New Format Personal Identification Techniques Midterm Revised

Personal Identification
OBE-Based
Techniques
A Course Module for Students
Burauen Community College
For Internal Use Only
ii
Personal
Identification
Techniques
Written and Designed by

FLORENS M. LACAMBRA, RCrim, MSCJ, CCS
JONACILLE P. DEL PILAR, Rcrim, CCS
Florensmlacambra87@gmail.com
Jonacilledelpilardelpilar21@gmail.com
ii
BCC VISION
Burauen Community College shall emerge as
the premier local public educational institution in
Eastern Visayas which is responsive to the needs of
the community, and develops students to meet the
economic, social, and environmental challenges as
active participants in shaping the world of the future.
BCC MISSION
Burauen Community College offers holistic,
and outcomes-based experiential learning to
develop the youth to be responsible individuals with
integrity and service as agents of equality. It will
serve as a venue for the development of individuals
in the areas of academics, research, community
extension, and innovative technology.
ii
Personal Identification Techniques
Printed in Burauen, Leyte
© 2023
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For students who want to purchase additional copies of this module, you may
send your request to locallcollegebcc@gmail.com or you may visit the institution
for an in-person request.
iii
COURSE OUTLINE
Personal Identification Techniques
MIDTERM
WEEK 1 - 2:
MODULE 2: RIDGE FORMATIONS
• Ridge Characteristics
• Rules in Locating Core and Delta
• Ridge Counting and Tracing
✓ Learning Activities:
1. The naming of different ridge characteristics
2. Locating Core and Delta
3. Ridge Counting
4. Ridge Tracing
WEEK 3:
MODULE 3: FINGERPRINT PATTERNS
• Fingerprint Patterns
o Loop
o Whorl
o Arch
1. Identifying major patterns of fingerprint
2. Illustrating the significant patterns of fingerprint
✓ Periodic Quiz
WEEK 4 - 5:
MODULE 4: CLASSIFICATION OF FINGERPRINTS
• Classification of Fingerprints
• Filing Fingerprint Record
✓ Learning Activity: Classifying Fingerprints
WEEK 6
✓ Summative Assessment
iv
MIDTERM
MODULE 2: Ridge Formations
MODULE 4: CLASSIFICATION OF FINGERPRINTS
6 Lacambra and Del Pilar‖ Personal Identification Techniques

MODULE 2: RIDGE FORMATIONS
Content
Ridge Characteristics
• Rules in Locating Core and Delta
• Ridge Counting and Tracing
1. The naming of different ridge characteristics
2. Locating Core and Delta
3. Ridge Counting
4. Ridge Tracing
Learning Outcome
LO2. Identify and illustrate the different ridge formations and their
characteristics and perform proper labelling and presentation of ridge
characteristics. Recognize the significant patterns of fingerprints and relate the
problems encountered in identifying fingerprint patterns.
Learning Objectives
By the end of this term, with various activities, the BCC 2nd year students
taking up Personal Identification Technique will attain the learning objective
with 75% success.
1. The student will be able to explain the importance of knowing ridge
formations.
2. The student will be able to illustrate different ridge formations.
3. The student will be able to determine delta and core.
4. The student will be able to apply their acquired skill in identifying ridge
labeling formation to pattern interpretation.

