National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences

School of Engineering Islamabad Campus

Serial No:
EE2004-Electrical Network
Sessional I Exam
Analysis Total Time: 1 Hour
Tuesday 26 Sep, 2023 Total Marks: 80
Course Instructor
________________
Azhar S. Rauf Signature of Invigilator

_ S O L U T I O N _____________ _______ __________ _____________________

Student Name Roll No Section Signature

DO NOT OPEN THE QUESTION BOOK OR START UNTIL INSTRUCTED.

Instructions:
1. Verify at the start of the exam that you have a total of four (4) questions printed
on ten (10) pages including this title page.
2. Attempt all questions in the question-book and in the given order.
3. The exam is closed books, closed notes. Please see that the area in your threshold
is free of any material classified as ‘useful in the paper’ or else there may be a
charge of cheating.
4. Read the questions carefully for clarity of context and understanding of meaning
and make assumptions wherever required, for neither the invigilator will address
your queries, nor the teacher/examiner will come to the examination hall for any
assistance.
5. Fit in all your answers in the provided space. You may use extra space on the last
page if required. If you do so, clearly mark the question/part number on that
page to avoid confusion.
6. Use only your own stationery and calculator. If you do not have your own
calculator, use manual calculations.
7. Use only permanent ink pens. Only the questions attempted with permanent ink
pens will be considered. Any part of paper done in lead pencil cannot be claimed
for rechecking.

Q-1 Q-2 Q-3 Q-4 Total

Total Marks 20 20 20 20 80

Marks Obtained

Assessment of CLO CLO 1 CLO 1 CLO 2 CLO 2

Vetted By: ____________________________Vetter Signature: ____________________

 National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
School of Engineering Islamabad Campus
Q1.
CLO-01: Apply the concept of Phasor in single- & poly-phase sinusoidal systems in steady-
state. (Application)

Answer the questions below. Be brief, but technical and specific. [20]
[1 each, except where indicated otherwise]

a) Graphically show on complex number plane that . May use arrows as indicators to prove
your point and explain briefly.

The number may be written in polar form as and . Both result in .

b) Explain what is and what is not a phasor.

It is a rotating vector with no time present. Not all complex

numbers are phasors, only voltage and current are phasors.

c) Why do we use the phasor transform method for circuit analysis?

For ease of calculation/determination: time domain integro-differential equations become

simple algebraic equations when phasors are employed.

MISTAKE(S): Not specific enough – easy to solve!

d) What are the limitations of the results obtained by the phasor transform method?

Results obtained are only SSS (sinusoidal steady state). Transient response is not obtained by
this method.

MISTAKE(S): Not reading question carefully – it is asking about results obtained! Not
limitations of circuit or method to solve!

e) What is the problem encountered when dealing with two sources of different frequencies in
a single circuit?

Multiple different frequency sources present in a circuit affect their impedance values. Also,
the addition of different frequencies in a circuit does not yield sinusoidal signals.

MISTAKE(S): Cannot add! You can add sources of different frequencies; it is just that the
resultant will not be a sinusoidal signal!

f) What does a phasor diagram represent?

Voltage/current relationship in a circuit – namely, graphical representation of Ohm’s Law,

KCL and KVL.

g) Given a current phasor I = Ieff<-62o, express it in time domain if = 500 rad/sec. [2]

Sessional I Exam Fall-2023 Semester Page 2 of 5

 National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
School of Engineering Islamabad Campus

h) Given Y = 5 + j60 Ʊ, find its resistance and reactance. Which types of circuit elements does Y
represent? [3]

Resistance = 1.379 mΩ (resistor)

Reactance = 16.551 mF (capacitor)

i) Express 2 - j4 in exponential, polar, and cartesian forms? [3]

Exponential: 4.47
polar: 4.47<
cartesian: 2-j4

j) Draw the time domain representation (accurate to two digits of precision) of the below
frequency domain circuit given the frequency of the network is 36.13 kHz. [3]

55.25 µF

88.34 mH 8.83 µF

MISTAKE(S): Not using suffixes!

No 2-digit precision!
Negative capacitance values!

k) Draw a phasor diagram representing voltage (V) across, current IC through a capacitor, and
current IL through an inductor. L and C are connected in parallel. [3]

MISTAKE(S): Separate diagram for each element!

Not recognizing V as common!
Not taking V as reference (0o line)!

Sessional I Exam Fall-2023 Semester Page 3 of 5

 National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
School of Engineering Islamabad Campus
Q2.
CLO-01: Apply the concept of Phasor in single- & poly-phase sinusoidal systems in steady-
state. (Application)

Answer the questions below. Be brief, but technical and specific. [20]
[1 each, except where indicated otherwise]

1. What is the concept behind “root mean square” voltage when discussing sinusoidal sources?

RMS or effective voltage is the equivalent DC voltage source which causes the same power
to be delivered to the same resistance in both circuits.

2. What is another name for reactive power?

Quadrature power.

3. Why is power factor PF = 1 for a resistive load?

Since and are in phase for a resistor, therefore = 0 and PF = = 1.

