Class 11 Chemistry em Sample Study-Materials - Sura Books

This is only for Sample
for Full Book order Online and Available at All Leading Bookstores
CHEMISTRY
m
11th Standard
co
VOLUME - I & II
s.
ok
Based on the Updated New Textbook
o
Salient Features
ab
Prepared as per the Updated New Textbook
Exhaustive Additional MCQs, VSA, SA, LA questions with answers are given in each
chapter.
All the objective type (1 Mark) questions, are given with 4 options.
ur
(i) Choosing the correct option (ii) Matching

(iii) Filling the blanks (iv) Assertion & Reason
(v) Choosing the correct Statement (vi) Choosing the Incorrect Statement
.s
Govt. Model Question Paper-2018 [Govt. MQP. 2018], First Mid-Term Test (2018)
[First Mid. 2018], Quarterly Exam - 2018 [QY. 2018], Half Yearly Exam - 2018
[HY. 2018], March - 2019 [Mar. 2019], June - 2019 [June 2019], Quarterly Exam -
w
2019 [QY-2019], Half Yearly Exam - 2019 [HY. 2019], are incorporated at appropriate
sections.
Govt. Model Question Paper, Sura’s Model Question Paper, Quarterly Common
w
Examination - 2019, Half Yearly Examination - 2019 Question Papers are given.
w
SURA PUBLICATIONS
Chennai
orders@surabooks.com Ph: 9600175757 / 8124201000

Contents
VOLUME - I
m
1. Basic Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations......................................... 1 - 44
2. Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom..................................................................... 45 - 73
co
3. Periodic Classification Of Elements.......................................................................74 - 100
4. Hydrogen.......................................................................................................... 101 - 124
s.
5. Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals......................................................................... 125 - 150
6. Gaseous State.................................................................................................... 151 - 179
ok
7. Thermodynamics............................................................................................... 180 - 212
o VOLUME - II
8. Physical and Chemical Equilibrium................................................................... 213 - 240

ab
9. Solutions........................................................................................................... 241 - 268
10. Chemical bonding............................................................................................. 269 - 300
11. Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry.................................................................. 301 - 332
ur
12. Basic concept of organic reactions..................................................................... 333 - 352

13. Hydrocarbons.................................................................................................... 353 - 390
.s
14. Haloalkanes and Haloarenes............................................................................. 391 - 415

15. Environmental Chemistry.................................................................................. 416 - 432
w
Govt. Model Question Paper ...............................................��433 - 435

w
Sura’s Model Question Paper ...............................................��436 - 438

Quarterly Common Examination - 2019 ...............................................��439 - 440
w
Half Yearly Examination - 2019 ...............................................��441 - 442
(v)

m
co
s.
CHEMISTRY o ok
Volume I
ab
ur
.s
w
w
w

Basic Concepts Of
01 Chemistry And
Chemical Calculations
m
co
CHAPTER SNAPSHOT
s.
PART I : IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY- CHEMISTRY, THE CENTRE OF LIFE
Classification of matter  Mole definition
ok
 Physical classification of matter  Molar mass
 Chemical Classification of matter  Molar volume of a gaseous substance
Elements and compounds: chemical Equivalent mass
classification o  Equivalent mass of acid
 Atom  Equivalent mass of the base
 Element  Equivalent mass of a salt
ab
 Molecule  Equivalent mass of an oxidising
 Compound agent
Atomic mass  Equivalent mass of a reducing agent
 Average atomic mass Empirical formula
 Gram atomic mass Molecular formula
ur
Molecular mass Stoichiometric calculations

 Relative atomic mass  Mole – mole relationship
 Relative molecular mass  Mass - mass relationship
.s
Mole concept  Mass – volume relationship

 Avogadro’s hypothesis  Volume – volume relationship
 Avogadro number Limiting reagents
w
PART II : REDOX REACTIONS

Introduction  Disproportionation reactions
Electronic concept of oxidation and  Competitive electron transfer
w
reduction reactions
Oxidation number Balancing of redox reactions
Types of redox reactions  Oxidation number method
w
 Combination reactions  Ion-electron method for balancing

 Decomposition reactions redox reactions
 Displacement reactions
[3]

16 Sura’s  XI Std - Chemistry ➠ Chapter 01 ➠ Basic Concepts Of Chemistry And Chemical Calculations
Government Exam Questions and Answers

PART - I 5. The oxidation number of carbon in CH2F2 is ____.
[June 2019]
Choose the Correct Answer 1 MARK (a) +4 (b) –4 (c) 0 (d) +2
m
[Ans. (c) 0]
1. The equivalent mass of a divalent metal element is
10 g eq–1. The molar mass of its anhydrous oxide
PART - II
co
is [Govt. MQP-2018]
(a) 46 g (b) 36 g
Answer the Questions 2 MARK
(c) 52 g (d) none of these
[Ans. (c) 52 g] 1. Write the electronic concept of oxidation and
Hint: A tomic mass of divalent metal is equal to 2 reduction reactions.
s.
[QY. & HY. 2018]
multiple of atomic mass of metal + 2 multiple of Ans. The process can be explained on the basis of
atomic mass of oxygen electrons. The reaction involving loss of electron is
termed oxidation
ok
2. Match the list I with List II correctly by using the Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e– (loss of electron-oxidation).
code given below the list. [QY. 2018] The reaction involving gain of electron is termed
List I (no. of moles) List II (Amount) reduction.
A 0.1 mole 1 4480 mL of CO2 Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu (gain of electron-reduction)
B 0.2 mole
o
2 200 mg of hydrogen 2. How many moles of hydrogen is required to
gas produce 10 moles of ammonia ? [HY-2018]
ab
C 0.25 mole 3 9 mL of water Ans. N2(g) + 3 H2(g)   → 2 NH3(g)
To produce 2 moles of ammonia, 3 moles of hydrogen
D 0.5 mole 4 1. 51 × 1023 molecules
are required
of oxygen
To produce 10 moles of ammonia
A B C D 3 moles of H 2 5
ur
(a) 2 3 4 1 = × 10 moles of NH 3
2 moles of NH3
(b) 4 3 1 2
(c) 3 1 4 2 = 15 moles of hydrogen are required.
(d) 2 1 4 3 [Ans. (b) 2 1 4 3] 3. Calculate oxidation number of oxygen in H2O2.
.s
[Mar. 2019]
Hint: Number of moles is equal to Mass/ Molar mass
Number of moles is equal to Volume/ molar Ans. hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
2 (+ 1) + 2x = 0; ⇒ 2x = –2 ; ⇒ x = –1
w
volume
4. What is combination reaction? Give example.
3. The oxidation number of chromium in dichromate [HY. 2019]
lion is [QY-2018] Ans. When two or more substance combine to form a
w
(a) +4 (b) +6 (c)+5 (d) 0 single substance, the reactions are combination
[Ans. (b) +6] reactions.
A + B  →C
w
4. The empirical formula of glucose is : [HY. 2019] Ex – 2Mg + O2  → 2MgO

(a) CH2O (b) CHO 5. Calculate the oxidation states of oxygen in H2O2
(c) CH2O2 (d) CH3O2 and KO2. [QY. 2019]
[Ans. (a) CH2O] Ans. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is –1.
2 (+ 1) + 2x = 0; ⇒ 2x = –2 ; ⇒ x = –1
Super oxides such as KO2 is = –1/2
+1 + 2x = 0; ⇒ 2x = –1 ; ⇒ x = –1/2.

Sura’s  XI Std - Chemistry ➠ Chapter 01 ➠ Basic Concepts Of Chemistry And Chemical Calculations 31
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
1. Calculate the number of atoms in each of the 18g mol −1
following. = = 2.99 × 10–23 g
(i) 52 g of He and (ii) 52 moles of He. 6.023 × 1023 mol −1
m
Mass of 1 molecule of water = 2.99 × 10–23 g.
Ans. (i) 1 mol of He ≡ 4g ≡ 6.022 × 1023 He atoms
(ie) 4g of He contains 6.022 × 1023 He atoms 3. One million silver atoms weigh 1.79 × 10–16 g.
Calculate the atomic mass of silver.
6.023 × 1023 × 52
co
\ 52g of He contains = Ans. No. of silver atoms = 1 million = 1 × 106
4
Mass of one million Ag atoms = 1.79 × 10–16 g
= 7.83 × 1024 Mass of 6.023 × 1023 atoms of silver
52g of He contains 7.83 × 1024 He atoms.
1.79 × 10 −16 g
(ii) 1 mol of He contains 6.023 × 1023 He atoms = × 6.023 × 1023
s.
6
23
1 × 10
6.023 × 10 × 52
\ 52 moles of He contains = = 107.8 g.
1
Atomic mass of silver = 6.023 × 1023 atoms of Ag
ok
= 3.132 × 1025
\ The atomic mass of Ag = 107.8 g.
52 moles of He contains 3.132 × 1025 He
atoms. 4. How much mass (in gram units) is represented by
the following?
2. Calculate the mass of the following : (i) 0.2 mol of NH3 (ii) 3.0 mol of CO2
o
(i) 1 atom of silver (ii) 1 molecule of benzene (iii) 5.14 mol of H5IO6
(iii) 1 molecule of water. Ans. (a) Molar mass of NH3 = (1×14 + 3×1) = 17g mol–1
ab
Ans. (i) Molecular mass of silver (Ag) = 107.87 u Mass of 0.2 mol of NH3 = 0.2 mol × 17g mol–1
Molar mass of Ag = 107.87 g mol–1 = 3.4 g
Molar mass (b) Molar mass of CO2 = (1×12 + 2×16)
\ Mass of 1 atom of Ag =
Avogadro's number = 44 g mol–1
ur
107.87 g mol −1 Mass of 3 moles of CO2 = 3 mol × 44g mol–1

= = 132 g
6.023 × 1023 mol −1
= 17.91 × 10–23 g. (c) Molar mass of H5IO6 = (5×1 + 1×127 + 6×16)
Mass of 1 atom of Ag = 17.91 × 10–23 g. = 228 g mol–1
.s
(ii) Molecular mass of benzene (C6H6) = Mass of 5.14 mol of H5IO6 = 5.14 mol × 228g mol–1
(6 × 12.01 u) + (6 × 1u) = 78.06 u = 1171.9 g.
Molar mass of benzene = 78.06 g mol–1
w
5. What mass of N2 will be required to produce 34g

Then, mass of 1 molecule of benzene of NH3 by the reaction, N2 + 3H2  → 2NH3.
Molar mass of benzene Ans. The reaction is
=
w
Avogadro's number N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3

1 mol 3 mol 2 mol
78.06 g mol −1
= = 12.96 × 10–23 g 2 × 14 2(1×14 + 3×1)
6.023 × 1023 mol −1
w
Mass of 1 molecule of benzene = 12.94 × 10–23 g. 28g = 34g

(iii) Molecular mass of water = (2 × 1u) + (1 × 16u) Thus, to produce 34.0 g ammonia, 28g of N2 is
= 18 u required.
Molar mass of water = 18 g mol–1 6. Calculate the Formula Weights of the following
Mass of 1 molecule of water compounds.
Molar mass of water (a) NO2 (b) Glucose (C6H12O6) (c) NaOH
= (d) Mg(OH)2
Avogadro ' s number

02 Quantum Mechanical
Model of Atom
m
co
CHAPTER SNAPSHOT
s.
Introduction to various atom models Quantum numbers
 Thomson model of atom  Principal quantum number
 Rutherford's atomic model  Azimuthal quantum number
ok
 Bohr's atomic model  Magnetic quantum number
 Spin quantum number
Dual Behaviour of matter
 de-Broglie equation Atomic orbitals
o
 Heisenberg's uncertainty principle  Shapes of atomic orbitals
 Energies of orbitals
ab
Quantum mechanical model of atom  Filling of orbitals in atom
 Schrodinger wave equation  Electronic configuration of atom
 Stability of completely filled and
half filled orbitals
ur
.s
w
w
w
[45]

46 Sura’s  XI Std - Chemistry ➠ Chapter 02 ➠ Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom
CONCEPT MAP
Atom
m
co
Sub atomic particles Atomic models
(electron, proton, neutron etc.,)
Rutherford
s.
Neils Bohur
Dual nature of matter Quantum mechanical model
de Broglie concept
ok
Schrodinger wave equation
∧
H Ψ = EΨ
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
o Solution (ψ) and energy Eigen values
ab
ψ2
Atomic orbitals
Quantum number
Filling of electron
ur
in atomic orbital
1. Principal quantum Radial Angular

number (n) 1. distribution distribution
2. Azimuthal quantum 2. Pauli exclusion
.s
number (l) principle

3. Hunds rule Shapes of Atomic orbitals
3. Magnetic
quantum number (m)
4. Spin quantum number (s) s-orbital-spherical
w
p-orbital-dumbbell
d-orbital clover leaf
w
w

Sura’s  XI Std - Chemistry ➠ Chapter 02 ➠ Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom 61
h 6.626 × 10 −34 h
= kgm 2s −1 L = 2 ( 2 + 1)
4π 4 × 3.14 2π
h h 6
= 5.28 × 10 −35 L=
4π 2π
Δx.Δp ≥ 5.28 × 10–35 Therefore, the angular momentum of electron in d
m
Δx.m.Δv ≥ 5.28 × 10–35 h 6
orbital is equal to
5.28 × 10 −35 kgm 2s −1 2π
⇒ ∆x ≥ Value of l for the electron present in f-sub shell
9.1?× 10 −31 kg × 5.7 × 105 ms −1
co
is 3.
⇒ ∆x ≥ 1.017 × 10 −10 m Putting the value of l = 3 in above equation, we get
4. Calculate the orbital angular momentum for d h
L = 3 (3 + 1)
and f orbital. [June 2019] 2π
s.
Ans. The formula of the orbital angular momentum is, 3h
L=
h π
L = l (l + 1)
2π The orbital angular momentum of an electron present
ok
The value of 'l' for d-orbital = 2 3h
in f-sub shell is .
Now put the value of the 'l' in the above formula, we π
get the angular momentum.
o
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
ab
Additional Choose the Correct 6. In Rutherford’s gold foil experiment, a thin gold
Answer 1 MARK foil was bombarded with a stream of fast moving
(a) Β particles (b) α–particles
1. How many neutrons and protons respectively are (c) γ particles (d) δ particles
ur
present in the 6C13 nuclei ? [Ans. (b) α–particles]

(a) 6, 13 (b) 6, 7 (c) 13,6 (d) 7,6 7. Consider the following statements
[Ans. (d) 7,6] 1. λ = h / mv is valid only when the particle
2. Maximum number of electrons in a subshell with travels at speed much less than the speed of
.s
l = 3 and n = 4 is light.
(a) 10 (b) 12 (c) 14 (d) 16 2. Einstein’s mass-energy relationship is
[Ans. (c) 14] E = mc2
w
3. The number of neutron(s) present in deuterium is 3. The angular momentum (mvr) of the electron
must be equal to an integral multiple of h/4π.
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
[Ans. (b) 1] Which of the following statement(s) given above
w
is/ are correct?

