Experiment # 03

Dependent Source
RNEW 320

Submitted To: Prof. Wang

Submitted By:
Rakan Althaqfi A00627734

Rayan Althaqafi A00628755

Abdullah Alharbi A00616582

Abdulrahman Alazmi A00625308

 Experiment#03
Abstraction:

In this lab we will design the Circuit using dependent source and verify the circuit using the
equations and the Multisim simulation. This experiment allows us to understand how to Design a
Circuit using dependent source. Multisim environment is used to monitor the overall behavior of
the circuit and results are plotted using oscilloscope. We can also make the Exponential function
circuits using the RC and RL circuits.

Objective:

The objective of this experiment is to begin to become familiar with the properties and uses of
the dependent source in circuits and engineering in general.

Equipment’s Required:

 Resistors
 Connecting wires
 Bread board
 Oscilloscope
 Power supply

Software Required:

1. Multisim

Introduction:

A dependent source is a voltage or current source whose output is controlled by a voltage or

current in a different part of the circuit. As a result, there are four possible types of dependent
sources: a current-controlled voltage source (CCVS), a voltage-controlled voltage source
(VCVS), a current-controlled current source (CCCS), and a voltage controlled current source
(VCCS). The properties of these dependent sources are very different from those of the
independent sources described in Chapter 2. The output voltage (current) of an independent
voltage (current) source is a specified value that does not depend on the circuit to which it is
connected. To distinguish between the two types of sources, the dependent sources are
represented by the diamond symbols in Figure 4–1, in contrast to the circle symbols used for
independent sources.
Dependent source circuit symbols: (a) Block diagram of a gain stage. (b) Current-controlled
voltage source. (c) Voltage-controlled voltage source. (d) Current controlled current source. (e)
Voltage-controlled current source.

A linear dependent source is one whose output is proportional to the controlling voltage or
current. The defining relationship for dependent sources in Figure 4–1 are all of the form y = Kx,
where x is the controlling variable, y is the source output variable, and K is the proportionality
factor. Each type of dependent source is characterized by a proportionality factor, either μ, β, r,
or g. These parameters are often called simply the gain of the controlled source. Strictly
speaking, the parameters μ and β are dimensionless quantities called the voltage gain and current
gain, respectively. The parameter r has the dimensions of ohms and is called the trans resistance,
a contraction of transfer resistance. The parameter g is called transconductance and has the
dimensions of siemens. Although dependent sources are elements used in circuit analysis, they
are conceptually different from the other circuit elements we have studied. The linear resistor
and ideal switch are models of actual devices called resistors and switches. However, you will
not find dependent sources listed in electronic part catalogs. For this reason, dependent sources
are more abstract, since they are not modelling of identifiable physical devices. Dependent
sources are used in combination with other circuit elements to create models of active devices

Turning off the independent source affects the dependent source.

A voltage source acts as a short circuit when it is turned off. Likewise, a current source behaves
as an open circuit when it is turned off. The same results apply to dependent sources, with one
important difference. Dependent sources cannot be turned on and off individually because they
depend on excitation supplied by independent sources. Some consequences of this dependency
are illustrated in Figure 4–2. When the independent current source is turned on, KCL requires
thati 1=i s. Through controlled source action, the current controlled voltage source is on and its
output is

v o=r i 1=r i s

When the independent current source is i s=0, it acts as an open circuit and KCL requires that
i 1=0. The dependent source is now off and its output is v o=r i 1=0

When the independent current source is off, the dependent voltage source acts as a short circuit.
In other words, turning the independent source on and off turns the dependent source on and off
as well. We must be careful when applying the superposition principle and Thevenin’s theorem
to active circuits, since the state of a dependent source depends on the excitation supplied by
independent sources. To account for this possibility, we modify the superposition principle to
state that the response due to all independent sources acting simultaneously is equal to the sum
of the responses due to each independent source acting one at a time.
Procedure:

Using Exponential Source:

 Build a circuit as illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure: Circuit using voltage-controlled voltage dependent source

 Run Select “National Instruments” – “Circuit Design Suite” - Multisim
 Select “place” – “components”
 Apply a Ac source with the voltage equal to 120V.
 Add a resistor as load to test the behavior of the dependent voltage source at output.
 Select the transient analysis from the simulate and analysis button to check the transient
response of the circuit.
 Analyze the output curve

Schematic

Figure: Circuit using voltage-controlled voltage dependent source

Results:

Figure: Output Curve

Conclusion:

To conclude it is stated that the dependent source does not rely on the input for its output power.
Yes, the input provides the signal that will be amplified or attenuated by the dependent source,
but the output power is obtained from a secondary source driving the dependent source that
makes all this possible.

References:

1. https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/dccircuits/voltage-source.html
2. https://ultimateelectronicsbook.com/dependent-sources/
3. https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Circuit_Theory/Dependent_sources
4. TheAnalysisandDesignofLinearCircuits8thEditionByRolandEThomas.pdf