Employing Various Communicative Strategies in
Different Situations: Nomination, Restriction, and Turn-
taking
• Nomination
o a speaker employs nomination to
collaboratively and productively open or
establish a topic
o the speaker opens a topic with the
people they are talking to
▪ the presented topic is clear and
truthful, and relevant
ex. Formal: “Today we will talk
about…”
Informal: “Hey, have you
heard?”
• Restriction
o a restriction in communication refers to
any limitation one may have as a
speaker, constraining the response or
reaction within a set of categories
o constrains or restricts the response of
the other person involved in the
communication situation
▪ the receiver is encouraged to
respond only within a set of
categories, instructions, or
preference that is made by the
sender
ex. Formal: Leave the question for
later, let us listen for now.”
Informal: Please don’t shout.
Let’s talk this through”
• Turn-Taking
o is the process by which people decide
who takes the conversational floor.
o There is a code of behavior behind
establishing and sustaining a productive
conversation, but the primary idea is to
give all communicators a chance to
speak
▪ someone involved in the
communication situation must
be able to recognize when and
how to speak
▪ knowing when to speak depends
on watching out for verbal and
nonverbal communication cues
that signal the next speaker that
the previous speaker has
finished, or that the subject
being discussed is done and a
new topic can be introduced
ex. Formal: “Who wants to share
their thoughts next?”
Informal: “Tell me about it, I’ll
listen”
Topic Control and Topic Shifting
• Topic Control
o it covers how procedural formality and
informality affects the development of
topics in a conversation
o develops a topic by avoiding
unnecessary interruptions and topic
shifts
o allows the participants to take turns,
contribute ideas, and continue the
discussion
o is more commonly formal in nature
because there will be a person of a
higher position, expertise, or influence
who will preside
ex. “Let’s go back to the issue at
hand.”
• Topic Shifting
o moving from one topic to another
o one part of a conversation ends and
another part begins
o works best when there is follow-through
so that a new topic continues to be
discussed
ex. Formal: “Our next agenda
is...”
Informal: “By the way, I
remembered that…”
o new topics can be raised abruptly and
without clear verbal cues
Repair and Termination
• Communicative Strategies
o use to overcome communication
problems in order to convey their
intended meaning and avoid ambiguity
o paraphrasing, substitution, coining new
words, switching to the first language,
and asking for clarification
• Repair
o overcoming communication breakdown
to send more comprehensible messages
o the speaker tries to understand the
receiver and vice versa
ex. “Here’s a clearer
explanation to that issue”
o repeating is a good way of correcting one
self and gives the speaker time to do just
that
o recasting means changing the form of a
message that cannot be understood
▪ allows the speaker to say the
message in another way so that
the listener can understand
what is originally
incomprehensible
 • Termination
o Ends the interaction through verbal and
nonverbal messages that both speaker
and listener send to each other
o is quick and short
▪ sometimes it is prolonged by
clarification, further questions,
or the continuation of the topic
already discussed
Shift in Speech Context, Speech Style, Speech
Act and Communicative Strategy that Affects the
Language Form
Change in any part of the communication process brings
change to the entire process.