4. Neutrons was discovered by
(a) 1 & 3 (b) only 1 (c) 1 & 2 (d) 1, 2 & 3
(a) Rutherford (b) Chadwick [Ans. (c) 1 & 2]
(c) Bohr (d) Thomson
w
8. Almost the entire mass of an atom is concentrated

[Ans. (b) Chadwick]
in the __________.
5. J. J. Thomson’s cathode ray experiment revealed (a) proton (b) electrons
that atoms consist of
(c) neutrons (d) nucleus
(a) electrons (b) protons [Ans. (d) nucleus]
(c) neutrons (d) photons
[Ans. (a) electrons]

03 Periodic Classification
Of Elements
m
co
CHAPTER SNAPSHOT
s.
Introduction Classification of elements based on
Guidelines for chemical formula electronic configuration
Definition of elements and chemical formula Electronic configuration of elements in
ok
Need for classification of elements periods
 Johann Dobereiner’s Classification Electronic configuration of elements in
groups
 Chancourtois Classification
Periodic trends in physical properties
 Newland’s Classification – Law of
octaves
o  Periodicity in properties
 Lothar Meyer’s (1830 - 1895)  Periodic properties
ab
Classification  Atomic radius
 Mendeleev’s (periodic law)  Ionic radius
Classification  Ionization energy
Modern periodic law  Electron gain enthalpy
ur
 Moseley’s long form of periodic  Electronegativity

table and its structural features Periodic trends in chemical properties
 Merits of Moseley’s long form Periodicity of oxidation states
.s
periodic table Anomalous properties of second period

 Anomalies of the long form elements
periodic table Diagonal relationship
w
Nomenclature of elements with atomic

number greater than 100
w
w
[74]

76 Sura’s  XI Std - Chemistry ➠ Chapter 03 ➠ Periodic Classification Of Elements
FORMULAE CHART
ÏÏ Pauling Scale:
(i) E A − B > E A − A × E B − B
m
where, EA-B, EA-A and EB-B are bond dissociation energies of A–B, A–A, B–B.
(ii) D = E A − B − E A − A × E B− B
co
D = (X A − X B ) 2
0.208 D = X A − X B
where D – Difference in electronegativities of A and B
s.
XA and XB – electronegativities of A and B
0.208 – conversion factor (k cals → eV)
ok
ÏÏ Mulliken’s scale:
I.E + E.A
(i) Electronegativity =
2
where I.E – Ionisation enthalpy
E.A – Electron affinity
o
I.E + E.A I.E + E.A
ab
(ii) Electronegativity = =
2 × 2.8 × 96.48 540
2.8 – Correction factor
96.48 – Conversion factor (kJ mol−1 → eV)
ur
MUST KNOW DEFINITIONS

.s
Iso electronic ions : Ions of different elements having the same number of electrons are called iso
electronic ions
w
Döbereiner Triad : Group of three elements called as triads. In triads, the atomic weight of the
middle element nearly equal to the arithmetic mean of the atomic weights of
the remaining two elements.
w
A. E. B. de : A. E. B. de Chancourtois reported a correlation between the properties of the

Chancourtois's elements and their atomic weights. He said ‘the properties of bodies are the
report properties of numbers’
w
He intended the term numbers to mean the value of atomic weights.

94 Sura’s  XI Std - Chemistry ➠ Chapter 03 ➠ Periodic Classification Of Elements
107. T
he variation of electron affinity is not as 6. Explain classification of elements based om
systematic as in the case of __________. Newland's law of Octaves.
(a) Ionisation energy (b) Atomic radius Ans. Newlands’s law of Octaves :
(c) Ionic radius (d) Electronegativity When elements are arranged in increasing order of
[Ans. (a) Ionisation energy] their atomic weights every eighth element resembles
its properties with the first one just like the eight note
m
108. A
s we move down the group, the electro positive of a musical table.
character of elements ___________. Element: Li Be B C N O F
(a) Increases (b) Decreases Atomic Weight: 7 9 11 12 14 16 19
co
(c) Gradutly decreases at regular intervals Limitations: Failed for heavier elements beyond
(d) Remains same [Ans. (a) Increases] calcium.
7. Justify the given statement with suitable examples
Additional Short Answers “the properties of the elements are a periodic
s.
1. Write the name and deduce the atomic number of function of their atomic numbers”.
the following element Ans. (i) The cause of periodicity in properties is
i. The second alkali metal the repetition of similar outer electronic
ok
ii. The fourth noble gas configuration after certain regular intervals.
iii. The third halogen (ii) Eg: Consider elements of group 1s
iv. The first transition element 2 1
3Li – 1s 2s
Ans. (i) Sodium (Z = 11) 2 2 6 1
11Na – 1s 2s 2p 3s
(ii) krypton (Z = 36)
(iii) Bromine (Z = 35)
o Due to similar outermost electronic
configuration they exhibit similar properties.
(iv) Scandium (Z = 21)
8. State the findings of modern periodic law.
ab
2. Lanthanoids and actinoids are placed in separate Ans. � The number of electrons increases by the same
rows at the bottom of the periodic table. Explain .
number as the increase in the atomic number.
Ans. Lanthanoids and actinoids are placed in separate
As the number of electrons increases, the electronic
rows at the bottom of the periodic table to maintain
structure of the atom changes.
its structure and to preserve the principle of
ur
Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom (valence

classification by keeping elements with similar
properties in a single column. electrons) determine the chemical properties of
the elements.
3. Describe in brief Lothar Meyer’s classification of
9. What are the demerits of long form periodic table.
.s
elements.
Ans. � Lothar Meyer’s plotted the physical properties Ans. (i) Position of hydrogen is not defined till now.
such as atomic volume, melting point and boiling (ii) Lanthanides and actinides still find place in the
point against atomic weight and obtained a bottom of the table.
w
periodically repeated pattern. 10. How many elements can be accommodated in

Lothar Meyer observed a change in length of that the the long form of the periodic table? Explain.
repeating pattern. [HOTS]
w
In 1868, Lothar Meyer had developed a table of

Ans. In the present set up of the long form of the periodic
the elements that closely resembles the modern table, we have eighteen groups, seven periods
periodic table. (i.e. principal quantum number, n = 7) and four
w
4. State Mendeleev's period law. blocks (s, p, d and f -block elements).

Ans. The mendeleev periodic law states that, “The Therefore, the maximum number of elements which
physical and chemical properties of the elements are can be accommodated in the present set up of the
periodic functions of their atomic weights. long form of the periodic table in accordance with
5. What are transfermium elements? Aufbau principle is
Ans. The elements beyond fermium are called as 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10, 4p6, 5s2, 4d10,
transfermium elements. 5p6, 6s2, 4f 14, 5d10, 6p6, 7s2, 5f 14, 6d10, 7p6 = 118.

04 Hydrogen
m
co
CHAPTER SNAPSHOT
s.
Hydrogen – the element  Hard water
 Occurrence  Soft water
 Position in periodic table  Heavy water
ok
 Isotopes of hydrogen  Hydrogen peroxide
Preparation of hydrogen  Hydrides
 Laboratory preparation
 Ionic hydride
 Industrial production
 Covalent hydride
Properties of hydrogen
o
 Metallic hydride
Uses of hydrogen
ab
Hydrogen bonding
Hydrogen – It's compounds
 Intramolecular hydrogen bonding
 Water
 Intermolecular hydrogen bonding
ur
.s
w
w
w
[101]

104 Sura’s  XI Std - Chemistry ➠ Chapter 04 ➠ Hydrogen
Permanent : Permanent hardness of water is due to the presence of soluble salts of

Hardness magnesium and calcium in the form of chlorides and sulphates in it.
Heavy Water : Heavy water (D2O) is the oxide of heavy hydrogen. One part of heavy water is
present in 5000 parts of ordinary water.
m
Covalent (Molecular) : They are compounds in which hydrogen is attached to another element by
hydrides sharing of electrons.
Ionic (Saline) : These are hydrides composed of an electropositive metal, generally, an alkali or
co
hydrides alkaline-earth metal, except beryllium and magnesium, formed by transfer of
electrons from metal to hydrogen atoms.
Metallic : Metallic hydrides are usually obtained by hydrogenation of metals and alloys
(Interstitial) in which hydrogen occupies the interstitial sites (voids). Hence, they are called
hydrides interstitial hydrides.
s.
EVALUATION
ok
I. Choose The Best Answer : 4. Ionic hydrides are formed by
(a) halogens
1.
o
Which of the following statements about hydrogen (b) chalcogens
is incorrect ? (NEET 2016) (c) inert gases
ab
+
(a) Hydrogen ion, H3O exists freely in solution. (d) group one elements
(b) Dihydrogen acts as a reducing agent. [Ans. (d) group one elements]
(c) Hydrogen has three isotopes of which tritium is 5. Tritium nucleus contains
the most common. (a) 1p + 0 n (b) 2 p + 1n
(d) Hydrogen never acts as cation in ionic salts.
ur
(c) 1p + 2n (d) none of these

[Ans. (c) Hydrogen has three isotopes of [Ans. (c) 1p + 2n]
which tritium is the most common.]
Hint: 1T3
2. Water gas is [QY. 2018; HY. 2019]
.s
(a) H2O(g) (b) CO + H2O 6. Non-stoichiometric hydrides are formed by

(c) CO + H2 (d) CO + N2 (a) palladium, vanadium
[Ans. (c) CO + H2] (b) carbon, nickel
w
Hint: C(s) + H2O → CO + H2 (c) manganese, lithium

(d) nitrogen, chlorine
3. Which one of the following statements is incorrect [Ans. (a) palladium, vanadium]
w
with regard to ortho and para dihydrogen ? 7. Assertion : Permanent hardness of water is
(a) They are nuclear spin isomers removed by treatment with washing
(b) Ortho isomer has zero nuclear spin whereas the soda.
w
para isomer has one nuclear spin Reason : Washing soda reacts with soluble
(c) The para isomer is favoured at low temperatures calcium and magnesium chlorides
(d) The thermal conductivity of the para isomer is and sulphates in hard water to form
50% greater than that of the ortho isomer. insoluble carbonates
[Ans. (b) Ortho isomer has zero nuclear spin (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is
whereas the para isomer has one nuclear spin] the correct explanation of assertion.

124 Sura’s  XI Std - Chemistry ➠ Chapter 04 ➠ Hydrogen
27. Difference between ortho and para hydrogen.
Ans. Ortho and para hydrogen :
Ortho Hydrogen Para Hydrogen
1. Definition Hydrogen molecule in which the protons If the protons in the nuclei of both H-atoms
in the nuclei of both H-atoms are known to spin in opposite direction, it is termed as
spin in same direction is termed as ortho para hydrogen.
m
hydrogen.
2. Composition At room temperature ordinary hydrogen As the temperature is lowered, the equi-
consist of about 75% ortho and 25% para librium shifts in favour of para hydrogen.
co
form. At 25K, there is 99% para and 1% ortho
hydrogen
3. Melting Point Melting point of ortho hydrogen is 13.95 Melting point of para hydrogen is 13.83K
K
s.
4. Boiling Point Boiling point of ortho hydrogen is 20.39K Boiling point of para hydrogen 20.26K
5. Vapour Pressure The vapour pressure of orthohydrogen is The vapour pressure of liquid para hydro-
lower. gen is higher than that of ordinary liquid
ok
hydrogen.
6. Magnetic Mo- Magnetic moment of ortho is twice than The magnetic moment of para hydrogen is
ment that of a proton zero since the spins neutralise each other
7. Internal molecu- Ortho hydrogen possesses a higher internal Para hydrogen possesses a lower internal
lar energy molecular energy molecular energy than ortho form
o
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
ab
1. An element (A) belonging to group number 1 2. Identify the compound (A) which is a universal
and period number 3 react with dihydrogen solvent. Compound A reacts with chlorine gas
to form an hydride (B). The element (A) reacts to give B and C. Compound A dissolves in an
ur
with the universal solvent to give a strong base ionic compound of silicon to give compound D.
(C). Identify A, B and C. Identify A and write the equations involved in the
Ans. (i) An element (A) belonging to group number 1 formation of B, C and D.
.s
and period number 3 is sodium (A). Ans. (i) The universal solvent is water (A).
(ii) Sodium reacts with hydrogen to form sodium (ii) Water reacts with chlorine gas to form hydro
hydride (B) chloric acid (B) and hypo chlorous acid (C).
2 Na + H 2  → 2 NaH Cl2 + H 2 O → HCl+ HOCl
w
(A) ( B) (C) (A) ( B) (C)
(iii) Sodium reacts with water to form sodium (iii) Water reacts with silicon tetra chloride (SiCl4)
hydroxide (C). to give silicon dioxide (D).
w
2 Na + 2H 2 O 
→ 2 NaOH + H 2 SiCl4 + 2H 2 O  → SiO 2 + 4HCl
(A) (C) (A) (D) ( B)
w
A Na Sodium A H2O Water