Midterm Personal Identification Techniques
Course Direct Instruction:
Fingerprint Identification
The identification by fingerprint relies on pattern matching followed by
the classification of certain ridge characteristics, also known as Galton details,
points of identity, or minutiae, and the comparison of the relative minutiae
with a reference point, usually an inked impression of suspect’s print.
Ridge formation is a single fingerprint pattern consisting of several ridge
characteristics. These ridge formations are instrumental in the classification of
fingerprints and in naming or interpreting the fingerprint. Those are little points
of details in the formation of the patterns in which are used in comparing two
fingerprints in order to determine its identity. There are three basic ridge
characteristics: the ridge ending, the bifurcation and the dot (island).
➢ Ridges – are tiny elevations or hill like structure found on the epidermis
of the skin containing sweat pores.
➢ Furrows – are canal-like depressions or the boundary of two ridges.
➢ Divergence or diverging ridge– results from two distinct ridges
parallel and diverge in the opposite direction.
➢ Bifurcation or bifurcating ridge – results from one or single ridge
that separates and forms a "Y" shape structure. The point where the
ridge separates is called the point of bifurcation.
➢ Recurving Ridge - is a ridge which at a certain point in its course,
curves back in the directions of its starting point.
o Sufficient Recurve - is a portion found between the shoulders
of a loop.
o Shoulder of a loop - is the point where sufficient recurves start
to curve or form.
➢ Converging ridges - are two ridges suddenly tending to approach each
other at one point, they may even meet and continue as a single ridge.
➢ Enclosure (Island, Eyelet, Lake, Eye) – ridge that splits into two
ridges then rejoin to make a single ridge.
➢ Fragmentary ridges – are considered in the classification of fingerprint
if they appear as dark and as thick as the surrounding ridges within the
pattern area. Fragmentary ridges are sequences of short ridges
embedded in the furrows.
➢ Incipient ridges – are malformed, thin, short or broken ridges which
appeared in the depression between two well-formed ridges. They may
be underdeveloped or degenerated ridges or tiny strips of the scar skin
which is splitting or frying from a ridge.
➢ Pattern Area - is the only portion of impression with which the
fingerprint expert is concerned when interpreting and classifying a print.
Pattern area is present in all loops and whorls except plain and tented
arches.
8 Lacambra and Del Pilar ‖ Personal Identification Techniques

➢ Type lines – the two innermost ridges which begin parallel, diverge,
and surround or tend to surround the pattern area. When there is a
definite break in a type line, the ridge immediately outside of it is
considered as its continuation.
➢ Focal points – the two focal points are enclosed within the pattern area
of loops and whorls. They are delta and core.
➢ Core – the inner terminus or the approximate center of the pattern.
➢ Delta – the outer terminus or the terminal point of the pattern.
➢ Rod – generally forms a straight line. It has little to no recurve features
and tends to be found in the center of the fingerprint’s pattern area.
➢ Ellipse – is a circular or oval shaped line-type which is generally found
in the center of the Whorl pattern.
Most Common Ridge Characteristics Used As Points of Identity
➢ Short ridge - is an insufficient ridge or limited in length other than the

fragment.
➢ Ending ridge – terminus of a long or short ridge
➢ Dot ridge – is a ridge that resembles a point
➢ Ridge Bridge is a ridge that connects two ridges formation.
➢ Ridge Hook is a ridge that forms two ridges shorter in length than the
main ridge.
➢ Appendage is a short ridge located at top of a recurve, usually forming
a right angle.
General Fingerprint Rules: Within the pattern area of a whorl and loop type
fingerprint enclosed by type lines are found fixed local points known as core
and delta. Delta location and formation will be taken first then followed by core
formation.
Rules in Locating Delta and Core Formation
Rules in Delta Formation

1. The delta may not be located at a point of a bifurcation which does not
open towards the core. To be a delta, a bifurcation must be the initial
ridge formation in front of the divergence of the type lines and the
bifurcation must open up toward the pattern area.
2. A bifurcation is at all times chosen as a delta, if there is another type of
delta formation just equally close to the point of divergence of the type
lines.
3. When a pattern illustrates a series of bifurcation opening towards the
core at the point of divergence of the type lines, the bifurcation nearest
to the core is selected as the delta.
4. Delta location is relatively confusing when several bifurcating ridges
opening towards the core, but the delta are located at the point of the
first bifurcating ridge just in front of the divergence of the type lines.
5. Two legs of a bifurcation will serve as type lines when it opens towards
the core, but it should be so far outside the pattern area that the legs

of the bifurcation run parallel some distance before they diverge. In this
case, a bifurcation is considered as the type line.
Basic Delta Formation:

• Delta as an ending ridge
• Delta as a bifurcating ridge
• Delta as a short ridge
• Delta as a point on a long and short ridge
• Delta as converging ridge
• Delta as a dot.
Rules in Core Formation

