Geology of Banda

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION FOR PROPOSED
CONSTRUCTION AT RANJ RIVER, NARAINI BANDA.
Client: -
The Deputy Project Manager Bridge Construction Unit-

Banda,UP State Bridge Corporation Limited, Banda.
ASL 112
YEAR 2024
BOREHOLE- BH.-01 & BH.-02
Submitted By: -
ARUN SOIL LAB PRIVATE LIMITED
(Geotech & Material Consultants)
(ISO/IEC 17025-2017), NABL Accredited Laboratory (TC -10081)
E-11, First Floor, Lekhraj Market-I, Indira Nagar, Lucknow-226016.
Website: www.arunsoillab.com, email: arunsoillab.asl@gmail.com
ISO/IEC 17025 Accredited Laboratory ARUN SOIL LAB PVT LTD
(NABL accredited lab) Geotech Investigation Report No. ASL 112-2024
GEOLOGICAL INFORMATION OF THE REGION

Location
The entire project is falling in Banda district, Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. The district is
located in southwestern part of U.P. and bounded by State of Madhya Pradesh in south,
district Chitrakoot Dham in east, Hamirpur in west and Fatehpur in northeast. The district
lies between latitude 25000” and 25059’00” and longitude 80006’00” and 81000’00”. The
district Banda is named after the Headquarters town Banda. There are four tehsils and
eight (8 no.) development blocks in the district.
Figure: Administrative Map of Banda district, Indian State of Uttar Pradesh.
ARUN SOIL LAB PVT. LTD.

(Geotech & Material Consultants for Civil Engineering Projects)
E-11, First Floor, Lekhraj Market-I, Indira Nagar, Lucknow- 226016
Phone: 2341943; 4001043; Mobile: 9415025566, 9415501637, 38
arunsoillab.asl@gmail.com; info@arunsoillab.com
RAIN FALL & CLIMATE
Climate Condition
May is the hottest month with mercury shooting upto 47.0 °C. With the advance of
monsoon by mid-June, temperature starts decreasing. January is usually the coldest
month with temperature going upto 5.8 °C.
Rainfall & Humidity

The average annual rainfall is 902.00 mm. The climate is typical subtropical characterized
by long and intense summers. About 80% of the annual rainfall is received from south-
west monsoon.
The relative humidity is highest in August about 85% and lowest in April. There is a
meteorological observatory at Jhansi, which may be taken as representative of
meteorological condition.The mean wind velocity is 4.5Km.p.h. The potential
evapotranspiration varies from 50 to 205mm.
Figure : Average Rainfall of Banda District, U.P.

Phone: 2341943; 4001043; Mobile: 9415025566, 9415501637, 38
GEOMORPHOLOGY
Basin and Sub-Basin

The district occupies part of the Ganga basin and Yamuna sub basin.
Drainage and Morph metric Features

The district is characterized by good network of drainage system. River Yamuna, Kenand
Baghain are the perennial and major drainage in the district. Ken and Baghain rivers are
part of Yamuna river system. There are other stream observed in the district like
Banganga, Karauli, Garhara, Turi and Madron Nadi. Drainage density is moderate in
central and northern part of the district while it is high is southern part. Most of the
streams are of second to third order. Very few streams are either of first or fourth order in
the entire district. River Yamuna bifurcates the district Banda from Fatehpur in north.
River Yamuna flows from west to east in the entire district. River Ken meets to river
Yamuna at Chilla, River Baghain also bifurcates Banda from Chitrakoot in southeast.
Meandering is most significant character of streams observed in the district. It reflects
that the river Yamuna and Ken both are in mature to old stage. Energy condition is
moderate to poor therefore these streams are unable to carry huge sediment loads and
they leave the sediment at frequent interval during their course.
Ken River
The river Ken is in semi-circular to crescent shaped with old meandering loops all along
it course. It borders the western fringe of the area. It is major and viable source for
drinking as well as irrigation during lean period. It flows from south to north in the district.
Baghain River
River Baghain flows obliquely across the area from south-west to north-east. It cuts the
area into well marked two Banda and Chitrakoot districts. It is perennial in nature but its
discharge is very poor during summer season. The meandering is common character of
river Baghain.
Ranj River
It originates from hills of Kartal and meets river Baghain at Basrahi (Chauki) on Narraini-
Nagod road. Zig-Zag course of Ranj River is observed in the district.
KarailiNadi/Banganga Nadi
It flows in southern part of Badaura. It confluences with the Baghain river near the village
Kentan Ka Purwa.

Phone: 2341943; 4001043; Mobile: 9415025566, 9415501637, 38
Figure: Drainage Map of Banda District, U.P.
Figure: Geomorphological Map of Banda District.