B NaH Sodium hydride B HCl Hydro chloric acid
C NaOH Sodium hydroxide C HOCl Hypo chlorous acid
D SiO2 Silicon dioxide

05 Alkali And Alkaline

Earth Metals
m
co
CHAPTER SNAPSHOT
s.
Alkali Metals  Chemical properties
 General characteristics  Compounds of alkaline earth metals
 Physical properties  Oxides
ok
 Chemical properties  Hydroxides
 Compounds of alkali metals  Halides
 Oxides  Salts of oxo acids
 Hydroxides Important compounds of
 Halides
o 
calcium
 Salts of oxo acids  Quick lime
ab
 Biological importance of Na and K  Slaked lime
Alkaline Earth Metals  Gypsum
 General characteristics  Plaster of paris
ur
 Physical properties  Biological importance of Ca and Mg

.s
w
w
w
[125]

Sura’s  XI Std - Chemistry ➠ Chapter 05 ➠ Alkali And Alkaline Earth Metals 147
Additional Long Answers 5 MARK 4. When does the blue coloured ammonia solution
(of alkali metals) changes to bronze colour?
1. List out the uses of alkali metals. Ans. (i) Alkali metals dissolve in liquid ammonia to
Ans. (i) Lithium metal is used to make useful alloys. give deep blue solutions that are conducting in
For example with lead it is used to make nature.
‘white metal’ bearings for motor engines, with (ii) The blue colour of the solution is due to the
m
aluminium to make aircraft parts, and with ammoniated electron which absorbs energy in
magnesium to make armour plates. It is used in the visible region of light and thus imparts blue
thermonuclear reactions. colour to the solution.
(ii) Lithium is also used to make electrochemical (iii) The solutions are paramagnetic and on
co
cells. standing slowly liberate hydrogen resulting in
(iii) Lithium carbonate is used in medicines the formation of amide.
(iv) Sodium is used to make Na/Pb alloy. (iv) In concentrated solution, the blue colour
(v) Liquid sodium metal is used as a coolant in fast changes to bronze colour and become
breeder nuclear reactors. diamagnetic.
s.
(vi) Potassium chloride is used as a fertilizer. 5. Illustrate the role of sodium and potassium in
Potassium hydroxide is used in the manufacture biological fluid.
of soft soap. It is also used as an excellent Ans. (i) Monovalent sodium and potassium ions are
ok
absorbent of carbon dioxide. found in large proportions in biological fluids.
(vii) Caesium is used in devising photoelectric cells. (ii) maintenance of ion balance and nerve
2. How are peroxides and superoxides formed by impulse conduction.
alkali metals? [HOTS] (iii) Sodium–potassium pump play an important
Ans. (i) The fact that a small cation can stabilize a role in transmitting nerve signals.
o
small anion and a large cation can stabilize a (iv) Sodium ions are found primarily on the outside
large anion explains the formation and stability of cells, being located in blood plasma and in
ab
of these oxides. the interstitial fluid which surrounds the cells.
(ii) The Na+ ion is a larger cation and has a weak (v) These ions participate in the transmission of
positive field around it and thus can stabilize a nerve signals, in regulating the flow of water
bigger peroxide ion, O22− or [-O-O-]2− which across cell membranes and in the transport of
is also surrounded by a weak negative field. sugars and amino acids into cells.
ur
(iii) Similarly, the other ions K+, Rb+, Cs+ are still (vi) Sodium and potassium, although so similar
larger, having very weak positive field. chemically, differ quantitatively in their
(iv) Thus these ions can stabilize a bigger ability to penetrate cell membranes, in their
superoxide O2− anion and form super oxides. transport mechanisms and in their efficiency to
.s
3. The hydrides of alkali metals behave as strong activate enzymes.

reducing agents - Justify the statement. (viii)Thus, potassium ions are the most abundant
Ans. (i) All alkali metals react with hydrogen at cations within cell fluids, where they activate
w
about 673K (lithium at 1073K) to form the many enzymes, participate in the oxidation
corresponding hydrides, which are ionic in of glucose to produce ATP and, with sodium,
nature. are responsible for the transmission of nerve
w
(ii) Reactivity of alkali metals with hydrogen signals.

increases from Li to Cs. 6. How is sodium hydroxide prepared commercially
2M + H2  → 2M+H– (M= Li,Na,K,Rb,Cs) from brine solution?
(iii) Ionic character of the hydrides increases from
w
Ans. (i) Sodium hydroxide is prepared commercially

Li to Cs. by the electrolysis of brine solution in Castner-
(iv) The decrease in ionization enthalpy down the Kellner cell .
group permits easy availability of electrons to (ii) Cathode- mercury
hydrogen, forming H+ ion. anode - carbon
(v) The hydrides behave as strong reducing agents (iii) Sodium metal is discharged at the cathode
and their reducing nature increases down the and combines with mercury to form sodium
group. amalgam.

06 Gaseous State
m
co
CHAPTER SNAPSHOT
s.
Introduction Deviation from ideal gas behaviour
The Gas Laws  Compression factor Z
 Boyle’s Law  Van der Waal’s equation
ok
 Charles Law  Andrews’s isotherm
 Gay-Lussac’s Law  Derivation of critical constants from
 Avogadro’s hypothesis Van der Waal’s constant
Ideal gas equation  Liquefaction of gases
o
Dalton’s law of partial pressures  Linde’s method
 Claude’s process
ab
 Graham’ s law of diffusion
 Adiabatic process
ur
.s
w
w
w
[151]

Sura’s  XI Std - Chemistry ➠ Chapter 06 ➠ Gaseous State 153
FORMULAE TO REMEMBER
1
ÏÏ Boyle’s law : P ∝ (at constant T and n)
m
V
ÏÏ Charles’s law : V ∝ T (at constant P)
ÏÏ Avogadro’s law : V ∝ n (at constant P and T)
co
ÏÏ Gay-Lussac’s law : P ∝ T (at constant V)
ÏÏ Dalton’s law : PTotal = p1 + p2 + p3 …… (at constant T and V)
s.
r1 M2
ÏÏ Graham’s law of diffusion =
r2 M1
ok
ÏÏ Ideal gas equation: PV = nRT
ÏÏ Vanderwaal’s equation of state P + a  (V – b) = RT (when n = 1)

 V 2 
8a
ÏÏ Critical Temperature Tc =
27Rb
o
ab
a
ÏÏ Critical Pressure Pc =
27b2
ÏÏ Critical Volume Vc = 3b
ur
2a
ÏÏ Inversion Temperature Ti =
Rb
.s
ÏÏ Vanderwaal’s constants
a = 3Vc2Pc
Vc
w
b=
3
ÏÏ Compressibility factor:
w
PV
Z=
nRT
w

53. A combustible gas is stored in a metal tank at P1

a pressure of 2.98 atm at 25°C. The tank can Þ P2 = × T2
T1
withstand a maximum pressure of 12 atm after
which it will explode. The building in which the 2.98 atm
P2 = × 1100 K = 11 atm.
tank has been stored catches fire. Now predict 298 K
whether the tank will blow up first or start At 1100 K the pressure of the gas inside the tank
m
melting? (Melting point of the metal = 1100 K). will become 11 atm. Given that tank can withstand
Ans. Pressure of the gas in the tank at its melting point a maximum pressure of 12 atm, the tank will start
T1 = 298 K ; P1 = 2.98 atm; T2 = 1100 K; P2 = ? melting first.
co
P1 P2
=
T1 T2
s.
PART - I PART - II
ok
Choose the Correct Answer 1 MARK Answer the Questions 2 MARK
1. Which of the following correctly represents 1. Distinguish real and ideal gases. [HY-2018]
Boyle’s Law? [Govt. MQP-2018] Ans. Ideal gas :
o 1) Obeys gas laws under all condition of P and T.
(a) P ( atm ) (b) P ( atm ) 2) Obeys ideal gas equation
ab
Real gas :
1
1) Obeys only at low P and high T.
υ
dm −3 V ( dm3 ) 2) Does not obey ideal gas equation.
2. Give the expressions of critical constants.
[HY-2018]
ur
(c) V ( dm3 ) (d) All of these

Ans. The critical constants can be calculated using the
[Ans. (a)]
values of van der waals constant of a gas and vice
T (k ) versa.
.s
V
2. What is the density of oxygen gas at 227°C and a = 3VC2 PC and b = C .
4 atm pressure (R = 0.082 L atom K–1 mol–1) 3
[Govt. MQP-2018] 3. What is the density of N2 gas at 227°C and
w
(a) 3.12 g/L (b) 3.41 g/L 5.00 atm pressure? (R = 0.082 L atm K–1 mol–1)
(c) 2.81 g/L (d) none of these [QY. 2019]
[Ans. (a) 3.12 g/L] Mass
Ans. Density =
w
Hint: Density is equal to pm/RT Volume

m  m P
3. 56 g nitrogen and 96 g of oxygen are mixed = = 
 nRT   n  RT
isothermally and the mixture exerts a total  
w
P 
pressure of 10 atm. The partial pressure of
nitrogen and oxygen are respectively. [QY-2018] P
= Molar mass ×
(a) 4, 6 (b) 8, 2 (c) 6, 4 (d) 2, 8 RT
[Ans. (a) 4, 6] 28 g mol −1 × 5 atm
=
Hint: According to Raoult’s law 0.0082 L atm K −1 mol −1 × 500K
Pa is equal to mole fraction of the component. A −1
multiple by vapour pressure = 3.41 g L .

(v) Below the Boyle point, the real gases first show 6. How will you calculate the partial pressure in
a decrease for Z, reaches a minimum and then terms of mole fraction?
increase with the increase in pressure. Ans. Partial pressure in terms of mole fraction : For a
(vi) Hence, the compressibility factor Z can be mixture containing three gases 1, 2 and 3 with partial
rewritten as pressures p1, p2 and p3 in a container with volume V,
PVreal the total pressure Ptotal will be give by
m
Z = (a) Ptotal = p1 + p2 + p3.....(1)
nRT
nRT Assuming that the gases behave ideally,
Videal = (b) RT RT RT
P p1 = n1 ; p2 = n2 ; p3 = n3
co
Substituting (b) in (a) V V V
Vreal RT RT RT
Z = Ptotal = n1 + n2 + n3
Videal V V V
(vi) Where Vreal is the molar volume of the real RT
s.
= ( n1 + n2 + n3)
gas and Videal is the molar volume of it when it V
behaves ideal.  RT 
Ptotal = nTotal  .....(2)
5. Using Dalton’s law how will you determine the  V 
ok
pressure of a dry gas.
Ans. The pressure of dry vapor can be calculated using The partial pressure can also be expressed as
Dalton’s law.  RT  p1 p p
  can expressed as or 2 or 3 or in
Pdry gas collected = ptotal – pwater vapour V n1 n2 n3
pwater vapour is generally referred as aqueous tension Pi
o
and its values are available for air at various
general
ni
temperatures. Therefore
ab
Let us understand Dalton’s law by solving this P n
problem. A mixture of gases contains 4.76 mole of Ptotal = ntotal i = Total pi
ni n1
Ne, 0.74 mole of Ar and 2.5 mole of Xe. Calculate
the partial pressure of gases, if the total pressure is
ni
2 atm. at a fixed temperature. Þ pi = PTotal = xi PTotal.....(3)
ur
n Total
where xi is the mole fraction of the ith component.
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
.s
1. Find the pressure of 5 mole Cl2 gas filled in a 250 × 0.5

w
2 litre vessel at 27 °C temperature. = = 4.296 mol

8.314 × 10 −2 × 350
Given : n = 5; V = 2 litre; T = 27 + 273 = 300 K
∴ n = 4.296 mol.
nRT
Sol : P = [∵PV = nRT] 3. Find the pressure of neon gas having density
w
V
0.9 gm lit-1 at 350 K temperature.
5 × 8.314 × 300 Given : Density (d) = 0.9 gm lit–1
P= = 62.355 bar
2 T = 350 K
w
∴ The pressure of Cl2 gas will be 62.355 bar. Mass of neon (M) = 20 gm mol–1
dRT  d
2. Find the moles of O2 gas having pressure 250 bar Sol : P = ∵ n = 
in 500 ml vessel at 350 K temperature. M M
Given : P = 250 bar; T = 350 K; V = 500 ml = 0.5 litre. 0.9 × 8.314 × 10 −2 × 350
= = 1.309 bar
PV 20
Sol : n = [∵ PV = nRT]
RT Pressure of neon = 1.309 bar

07 Thermodynamics
m
co
CHAPTER SNAPSHOT
s.
Introduction: Work(w)
System Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
 Homogeneous and heterogeneous First Law of Thermodynamics
ok
systems Enthalpy (H)
 Surroundings  Relation between enthalpy `H’ and
 Boundary internal energy `U’
Types of systems  Enthalpy Changes for different types
 Isolated system
o of reactions and phase transitions
 Closed system  Standard heat of formation
ab
 Open system  Molar heat capacities
Properties of the system  Calculation of DU and DH
 Extensive properties  Energy changes during transitions or
phase changes
ur
 Intensive properties
Thermodynamic processes  Hess’s law of constant heat
summation
 Reversible process
 Born haber’s cycle
 Irreversible Process
.s
 Second Law of thermodynamics -