1. Cores in a loop pattern are created in a variety of ways, but are always
located on or within the innermost recurving or looping ridge.
2. When the innermost recurving ridge has no ending ridge or rods rising as
high as the shoulders of a loop, the core is positioned on the shoulder of
the loop farthest from the delta.
3. When the innermost recurving ridge contains an odd number of rods rising
as high as the shoulders of said recurving ridge, the core is positioned upon
the end of the center rod, whether it touches the looping ridge or not.
4. When the inner most recurving ridge contains an even number of rods
mounting as high as the shoulders of the said recurving ridge, the core is
positioned upon the end of the farthest one of the two center rods being
treated as though were connected by a recurving ridge.
Ridge Counting and Ridge Tracing
• Ridge Counting is the process of counting the ridges that touch or cross
an imaginary line drawn between a loop pattern's core and delta (Tradio,
1997).
Steps in Ridge Counting

1. In a loop fingerprint pattern, detect the delta and core.
2. Sketch an abstract line between the core and the delta.
3. Count all the ridges that touch or cross the imaginary line drawn
between the delta and core
4. Incipient ridges are never counted no matter where they appear.
5. Fragments and dot ridges are counted as ridges only if they appear as
thick as the surrounding ridges.
6. Do not include in your counting the delta and core.
Ridge Count:
• Dot ridge – 1 ridge count
• Short ridge – 1 ridge count
• Long ridge – 1 ridge count
• Abrupt ending – 1 ridge count
• Bifurcating ridge – 2 ridge counts when the line is across the opening or at
the center of the bifurcation.

• Enclosure - 2 ridge counts

• Crisscrossing - 2 ridge counts
• Ridge Tracing is the operation of tracing intervening ridges and the right
delta. Ridge tracing utilized in ascertaining three groups of whorl into inner
(I), outer (O) and meeting (M) or the so-called IMO.
Steps in Ridge Tracing

1. Start tracing from the left delta towards the front of the right delta.
2. When there is an abrupt end, drop the tracing to the next ridge below
and continue until it reaches the point nearest to the right delta.
3. When the left is a dot, the trace begins on the type line which is the
ridge immediately below the delta.
4. When the traced ridge is a bifurcation, complete the tracing by tracking
the lower branch of the ridge.
5. Identify the tracing whether the ridge flows inside (above) or outside
(below) the right delta.
6. Draw a line from the traced ridge towards the right delta and count the
intervening ridge that touch or cross it.
7. Exclude the tracing ridge and deltas when counting the intervening
ridges.
Types of Whorl Tracing
1. Inner Whorl (I) – is a tracing with three or more intervening ridges.

The tracing runs or goes inside or above the right delta.
2. Outer Whorl (O) – is a tracing ridge that runs or goes outside or below
the right delta. It is outer whorl when there are three or more
intervening ridges.
3. Meeting Whorl (M) - is a whorl pattern having two or intervening
ridges regardless of whether the tracing ridge flows below or above the
right delta.

ASSESSMENT
ACTIVITY #1
Name: __________________________________ Score: ___________
Degree Program/Year/Section: ____________ Date: ____________
Direction: Draw the following ridge characteristics.

1. Bifurcation
2. Ridge Hook
3. Short Ridge
4. Long Ridge
5. Appendage
6. Fragmentary Ridge
7. Ridge Bridge
8. Enclosure
9. Diverging Ridge
10. Recurving Ridge
11. Converging Ridge
12. Rod
13. Enclosure
14. Sufficient Recurve
15. Shoulder of a loop

ACTIVITY #2
Name: __________________________________ Score: ___________
Direction: Locate Core and Delta
2
1
3 4

ACTIVITY #3
Name: __________________________________ Score: ___________
Direction: Identify the ridge count and write the ridge characteristics that
intervene in the line of count from delta to core.