▪ change from one speech style to another, one
speech context to another or from one
communicative strategy directly or indirectly
affects the entire communication process
• LANGUAGE FORMS
o deals with the internal grammatical
structure of words and phrases as well
as the words themselves
o can be formal or informal
ex. purchase is formal while buy is
informal
o Declarative (making statements),
Interrogative (asking questions),
Imperative (commands or requests),
Exclamatory (expresses strong emotion)
o refers to the so-called surface features
of language and how these are arranged
o also changed with the change of
vocabulary and strategy
o also shifts depending on the
environment or the atmosphere where
communication takes place
❖ Form
o is the style in which a piece of text is
written (e.g. novel, short story, play,
dramatic monologue, and sonnet)
o refers to the shape and structure of
something
o organization, placement and relationship
between things
❖ Language
o is considered as the vocabulary used
within a text including language devices,
such as pathetic fallacy, personification,
direct speech and metaphor
❖ Formal language
o is characterized by the use of standard
English, more complex sentence
structures, infrequent use of personal
and lack of colloquial or slang terms
• Informal Language
o allows the use of nonstandard English
terms, colloquial vocabulary, and
typically shorter sentence structures
❖ Register
o the technical term for the term for the
form of language
o there are different registers of any given
language depending on the formality of
the communication setting, participants,
topic, and other factors
o may also change because of a shift in
topic or setting
• SHIFT IN COMMUNICATION
o affect the form of language being used
o does not concern the variety of
languages but may take the forms that
reflect the types of sentences (Lander,
2016)
❖ Application of Language form in Speech
Context
o blend of language forms is observed in
Intrapersonal and Interpersonal
communication
▪ both use formal and informal
language
o Speech style (Formal and Frozen):
Declarative then later on shift to
Interrogative in Consultative style
because we are asking for clarifications
▪ for Speakers: shift the blend of
declarative, interrogative and
exclamatory in casual and
intimate style of communication
o language form in speech acts also
changes
▪ declarative for Assertive and
Declaration
▪ mostly exclamatory form in
Expressive Speech Act
▪ Imperative language form when
we give Directives and
Commissive
▪ For Communicative strategies
(Nomination, Turn-taking, Topic
Control) use mixed forms of
Interrogative and Imperative
▪ For Topic Control, Repair and
Termination, we mostly use
declarative and exclamatory
forms of sentences
• Language Structure
o language is a “nested structure”
o human language involves two types of
structures
▪ elements from a finite set of
meaningless “sounds” are
combined into meaningful
 “words” and parts of words,
known as “morphemes”
Affects the Duration of Interaction
• Duration of Interaction
o depends on content or knowledge of a
communicator on certain thing
o also depends on the manner, in speech
context, when we are having an
intrapersonal communication, which
refers to communication that centers on
one person where the speaker acts both
as the sender and the receiver of
message
▪ is short because it is merely
done when we are thinking or
analyzing something alone
o unlike in interpersonal communication,
there is an exchange of information,
ideas, feelings, and meaning between
two or more people through verbal
and/or nonverbal methods
o the duration of interaction when we are
having an intimate conversation with our
family member/s and having casual
conversation with our friends are shorter
than having consultative formal and
frozen conversation
▪ intimate and casual style of
speech use short and
incomplete utterances in which
grammar and proper word
choice are not given importance
o consultative, formal and frozen
conversations dictate appropriate
language
▪ use complex, well structured,
logically sequenced and
strongly coherent sentences
o in Intimate and Casual conversations
can also make long duration of
interaction since the communicators in
these styles are not bounded with the
topic or subject they want to discuss or
talk to
o depends on time
▪ sometimes people are deprived
to express their own ideas and
feelings because other are very
unconscious and unmindful in
taking too much time in
conversation
▪ the length of the answer is only
restricted with the question
asked
Affects the Relationship of Speaker
- it is usual for us to communicate depending on
our relationship with our communicator/s
• Dyad
o occurs between two people and small
group conversations with our friend or
group of friends
▪ as speakers: we more
comfortable to speak and show
our real identity or character as
a person to our communicator
▪ unlike when we are talking to
someone who has authority and
power over us (teacher,
supervisor, pastor) the
interaction is more limited and
restricted when it comes to the
choice of words, gestures, facial
expressions and duration of
interaction
• Formal Speech
o the speaker’s role is to deliver an
important message or information
towards his/her audience
o to look more credible as a keynote
speaker they use formal language (too
much, awkward, and unnecessary
movement should be avoided)
o credibility/ethos: the perception of the
audience that the speaker is well
prepared and qualified to speak on a
topic
▪ two kinds of Credibility:
antecedent credibility (the
reputation that precedes you
before you give your speech)
and consequent credibility (the
credibility you develop during
the course of your speech)
• Audience Analysis
o very important in building good
relationship towards your audience
o involves identifying the audience and
adapting a speech to their interests,
level of understanding, attitudes and
beliefs
▪ when people became part of the
audience members in speech
situation, they bring with them
expectations about the
occasion, topic and speaker
▪ violating audience expectations
can have negative impact on the
effectiveness of the speech
o taking an audience-centered approach is
important as it will improve the speakers
effectiveness if the presentation is
created and delivered in an appropriate
manner.