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SOIL CHARACTERISTIS
District is characterized by loose sediments as well as black cotton soil. Loose sediments
constitute clay, silt and sand. Black cotton soil is quite prominent in central part of the
Banda district. On the basis of local name of soils and its coverage in different blocks,
these are four types of soils as below:-
Rakar
It is characterised by silt, clay and subordinate amount of sand. It is spread over
Badokhar Khurd, Tindwari and Jaspura block.
Mar
It is also characterised by silt, clay and sub-ordinate amount of sand. It has coarse
texture than Rakar. It is spread over Badokhar Khurd, Tindwari and Bansi blocks. It is
fertile and absorb more water.
Kabar
It is characterized by black cotton soil and is fertile. Baberu and Kamasin blocks have this
type of soil.
Padua
It is characterized by silty loam type of soil which is less fertile and water retention
capacity is poor. This type of soil is found in mainly Mahua, Bansi and Bisanda blocks.
Figure: Soil Map of Banda District.

Phone: 2341943; 4001043; Mobile: 9415025566, 9415501637, 38
GENERAL GEOLOGY, SUCCESSION DETAILS

Geologically the district is characterized by Bundelkhand granite/gneiss, Vindhyan
formation and younger alluvium near the bank of river Ken and Yamuna.
The geological succession of different lithological formations is given below:
Group Formation Lithology Age Thickness (m)
Quaternary Alluvium Clay, silt and sand Sub-Recent 130.50

to Recent
------------------------------------------------Unconformity------------------------------------------
--------------------
Upper Vindhyan Kaimur Sand stone and quartzite Pre- 152.50
Cambrian
------------------------------------------------Unconformity------------------------------------------
--------------------
Lower Vindhyan Semari Tirohan breccia, Tirohan Pre- 15.00
Limestone, Upper Cambrian 76.00
gluconitic sandstone, 18.00
Lower gluconitic 1.00
sandstone and
conglomerate
------------------------------------------------Unconformity------------------------------------------
--------------------
Bundelkhand - Granite, schist, quartzite Archean -
Group dyke of basic igneous
rock
On the basis of above mentioned geological succession three major geological
formations have been noticed in the district. All three units are found in the entire district
at different depth and of different thickness.
Bundelkhand Granite
The Bundelkhand granite, which forms the basement complex in the area, is oldest in
age. The granite is often traversed by pegmatite veins and well-marked quartz reefs of
different width and length. Quartz reefs form a characteristic feature of landscape at
Gorepur and Girwan villages near Naraini town. It also occurs north of Kalinger fort in
southwest-northeast direction. Granite is also intruded by basic dykes striking west

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northwest-east south-east direction and forms hillocks at Raksi, Chmitaini and Pangara
near Naraini town.
Vindhayan
The southern hilly tract of the area is characterised by Vindhyan formation. These include
rocks of Semari series of lower Vindhyan and upper Kaimur. Quartzite and sandstone
are important litho units which form structural hills and plateau.
Alluvium
The sediments deposited over either Bundelkhand granite or Vindhyan Sand
stone/Quartzite is found as alluvium. The thickness of this alluvium is highest in northern
of the district and minimum in southern part of the district. Alluvium comprises gravel,
sand and clay with sub-ordinate presence of kankar. Main alluvial deposits are found
between Baghain and Ken rivers.
Figure: Geological Map of Banda District, Indian State of Uttar Pradesh.

Phone: 2341943; 4001043; Mobile: 9415025566, 9415501637, 38
SUB-SURFACE GEOLOGY
The Sub-Surface geology of the district has been inferred on the basis of borehole data
(lithological character). The thickness of alluvium varies from place to place. But on the
regional scale the thickness of alluvium is more in north and central part while it
diminishes in south and western part of the district. Thickness of clay is higher in western
part than eastern part of the district while it is contrary for kankar. Kankar has less
thickness in western part and increases in eastern part of the district. Clay, kankar and
sand are observed in descending order in underground behavior. Thickness of sand is
higher in west and east than central part of district. Basement has been encountered at
different depth (54.27 m to 94.51 m). Bundelkhand granite and Vindhayan are common
basement which are encountered in the entire district. Granites occurring in the area are
highly jointed and weathered. It is overlain by Quaternary Alluvium which is in the
northern part of the district. Sandstone of Vindhayan is red to greyish in color medium to
fine grained, compact and highly jointed. The joints area widely open at surface and have
tendency to close down with depth.
STRUCTURES
Since the district is rocky, rugged topography and a number of structures are observed. (i)Naraini
Depression (ii)Baghela-Bari Depression
Naraini Depression
The depression lies between Ken and Baghain rivers south of Naraini town and extends
for about 22 Km upto Kartal Village. The depth of bedrock varies from 20 to 105 m.
Baghela-Bari Depression
The depression is bounded by Banganga and Karelli rivers. Doab is about 15 Km. long
North-south and 2-7 Km wide. It has 2 Km. Width at Fatehganj in south and Tamar in
north but attains 7 Km. width near Baghela-Bari. Depth of bed rock increases 30 m. at
Kalayanpur towards Baghela-Bari where it reaches up to 66m.
There are other structural features observed in the district as:

Erosional Hills
Erosional hills are developed in hard rock area of granite/ Vindhyans. River/streams have
eroded soft part and left hardest part as remnants. These type of hills are observed mean
Naraini, Kalinger, Kartal and Badauraarea.

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Inselbergs
Isolated granitic hills emerging beneath the alluvial cover at Banda and Naraini forms as
Inselbergs. The general trend of Inselbergs is ENE-WSN and they exhibit steep slopes.
Linear Ridges
Linear ridges are formed from hills emerging beneath the alluvial cover at Banda and
Naraini. Granites show differential weathering and are well jointed in nature.
Piedmont Zone
Isolated occurrence of piedmont zones has been identified around the Inselbergs at
various places in the district. Under piedmont zone, plateau, paleo-channel meander
scars and faults are quite visible. Two major faults (lineaments) trend in northeast and
south-west direction and third which is less common trends in ENE-WSN direction.
The district is characterized by alluvial, hard rock as well as marginal alluvium. The
district can be broadly classified into three physiographic units. i.e. (i) The alluvial Plain,
(ii) Marginal Alluvial, and (iii) High Land Area.
HYDROGEOLOGY
Water Bearing Formations
Since the district is characterized by alluvium, marginal alluvium and hard rock terrain, the
ground water occurs in porous formation like sand, gravel and fractures/joints (secondary
porosity). Alluvium Two distinct zone of ground water formations. Upper horizon consists
of clay, kankar and lenticular bodies of silt and fine to medium sand. The thickness of this
horizon varies between 20 to 50 mbgl. Lower horizon consists of sand and gravel with
minor presence of clay and silt. Its thickness varies between 40-80.00m.
Hard Rock Formation

It is commonly observed that the ground water is being extracted from alluvium at major
scale. But hard rock (Bundelkhand granite) has also good potential and yield economical
discharge. Granite has been encountered at different depth at different places as
basement. Since, the exposure of granite is in limited area it does not have much
significance for ground water development.
Aquifer Geometry
There is a distinct zone of shallow and deeper aquifer. It reveals that the shallow aquifer
constitutes clay and kankar with sub-ordinate sand. Thickness of this zone is less in
western part of district than central and eastern part. Fine grained sand with kankar

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contribute medium to poor discharge. It is interesting to note that in extreme south (south
of Naraini) only the shallow aquifer is present and below this the basement is
encountered. Therefore only single tier aquifer system prevail in southern most part of the
district.Deeper aquifer is characterized by medium to coarse grained sand and have
regional extension in north and central part of the district. Thickness of deeper aquifer varies
between 50.00 to 80.00 m. Deeper aquifer is absent in southern (south to Naraini and
Badaura) part of the district.
Figure: Depth to overburden map-Banda District
Depth to overburden shows that thickness of the aquifer increases towards Northern part
of the district towards Yamuna river and decreases in southern part of the district towards
the exposed Vindhyan super group.
OCCURRENCE, MOVEMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF GROUND WATER

Occurrence of ground water is mainly controlled by drainage, topography and lithological
behavior of water bearing formation. Ground water occurs under confined conditions at
shallower depth and under confined condition at deeper depth in alluvium. It occurs in
fractures and joints in hard rock. Major potential is present in deeper aquifer which is
being exploited in the district. Ground water moves towards major drainage like river
Yamuna and Ken. Ground water movement is slower in northern part than southern part
of the district. Since the thickness of clay is more in southern and central part of the
district, the groundwater movement is not fast as in southern part.