ACTIVITY #4
Name: __________________________________ Score: ___________
Direction: Trace the following pattern and identify the type of whorl pattern
present.
1 2
3
4

Personal Identification Techniques Midterm
Content
• Fingerprint Patterns
o Loop
o Whorl
o Arch
3. Identifying major patterns of fingerprint
4. Illustrating the significant patterns of fingerprint
✓ Periodic Quiz
Learning Outcome
LO3. Analyze the different ridge formations and their characteristics and
perform proper labeling and presentation of ridge characteristics. Recognize
the significant patterns of fingerprints and relate the problems encountered in
identifying fingerprint patterns.
Learning Objectives
By the end of this term, with various activities, the learning objective will
be attained by the BCC 2nd year students taking up Institutional Correction
with 75% success.
1. The student will be able to distinguish between the various categories
of fingerprints that exist.
2. The student will be able to illustrate various fingerprint patterns.
Personal Identification Techniques ‖ Lacambra and Del Pilar 16

Fingerprint Patterns
Friction ridges (raised) and furrows (recessed) occur on the pads of the
fingers and thumbs, creating a unique pattern. Loops, whorls, and arches are
the three forms of friction ridge patterns, each with its own set of variations
based on the shape and relationship of the ridges:
Major Patterns of Fingerprints

1. Loop Pattern constitutes 60 to 70 percent of the patterns encountered. In
a loop pattern, one or more of the ridges enters on either side of the
impression; crosses, recurves or touches the line running from the delta to
the core, and terminates or tend to terminate on or the direction of the side
where the ridge or ridges entered.

Kinds of Loop
• Ulnar Loop – the ulna is the medial

bone. It is a fingerprint pattern in
which the ridges flow or the loop
opening is towards the little finger
side of either the right or left hand.
The ulnar came from the Greek term
"ulna", which means little finger bone.
• Radial Loop – the radius is the inner

bone of the forearm and is on the side
of the thumb. It is a fingerprint
pattern sloping downward or slanting
of the ridges towards the direction of
the thumb, either to the right or left
hand. The word radial came from the
Greek term “radius”, which means
thumb finger bone.
2. Whorl Pattern constitutes 25 to 35 percent of the patterns encountered.

These are circles or spirals in a shape that looks like little whirlpools. In a
whorl, some of the ridges make a turn through at least one circuit.
Kinds of Whorl Pattern
Plain Whorl Central Pocket Loop Double Loop Whorl Accidental Whorl
a. Plain Whorl – consist two deltas with at least one ridge making a complete
circuit of 360 degrees. An imaginary line drawn between the two deltas must
touch or cross at least one of the circular ridges within the pattern area.
b. Central Pocket Loop Whorl - is a fingerprint pattern that possesses two

deltas, with one or more ridges forming a complete circuit which may be oval,
spiral, circular or any variant of a circle. This pattern is sometimes called a
"composite pattern", which means that it is made up of two patterns in one, a
whorl inside a loop (Montojo, 2006).

c. Double Loop Whorl – is a fingerprint pattern consisting of two

separate and distinct loop formations, two sets of shoulders and two
deltas.
Types of Double Loop Whorl:

• Lateral Pocket Loop is a pattern in which
the direction of the flow of the ridges of two
separate loop formations is on the same
side.
• Twinned Loop - is a type of pattern in

which the direction of the flow of the ridges
of two separate loop formations is opposite
to each other.
d. Accidental – is a composite fingerprint pattern

consisting of a combination of two different patterns, such as loop and
a whorl, or a variety of two separate loops and whorl patterns. However,
it cannot be a combination of a plain arch with any other pattern. Unlike
other patterns, an accidental whorl can have two or more deltas
(Yamauchi, 2009).
3. Arch Pattern represent only about 5 percent of the fingerprint patterns

encountered. In arch patterns, the ridges run from one side to the other of
the pattern, making no backward turn. There is no delta, but where there
is the appearance of a delta, no recurving ridge must intervene between
the core and delta points.

Kinds of Arches
• Plain Arch – a pattern in which the ridges
flow from one side to the other without
recurving, usually having a slight upward
curve in the centre, making the pattern
appear like an arch. There is no core and
delta in the pattern.
• Tented Arch – a pattern in which the

ridges flow from one side to the other
without recurving but differ from plain
arch, as the ridges rise higher in the
centre, giving the pattern the appearance
of a tent.

ASSESSMENT
ACTIVITY #1
Name: __________________________________ Score: ___________
Direction: Name the following patterns.