• Intimate
o used by participant who share a very
close relationship (very close friends,
 siblings, husband and wife, parents and ▪ sources should be up-to-date,
children) reliable and directly relevant to
o the participant share a completely the topic
private vocabulary, making it difficult for ▪ a speaker should cite and use
other who are outside of the group to their own experiences with the
understand topic
• Casual ▪ if you want to appear objective,
o use jargon, slang, or vernacular language you need to show your ideas and
o very common among peers and friends experiences that corresponds
with others
Affects the Following: Role and Responsibilities o Make the topic relevant
of the Speaker o Select a topic that holds a high degree
Communication is divided into elements which help us of interest for you
better understand its mechanics and process. ▪ Listeners who feel at a loss for
topic idea will turn their
- Simplest form: sender, message, recipient (other attention to their own lives and
includes the channel: vehicle which your activities
message travels)
Affects the Message
• Basic Roles and Responsibilities of the
• Message
Speaker
o refers to the information, ideas, or
o The speaker generates an idea
thoughts conveyed by the speaker in
▪ the source of information or
words or in actions
message is from the speaker
o “the message is the stimulus or meaning
and convey the idea into words
produced by the source for the receiver
o The speaker encodes an idea or convert
or audience” McLean, S. (2005)
the idea into words or action
o You need to be clear about what
o The speaker transmits or sends out a
message you want to communicate
message
o Decoding: involves putting your message
• The speaker as a presenter
into a format that you can send, and that
o Prepare the message
the receiver will be able to easily
o You have to adjust for the
understand or “decode”
characteristics of the target audience,
o a key part for having a successful
the dynamics of the situation, and your
message is knowing you audience
particular strengths and weaknesses
▪ failing to understand and
o Be responsible for creating the desired
respect who it includes will
effect in your audience
likely result in your message
▪ Do you want them to be
“falling flat” and might be
persuaded about your advocacy,
misunderstood, dismissed or
or do you want them to be
even ignored
entertained?
• Parts of a Message
• A speaker on whatever type of speech he
o Attention statement
delivers must show
▪ is used to capture the attention
o Credibility
of your audience
▪ must cite reputable sources
▪ “what’s in it for me”
▪ make sure that facts are
o Introduction
accurate
▪ make a clear statement of your
▪ must cover point in enough
topic; this is also the time to
detail
establish a relationship with
▪ it will also be helpful if you help
your audience
your audience identify you (wear
▪ create a common ground with
appropriate and attractive attire)
the audience, drawing on
and relating to listeners’
familiar or shared experiences,
situations, feelings and motives
or by referring to the person who
o Knowledge on the topic
introduced you
▪ must present accurate and
o Body
complete information
▪ present your message in detail,
using any of a variety of
organizational structures
 ▪ it is important to make your
main points clear, provide
support for each point, and use
transitions to guide your readers
or listeners from one point to the
next
o Conclusion
▪ should provide the audience
with a sense of closure by
summarizing your main points
and relating them to the overall
topic
▪ is important to focus on your
organizational structure again
and incorporate the main
elements into your summary,
reminding the audience of what
you have covered
o Residual message
▪ a message or thought that stays
with your audience well after the
communication is finished
▪ is an important part of your
messgae
Speech Delivery
• Speech Delivery
o is the manner a message is
communicated orally and visually by
one’s use of voice, face, and body
o the person must know his/her content,
organize the structure to make sense,
and communicate it in a compelling way
o the speaker should be mindful of their
speech context, speech style, speech
act, and the communicative strategies
they uses
• Nonverbal Cues
o Space (proxemics)
▪ the speaker may or may not be
able to estimate how far the
listeners will be from you or
even how the listeners will be
seated
o Time (chronemics)
▪ covers time management,
starting and ending on time and
allotting time properly to the
different sections of the talk:
introduction, body, and
summary
o Appearance
▪ refers to the speaker
himself/herself because the
audience first sees the speaker
before they get to hear him/her
and listen to what he/she has to
say
▪ formal speech: one needs to
look professional to gain respect
and credibility
o Eye contact
▪ believed to be the most
expressive source of nonverbal
communication
▪ audience contact is a significant
way to involve the listeners and
keep them connected in the
communication+
o Body language (kinesics)
▪ the speaker has to use his body
appropriately, naturally, and
dynamically in delivering a
speech
▪ communicative signals: facial
expressions, gestures, postures,
and body movements
▪ facial expressions reveal the
speaker’s attitude towards the
topic he/she is discussing
▪ head and hand gestures direct
attention or emphasize
reactions
o Voice (paralanguage)
▪ this has to do with how you say
what you say
▪ refers to all its elements such as
rate, volume, pitch, quality,
pronunciation, enunciation,
stress, and pauses
• Techniques and tips to help you deliver your
speech well
1. Use a conversational style more
often
2. Look at your audience members in
the eyes so they will feel that they
are part of your speech
3. Remember to adjust your volume to
the size of the audience and the
venue
4. Vary your rate or speed to keep your
audience interested and to avoid a
monotone pattern
5. Master your voice and find your pitch
level (high or low)
6. Use pauses when you emphasize
the most important words, phrases,
or sentences
7. Pronounce and enunciate words
correctly
8. Avoid fillers or expressions that
substitute actual words in your
speech because these words are
distracting (e.g. “like”, “um”, “ah”,
“uh”, and “er”)
9. Start your speech by standing
straight and balancing your weight
 10. Use precise movements. Avoid o Learn your time limit and calculate your
distracting mannerisms like swaying word count
back and forth, leaning on the o No matter how long the speech, always
podium divide it into five parts: Introduction,
11. Avoid having a poker face or a highly point 1, point 2, point 3, and a
animated face conclusion
12. Dress properly and appropriately o Vary your speaking speed
13. Observe ethics by coming prepared, o Write for the ear rather than the eye
being honest with your words, being o Be brief
polite, avoiding offensive words, etc.