 Adiabatic process
Various statements
 Isothermal process
Entropy (S)
w
 Isobaric process
 Entropy change accompanying
 Isochoric process
change of phase
 Cyclic process
Gibbs free energy (G)
w
 State functions
 Relationship between standard
 Path Functions free energy change (DG°) and
Internal Energy (U) equilibrium constant(Keq)
w
Heat (q) Statement of the third law
[180]

192 Sura’s  XI Std - Chemistry ➠ Chapter 07 ➠ Thermodynamics
Δ°Hf = heat of formation of sodium chloride 53. Calculate the work done when 2 moles of an ideal
= – 411.3 kJ mol–1 gas expands reversibly and isothermally from a
Δ°H1 = heat of sublimation of Na(S) = 108.7 kJ mol–1 volume of 500 ml to a volume of 2 L at 25°C and
Δ°H2 = ionisation energy of Na(g) = 495.0 kJ mol–1 normal pressure.
Δ°H3 = dissociation energy of Cl2(g) = 244 kJ mol–1 Ans. n = 2 moles
Δ°H4 = Electron affinity of Cl(g) = – 349.0 kJ mol–1 Vi = 500 ml = 0.5 lit
m
U = Lattice energy of NaCl Vf = 2 lit
T = 25°C = 298 K V
D°Hf = D°H1 + D°H2 +½ D°H3 + D°H4 + D°H5  
w = −2.303 nRTlog  f 
\Δ°H5 = (D°Hf) – (D°H1 + D°H2 + 1/2 D°H3 V
co
i
+ D°H4)
 2 
⇒Δ°H5 = (– 411.3) – (108.7 + 495.0 + 122 – 349) w = −2.303 × 2 × 8.314 × 298 × log  
0.5 
Δ°H5 = (– 411.3) – (376.7)
∴ Δ°H5 = – 788 kJ mol–1. w = −2.303 × 2 × 8.314 × 298 × log(4)
s.
This negative sign in lattice energy indicates that the w = −2.303 × 2 × 8.314 × 298 × 0.6021
energy is released when sodium is formed from its w = −6871 J
constituent gaseous ions Na+ and Cl–. w = −6.871 KJ.
ok
52. List the characteristics of Gibbs free energy. 54. In a constant volume calorimeter, 3.5 g of a gas with
[HY. 2019]
molecular weight 28 was burnt in excess oxygen
at 298 K. The temperature of the calorimeter
Ans. (i) Free energy is defined as G = H – TS. ‘G’ is a
was found to increase from 298 K to 298.45 K
state function.
due to the combustion process. Given that the
(ii) G- Extensive property; DG - intensive property.
o
When mass remains constant between initial
calorimeter constant is 2.5 kJ K−1. Calculate the
enthalpy of combustion of the gas in kJ mol−1.
and final states of system.
ab
(iii) ‘G’ has a single value for the thermodynamic Ans. Ti = 298 K
state of the system. Tf = 298.45 K
(iv) G and DG values correspond to the system only. k = 2.5 kJ K−1
m = 3.5g
Non- Mm = 28
Process Spontaneous Equilibrium
ur
spontaneous
heat evolved = k ΔT
DG –Ve Zero +Ve = k (Tf − Ti)
(v) Gibbs free energy and the net work done by = 2.5 KJ K−1 (298.45 − 298)K
the system: = 1.125kJ
.s
For any system at constant pressure and 1.125

ΔHc = × 28 KJ mol−1
temperature 3.5
ΔG = ΔH – TΔS ......(1)
ΔHc = 9 kJ mol−1.
w
We know that,
ΔH = ΔU + PΔV 55. Calculate the entropy change in the system, and
∴ ΔG = ΔU + PΔV – TΔS surroundings, and the total entropy change in the
universe during a process in which 245 J of heat
w
from first law of thermodynamics

ΔU = q + w flow out of the system at 77°C to the surrounding
from second law of thermodynamics at 33°C.
q  q Ans. Tsys = 77°C = (77 + 273) = 350 K
w
ΔS = DG = q + w + PDV − T   Tsurr = 33°C = (33 + 273) = 306 K

T  T
q = 245 J
ΔG = w + PΔV
q −245
−ΔG = −w − PΔV ......(2) ΔSsys = = = −0.7 JK −1
But −PΔV represents the work done due to expansion Tsys 350
against a constant external pressure. q +245
ΔSsurr = = − +0.8JK −1
Tsys 306

210 Sura’s  XI Std - Chemistry ➠ Chapter 07 ➠ Thermodynamics
7. Distinguish between reversible and irreversible process.
Ans.
S.No REVERSIBLE PROCESS IRREVERSIBLE PROCESS
1. It takes place in both forward and backward directions. It takes place in one direction only.
2. The driving force for reversible process is small. There is a definite driving force required.
m
3. Work done in a reversible process is greater. Work done in a irreversible process is always lower.
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
co
1. The entropy change in the conversion of water to 4. ΔH and ΔS for the reaction
ice at 272 k for the system is −22.88 Jk−1 mol −1
1
and that of surrounding is + 24.85 Jk−1 mol −1. Ag2O( s ) → 2 Ag( s ) + O 2( g ) are 30.56 kJ mol−1
s.
State whether the process is spontaneous or not? 2
Sol : ΔSuniv = ΔSsys + ΔSsurr and 66.0 Jk−1 mol−1 respectively. Calculate the
temperature at which the free energy for this
= −22.88 + (+24.85)
ok
reaction will be zero. What will be the direction of
= 1.97 JK−1 mol−1
reaction at this temperature and at temperature
∴ ΔSuniv > 0 at 272 K
below this and why?
∴ The process freezing of water is spontaneous.
Given: ΔH = 30.56 kJ mol−1 = 30560 J mol−1
2. Calculate the standard entropy of formation
o ΔS = 66.0 JK−1 mol−1
ΔSf° of CO2(g). Given the standard entropies of ΔG = 0
CO2(g), C(s), O2(g) as 218.8, 8.740 and 205.60 Jk−1 Sol : DG = DH − TDS
ab
respectively. DH − DG 30560 − 0
Ans. C + O2  → CO2 ΔSf° = ? T= = = 463
DS 66
ΔSf°, CO2 = ΣS°compound – ΣS°elements T = 463K.
= 218.8 – (8.74 +205.60)
ur
ΔSf°, CO2 = 4.46 Jk–1 At 463 K, the reaction is at equilibrium

3. The standard heat of formation of H2O(l) from At T < 463 K, ΔG will have positive value hence
its elements H2 and O2 is −290.83 kJ mol−1 backward reaction is favoured.
and the standard entropy change for the same 5. The heat of combustion of solid naphthalene
.s
reaction is −330 JK−1 at 25°C. Will the reaction be (C10H10) at constant volume was −4984 kJ mol−1
spontaneous at 25°C. at 298 K. Calculate the value of enthalpy change.
Given: ΔH° = –290.83 kJ mol–1 Given:
w
= –290830 J mol–1 C10H8(s) + 12O2(g)  → 10CO + 4H O ;

ΔS° = –330 JK–1 2(g) 2 (l)
T = 25°C = 298 K ΔU = –4984 kJ mol–1

ΔU = –4984 kJ mol–1, R = 8.314 JK –1 mol–1
w
Sol : ΔGo = ΔHo – TΔSo T = 298 K

= –290830 – 298 (–330) Sol :
w
= –290830 + 98340 = –192490 Dn = 10 − 12 = −2 mol

ΔG° = –192490 J mol–1 DH = DU + RT ( Dn)
Since ΔG° is negative, the reaction is spontaneous.
= −4984 × 103 J + 8.314 Jk −1 mol −1 × 298 k × ( −2) mol.
= −4984000 J − 4955.144 J = −4988955.144J
DH = −4988.955 kJ

m
co
s.
CHEMISTRY o ok
Volume II
ab
ur
.s
w
w
w
213

08 Physical And
Chemical Equilibrium
m
co
s.
CHAPTER SNAPSHOT
ok
Equilibrium state Equilibrium constant
Types of Equilibrium Relationship between Kp and Kc
 Physical Equilibrium Application of equilibrium constant
 Solid  → Liquid  Predicting the extent of a reaction
 Liquid 
o
→ Vapour  Predicting the direction of a reaction
 Solid  → Vapour Factors affecting equilibrium
ab
 Dissolution of solid or gas in Le-Chatelier's principle
liquid  Effect of concentration change
 Chemical Equilibrium  Effect of temperature change
 Homogeneous equilibrium  Effect of pressure change
ur
 Heterogeneous equilibrium  Effect of inert gas addition

Law of mass action  Effect of catalyst.
.s
w
w
w
[215]

Sura’s  XI Std - Chemistry ➠ Chapter 08 ➠ Physical And Chemical Equilibrium 219
EVALUATION
I. Choose The Best Answer : 4. Solubility of carbon dioxide gas in cold water can
be increased by
m
If Kb and Kf for a reversible reactions are (a) increase in pressure (b) decrease in pressure
0.8 × 10–5 and 1.6 × 10–4 respectively, the value of (c) increase in volume (d) none of these
the equilibrium constant is, [June 2019] [Ans. (a) increase in pressure]
co
(a) 20 (b) 0.2 × 10–1 (c) 0.05
Hint: It is because due to increase in intra molecular
(d) none of these [Ans. (a) 20] force of attraction. Solubility of carbon dioxide
Hint: Equilibrium constant, KC is equal to Kb/kf gas in cold water is increased.
1. At a given temperature and pressure, the 5. Which one of the following is incorrect statement ?
s.
equilibrium constant values for the equilibria (a) for a system at equilibrium, Q is always less than
K1 the equilibrium constant.

3 A 2 + B 2 + 2C 2 A 3 BC and (b) equilibrium can be attained from either side of
ok
K2 3 1 the reaction.

A 3 BC

2
[ A2 ] + B2 + C
2 (c) presence of catalyst affects both the forward
reaction and reverse reaction to the same extent.
The relation between K1 and K2 is (d) equilibrium constant varied with temperature.
1 -1 [Ans. (a) For a system at equilibrium, Q is
(a) K1 =
K2
(b) K 2 = K1 2
o always less than the equilibrium constant.]
K1 6. K1 and K2 are the equilibrium constants for the
ab
2
(c) K1 = 2K 2 (d) = K2 reactions respectively.
2 K
1

-1
[Ans. (b) K 2 = K1 2 ]
N 2( g ) + O 2( g ) 2NO( g )
K
2. The equilibrium constant for a reaction at room 2

2NO( g ) + O 2( g ) 2NO 2( g )
ur
temperature is K1 and that at 700 K is K2. If

What is the equilibrium constant for the reaction
K1 > K2, then

NO2(g)
½N2(g) + O2(g)
(a) The forward reaction is exothermic
(b) The forward reaction is endothermic 1 1
(b) ( K1 = K 2 )
.s
(a) 2
(c) The reaction does not attain equilibrium K1K 2
3
(d) The reverse reaction is exothermic 1  1  2
(c) (d) 
[Ans. (a) The forward reaction is exothermic] 2K1K 2  K1K 2 
w
3. The formation of ammonia from N2(g) and H2(g) is 1

a reversible reaction [Ans. (a) ]
K1K 2

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) + Heat
w
What is the effect of increase of temperature on 7. In the equilibrium,

this equilibrium reaction 2A(g)
2B(g) + C2(g)
(a) equilibrium is unaltered the equilibrium concentrations of A, B and C2 at
w
(b) formation of ammonia is favoured 400 K are 1 × 10–4 M, 2.0 × 10–3 M, 1.5 × 10–4 M
(c) equilibrium is shifted to the left respectively. The value of KC for the equilibrium
(d) reaction rate does not change at 400 K is
[Ans. (c) Equilibrium is shifted to the left] (a) 0.06 (b) 0.09 (c) 0.62 (d) 3 × 10–2
[Ans. (a) 0.06]
Hint: Law of mass action formula.