ACTIVITY #2
Name: __________________________________ Score: ___________
Direction: Based on its essential requisites, draw the two types of loop
patterns; four types of whorl patterns and two types of arch patterns.
Loop Pattern
Arch Pattern

Whorl Pattern

MODULE 4: CLASSIFICATIONS OF FINGERPRINTS
Content
• Classification of Fingerprints
• Filing Fingerprint Record
✓ Learning Activity: Classifying Fingerprints
Learning Outcome
LO4. Identify and classify fingerprints.
Learning Objectives
By the end of this term, with various activities, the learning objective will
be attained by the BCC 2nd year students taking up Institutional Correction
with 75% success.
1. The student will be able to enumerate and explain the different
classification formulas.
2. The student will be able to apply the rules of the six-classification
formula.

Classification of Fingerprints
The main goal of classification is to make it easier to store, search for,
and get fingerprint records. When you classify, you put things into groups or
divisions so that you can find them quickly and easily. This case refers to how
fingerprint records are organized into groups of sub-groups for filing.
There are six (6) classifications of fingerprints; Primary classification;
Secondary classification; Sub – secondary; Major classification; Final
classification and Key classification.
Steps in Classifying Fingerprints Symbols used in Blocking

1. Filling out and recoding is taking Plain Arch -A
fingerprints, either rolled or plain Tented Arch -T
impression. Radial Loop -R
2. Interpretation of pattern is the Ulnar Loop -U
naming or interpreting of a fingerprint
Plain Whorl -W
pattern.
Central Pocket Loop -C
3. Blocking - it is designating symbols
Double Loop -D
to the type of patterns that each
Accidental Whorl -X
finger and thumb bears. It only
applies to a loop pattern.
4. Classification
Illustration:
1 2 3 4 5
Ulnar Loop Radial Loop Plain Whorl Accidental Tented Arch
Whorl
u R w x t
6 7 8 9 10
Ulnar Loop Radial Loop Plain Whorl Plain Arch Double Loop
Whorl
u R w a d

The position of the classification line for these divisions, when applied, is
presented below:
Key Major Primary Secondary Sub– Final

Classificati Classificati Classificati secondary Classificati
on on on Classificati on
on
Numerator
Denominator
Six (6) Classifications of

Fingerprints
Steps in obtaining primary classification:
1. Pairing
1. Primary Classification 1st - Right Thumb and Right Index
Primary Classification results 2nd – Right Middle and Right Ring
from the summation of all 3rd – Right Little and Left Thumb
numerical values assigned to a 4th – Left Index and Left Middle
whorl pattern. 5th – Left Ring and Left Little
It appears in a fingerprint 2. Blocking – writing symbols of
chart (10 fingerprints) corresponding patterns.
expressed as numerators and 3. Assigning Numerical value
denominators plus the pre- Whorls of 1st pair – 16
established fraction of one over Whorls of 2nd pair – 8
one (1/1). Whorls of 3rd pair – 4
Whorls of 4th pair – 2
Whorls of 5th pair – 1
4. Identifying the numerators and
denominators
Numerators – right index, right ring, left
thumb, left middle, left little
Denominators – right thumb, right middle,
and right little, left index, left ring
5. Summing up numerical values of whorl
assigned to fingers plus the pre-established
one over one (1/1).

2. Secondary Classification
This classification of fingerprints is subdivided into two: The Capital Letter
Group and the Small Letter Group. It is accomplished by assigning a letter
symbol to the fingerprint pattern.
Capital Letter Symbols
Capital Letter Group.
The capital letter group assigns • Plain Arch - A
capital letter symbols to patterns • Tented Arch - T
appearing on the Index fingers. • Radial Loop - R
The fingerprint pattern on the right • Ulnar Loop - U
index is the numerator, while the • Plain Whorl - W
fingerprint pattern on the left index • Central Pocket Loop Whorl - C
is the denominator. • Double Loop Whorl - D
• Accidental Whorl - X
Small Letter Symbol
The small letter group
Small Letter Symbol
classification only refers to the
Plain Arch - a
patterns: the plain arch, tented
Tented Arch - t
arch, and radial loop. If any or all
patterns appear in any finger/s, Radial Loop - r
excluding the two index fingers, its
symbol in the small letter is
exhibited in the classification line
as:
3. Sub–Secondary Classification
Sub–secondary classification is derived through ridge counting the loops
and ridge tracing the whorl type patterns appearing on the Index, Middle,
and Ring fingers of the right and left hands, right fingers as the numerator,
and left fingers as the denominator. The plain and tented arch is never ridge
traced, nor ridge counted. They are only represented by a dash (-).
Rules for Sub – Secondary Classification