14. Breathe in and out to relax before
Logical Organization
your speech • Categorical/Topical
o the categories function as a way to help
Audience Analysis the speaker organize the message in a
consistent fashion
• Audience Analysis o goal: to create categories (or chunks) of
o entails looking into the profile of your information that go together to help
target audience support your original specific purpose
• Comparison/Contrast
The profile includes the following categories
o this pattern lends itself easily to two
o Demography main points, you can also create a third
- age range, male-female point by giving basic information about
ratio, educational what is being compared and what is
background and being contrasted
affiliations or degree • Chronological
program taken, o places the main idea in the time order in
nationality, economic which items appear – whether backward
status, and academic or or forward
corporate designations • Causal
o Situation o is used to explain cause-and-effect
- time, venue, occasion, relationships
and size o your speech will have two basic main
o Psychology points: cause and effect
- values, beliefs, • Problem-Cause-Solutions
attitudes, cultural and o you describe a problem, identify what
racial ideologies and you believe is causing the problem, and
needs then recommend a solution to correct
o Interest and knowledge the problem
- uniqueness of the
speaker’s topic and Word Choice
general amount of • Word Choice
information that the o a word is the simplest part of any
audience possesses on language
a topic o communicating or delivering ideas or
Principles and Effective Speech Writing: Duration of thoughts, one must use a proper word
Speech o is a person’s choice or selection of
words
• Duration o there are many factors which determine
o The length of the time that something or compel a person for a word choice
continues- in this case your speech o is an important part of any
o the speaker should speak depending on communication
a wide range of factors o is a manner in which something is
▪ the audience expressed in words
▪ the subject matter o is the style of expression
▪ your role • Factors that Influence Good Word Choice
▪ the mood o Meaning
• Five Ways to Write a Better Speech ▪ words can be chosen for either
considering Duration their denotive meaning (the
 definition you’d find in a
dictionary) or the connotative
meaning like the emotions,
circumstances, or descriptive
variations the word evokes
o Specificity
▪ words that are concrete rather
than abstract is more powerful
in certain types of writing,
specifically academic works
and works of nonfiction
▪ abstract words can be powerful
when creating poetry, fiction, or
persuasive rhetoric
o Audience
▪ is the person or persons for
whom a piece of work is
intended
o Level of Dictation
▪ directly relates to the intended
audience
▪ is classified into four levels of
language
a. Formal – denotes serious
discourse
b. Informal – denotes relaxed
but polite conversation
c. Colloquial – denotes
language in everyday usage
d. Slang – denotes new, often
highly informal words and
phrases that evolve as a
result sociolinguistic
constructs (age, class,
wealth status, ethnicity,
nationality, and regional
dialects)
o Tone
▪ is an author’s attitude toward a
topic
▪ is a powerful tool that writers
use to achieve a desired goal or
purpose
o Style
▪ is an essential element int eh
style of any writer
▪ audience may play a role in the
stylistic choices a writer makes
▪ is the unique voice that sets one
writer apart from another
• Word Selection for Composition
o Appropriate word choice allows
students to display their knowledge, not
“Achieving grammatical correctness is a matter of both
just about English, but with regard to any
knowledge—how to recognize and avoid errors—and
given field
timing: when to narrow your focus to proofreading” David
o Six Principles of Word Choice
Rosenwasser and Jill Stephen (Writing Analytically,
▪ Choose understandable words
2012)
▪ Use specific, precise words
▪ Choose strong words
▪ Emphasize positive words
▪ Avoid overused words
▪ Avoid obsolete words
• Importance of Word Choice
o Being a speaker, you must develop the
habit of using correct words
o If you use an incorrect word, the
message you deliver will not be
understood as it meant to be
o Incorrect word choice leads to the
misunderstanding among the audience
o Sometimes makes a situation awkward
and unclear
o an incorrect word makes no sense
o correct word choice increases the
impact on one’s mind
o reveals the attitude of a person
• Ways of Improving the Choices of Words
o Focus on the tone of diction or
communication
o Pick words that match with the tone
o Use a dictionary or thesaurus for finding
synonyms and antonyms
o Focus on the age-group of the audience
o Improve your vocabulary
o Learn some metaphors
o Learning the meaning of the words as
much as you can
o Use new words in sentences for practice
o Differentiate between parts of speech.