228 Sura’s  XI Std - Chemistry ➠ Chapter 08 ➠ Physical And Chemical Equilibrium

PART - I
2. Find out the Dng values and write the Kc and Kp
Choose the Correct Answer 1 MARK
m
relation for the equilibrium reactions
1. When Δng is negative in chemical equilibrium (i) Decomposition of ammonia
reaction then : [Mar. 2019] (ii) Formation of NO [HY-2018]
Ans. (i) 2NH3(g) N2(g) + 3H2(g)
co
(a) Kp < Kc (b) Kp = 1/Kc
(c) Kp = Kc (RT)–ve (d) Kp > Kc Dng = 4 – 2 = 2

[Ans. (a) Kp < Kc] Kp = Kc (RT)Dng
Kp = Kc (RT)2, Kp > Kc
PART - II
(ii) N2 + O2
2NO
s.
Answer the Questions 2 MARK Dng = 2 – 2 = 0
Kp = Kc (RT)Dng
1. Derive KC - value for dissociation of PCl5.
Kp = Kc (RT)0, Kp = Kc
ok
[HY. 2019]
[PC13 ][C12 ]
Ans. Kc =
[PC15 ] PART - IV
2. Write the Balance chemical equation for the Answer All the Questions 5 MARK
[CaO(s)] [CO2(g)]
Kc =
[CaCO(s)]
o 1. Why is chemical equilibrium considered dynamic
in nature? [HY. 2019]
ab
Ans. Equilibrium in chemical processes. You may have
Ans. CaCO3 (s) CaO(s) + CO 2 (g )
learnt about reversible reactions. However, this
PART - III equilibrium is said to be dynamic in nature. This is
because it consists of a forward reaction where the
Answer the Questions 3 MARK reactants react to give products and reverse reaction
ur
where the products can react to give back the original

1. Write Kp and Kc for the following reactions :
reactants.

2H 2 O( g ) + 2Cl2( g ) 4HCl( g ) + O 2( g ) [HY. 2019]
.s
[HCl]4 [O 2 ] PHCl 4 × PO2

Ans. K c = , Kp =
[H 2O]2 [Cl2 ]2 PH2O 2 × PCl2
w
w
Choose the Correct Answers 1 MARK 2. For which of the following reaction, the degree of
dissociation (a) and equilibrium constant (Kp) are
1. The Kc for given reaction will be
4a 2 P
A2(g) + 2B(g) C(g) + 2D(g)
w
related as Kp = ?
(1 - a 2 )
[C][D]2 [C ]
(a) K c = (b) K c = (a) N2O4(g) 2NO2(g)
[A 2 ][B]2 [A 2 ][B]2 (b) H2(g) + I2(g)

2HI(g)
(c) N2(g) + 3H2(g)
2NH3(g)
(c) K c =
[A 2 ][B]2 (d) K c =
[A 2 ][B]2
[C ] (d) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
PCl5(g)
[C][D]2
[Ans. (a) N2O4(g) 2NO2(g)]
[Ans. (b)]

09 Solutions
m
co
CHAPTER SNAPSHOT
s.
Types of solutions Positive deviation from Rauolt's law
Expressing concentration of solutions Negative deviation from Rauolt's law
ok
Solubility of the solutes Colligative properties
Henry's law  Relative lowering of vapour pressure (P)
Vapour pressure of liquid  Elevation of boiling point
Vapour pressure of liquid solutions
o  Depression in freezing point
 Vapour pressure of binary solution  Osmosis and osmotic pressure
of liquid in liquids  Isotonic solutions
ab
 Vapour pressure of binary solution  Reverse osmosis (RO)
of solids in liquids  Abnormal molar mass
Ideal and non-ideal solutions
 Ideal solutions
 Non-ideal solutions
ur
.s
w
w
w
[241]

Sura’s  XI Std - Chemistry ➠ Chapter 09 ➠ Solutions 251
PART - IV 3. Write a note on solubility of solute and brief out

the formation of a saturated solution with an
Answer All the Questions 5 MARK example.(OR)
Draw and explain the graph obtained by plotting
1. Define the term solubility and what are the factors
solubility versus temperature for calcium
that influences solubility? [HY. 2019] chloride. [June 2019]
m
Ans. Solubility : Solubility of a solute is the maximum
Ans. (i) Solubility of a solute is the maximum amount of
amount of solute that can be dissolved in a specific
solute that can be dissolved in a specic amount
amount of solvent at a specified temperature.
of solvent at a specied temperature.
Factors influencing the solubility :
co
(ii) When maximum amount of solute is dissolved
(i) Nature of solute and solvent
in a solvent, any more addition of solute will
(ii) Effect of temperature
result in precipitation at a given temperature and
(a) Solid solute in liquid solvent
(b) Gaseous solute in liquid solvent pressure. Such a solution is called as a saturated
(iii) Effect of pressure. solution.
s.
(iii) The solubility of a substance at a given
2. What is the mass of glucose (C6H12O6) in it one
temperature is dened as the amount of the solute
litre solution which is isotonic with 6 g L–1 of urea
that can be dissolved in 100 g of the solvent at a
(NH2CONH2)? [June 2019]
ok
given temperature to form a saturated solution.
Ans. Osmotic pressure of urea solution (p1) = CRT 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
250
W2
= RT 225
M2V 200
3
NO
Solubility (g/100g H2 O)
4
NH
175
6
= × RT
60 × 1
o 150
125
CaCl 2
100
Osmotic pressure of glucose solution
ab
75
W
(π 2 ) = 2 × RT 50 NaCl
180 × 1 25
Ce2(SO4)3. 9H2O
0
For isotonic solution, 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temperature (oC)
p1 = p2
ur
6 W
RT = 2 RT
60 180
6
⇒ W2 = × 180
60
.s
W2 = 18g
w
w
Choose the Correct Answers 1 MARK 3. The blocking of capillaires due to sudden release
of bubbles of N2 gas in blood is known as
1. The example of solid solution is
(a) bends (b) blends
(a) glucose in water (b) copper in gold
w
(c) mends (d) all of these

(c) camphor in nitrogen (d) oxygen in nitrogen
[Ans. (a) bends]
[Ans. (b) copper in gold]
4. Which of the following gas should have maximum
2. In a binary solution value for kH?
(a) solvent may be liquid (b) solvent may be solid (a) He (b) H2 (c) N2 (d) CO2
(c) solute may be gas (d) any of these [Ans. (a) He]
[Ans. (d) any of these]

Sura’s  XI Std - Chemistry ➠ Chapter 09 ➠ Solutions 265
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
1. A solution contains 510g of sulphuric acid per litre 3. A sample of 56g of ethanol is dissolved in 36g of
at 25°C. Calculate the normality and molarity of water. Calculate the mole fraction of ethyl alcohol.
the solution. Sol : Mole fraction of solute
Number of gram equivalents of solute
Sol : Normality = Moles of the component
m
Volume of solution is litres =
Mass Total number of moles of all
Gram equivalent = the compponent in the solution
Eq.mass
co
Molar mass Mass
Equivalent mass of H2SO4 = No.of moles =
Basicity Molecular mass
98
= = 49 No.of moles of ethanol = 56 = 1.28 moles
s.
2 46
510g 36
Equivalencs of H2SO4 = = 10.408 No.of moles of water = = 2 moles
49 18
ok
10.408 No.of mole fraction of
Normality = = 10.40 N
1 1.28
No.of moles of solute ethyl/alcohol =
(1.28 + 2)
(ii) Molarity =
Volume of solution in litre 1.28
= = 0.39
No.of moles =
Mass
o 3.28
Molecular mass 4. What is the mass percentage of each component
ab
510 in a mixture containing 22g of methanol in 112g
= = 5.20 moles of benzene?
98
Sol : Mass of solution =
Mass of methanol + mass of
Molarity = No.of moles of solute benzene
Vol.of solution in 1 lit
ur
= 134g
5.20 Mass percentage
= = 5.20 M 22
1 of methanol = ×100 = 16.42%
134
2. A solution is prepared by dissolving 30g of urea
.s
Mass percentage
in 120g of water. Calculate the molality of the 112
solution. (Molar mass of urea : 60) of benzene = × 100 = 83.58%
134
No.of moles of solute
w
Sol : Molality = 5. Calculate the volume of 1.5N H2SO4 is completely

Mass of solvent in kg neturalized by 35.8 mL of
Mass (a) 2.5N NaOH (b) 2.5M NaOH
No.of. moles = (c) 2.5N Ba(OH)2 (d) 2.5M Ba(OH)2
w
Molecular mass
30 Sol : (a) V1N1 = V2N2
= = 0.5 moles
60 Volume of H2SO4(V1) = x ml
w
120 Normality of H2SO4(N1) = 1.5 N

Mass of solvent in kg = = 0.12 kg
1000 Volume of NaOH(V2) = 35.8 mL
No.of moles of solute Normality of NaOH(N2) = 2.5 N
Molality =
Mass of solvent in kg According to volumetric law

0.5 V1N1 = V2N2
= = 4.166m
0.12
10 Chemical bonding
m
co
s.
CHAPTER SNAPSHOT
Kossel – Lewis approach to chemical bonding Shapes of covalent molecules.
ok
Octet rule Valence bond theory.
Ionic bond Hybridisation
Co-ordinate bond – Bonding in metals  s – bond formation
Bond parameters  π – bond formation
 Bond angle
o Molecular orbital theory
 Bond length  Bonding in homonuclear diatomic
ab
 Bond enthalpy molecules
 Bond order  Bonding in heteronuclear diatomic
 Resonance molecules
Hydrogen bonding
ur
 Polarity of bonds
Valence share electron pair repulsion theory  Intermolecular hydrogen bonding
 Intramolecular hydrogen bonding
.s
w
w
w
[269]

Sura’s  XI Std - Chemistry ➠ Chapter 10 ➠ Chemical bonding 271
FORMULAE TO REMEMBER
ÏÏ Dipole moment (m) = Charge (Q) × Distance of separation (r)
m
ÏÏ According to Linear combination of Atomic Orbitals,
ÏÏ YMO = YA ± YB
co
ÏÏ Ybonding = YA + YB
ÏÏ Yantibonding = YA – YB
1
ÏÏ Bond order = = (Nb – Na)
s.
2
ok
MUST KNOW DEFINITIONS
Octet rule : The atoms transfer or share electrons so that all atoms involved in chemical
o
bonding obtain 8 electrons in their outer shell (valence shell).
Chemical bond : The strong force of binding between two or many atoms is referred to as a
ab
chemical bond.
Ionic bond : The electrostatic attraction force existing between the cation and anion produced
by the electron transfer from one atom to other is known as ionic bond.
Co-ordinate bond : The bond formed between the donor and acceptor atoms is called co-ordinate
ur
or co-ordinate covalent bond.

Covalent bond : A chemical bond formed when two atoms mutually share a pair of electron is
called covalent bond.
.s
Single covalent : When two atoms share one electron pair they are said to be joined by a single
bond covalent bond.
Double covalent : If two atoms share two pairs of electrons, the covalent bond between them is
w
bond called a double bond.

Triple bond : When combining atoms share three electron pairs a triple bond is formed.
w
Lattice Enthalpy : The lattice enthalpy of an ionic solid is defined as the energy required
to completely separate one mole of a solid ionic compound into gaseous
constituent ions.
w
Bond length : Bond length is defined as the distance between the nuclei of two covalenty
bonded atoms in a molecule.
Bond angle : It is defined as the angle between the orbitals containing bonding electron pairs
around the central atom in a molecule/complex ion
Bond enthalpy : It is defined as the amount of energy required to break one mole of a particular
bonds in molecules in their state. The unit of bond enthalpy is kJ mol–1.

292 Sura’s  XI Std - Chemistry ➠ Chapter 10 ➠ Chemical bonding
CREATIVE QUESTIONS [HOTS]

2 MARKS 4. Predict the geometry of BF3, SF6, SO2 and NH3
Ans.
m
1. (i) X, Y and Z elements have 4, 5 and 7 valence Molecule Geometry
electrons. Draw the structure of XH4, YH5
YH3 and H-Z. BF3 Triagonal Planar
(ii) Which of these compounds possess highest
SF6 Octahedral
co
dipole moment?
H
SO2 Bent
H
H NH3 Tetrahedral
X Y H Y H Z
Ans. (i) H H H H H 5. How may lone pairs and bond pairs are present in
s.
H H H SO42– and H3O+?
Ans. SO42– contains 6 bond pairs and 10 lone pairs
XH4 XH5 YH3 HZ H3O+ contains 3 bond pairs and 1 lone pair
ok
(ii) The compound with more number of electrons 6. Calculate the number of bond pairs and lone
on the valence shell, \ is considered to be the pairs in ICl4–.
most electronegative element. Ans. No. of valence electrons in I = 7
\ HZ is the most electronegative element Out of 7, 4 electrons are bonded to four Cl– atoms.
which has highest dipole moment. \ It has 4 – bond pairs
o
2. On the basis of VSEPR theory predict the shape No. of lone pairs = Valence electrons – Bond pairs
of the Ozone. =7–4=3
ab
Ans. The resonating structure of ozone are: No. of lone pair = 3 + 1 (charge on Cl) = 4 electrons
or 2 lone pairs
O O O O O O
7. Does H2O and H2S possess same bond angle?
The central o-atom is considered to have two bond Explain
pairs and one lone pair of electrons (ie) it is of AB2E S O
ur
type. Ans.
Hence it is a bent molecule. H 92.2º H H 104.5º H
3. H3PO3 can be represented by structures I and II The bond angle of HSH is 92.2° and that of H2O is
shown below, can these two structures be taken as the 104.5°
.s
canonical forms of the resonance hybrid representing The higher bond angle in water molecule is due to
H3PO3? If not, give reasons for the same. the higher electronegativity of oxygen (in H2O) than
sulphur (in H2S).
H
w
8. Arrange the bonds in order of increasing ionic

H O P O H H O P O H
character in the molecules; LiF, K2O, N2, SO2 and
O O ClF3
H 1
w
Ans. Ionic character a Lattice energy a a

The two structures I and II of H3PO3 cannot be Charge on ion. size of ion
taken as canonical forms, because canonical forms A non-polar molecule like N2 has almost negligible
differ only in the arrangement of electrons. ionic character.
w
But in I and II the position of the H-atom has been \ The order of ionic character is N2 < SO2 < ClF3 <
changed. K2O < LiF
Hence I and Ii are not considered to be canonical 9. Explain the equal bond lengths of C—O bonds in
or resonance forms. CO32 ion.
Ans. According to experimental observations, the C—O
bonds in CO32– equivalent.