a. For Loop patterns
1. Index finger: 1 – 9 ridge count = I (Inner)
10 and above = O (Outer)
2. Middle finger: 1 – 10 ridge count = I (Inner)
3. Ring finger: 1 – 13 ridge count = I (Inner)
b. For Whorl Patterns
1. A Ridge count of three or more above the right delta shall be represented by "I"
(Inner).
2. A Ridge count of three or more below the right delta shall be represented by "O"
(Outer).

3. Ridge counts of two or less above or below the right delta will be represented
by "M" (Meeting).
c. Arches are represented by dash (-).
4. Major Classification
The major classification is quite similar in derivation to the sub–secondary
classification though it only applies to Thumbs. By counting the ridge in a loop
and tracing the whorl pattern on the thumb, this can be accomplished. The
ridge count of a loop's result is displayed in the right upper corner of the block
where the loop is located, and later expressed by the letter symbol in the
classification line.
a. Rules to be used when both thumbs are loops:

TABLE A TABLE B
1 – 11 ridge counts S 1 – 17 ridge counts S
12 – 16 ridge counts M 18 – 22 ridge counts M
17 and above L
23 and above L
When using the TABLE A and TABLE B, identify first the ridge count of
your left thumb, if your left thumb ridge count reach 16 and below use the
TABLE A. Therefore, if your left thumb ridge count reach 17 and above use the
TABLE B.
b. Rules to be used when both thumbs are whorls:

1. A ridge count of three or more above the right delta shall be represented
by “I” (Inner).
2. A ridge count of three or more above the right delta shall be represented
by “O” (Outer).
3. Ridge counts of two or less either above or below the right delta will be
represented by “M” (Meeting).
4. Arches are represented by a dash (-).
5. Final Classification
The final examination is the exhibition in a numerical figure of the ridge
count of loops and or whorl/s from the two Little fingers. The result of the
ridge–count is exhibited on the right upper corner of the block where found
and placed at the extreme right of the classification line. The ridge count of
the right little finger is the numerator while that of the left little finger is the
denominator (Fingerprint Training Manual).
Rules in Final Classification

1. The priority is the loop pattern in the right little finger.

2. When no loop is present on the right little finger, obtain the loop pattern on
the left little finger.
3. If no loops appear on both little fingers, a whorl pattern on the right little
finger may be used to obtain the final classification, counting from the left
delta to the core. And if no whorl appears on the right, obtain the whorl
pattern on the left little finger.
4. When no loops and whorls appear on both little fingers, indicate a dash (-)
on the classification line.
For the purpose of deriving the final classification, whorls are subjected to
ridge counting as in the loops.
a. A plain whorl or central pocket loop is treated as an ulnar loop.
b. In a double loop whorl ridge count is made from the delta to the core
of the upright loop. Where the loops of the double loop are horizontal,
the nearest core is used.
6. Key Classification
The key classification is derived by ridge counting the first loop in a set
of prints. The ridge count of the first may come from the right thumb or any
other fingers except the little fingers (Fingerprint Training Manual).
Rules for obtaining Key Classification

1. All fingers except the little fingers are involved in this classification.
2. Look for the first loop in the set of prints and ridge count.
3. In the absence of a loop, look for the first whorl and ridge trace.
4. If no loops, no whorls but all arches, the key classification is represented
by a small dash (-).
5. Key classification is placed at the left side of the numerator of the major
classification regardless of the finger used.
Classification of Scarred Patterns

1. When a fingerprint is scarred, severed, or missing to the point where
the general type is unrecognizable and ridge counting and tracing are
impossible to discern, the impression should be assigned the same
interpretation and sub-classification as the corresponding finger on the
opposite hand.
In a partially amputated fingerprint, figuring out the general type
of pattern must be done with some degree of accuracy. Ridges can't be
counted or traced, and if they are on both hands, they should be counted
and traced.
2. If the corresponding finger isn't the same kind, the scarred impression
should be given a good chance of being true and compared to all the
other combinations that could be made with it.
3. When a fingerprint is amputated or damaged beyond recognition,
making ridge counting and tracing impossible. On the other hand, the
corresponding finger is also amputated or scarred; both patterns are
read as Meeting whorl.