4. Why is the power factor specified as lead/lag instead of +ve/-ve for power info?

PF is the cosine of the power factor angle. Since cosine of a +ve or -ve number is always
positive, therefore, some other means is necessarily needed to refer to capacitive/inductive
load. This is called lead/lag info. OR to differentiate between capacitive and inductive load.

MISTAKE(S): Connecting this concept to absorbing/storing power!

5. What is apparent power?

It is the magnitude of the complex power, |S|.

6. What is the power factor angle (pfa) for a capacitive load? Why?

Since pfa = and we know that for capacitors current leads the voltage by 90o,
therefore, pfa = – 90o.

7. Write any two complex power formulas of your choice. [2]

Many to choose from …

NOT A MISTAKE: Reproducing below power formula in part 8.!

8. For and , name and define each term in the sinusoidal instantaneous power equation:
[4]

is the instantaneous power at any time t,

is the average or real power, which is the actual work done,
is the reactive or quadrature power, which is only stored in non-resistive
networks and does not do any useful work; regardless it causes a drain on
the resources,
is the angular frequency of operation, where f is the frequency.

Sessional I Exam Fall-2023 Semester Page 4 of 5

 National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
School of Engineering Islamabad Campus
9. By observation of the equation given in part h), list any two properties of instantaneous
power. [2]

Average power is not zero.

Average power and reactive power are both constant.
Instantaneous power is twice the frequency of applied current or voltage.

10. By definition and observation of the equation given in part h), prove that P is equal to the
average power. [2]

By definition,
Observing from equation in part h), P is constant and the other two terms become zero,
above statement can be proven.

11. If for a certain system, pfa = 23o and P = 25, sketch the power triangle listing numeric values
for all powers as well as their units. [4]

MISTAKE(S): Not using correct labels!

Not placing P on real axis!

Sessional I Exam Fall-2023 Semester Page 5 of 5

 National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
School of Engineering Islamabad Campus
Q3.
CLO-02: Analyze single- & poly-phase sinusoidal systems with transformers to find power
& power-factor using the concept of Phasor. (Analysis)

Find the phasor voltage Vg for the circuit shown. Before attempting, justify your choice of method
used for the analysis. [20]
j3

I3
-j3
V1 V2 V3
5
+ Vg -
5 0
o j2 +
I1 I2 _ 5 -90 o

Justification:
 NVA requires three equations (but one node is already known to be 5<-90 V). So, two equations.
 MCA requires three equations (but one mesh current already known as 5<0 A). So, two
equations.
 SP requires two equations since there are two independent sources. However, will require
simplification of circuit using Y-∆ for each separate source since finding Vg will require further
calculations.

Summary: better stick to NVA or MCA method. [5]

Justification rubric:
1. If no justification and no mention of any method. [0]
2. If wrong justification (or correct law) and /or mention of any method. [1]
3. If correct justification but no other method comparison. [4]
4. If correct justification and other method comparisons. [5]
5. If equations written and no mention of any nodes or meshes. [5]

MISTAKE(S):
1. Choosing MCA because of presence of loops! Each circuit contains at least one loop!
2. “Killing” current source by shorting it!

Either apply NVA method:

NVA @ V1: [5]

NVA @ V2: [5]

Constraint at V3: [2]

Solving, we get:

Sessional I Exam Fall-2023 Semester Page 6 of 5

 National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
School of Engineering Islamabad Campus
[1]

[1]

[1]

Or apply MCA method:

Around mesh I2: [5]

Around mesh I3: [5]

Constraint for I1: [2]

Solving, we get:

[3]

MISTAKE(S):
1. Not mentioning node or mesh where writing equation.
2. Not making sure or verifying that the equations are correct before jumping in to solve them.
3. Wasting too much time on determining numerical values.
4. Using lower cases for currents and voltages (these represent time-domain functions, not
phasors!) – in effect mixing TD and FD!

Sessional I Exam Fall-2023 Semester Page 7 of 5

 National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
School of Engineering Islamabad Campus
Q4.
CLO-02: Analyze single- & poly-phase sinusoidal systems with transformers to find power
& power-factor using the concept of Phasor. (Analysis)

a) In the circuit shown below RL = RC. Draw a complete symbolic phasor diagram showing ALL
voltages and currents for ALL circuit elements and their relationships to each other for the
condition |IL| = |IC| with v2 = 0V being an open circuit. Assume IL as the reference. [10]

[Hint: note all quantities can only be plotted by considering each element’s V-I equation]

+ +
From the given info:
IRC IL and

[4]
+ Likewise:
+ and
IC IRL

[6]

b) Draw a complex power triangle for the load shown in the circuit below. [10]
Sessional I Exam Fall-2023 Semester Page 8 of 5
 National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
School of Engineering Islamabad Campus

VS

[2]

[2]

[3]

[3]

MISTAKE(S):
Using i for j!
Not realizing that source voltage is different from load voltage (use VD or find using
current)
Not using S = VI* formula and using P=Vm Im cos (øv – øi) and Q=Vm Im sin (øv – øi) instead

Sessional I Exam Fall-2023 Semester Page 9 of 5