▪ Learn the difference between
the words used as a noun,
adverbs, verbs or adjective
o Avoid redundancies
o Avoid awkward, vague and unclear word
o Do not use the word only because
others are using it
o Replace general words with more
specific ones
o Learn to use a single word in different
situations to give different meaning
o Use bias-free language or word
o Use politically correct words
o Try to use words clearly and only when
needed
o Try to simplify your content or writing
before delivering
o Use proper diction
o Avoid slang
o Avoid jargon practice a lot
Grammatical Correctness
• Common Errors in Grammar and Punctuation
1. Indefinite referents
o avoid using “it”, “there”, and
“this” when no specific
referent precedes
2. Shifts in person or point of view
o be consistent with the use
of “you”, “they”, and “I”
o each of these pronouns
represents different point of
view
a. First person: I, me, we, us
b. Second person: you
c. Third person: her, him, he,
she, they, them 7. Comma splices
3. Such as
o Examples should be
introduced by “such as”
rather than by “like”
4. Lack of Agreement
o two parts of a sentence do
not agree in kind
o lack of agreement in student
papers occurs in a variety of
ways:
a. noun and verb – a
plural noun may not
agree in number 8. Punctuation
with the singular
verb (vice versa)
b. nouns and
pronouns – a
pronoun may not
agree with its
antecedent noun
5. Critical differences
o Certain words are similar in
meaning to each other but
are used in slightly different
ways
a. “Less and fewer” –
are different. If you
can count it, use
“fewer”; if not, use
“less”
b. “Like and As” – are
used to indicate
comparisons, but
the former
precedes a noun
phrase while the
latter is used before
a verbal expression
c. No such word
d. Quote (verb) and
Quotation (noun)
e. Which () and That
should not be used
interchangeably
6. Sentences
o sentence errors include use
of incomplete sentences
(marked as “sentence
fragment” or “frag”), run-on
sentences, and comma
splices
a. Incomplete sentences –
consists of a subject and a
predicate
b. Run-on sentences – is
actually two or more
sentences run together
without punctuation
o are like run-on sentences
except that the writer
places a comma between
the two clauses
o commas cannot connect
two independent clauses
unless a conjunction (“and”
or “but”) also is used
o usually a semi-
colon can repair a
sentence with a
comma splice
o Helps convey the precise
meaning of a sentence – an
in fact can even change the
meaning,
a. Comma – tells the
reader to pause and
assimilate information.
Also used to separate
the items in a series
b. Colon – introduces a list
or a summation. It can
also be used to link an
idea that has been
introduced in an
independent clause
c. End punctuation –
period, question mark,
and exclamation mark
(denotes the end of a
sentence)
d. Parentheses – enclose
words that are not
directly related to the
main thought of the
sentence but provide
important information,
or to provide examples
e. Dash – signals a sudden
change of thought or
break in a sentence.