11 Fundamentals of
Organic Chemistry
m
co
CHAPTER SNAPSHOT
s.
Introduction to organic chemistry Detection and estimation of elements in
Classification of organic compounds organic compounds
 Open chain compounds  Carbon and Hydrogen
ok
 Closed chain compounds  Nitrogen
 Hetero cyclic compounds  Sulphur
 Homo cyclic compounds  Halogen
 Alicyclic compounds  Phosphorus
o
 Aromatic compounds Purification of organic compounds
 Crystallisation
ab
 Benzenoid compounds
 Non-benzenoid compounds  Sublimation
Nomenclature of organic compounds  Distillation
Isomerism  Fractional distillation
ur
 Structural isomerism  Steam distillation

 Chain isomerism  Azeotropic distillation
 Position isomerism Distillation under reduced pressure
 Functional isomerism Differential extraction
.s
 Metamerism Chromatography
 Stereoisomerism  Adsorption chromatography
w
 Geometrical isomerism  Column chromatography

 Optical isomerism  Thin layer chromatography
 Partition chromatography
w
 Paper chromatography
w
[301]

Sura’s  XI Std - Chemistry ➠ Chapter 11 ➠ Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry 313
49. 0.32 g of an organic compound, after heating with 35.5 0.287

fuming nitric acid and barium nitrate crystals is % of chlorine is × × 100 = 24.56
143.5 0.284
a sealed tube game 0.466 g of barium sulphate.
Determine the percentage of sulphur in the 51. In the estimation of nitrogen present in an organic
compound. compound by Dumas method 0.35 g yielded
Ans. Mass of solution substance taken = 0.32 g 20.7 mL of nitrogen at 150 C and 760 mm
m
Mass of BaSO4 formed = 0.466g pressure. Calculate the percentage of nitrogen in
Molecular mass of BaSO4 = 137 + 32 + 64 = 233 the compound.
0.466 × 32 Sol. Weight of the organic compound = 0.359
Then mass of 0.466 g of BaSO4 = g
233 Volume = 20.7 ml
co
0.466 × 32 × 100 Temperature T = 15 + 273
Percentage of S in compound = = 20% = 288 K
233 × 0.32
Pressure P = 760 mm
50. 0.24g of an organic compound gave 0.287 g of 28 × v 100
Percentage of N = ×
silver chloride in the carius method. Calculate the
s.
22400 w
percentage of chlorine in the compound. 28 × 20.7 100
Ans. Weight of the organic substance = 0.24 g = × = 7.208
Weight of AgCl is = 0.287 g 22400 0359
ok
143.5 g of AgCl contains 35.5 g of chlorine Percentage of N = 7.208 %
35.5 0.287
0.287 g of AgCl contains ×
143.5 0.284

o
ab
PART - I PART - II
Choose the Correct Answer 1 MARK Answer the Questions 2 MARK
ur
1. In the hydrocarbon CH2 = C = CH2 the state of 1. How would you detect the presence of sulphur in
hybridisation of carbon 1, 2, 3 is respectively an organic compound? [HY. 2018]
[HY. 2018] Ans. Oxidation test: The organic substances are fused
.s
(a) sp, sp2, sp3 (b) sp2, sp2, sp3 with a mixture of KNO3 and Na2CO3. The sulphur, if
(c) sp2, sp, sp (d) sp2, sp2, sp2 present is oxidized to sulphate.
[Ans. (a) sp, sp2, sp3] Na2CO3 + S +3O  → Na2SO4 + CO2
single bond contains sp3 hybridisation, double 2. Give the structural formulae of the following
w
Hint:
bond contains sp2 hybridisation, and triple bond compounds [HY. 2018]
contains sp hybridisation. (i) 3-cyclohexylpentan-2-one
(ii) 2-ethylbut-3-enoic acid
w
2. Many of the organic compounds are inflammable Ans. (i)

because of its : [Mar. 2019] O
(a) Vander Waal's force (b) Co-ordinate nature
CH3 CH2 CH C CH3
w
(c) Covalent nature (d) Ionic nature 5 4 3 2 1

[Ans. (c) Covalent nature]
3. The simplest Ketone is : [HY. 2019]
(a) CH3 – CH2 – CO – CH3
(b) CH3 – CO – CH3
(c) CH3 – O – CH3
(d) CH3 – COO – CH3 [Ans. (b) CH3–CO–CH3] 3-cyclohexylpentan-2-one

Sura’s  XI Std - Chemistry ➠ Chapter 11 ➠ Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry 331
In Text QUestion - Evaluate Yourself

1. ive two examples for each of the following type
G 3. Write structural formula for the following
of organic compounds. compounds [Mar. 2019]
m
(i) non-benzonoid aromatic, (i) m - dinitrobenzene
(ii) aromatic heterocyclic, (ii) p-dichloro benzene
(iii) alicyclic and (iii) 1, 3, 5- Trimethyl benzene
co
(iv) aliphatic open chain. Ans.
Ans. (i) non - benzonoid aromatic compounds :
NO 2 Cl CH 3
1. Azulene 2. Chorotroplone
33 44
44 22 33 55
O 55
11
22 66
s.
NO 2 11 H 3C CH 3
Cl
66
1,3,5-trimethylbenzene
1,3-dinitrobenzene Cl (iii)
(i) p-dichloro benzene
(ii)
4. Write all the possible isomers of molecular
ok
(ii) Aromatic heterocyclic compounds : formula C4H10O and identify the isomerisms
1. Pyroll 2. Furan found in them.
CO
Ans. C4H10 4 Hisomers
10 O isomers
22 22
O
N
o 33
OH
33
11
11
H O
ab
propan-1-ol 1-methoxypropane
(iii) Alicyclic compounds : 33 11
22 2
1. Cyclopentane 2. Cyclohexane 22 O
44
CH2 11 11
ur
CH2 – CH2 OH ethoxyethane

CH2 CH2 butan-2-ol 33
O
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 22
.s
CH2 CH2 22
OH
(iv) Aliphatic open chain compound : 33
11
11
1. CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 n - pentane 2-methoxypropane

w
2-methylpropan-1-ol
2. CH3 – CH2 – CH2OH 1 - Propanol
2. Write structural formula for the following
compounds 11
22
OH
w
(i) Cyclohexa-1, 4-diene

(ii) Ethynyl cyclohexane
33
Ans.
w
55 2-methylpropan-2-ol
33 22
66 44
11
44 22
11
11 33
22 55 66
cyclohexa-1,4-diene ethynylcyclohexane
(i) (ii)

12 Basic Concepts Of
Organic Reactions
m
co
CHAPTER SNAPSHOT
s.
Fundamental concepts in organic reaction  Hyper conjugation
mechanism  Mesomeric effect
ok
Fission of a co-valent bond Types of organic reactions
 Homolytic cleavage  Substitution reactions (free radical ,
 Heterolytic cleavage o electrophilic, nucleophilic)
Nucleophiles, electrophiles and free radicals  Addition reactions
Electron movement in organic reactions  Elimination reactions
ab
Electron displacement affects in co-valent  Oxidation reactions
bonds  Reduction reactions
 Inductive effect  Molecular rearrangements
 Electrometric effect
ur
Functional group inter conversion

 Resonance effect
.s
w
w
w
[333]

Sura’s  XI Std - Chemistry ➠ Chapter 12 ➠ Basic Concepts Of Organic Reactions 341

PART - I 2. The bond length between all the four carbon
atoms is same in 1, 3 - butadiene. Explain with
Choose the Correct Answer 1 MARK
m
reason. [June 2019]
Ans. In 1,3 butadiene, it is expected that the bond between
1. Statement : Chloro acetic acid is more acidic than
C1 – C2 and C3 – C4 should be shorter than that of
acetic acid
C2 – C3, but the observed bond lengths are of same.
co
Reason : Chloro group has +1 effect [HY. 2018]
(a) Both Assertion, Reason are correct This property can explained by on the basis of
(b) Assertion is false, Reason is correct resonance hybrid ,a simple structure in which two π
(c) Assertion is correct, Reason is false bonds are localised between C1 – C2 and C3 – C4.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false Actually the π electrons are delocalised as shown
s.
[Ans. (c) Assertion is correct, Reason is false] below.
2. Write the decreasing order of +I effect :[HY. 2019] 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
H2C C C CH2 H2C C C CH2
(a) –CH2CH3 > –CH3 > –C(CH3)3 > –CH(CH3)2 H H H H
ok
(b) –CH3 > – CH2CH3 > –CH(CH3)2 > –C(CH3)3
(c) –C(CH3)3 > –CH(CH3)2 > – CH2CH3 > – CH3
(d) –CH(CH3)2 > – CH2CH3 > – C(CH3)3 > – CH3
[Ans. (c) –C(CH3)3 > –CH(CH3)2 > 1 2 3 4
H2C C C CH2
– CH2CH3 > – CH3] H H
PART - III
o
PART - IV
Answer the Questions 3 MARK
ab
Answer All the Questions 5 MARK
1. Write the Electrophilic substitution reaction of
benzene. [HY. 2019] 1. Explain with example the Positive Mesomeric
Ans. Electrophilic substitution : Effect. [Mar. 2019]
Ans. Positive resonance effect occurs, when the electrons
ur
A X + Y A Y +X move away from substituent attached to the

conjugated system. It occurs, if the electron releasing
Here Y+ is an electrophile substituents are attached to the conjugated system.
In such cases, the attached group has a tendency to
.s
Example: Nitration of Benzene

NO2 release electrons through resonance. These electron
releasing groups are usually denoted as +R or +M
+ NO2+ + groups.
+H
w
Examples : –OH, –SH, –OR, –SR, –NH2, –O–
2. What are Nucleophiles and Electrophiles? Give one example each. [Mar. 2019]
w
Ans. Nucleophiles are reagents that have high affinity for electro positive centers.
(any two examples)
Types Examples Electron rich site
w
Ammonia (NH3) and amines (RNH2) N:

Neutral molecules having Water (H O), alcohols (ROH) and ethers (R-O-R)
2 :O:
unshared pair of electron
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and thiols (RSH) :S:
Chlorides (Cl–), bromides (Br–) and iodides (I–) X–
Negatively charged Hydroxide (HO– ), alkoxide (RO–) and Carboxlate ions (RCOO–) O–
nucleophiles
Cyanide (CN–) N–

Sura’s  XI Std - Chemistry ➠ Chapter 12 ➠ Basic Concepts Of Organic Reactions 351

2 MARKS (iv) (CH3)3C–CH2OH + HB  → (CH3)2CBr–
CH2–CH3 + H2O
–
CH2=C H is more basic than HC≡C–. Explain
m
1. Ans. (i) Nucleophilic substitution reaction – Br– is
why? substituted by Hs–
sp 2 sp
Sol : CH 2 = CH − HC ≡ C − (ii) Electrophilic addition reaction – HCℓ is added to
the C=C bond.
co
2
Since sp carbon is more electronegative than sp
carbon. (iii) β-elimination reaction – H and Br are eliminated
–
∴ CH≡C is less interested in donating a pair of
from successive carbon atoms.
–
electrons than CH2=CH. (iv) Nucleophilic substitution reaction with
–
rearrangement – OH us substituted by Br–.
2. Why does SO3 act as an electrophile?
s.
Ans. � Three highly electronegative oxygen atoms are 5. Which of the following ions is more stable? Use
attached to sulphur atom in SO3. It makes sulphur resonance to explain your answer.
electron defficient. +
ok
Further, due to resonance, sulphur-acquires a CH2 CH2
positive charge.
Ans. +
∴ Resonance and electron defficiency make SO3
an electrophile. (A) (B)
(A) is more stable than (B).
O O
–
O
o O
�
� Carbocation (A) is more planar and is stabilised

S S +
S +
S
+
by resonance.
ab
O O O O O O O O
–
� Carbocation (B) is non-planar and does not
3. Why is benzylic free radical more stable than undergo resonance.
allylic free radical? � Double bond inside the ring is more stable than
Ans. � The benzylic free radical is resonance stabilised. outside the ring.
ur
It possess more resonance structures.

Allylic free radical has only two resonating
6. Arrange the following compounds in increasing
structures, so it has less delocalisation. order of acidity.
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 (i) CH3CH (Br) CH2COOH
.s
(ii) CH3CH2CH (Br) COOH

(iii) CH3CH2C (Br)2 COOH
w
(iv) CH2 Br CH2 CH2COOH

CH2 = CH CH2 H 2C CH = CH2
[Hint: Inductive effect decreases due to polarity].
4. Classify the following reactions in one of the Ans. � Br group causes polarity.
w
reaction type studied in this unit.

– � As the distance between Br and COOH increases,
(i) CH3CH2Br + HS  → CH3CH2SH + Br–
inductive effect and acidity decreases.
(ii) (CH3)2C=CH2 + HCℓ  → (CH3)2 CCl –
w
CH3 � Order of acidity: III > II > I > IV

–
(iii) CH3–CH2 Br + HO  → CH2=CH2 + H2O +
Br–

13 Hydrocarbons
m
co
CHAPTER SNAPSHOT
s.
Hydrocarbons  Streoisomerism
Introduction and classification Geometrical isomerism
ALIPHATIC - SATURATED Alkynes
ok
HYDROCARBON  Preparation of alkynes
Alkanes  Physical and chemical properties
 Preparation  Uses
 Physical and chemical properties
o
 Uses AROMATIC HYDROCARBON
 Conformation of alkanes Aromatic hydrocarbons
ab
 Saw horse projections  Aromaticity - Huckel’s Rule
 Newman projections  Structure of benzene
 Resonance and stability of
ALIPHATIC - UNSATURATED benzene
ur
HYDROCARBON  Preparation of benzene

Alkenes  Physical properties
 Preparation  Chemical properties
 Physical and chemical properties  Aromatic electrophilic
.s
 Markovnikov addition substitution reaction and

reaction mechanism
 Antimarkovnikov addition Directive influence of a functional group is
w
reaction monosubstituted benzene

 Isomerism  Ortho para directing group
 Structural isomerism  Meta directing group
w
Chain isomerism Carcinogenicity (Toxicity)

Position isomerism
w
[353]

Sura’s  XI Std - Chemistry ➠ Chapter 13 ➠ Hydrocarbons 367
5. What do you mean by conformation? Explain 6. An organic compound (A) of molecular formula
about staggered conformation in ethane. C2H6O, on heating with conc. H2SO4 gives
[June 2019] compound (B). (B) on treating with cold dilute
Ans. Conformations of ethane : alkaline KMnO4 gives compound (C). Identify
(A), (B) and (C) and explain the reactions.
The two tetrahedral methyl groups can rotate
[June 2019]
about the carbon – carbon bond axis yielding
m
Ans. Compund (A) of molecular formula C2H6O is
several arrangements called conformers. Extreme C2H5OH ethanol
conformations are staggered and eclipsed Conc. H SO
conformation. There can be number of other C2 H5OH  2
430 - 440 K
4
→ CH 2 = CH 2
co
Ethonal Ethene
arrangements between staggered and eclipsed forms (A) (B)
and their arrangements are known as skew forms.
Cold dil
Staggered conformation of ethane : KMnO
In this conformation, the hydrogens of both the CH 2 = CH 2 + H 2 O + (O ) 
273 K
4
→ CH 2 - CH 2 + MnO 2
 
s.
carbon atoms are far apart from each other. The OH OH
repulsion between the atoms is minimum and it is Ethene Ethane 1,2-diol
the most stable conformation. (B)
ok
A C2H5OH - Ethanol
B CH2 = CH2 - Ethene
C CH 2 - CH 2 - Ethane 1,2-diol
 
o OH OH
ab
ur
Choose the Correct Answers 1 MARK 5. C- C- C bond angle in benzene is

a) 120o b) 60o
1. The difference in potential energy between c) 45o d) 135o [Ans. (a) 120°]
.s
eclipsed and staggered form of ethane is.