Phone: 2341943; 4001043; Mobile: 9415025566, 9415501637, 38
WATER LEVEL FLUCTUATION

Data pertaining to the phreatic aquifer is only available which can be compared with
respect to its water level, seasonal fluctuation and ground water flow. During 2003, the
majority of Key wells record the depth to water (Pre-Monsoon) from 2.20 to 23.20mbgl
while it becomes shallower in year 2018. Water level ranges from 1.99 to 12.95 mbgl in
year 2018. Post-Monsoon water level varied from 1.45 to 21.320 mbgl during year 2003
while this magnitude becomes shallower during year 2018. Depth to water level varies
between from 1.15 to 13.8 mbgl during post-monsoon inyear-2018. It is observed that the
depth to water level becomes shallower in canal command area which was less
developed in year 2003 in comparison to year 2018. However the depth to water level
towards major streams becomes steeper than 2003. Seasonal water level fluctuation
during year 2003 was from 2-5 m and most of the values were in the range of 2-4 m. and
maximum limit was 9-10 m in eastern most part near bank of river Yamuna in district
Banda. In year 2018, most of the values range from 0-5m .It is observed that in central
and northern portion of district Banda, the water level fluctuation has minimized over the
years.
GROUND WATER CONDITION
Confined to unconfined aquifer is observed in north and central Banda district while
unconfined aquifer is dominant in extreme southern portion of the district. Phreatic
aquifers mainly exist in the southern part of the district. Depth of the wells representing
phreatic aquifer varies from 5.87 to 25.00 mbgl. Depth is less in canal command and in
the area of central inland of the district while is more and more towards river either
Yamuna or Ken. Depth to water during pre-monsoon ranges between 2.2 to 22.20 mbgl.
It shows that there is a significant variation in water level of phreatic aquifer also.
Diameter of dug wells which represent phreatic aquifer ranges between 1.00 to 5.00 m.
Water level data of all the NHS falling in the district for 10years were analyzed for its
seasonal and long term seasonal fluctuations. It is observed that season fluctuation
(2018-2019) ranges between 1.8 to 12.95 m in pre monsoon and 1.15 to 13.8 m in post
monsoon, in dug wells spreading over entire district. The higher fluctuation corroborates
the fact that the base flow of ground water is higher in the area where long term/seasonal
fluctuation is more pronounced. It is also observed that in hilly and rocky area the
fluctuation is higher than plain. Fluctuation is more where less order of streams is found.
Deeper water is observed in the northern as well as northeastern part of the district
whereas relatively shallower water levels are present in the central and southern part of
the district. The groundwater flow direction is broadly North-Northeast in the district
towards Yamuna River. It shows that major river system in the district is perennial in
nature.

Phone: 2341943; 4001043; Mobile: 9415025566, 9415501637, 38
Figure: Depth to water level- Pre-monsoon, 2018 Banda District
Reference
mailto:https://www.cgwb.gov.in/cgwbpnm/public/uploads/documents/1697522133630051
832file.pdf
Seismicity
The seismic hazard map of India was updated in 2000 by the Bureau of Indian Standards
(BIS). The main change in the map for the state of Uttar Pradesh was the merging of
Zones II, III and IV under which much of the state falls. Historically, parts of Uttar Pradesh
state have experienced seismic activity in the M 5.0 range. Most of the state of Uttar
Pradesh lies in the Gangetic Plain. This is a fore-deep, a downwarp of the Himalayan
foreland, of variable depth, converted into flat plains by long-vigorous sedimentation. This
is known as a geosyncline and the Gangetic Plain is the Indo-Gangetic Geosyncline. This
has shown considerable amounts of flexure and dislocation at the northern end and is
bounded on the north by the Himalayan Frontal Thrust. The floor of the Gangetic trough
(if see without all the sediments) is not an even plain, but shows corrugated inequalities
and buried ridges (shelf faults). Beneath Uttar Pradesh, run the Delhi-Haridwar Ridge
(DHR), trending NNE-SSW along New Delhi to the Gharwal region. The Delhi-