Can also be used in
 place of parentheses to
emphasize information
f. Apostrophe – indicates
that letters are missing
from a contraction, or
show possession
9. Capitalization
o helps convey information
o the first word of every
sentence is capitalized,
signaling that a new
sentence has begun
Articulation and Modulation
• Articulation
o you modify the sound by movement of
the teeth, tongue, and lips into
recognizable patterns
o refers to the speaker’s skill in
pronouncing the words of the speech
since clear diction effectively transmits
the message
o the act of vocal expression; utterance or
enunciation
a. breathing (you get air into a storage
chamber)
b. phonation (process by which you
force air into vibration by the action
of the vocal folds)
c. resonation (your mouth, nose and
throat cavities amplify the sound so
you can hear it)
d. articulation (modify the sound by the
movement of the teeth, tongue, and
the lips into recognizable patterns)
o the formation of clear and distinct
sounds in speech
o incredibly important during a speech
delivery
• Voice Modulation
o is the skill which helps you to emotion
into the message you want to convey
o helps decorate your sentence with the
expression, proper emotions and perfect
use of the pitch
o is when you control or adjust your voice
(louder or softer, faster or slower,
dramatic or emotional)
▪ it’s a change in stress, pitch,
loudness, or tone o the voice
and an inflection of the voice
that gives your voice mood
meaning and sounds attractive
o without voice modulation you would
speak in a continuous, monotonous
pitch or tone
• Things to keep in mind to grip your audience
with voice modulation
1. Emphasis
o putting a pressure on keywords,
syllables to provide contrast to
words in bringing out the desired
meaning
o allows to sound clear and
attractive
2. Pauses
o providing a few pauses can
greatly improve the impact of a
speech
3. Volume
o plays a key role in the clarity of
your speech and is an easy way
to modulate your vocal tones
4. Pace or Speech Speed
o changing pace from slow to fast
or vice-versa is required
depending on the situation
o always be at speed that the
listener can understand
o delivering the speech with the
right pace within your comfort
zone is the goal
5. Inflection
o the ups and downs of words
o combining inflections links
meaning and feeling with words
o level inflection: will sound dull
and monotonous
o upward inflection: a manner
that provokes a response from
your audience or listener. End
your sentence on a higher note
o downward inflection: state a
fact or make a statement that
showcases confidence and
certainty, end your sentence on
a lower note
6. Power
o always try to create sound
coming from your abdomen and
not from your throat and nasal
o make it sound commanding by
putting intensity on the voice
Stage Presence
• Stage Fright
o is the feeling of being afraid to speak or
perform in front of the crowd
o the feeling of anxiety that we feel even
before the actual talk or performance
• Steps in Obtaining stage presence
1) Preparation
o Preparations before the actual stage
act or performance is extremely
important
 o tips in preparation: • Gestures and Movements
i. Plan your performance – it o Gestures: involves the use of your arms
allows you to consider the and hands to express yourself more
possible outcomes of your o Movements: how you move your body
performance. Gives you a from one location point to another
direction, reduces possible
mistakes, and give you the Rapport with the Audience
freedom to do whichever
• Rapport
you really wanted to do
o is simply defined as the trust and
ii. Believe and Be Confident –
connection that a speaker creates with
you may not be as bad as
his/her audience
you think in being a speaker
o necessary to build rapport in public
iii. Know you speech, be
speaking specifically if the goal is to
interested and passionate
influence the emotions and way of
– you become more
thinking of the audience
confident when you know
o a good rapport makes the speaker exude
what you are saying
credibility and confidence
iv. Practice to perfect – run
o without rapport, your audience will not
through your plans and
be engaged and will find a hard time
practice your speech again
connecting to your speech
and again
• Establish a good rapport
v. Simplify
1) Make a good first impression
vi. Learn to collaborate
o Dress appropriately, look
2) Performance Proper
pleased, clean, and organized
i. Stay Positive and Stay
o Demonstrate friendliness and
Focused – your mood can
sincerity through your actions
greatly affect your
and statements
performance
2) Have an accommodating body
ii. Observe the audience and
language
observe yourself – do not
o your body language should
be disturbed or dismayed
demonstrate warmth
when the audience does not
3) Use a lower rate of speech
show interest on your
o put your audience at ease
speech
4) Make the audience the focus of your
3) Post-Performance
presentation
i. Evaluate speech after the
o ask and interact with your
performance
audience at the start of your
ii. Ask feedback, comments
speech
and suggestions from
5) Reveal some vulnerability
others
o you should trust your audience
Facial Expressions, Gestures and Movements for them to trust you back
6) Manage expectations
• Facial Expression o Present an outline of what the
o is the aspect and general appearance of audience should look forward to
the face in your speech for them to know
o is important in speech because it what to expect
conveys nonverbal messages along with 7) Manage the energy levels
the words that people hear from the o When the speech is too long and
speaker dragging, the energy lowers and
o help the audience understand the mood rapport breaks
of the speech and the feelings of the
speaker
o adding facial expression makes the
speaker more entertaining and helps
maintain audience attention throughout
the speech
• Eye Contact
o is how the speaker gazes the audience
members