6. The chair form is _______ stabole than boat form
(a) 4 kJ/mol (b) 12.55 kJ/mol
by potential energy ______ kJ/mol.
(c) 2 kJ/mol (d) 44 kJ/mol
(a) More, 44 kJ/mol (b) Less, 44 kJ/mol
w
[Ans. (b) 12.55 kJ/mol]

(c) More, 12.55 kJ/mol (d) Less, 4 kJ/mol
2. Eclipsed form of ethane has higher energy due to [Ans. (a) More, 44 kJ/mol]
(a) Torsional strain (b) Steric strain
7. Which one is not prepared by winurtz reaction?
w
(c) Angle strain (d) Both (a) & (b)

(a) C2H6 (b) nC4H10
[Ans. (d) Both (a) & (b)]
(c) CH4
3. The angle strain in cyclopentane is
CH3 CH3
w
(a) 72° (b) 1°28ʹ

(c) 44ʹ (d) 108° [Ans. (c) 44ʹ] (d) CH3 CH CH CH3
[Ans. (c) CH4]
4. Which one is most stable?
8. In which alkane isomerization will not occur?
(a) Cyclopropane (b) Cyclobutane
(a) C2H6 (b) C4H10
(c) Cyclopentane (d) Cyclohexane
(c) C5H10 (d) C6H14[Ans. (a) C2H6]
[Ans. (d) Cyclohexane]

14 Haloalkanes and
Haloarenes
m
co
s.
CHAPTER SNAPSHOT
ok
Introduction Haloarenes
Classification  Nomenclature
Haloalkanes  Nature of C –X bond
 Nomenclature o  Methods of preparation
 Nature of C-X bond  Physical properties
 Methods of preparation  Chemical properties
ab
 Physical properties  Uses of chloro benzene
 Chemical properties Poly halogen compounds
 Uses of halo alkanes Di haloalkanes
Organo metallic compounds - Grignard  Trihaloalkanes
ur
reagent  Tetra haloalkanes

 Preparation of Grignard reagent  Freons
 Synthetic uses  DDT
.s
w
w
w
[391]

Sura’s  XI Std - Chemistry ➠ Chapter 14 ➠ Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 403
Ans. Cl
Cl |
|
CH − CH3 (A) 1,1, - dichloro ethane A CH − CH3 − 1,1 dichloro ethane
| |
Cl Cl
m
CH 2 − CH 2 B CH 2 − CH 2 − 1,2 dichlloro ethane
| | (B) 1,2, dichloro ethane | |
Cl Cl Cl Cl
Cl OH
co
 C CH3CHO − Acetaldehyde
| | 
CH − CH3 → CH − CH3   → CH3CHO D CH 2 − CH 2 − Ethyleneglycol
| aq KOH |  − H 2O | |
Cl OH 
OH OH
(A) (C)
1,1, dichloro ethane Acetaldhy
yde
s.

ok
PART - II 250°c
(iii) C6H5 Cl + COCN Phenyl cyanide C6H5CN + CuCl
Answer the Questions
o 2 MARK Chloro benzene Phenyl cyanide
1. How is Alkane prepared from Grignard reagent? PART - IV

ab
[Mar. 2019]
Answer All the Questions 5 MARK
→ CH 4 + MgI (OH )
Ans. CH 3 MgI + HO − H 
( or ) 1. Name the reaction used to test primary amine?
∆
CH3 MgI + C2 H5OH → CH 4 + MgI (OC2 H5 ) Write the complete balanced equation for the
ur
Ethyl alcohol methane above reaction. [HY. 2019]

Ans. Carbylamine reaction used to test primary amine.
2. Explain williamson's synthesis. [Mar. 2019] Chloroform reacts with aliphatic or aromatic primary
Ans. Williamson's synthesis : Halo alkanes when boiled amine and alcoholic caustic potash, to give foul
.s
with sodium alkoxide gives the corresponding other. smelling alkyl isocyanide (carbylamines)
CH3 – CH2Br + CH3 CH2 ONa CH3 – CH2– O – CH2 – CH3 + NaBr CH3 NH 2 + CHCl3 + 3KOH 
→ CH3 NC + 3KCl + 3H 2 O
Bromo Sodium Diethyl ether
Methylamine Chlorofoorm Methylisocyanide
w
ethane ethoxide
PART - III 2. Among the following compounds, O-dichloro

benzene and p-dichloro benzene, which has
Answer the Questions 3 MARK higher melting point? Explain with reason.
w
1. Convert chlorobenzene to : [HY. 2019] [June 2019]

(i) Phenol (ii) Aniline Ans. Melting and boiling points :
The boiling points of monohalo benzene which are
w
Ans. Conversion of chloro benzene into phenol &

Aniline : all liquids follow the order
(i) C6H5 Cl + NaOH 350°c Iodo > Bromo > Chloro
C6H5OH + NaCl
The boiling points of isomeric dihalobenzene are
300 atm
Chloro benzene Phenol nearly the same
The melting point of para isomer is generally
(ii) 250°c
C6H5 Cl + 2NH3 C6H5NH2 + NH4Cl higher than the melting points of ortho and meta
50 atm isomers.
Chloro benzene Aniline

15 Environmental
Chemistry
m
co
CHAPTER SNAPSHOT
s.
Environmental Pollution Stratospheric pollution
Atmospheric Pollution Water Pollution
ok
Types of environmental pollution Causes of water pollution
 Air pollution  Microbiological (Pathogens)
 Gaseous air pollutants  Organic wastes
 Greenhouse effect and Global
o  Chemical wastes
warming Quality of drinking water
 Acid Rain Soil Pollution
ab
 Particulate pollutants  Sources of soil pollution
a. Viable particulates  Artificial fertilizers
b. Non-viable particulates  Pesticides
 Smog  Industrial wastes
ur
(i) Classical smog or London smog Strategies to control environmental pollution

(ii) Photo chemical smog or Los Green Chemistry
Angel Smog  Green chemistry in day-to-day life
.s
w
w
w
[416]

424 Sura’s  XI Std - Chemistry ➠ Chapter 15 ➠ Environmental Chemistry

PART - I (i) Acid rain causes extensive damage to buildings
and structural materials of marbles. This attack
Choose the Correct Answer 1 MARK on marble is termed as Stone leprosy.
m
CaCO3 + H2SO4  → CaSO4 + H2O +CO2↑
1. ________ cause kidney damage. [June 2019]
(ii) Acid rain affects plants and animal life in
a) Cadmium, Mercury b) Lead, Cadmium
aquatic ecosystem.
c) Freon, Fluoride d) Copper, Cadmium
co
(iii) It is harmful for agriculture, trees and plants as
[Ans. (a) Cadmium, Mercury] it dissolves and removes the nutrients needed
PART - II for their growth.
(iv) It corrodes water pipes resulting in the leaching
Answer the Questions 2 MARK of heavy metals such as iron, lead and copper
s.
into the drinking water which have toxic effects.
1. Define – Acid rain. [Mar. 2019]
(v) It causes respiratory ailment in humans and
Ans. Rain water normally has a pH of 5.6 due to animals.
dissolution of atmospheric CO2 into it. Oxides
2. Write notes on the adverse effect caused by ozone
ok
of sulphur and nitrogen in the atmosphere may be
absorbed by droplets of water that make up clouds depletion. [June 2019]
Ans. Adverse effect of ozone depletion :
and get chemically converted into sulphuric acid
(i) Any change in the equilibrium level of the
and nitric acid respectively as a results of pH of rain
ozone in the atmosphere will adversely affect
water drops to the level 5.6, hence it is called acid life in the biosphere in the following ways.
rain.
o (ii) Depletion of ozone layer will allow more
PART - IV UV rays to reach the earth surface and layer
ab
would cause skin cancer and also decrease the
Answer All the Questions 5 MARK immunity level in human beings.
(iii) UV radiation affects plant proteins which leads
1. Write the harmful effects of a acid rain.[HY. 2019]
to harmful mutation of cells.
Ans. Harmful effects of acid rain : Some harmful effects
(iv) UV radiation affects the growth of phytoplankton,
are discussed below.
ur
as a result ocean food chain is disturbed and

even damages the fish productivity.
.s
Choose the Correct Answers 1 MARK 4. ______ is responsible for global warming.
w
(a) CO2 (b) NO2

1. Which among the following is a green house gas? (c) N2O (d) None of these
(a) CFC (b) CH4 (c) O3 [Ans. (a) CO2]
w
(d) All of these [Ans. (b) All of these] 5. High concentration of lead in human blood
Hint: Green House gases are CO2, CH4 water vapour, damages
Ozone, CFC gases etc., (a) Brain (b) Liver
(c) Both (a) & (b) (d) Neither (a) nor (b)
w
2. Which of the following is responsible for acid [Ans. (c) Both (a) & (b)]
rain? 6. The pH of acid rain is
(a) SO2 (b) NO2 (c) CO2 (a) Equal to 7 (b) Less than 5.6
(d) All of these [Ans. (d) All of these] (c) More than 5.6 (d) Between 7.0 – 9.0
3. Earth is protected from UV rays by [Ans. (b) Less than 5.6]
(a) N2 (b) O2 (c) SO3 (d) O3
[Ans. (d) O3]

432 Sura’s  XI Std - Chemistry ➠ Chapter 15 ➠ Environmental Chemistry

2 MARKS 6. A person consuming metro water suddenly stated
consuming well water due to shortage of water
1. (i) Name three natural sources of air pollution.
supply from municipality. What effect was felt by
m
(ii) What compound will be formed when CO
him? What could be the cause?
combines with blood?
He felt laxative effect.
Ans. �
Ans. (i) � Volcanic eruptions
The laxative effect is observed when the sulphates
Forest fires
co
present in water have concentration greater than
Pollen grains of flowers
500 ppm. Otherwise at moderate levels it is
(ii) The presence of CO reduces the amount of harmless.
available haemoglobin of RBC because of
formation of carboxyl haemoglobin.
Hb + CO  → HbCO 3 MARKS
s.
2. What is the tolerable limit of fluoride ions in drinking 1. Write the impact of depletion of ozone layer on
water? What happens if it exceeds 10 ppm? plants, human and aquatic life.
Ans. � The tolerable limit of fluoride ions in drinking
ok
Ans. (i) Impact on human:
water is one ppm or 1 mg dm-3 Exposure to UV radiation lead to ageing of skin,
Higher concentration is harmful to bones and cataract, sun burn and skin cancer.
teeth. (ii) Impact on aquatic life:
3. When does the transport of oxygen to different Many phytoplanktons are killed and the
body cells stop?
Ans. (i) Carbon monoxide (CO) combines with
o productivity of fishes are damaged.
(iii) Impact on plant life:
haemoglobin (Hb) of the RBCs about 300 times
ab
The plant proteins get easily affected by UV
more readily than oxygen to form carboxy radiation.
haemoglobin complex. It also increases evaporation of surface
water through the stomata of the leaves and

Hb + CO
HbCO
decrease the moisture content of the soil.
ur
(ii) Thus, Hb will not be able to combine with

oxygen to for oxyhaemoglobin complex. 5 MARKS
(iii) Hence the transport of oxygen to different body 1. List out some methods that you suggest to control
cells does not occur (stops). water pollution in your locality.
.s
4. Why and where do we use freons? Ans. Degradation of water quality by the addition of
Ans. � The main reason of ozone layer depletion is due substances like chemical effluents, metal residues,
to the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CGCs), also sewage, oil, detergent, etc. This called water
known as freons. pollution.
w
These compounds are non – reactive, non –

Water pollution can be controlled by the following
flammable, non – toxic organic molecules and methods :
therefore used in refrigerators, air – conditioners, in (i) Industrial waste should not be allowed to get
w
the production of plastic foam and by the electronic mixed in water bodies such as river, lakes, etc.
industry for cleaning computer parts, etc. (ii) Check the pH of water regularly.
5. Although ozone is heavier than air, it does not (iii) Excersive usage of fertilizers should be
controlled.
w
settle down near the earth why?

Ans. (i) Ozone is thermodynamically unstable and (iv) Oil spills must be avoided as much as possible.
decomposes bask to molecular oxygen before (v) Avoid the usage of DDT and malathion at home.
reaching near earth’s surface. (vi) Waste water should be treated properly.
(ii) As negligible amount of UV – rays reach near (vii) Avoid the usage of non – biodegradable
the surface the formation of ozone near the detergents for cleaning of clother.
surface of earth is rare.