Filing Fingerprint Records

The key to proper keeping and managing fingerprint records for
future use is the system by which the documents are filed and arranged
regularly. Before the technician commences filing classified fingerprint records,
he should follow the routine sequencing procedure. Filing means placing a
group of classified sets into their corresponding order before filing or searching
them.
• Filing – is the actual placing on a file of a fingerprint record.
• Searching - is the methodological process of finding the file and
classified fingerprints.
• Fingerprint File – an orderly arrangement of a collection of cards
containing recorded finger impressions of different individuals that have
been classified.

ASSESSMENT
ACTIVITY #1
Primary Classification
Name: __________________________________ Score: ___________

Direction: Classify the following pattern below by using the classification

formula.
Objective: To be able to determine the Primary Classification.
ULNAR RADIAL PLAIN ACCIDENTAL TENTED

LOOP LOOP WHORL WHORL ARCH
(25) (32) (I) (M)
ULNAR DOUBLE PLAIN RADIAL RADIAL

LOOP LOOP WHORL LOOP LOOP
(10) WHORL (M) (16) (28)
(0)

ACTIVITY #2
Secondary and Sub-Secondary Classification
Name: __________________________________ Score: ___________


formula.
Objective:
• To be able to determine the Secondary Classification.
• To be able to determine the Sub-secondary Classification

(25) (32) (I) (M)

(10) WHORL (M) (16) (28)
(0)

ACTIVITY #3
Final, Major, Key Classification
Name: __________________________________ Score: ___________


formula.
Objective:
• To be able to determine the Final Classification.
• To be able to determine the Major Classification
• To be able to determine the Key Classification

(25) (32) (I) (M)

(10) WHORL (M) (16) (28)
(0)

ACTIVITY #4
Fingerprint Classification
Name: __________________________________ Score: ___________

Direction: Classify the following pattern below by applying the classification

formula.
Classification Chart
Key Major Primary Secondary Sub – secondary
Classification Classification Classification Classification Classification

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Personal Identification

Burauen Community College

For Internal Use Only

Burauen Community College

Written and Designed by

Burauen Community College

Printed in Burauen, Leyte

Personal Identification Techniques

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Course Direct Instruction:

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Most Common Ridge Characteristics Used As Points of Identity

➢ Short ridge - is an insufficient ridge or limited in length other than the

Rules in Locating Delta and Core Formation

Rules in Delta Formation

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Basic Delta Formation:

Rules in Core Formation

Ridge Counting and Ridge Tracing

Steps in Ridge Counting

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• Enclosure - 2 ridge counts

Steps in Ridge Tracing

Types of Whorl Tracing

1. Inner Whorl (I) – is a tracing with three or more intervening ridges.

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Direction: Draw the following ridge characteristics.

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Direction: Locate Core and Delta

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MODULE 3: FINGERPRINT PATTERNS

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Course Direct Instruction:

Major Patterns of Fingerprints

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• Ulnar Loop – the ulna is the medial

• Radial Loop – the radius is the inner

2. Whorl Pattern constitutes 25 to 35 percent of the patterns encountered.

Kinds of Whorl Pattern

b. Central Pocket Loop Whorl - is a fingerprint pattern that possesses two

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c. Double Loop Whorl – is a fingerprint pattern consisting of two

Types of Double Loop Whorl:

• Twinned Loop - is a type of pattern in

d. Accidental – is a composite fingerprint pattern

3. Arch Pattern represent only about 5 percent of the fingerprint patterns

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• Tented Arch – a pattern in which the

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Direction: Name the following patterns.

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MODULE 4: CLASSIFICATIONS OF FINGERPRINTS

LO4. Identify and classify fingerprints.

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Course Direct Instruction:

Steps in Classifying Fingerprints Symbols used in Blocking

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Key Major Primary Secondary Sub– Final

Name: ________________________ Score: _

Name: ________________________ Score: _

Name: ________________________ Score: _

Name: ________________________ Score: _