctory p ri c e ,

. . .

Greek l i ai son s Prepared to acco pany t h e Gra

. a r of Ha dley an d m mm
Allen By Rons ar P Kn r, Ph D , Pri ncipal of th e Norwi ch ( Con
m
. . . .

necticut ) Free Aca de y

mt yG kb k i m
.

An ele
th G m
nten d ed
to se rve a s a co nlon and i d e to
m d
en a r ree oo
i t d n ro ucti o n t o t h e st ud y of X en0 p on Th e pu li s h ers
mm d th i w k t Am i
e ra a r, a n as a n .

e r ca n te ach ers wi t h g rea t c on fi d e n ce th a t i t wi ll b e

im mm
co en s or o
fu d t p
o n o p t
osses s t d o r a n a van tages a bove oth e r b ook s of i ts cla ss 12 .

In troductory p ri ce,

Ele mt en a r y Les son s i n Gr eek Sy n t a x , designed to acco mp a ny

th e rea di ng of c ’
Oph on s An a b as i s . By S R . W i llow s, A M . .

Aseri es of lesson s on Atti c Gre ek Syn ta x d es i gn ed to follow about o n e

o f t h e e ty m It c o p ri ses les so n s on t h e la s t m
mm
o lo gy o f t h e l
’
ca r s s tud an as .

a r, wi t h e x e rci s e s an v o cab ula ri es , a ll a r ran ged wi t h a vi e w

m m
a lt of t h e
m
ra
a k i n g t h e p up i l fa i li a r wi th t h e fun da en tal ri n c ip le s o f G ree k s yn tax
p m
of .

m
It i s i n tend ed a s an i n t rod uct i on t o a t h oro ugh an( co preh ens i ve trea ti se on
G ree k p ros e co po s i ti on In trod uctory p ri ce, 54 cen ts
. .

Hark n e sa F i rs t G re ek B ook
’
s o pri si ng a n Out li ne of th e Cm
m m
.

For s and Infl ect ions of th e h a ulage, a co plete Analyt i c Syn

and an In t rod uctory Greek Read e r With Notes and V ocab u
t
ax .
,
c ri es.

and re wri tten

Revi s ed b y th e a uth or. Desig ned es pe ci ally to acco pany m
mm
m
Allen li nd ley s Gree k Gra
mm
a r, wi t h re fe ren ce s a lso t o Good wi n s an d Crosb y s
’ ' '
-

Gree k G ra a rs. i z o. n o pages . In t rod ucto ry p ri ce ,

Th ree M on t h s Pr ep a ra t i on for R ea di n g X en op h on
’ By .

Ja n us Mourn s WHITON, Ph D , a ut h or of Whi t on s Fi rs t Les sons

’ “

m m
. .

in Greek, a nd Ma ny B a rtra
”
Wr os , A B , Ins tructor in Greek '
. .

i n Pa cker C
o llegia t e In sti tut e, B rooklyn .

Acon ci s e an d racti ca l n e w i n t rod ucto ry G reek b oo k , d es igne d to accou

y Alle n H p mm
mm
Co n ta i ni ng re fe re nces a lso t o G ood wi n s
’
ad le y a G re e k G ra
m
-
ar .

ree k G ra ar. 1 2 o. 94 pages . In troduc to ry pri ce , 48 ce n t s.

m m
Sa p le cop ies, for exa i n a ti on, sent to lea ch mf
m
o
i n ation , on r eceip t of the i nt roductory p ri ce .

A M E R IC A N B O O K C O M P A N Y, Pu b li s h ers,

NEW YORK, CINCINNATI, c m c a oo .

 G REEK LESSO NS ,

PREPARED TO ACCOMPANY THE GRAMMAR OF

HADLEY AND ALLEN .

B y RO B ER T P KEEP, Ph D ,
. . .

Pri ncipal of th e No rwich ( Connecticut ) Free Acad e y m .

Th e Greek Gra mm ar of Hadley and Allen has won for itself the

posi t i on of a stan dard Manual of th e Greek language, and i s widely

recogni zed as a b ook wh ich ever y Ameri can student of Greek sh ould

possess . Th e on ly q ues ti on is whet h er i t sh ould be purcha sed at th e

v ery outse t, or wh eth er a beginni ng sh ould be md a e wi th a s mll

a er and

less cornplete gra mm ar, t hi s latter to gi ve place a ft er a yea r or t wo to

th e fuller t reat is e . It wa s with th e d esign of mki a n

g th e pa t h t o th e

a cq ua i n tance wi th the ne w Hadley clea r, sure, a n d not unnecessa ril y

di fficult , th a t t h e pre pa ra ti on of t hese Lessons was underta ken .