On 21.08.2018, Model Question Paper is released by the Govt. We have given it along with Answer Key
GOVT. MODEL QUESTION PAPER - I

11th
STD.
Time Allowed : 2.30 hours CHEMISTRY Marks : 70
m
PART - A 6. The first ionization energy (IE1) and second ionization
ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS: (15 × 1 = 15) energy (IE2) of elements A, B and C are given below
Element A B C
1. Which one of the following is a standard for atomic
co
IE1 kJ mol–1 2370 522 1680
mass?
IE2 kJ mol–1 5250 7298 3381
(a) 6C12 (b) 6C14 (c) 6C13 (d) 6C14
which one of the above elements is the most reactive
2. The equivalent mass of a divalent metal element is metal?
10g eq–1. The molar mass of its anhydrous oxide is (a) A (b) B (c) C (d) Aand C
s.
(a) 46 g (b) 36 g
(c) 52 g (d) none of these 7. Ionic hydrides are formed by
(a) halogens (b) chalcogens
ok
3. Consider the following sets of quantum numbers (c) alkalimetals (d) inert gases
n l m s
(i) 2 1 –1 3/2 8. Volume strength of 0.5N H2O2 is
(ii) 1 1 1 +1/2 (a) 2.8 (b) 8.4 (c) 5.6 (d) 16.8
(iii) 1 0 +1 –1/2
(iv) 1 0 0 –1/2
o 9. Ionic radius of alkali metals are in the following order
(a) Li < Na < K < Rb < Cs
Which of the following sets of quantum numbers is
(b) Na < Li < K < Rb < Cs
ab
not possible ?
(c) Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iv)
(d) Na < Li < Rb < K < Cs
(c) (i), (ii) and (iii) (d) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
 Z2 
10. Which one of the following is true?
ur
4. Based on equation E = –2.178 × 10–18  n 2  J certain (a) Lithium on direct combination with nitrogen from
conclusions are written. Which of them is not correct? Li3N.
(a) Equation can be used to calculate the energy change (b) Magnesium on direct combination with nitrogen
when the electron changes orbit. from Mg3N.
.s
(b) For n = 3, the electron has more negative energy (c) Both (a) and (b)
than it does for n = 5 which means that the electron (d) Lithium and magnesium form bicarbonates.
is more tightly bound in the smallest allowed orbit.
w
(c) The negative sign in the equation simply means 11. Which of the following correctly represents Boyle’s
that the energy of electron bound to the nucleus Law?
is lower it would be if the electrons were at the
(a) (b)
w
P ( atm ) P (atm )
infinite distance from nucleus.
(d) Smaller the value of n, the larger is the orbit radius. 1
dm −3 V (dm3 )
υ
5. Which of the following pairs of elements exhibit
w
diagonal relationship? (c) (d) All of these

V (dm3 )
(a) Be and Mg (b) Be and Al
(c) Be and B (d) C and Si T (k )
[433]

New Pattern of Question Paper :
Total No. of Questions : 38
1 Mark Questions 15 Nos. : 15 Marks
2 Marks Questions 6 Nos.. : 12 Marks
SURA'S MODEL QUESTION PAPER - I 3 Marks Questions 6 Nos.. : 18 Marks
11th 5 Marks Questions 5 Nos.. : 35 Marks
STD. For March 2019 Public Examination 70 Marks
Time Allowed : 2.30 hours CHEMISTRY Marks : 70
m
PART - A (a) both assertion and reason are true and reason is
ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS: (15 × 1 = 15) the correct explanation of assertion
1. In the third period the first ionization potential is of (b) both assertion and reason are true but reason is not
co
the order. the correct explanation of assertion
(a) Na > Al > Mg > Si > P (c) assertion is true but reason is false
(b) Na < Al < Mg < Si < P (d) both assertion and reason are false
(c) Mg > Na > Si > P > Al 7. In a chemical equilibrium, the rate constant for the
s.
(d) Na< Al < Mg < Si < P forward reaction is 2.5 × 102 and the equilibrium
2. The unit of pressure is ________ constant is 50. The rate constant for the reverse
(a) Pascal (b) Torr reaction is,
ok
(c) Bar (d) all the above a) 11.5 b) 5 c) 2 × 102 d) 2 × 10–3
3. Which one of the following binary liquid mixtures 8. Zeolite used to soften hardness of water is, hydrated
exhibits positive deviation from Raoults law ? (a) Sodium aluminium silicate
a) Acetone + chloroform
o (b) Calcium aluminium silicate
b) Water + nitric acid (c) Zinc aluminium borate
c) HCl + water (d) Lithium aluminium hydride
ab
d) Ethanol + water 9. Statement : Chloro acetic acid is more acidic than
4. Match the list I with List II and select the correct acetic acid
answer using. the code given below the lists. Reason : Chloro group has +1 effect
List I List II (a) Both Assertion, Reason are correct
ur
A Diamond 1 Heterogeneous mixture (b) Assertion is false, Reason is correct

B Aerated drinks 2 Element (c) Assertion is correct, Reason is false
C Distilled water 3 Homogeneous mixture (d) Both Assertion and Reason are false
.s
D Sand 4 Compound 10. The temperature of the system, decreases in an

_______
A B C D (a) Isothermal expansion
(a) 2 3 4 1
w
(b) Isothermal Compression

(b) 4 3 1 2
(c) 3 1 4 2 (c) adiabatic expansion
(d) 2 1 4 3 (d) adiabatic compression
w
5. Compounds having boiling points widely apart 40k 11. Assertion : The spectrum of He+ is expected to be
and above can be purified by ____. similar to that of hydrogen
(a) Crystallisation (b) Sublimating Reason : He+ is also one electron system.
w
(c) Fractional distillation (d) Simple distillation (a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is
6. Assertion : Generally alkali and alkaline earth the correct explanation of assertion.
metals form superoxides (b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is
Reason : There is a single bond between O and not the correct explanation of assertion.
O in superoxides. (c) If assertion is true but reason is false
(d) If both assertion and reason are false

HALF YEARLY EXAMINATION 2019 - 20
11th Register Number
STD. PART - III

CHEMISTRY
m
Time allowed : 3.00 Hours Maximum Marks: 70
Instructions: (1) Check the question paper for fairness 6. Assertion : Critical temperature of CO2 is 304K, it can
co
of printing. If there is any lack of be liquefied above 304K.
fairness, inform the Hall Supervisor Reason : For a given mass of gas, volume is to
immediately. directly proportional to pressure at constant
(2) Use Blue or Black ink to write and un- temperature
derline and pencil to draw diagrams.
(a) both assertion and reason are true and reason is the
s.
PART - I correct explanation of assertion
Note: (1) Answer all the questions. (15 × 1 = 15) (b) both assertion and reason are true but reason is not
(2) Choose the most appropriate answer from the the correct explanation of assertion
ok
given four alternatives and write the option code (c) assertion is true but reason is false
and the corresponding answer.
(d) both assertion and reason are false
1. The empirical formula of glucose is :
(a) CH2O (b) CHO 7. A process in which the pressure of the system remains
constants during its change from initial to final state is
(c) CH2O2 (d) CH3O2
o know as:
2. The effective nuclear charge decreases with increase in (a) Isochoric process (b) Isothermal process
_______ quantum number.
ab
(c) Cyclic process (d) Isobaric process
(a) Principal (b) Azimuthal
8. In a chemical equilibrium, the rate constant for the
(c) Magnetic (d) Spin forward reaction is 2.5 × 102 and the equilibrium
3. What would be the IUPAC name for an element with constant is 50. The rate constant for the reverse reaction
atomic Number 111? is,
ur
(a) Ununnilium (b) Unununium (a) 11.5 (b) 5 (c) 2 × 102 (d) 2 × 10–3
(c) Ununbium (d) Ununtrium 9. Which one of the following is incorrect for ideal
solution ?
4. Water gas is (a) DHmix = 0 (b) DUmix = 0
.s
(a) H2O(g) (b) CO + H2O

(c) DP = Pobserved – PCalculated by Raoult’s law = 0
(c) CO + H2 (d) CO + N2
(d) DGmix = 0
5.
w
Match the flame colours of the alkali and alkaline earth

metal salts in the Bunsen Burner :
10. Shape of ClF3 is
(a) Planar triangular (b) Pyramidal
(p) Sodium 1 Lilac (c) ‘T’ Shaped (d) none of these
w
(q) Calcium 2 Yellow

11. The simplest Ketone is :
(r) Barium 3 Brick red (a) CH3 – CH2 – CO – CH3
(u) Potassium 4 Apple green (b) CH3 – CO – CH3
w
(a) (p) - (2), (q) - (3), (r) - (4), (s) - (1) (c) CH3 – O – CH3
(b) (p) - (3), (q) - (4), (r) - (1), (s) - (2) (d) CH3 – COO – CH3
(c) (p) - (4), (q) - (1), (r) - (2), (s) - (3)
(d) (p) - (1), (q) - (2), (r) - (3), (s) - (4)
[441]

Class 11 Chemistry em Sample Study-Materials - Sura Books

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Class 11 Chemistry em Sample Study-Materials - Sura Books

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

This is only for Sample

(i) Choosing the correct option (ii) Matching

orders@surabooks.com Ph: 9600175757 / 8124201000

8. Physical and Chemical Equilibrium................................................................... 213 - 240

12. Basic concept of organic reactions..................................................................... 333 - 352

14. Haloalkanes and Haloarenes............................................................................. 391 - 415

Govt. Model Question Paper ...............................................���������������������������������������������433 - 435

Sura’s Model Question Paper ...............................................��������������������������������������������436 - 438

Half Yearly Examination - 2019 ...............................................�����������������������������������������441 - 442

orders@surabooks.com Ph: 9600175757 / 8124201000

orders@surabooks.com Ph: 9600175757 / 8124201000

Molecular mass Stoichiometric calculations

Mole concept  Mass – volume relationship

PART II : REDOX REACTIONS

 Combination reactions  Ion-electron method for balancing

orders@surabooks.com Ph: 9600175757 / 8124201000

Government Exam Questions and Answers

4. The empirical formula of glucose is : [HY. 2019] Ex – 2Mg + O2  → 2MgO

orders@surabooks.com Ph: 9600175757 / 8124201000

107.87 g mol −1 Mass of 3 moles of CO2 = 3 mol × 44g mol–1

5. What mass of N2 will be required to produce 34g

Avogadro's number N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3

Mass of 1 molecule of benzene = 12.94 × 10–23 g. 28g = 34g

orders@surabooks.com Ph: 9600175757 / 8124201000

orders@surabooks.com Ph: 9600175757 / 8124201000

1. Principal quantum Radial Angular

number (l) principle

orders@surabooks.com Ph: 9600175757 / 8124201000

present in the 6C13 nuclei ?  [Ans. (b) α–particles]

is/ are correct?

8. Almost the entire mass of an atom is concentrated

orders@surabooks.com Ph: 9600175757 / 8124201000

 Moseley’s long form of periodic  Electronegativity

periodic table Anomalous properties of second period

Nomenclature of elements with atomic

orders@surabooks.com Ph: 9600175757 / 8124201000

MUST KNOW DEFINITIONS

A. E. B. de : A. E. B. de Chancourtois reported a correlation between the properties of the

He intended the term numbers to mean the value of atomic weights.

orders@surabooks.com Ph: 9600175757 / 8124201000

Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom (valence

periodically repeated pattern. 10. How many elements can be accommodated in

In 1868, Lothar Meyer had developed a table of

4. State Mendeleev's period law. blocks (s, p, d and f -block elements).

orders@surabooks.com Ph: 9600175757 / 8124201000

orders@surabooks.com Ph: 9600175757 / 8124201000

Permanent : Permanent hardness of water is due to the presence of soluble salts of

(c) 1p + 2n (d) none of these

(a) H2O(g) (b) CO + H2O 6. Non-stoichiometric hydrides are formed by

Hint: C(s) + H2O → CO + H2 (c) manganese, lithium

orders@surabooks.com Ph: 9600175757 / 8124201000

(A) ( B) (C) (A) ( B) (C)

A Na Sodium A H2O Water

05 Alkali And Alkaline

 Physical properties  Biological importance of Ca and Mg

orders@surabooks.com Ph: 9600175757 / 8124201000

3. The hydrides of alkali metals behave as strong activate enzymes.

(ii) Reactivity of alkali metals with hydrogen signals.

Ans. (i) Sodium hydroxide is prepared commercially

orders@surabooks.com Ph: 9600175757 / 8124201000

orders@surabooks.com Ph: 9600175757 / 8124201000

ÏÏ Vanderwaal’s equation of state P + a  (V – b) = RT (when n = 1)

Govt. Model Question Paper ...............................................��433 - 435

Sura’s Model Question Paper ...............................................��436 - 438

Half Yearly Examination - 2019 ...............................................��441 - 442

 Combination reactions  Ion-electron method for balancing

4. The empirical formula of glucose is : [HY. 2019] Ex – 2Mg + O2  → 2MgO

present in the 6C13 nuclei ? [Ans. (b) α–particles]

 Moseley’s long form of periodic  Electronegativity

Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom (valence

In 1868, Lothar Meyer had developed a table of

(c) 1p + 2n (d) none of these

(c) V ( dm3 ) (d) All of these

 Second Law of thermodynamics -

= –290830 J mol–1 C10H8(s) + 12O2(g)  → 10CO + 4H O ;

T = 25°C = 298 K ΔU = –4984 kJ mol–1

(c) mends (d) all of these

(c) Covalent nature (d) Ionic nature 5 4 3 2 1