A good FIRST LESSONS i s reall y an abridged gra mm a r, con st ructed

upon th e lin es of t h e la rger t reati se an d e mpl yi o ng prec isel y i ts lan

u
g g .
a e Dr Keep has
. do
ne, in th ese Lessons, th e work of a b idgi
r ng th e

ne w Hadley ,
an d h e has don e i t wi th such ud
J g m t w ld h
en as ou av e b een

expec ted fro mh i s k nowledge of th e n ee ds o f th b gi

e i G e nner n reek, a n d

fro mh i s in ti mt a e m y wi th th g
fa ili ari t e ra mm f P f
ar o ro e ssor Hadley ,

both in i ts older an d it ms t f m
ore recen or .

Th e publi sh ers comm d thi l m t y G

en s e e en ar reek book to A mier can

teach ers wi th grea t con fiden ce th a t i t will be foun d to possess

.
im
p or

tant advan tages above oth er b ooks of its class.

A M E R IC A N B O O K C O M PA N Y, P u b li s h e r s ,
NEW YORK , CINCINNA I. T C HICAGO .
 F IRS T F O U R B O O KS O F

XENOPHONS ANABASIS
’

JAM ES R B O ISE, Ph D LL D
m
. . . . .
,
an or of Great in the U ni versity of Mich igan .

W IT H OR W IT H O U T V O CA B U LA R Y .

As our college s, with but one or t wo ex cepti ons, require th r ee

or four books on ly of th e An abasi s for ad mi i ss on , th e mja or i t y

specifyi ng four books, we h a ve sub st i tuted a Four Book edi ti on

-
of
“
Boise ’
s Anab asi s ”
for th e Th ree B ook-
an d F ive Book -
edi t i o n s

h eretofore publish ed . Th is ed i ti on is th orough ly revi sed a nd u p

to date h as referen ces to Hadley Allen s, Good wi n s, and o th e r

’ ’
;
-

G reek gra mm a rs ; cont ains tables of gra mmti a cal references a n d

ex erci ses, Ki e pert ’

s Map of t h e Route of th e Te n Th ousan d ,

t ables of illust rati ons, e tc. It is issued i n t wo for m s, vi z. , wi th

and wi thout vocab ula ry.

It i s beli e ved th at t his work will be foun d to be th e mt os

acc ura te, co mp reh en si ve, a nd at t ract i ve e di t i on of th e Anabasis

h eret ofore publi sh ed .

Int rod uct i on pri ce, w it h v oca b ula ry

w it h out v oca b ula ry

Sp eci m en cop i es sent

, p od p
-
a i ¢ to teach mf ,
or exa mi na tion, at the ia

t mducti on p ri ces . San d for

f ull descrip ti ve ci rcula rs o f Le li a an d Greek

A M E R IC A N B O O K C O M PA N Y , P u b li s h e r s,

NEW YORK , CINCINNA I T . CHICAGO .

THE FIRST THREE BO O KS O F
HO MER S ’
ILIAD .

Wi th Notes Cri ti ca l a nd Exp la na tory , a nd ref ere n ce s t o

mm
,

Ha d ley Ali on s, Cros by s, a nd Good wi n s Greek Gra

-
' ' ’
ar s ,

a nd to Good wi n s Greek Mood s a nd Tenses

'
tog e th e r
wi th a n App end ix, conta i ni ng a n Outli ne of th e
m
Ho eri c Ques tion, A Sketch of th e Vers ifi ca tion
m
a nd th e Dia lect of Ho er , a n d a n u ber of m
Selected Pa ss ag es for Sig h t Rea d i ng -
.

By HENRY C L AR K JO HNSO N, LL . B .
,

-
m
Prin cipal of t h e Philad elphi a High Sch ool, for erly Pro fessor of th e La t i n
la nguage a nd Li t era t ure in th e Leh igh U ni versi ty .

mE m
Bl oo ) a on, v mN
rs A D Ew an r
-
m .

18 mm1 8 0 pa g e . In t r o d mt ie on i
p ce,
r

THE SAME WITH LEXIC O N .

m
Bei ng a co bi n ed ed i t i on of JOHNSON S F IRS T THREE ’

B OO/( 8 OF HOMER S ILIAD a nd BL

’
AKE S LEXICON
'

OF THE F IRST THREE BOO/( S OF

HOMER S ’
ILIAD .

“ n o, 8 0 9 pa g e s In t r o d u c ti on p r i c e ,

Teach ers a nd st ud en ts wi ll fin d th is t o b e one of th e mt

os
o mpl t
e e an d valua ble ed i t ion s of th a t

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