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Muzaffarnagar Ridge (DMR), which trends east to west, running from New Delhi to
Kathgodam, in Nepal. The last ridge is the Faizabad ridge (FR), which runs in a curved
manner, first east to west from Allahabad to Kanpur and then starts to bend towards the
north-east towards Lucknow and carries on in this direction towards the Himalayas in
Nepal. The depression that forms between the DMR and the FR, forms the West Uttar
Pradesh shelf in the west and the Sharda Depression in the east. The region to the south
of the FR, forms the East Uttar Pradesh shelf. There are several faults in the region,
among them the Moradabad Fault which trends NE-SW and the Bhairwan Fault in the
vicinity of Allahabad. Apart from these there are east-west running tear faults in the region
that control the courses of the main rivers. Earthquakes have occurred in mostly all parts
of Uttar Pradesh. Major earthquakes in the neighbouring states of New Delhi,
Uttaranchal, Bihar and from across the Indo-Nepal border have also shaken many parts
of Uttar Pradesh. However, it must be stated that proximity to faults does not necessarily
translate into a higher hazard as compared to areas located further away, as damage
from earthquakes depends on numerous factors such as subsurface geology as well as
adherence to the building codes.
The study area is Ranj, Banda district which is falling in Seismic zone II in current
Seismic Zonation map of India (IS: 1893, 2002), with zone factor of 0.10. Till date, the
State of Uttar Pradesh has faced a number of earthquakes. These include the 1925 Rae-
Bareili, 1956 Bulandshahar, 1965 Gorakhpur, and 1966 Muradabad earthquakes.
Magnitudes of these earthquakes are in the range of 5.0 to 6.3 on the Richter scale. The
Study area is Ranj which is falling in Banda district, Indian State of Uttar Pradesh that
falls in low damage risk seismic zone-II with magnitude range 1.50- 4.80 M w and intensity
range V-VI . These zones offer a rough guide of the earthquake hazard in any particular
region and need to be regularly updated (See also: Districts lying in earthquake hazard
zone II (based on the Vulnerability Atlas of india-2nd Edition, BMTPC).
The entire project lies in Zone-II and the tectonic elements of the area are considered
capable of generating an earthquake of low to moderate intensity. In seismic Design Zone
factor, Z of 0.10 is recommended as per IS: 1893 (Part 1), 2002, (Reaffirmed: 2018).

Phone: 2341943; 4001043; Mobile: 9415025566, 9415501637, 38
Figure: Seismic Zonation Map of Uttar Pradesh, India

Phone: 2341943; 4001043; Mobile: 9415025566, 9415501637, 38
Fig: Seismic Zonation Map of India
References:
URL1: https://vai.bmtpc.org/risk_tables/pdf/UTTAR%20PRADESH_2018%2039.pdf
URL2: https://vai.bmtpc.org/map/eqmap/EQ_UTTARPRADESH.pdf
URL3: https://www.bmtpc.org/disaster%20resistnace%20technolgies/ZONE%20II.htm
URL4: mailto:https://earthquaketrack.com/in-36-banda/recent

Phone: 2341943; 4001043; Mobile: 9415025566, 9415501637, 38
NOTE: -
The above recommendations are based on the field investigation data results and the
laboratorytests results of the samples collected from the test locations and our experience in this
regards. If the actual sub-surface rock conditions during excavation for the foundations differ
from that has been reported, a reference should be made to us for suggestions.
Amit Kumar Gupta Er. Anurag Kapoor

Diploma (IT) M.Tech. (Geotech)
M.Sc.(Geology) PGDM (Finance), LM - IGS &IRC
Senior Geologist DIRECTOR TECHNICAL
ARUN SOIL LAB Pvt. Ltd. ARUN SOIL LAB Pvt. Ltd.

Phone: 2341943; 4001043; Mobile: 9415025566, 9415501637, 38

Geology of Banda

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GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION FOR PROPOSED

CONSTRUCTION AT RANJ RIVER, NARAINI BANDA.

The Deputy Project Manager Bridge Construction Unit-

GEOLOGICAL INFORMATION OF THE REGION

Figure: Administrative Map of Banda district, Indian State of Uttar Pradesh.

ARUN SOIL LAB PVT. LTD.

RAIN FALL & CLIMATE

Rainfall & Humidity

Figure : Average Rainfall of Banda District, U.P.

ARUN SOIL LAB PVT. LTD.

Basin and Sub-Basin

Drainage and Morph metric Features

ARUN SOIL LAB PVT. LTD.

Figure: Drainage Map of Banda District, U.P.

Figure: Geomorphological Map of Banda District.

ARUN SOIL LAB PVT. LTD.

Figure: Soil Map of Banda District.

ARUN SOIL LAB PVT. LTD.

GENERAL GEOLOGY, SUCCESSION DETAILS

The geological succession of different lithological formations is given below:

Group Formation Lithology Age Thickness (m)

Quaternary Alluvium Clay, silt and sand Sub-Recent 130.50

ARUN SOIL LAB PVT. LTD.

Figure: Geological Map of Banda District, Indian State of Uttar Pradesh.

ARUN SOIL LAB PVT. LTD.

There are other structural features observed in the district as:

ARUN SOIL LAB PVT. LTD.

Hard Rock Formation

ARUN SOIL LAB PVT. LTD.

Figure: Depth to overburden map-Banda District

OCCURRENCE, MOVEMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF GROUND WATER

ARUN SOIL LAB PVT. LTD.

WATER LEVEL FLUCTUATION

ARUN SOIL LAB PVT. LTD.

Figure: Depth to water level- Pre-monsoon, 2018 Banda District

ARUN SOIL LAB PVT. LTD.

ARUN SOIL LAB PVT. LTD.

Figure: Seismic Zonation Map of Uttar Pradesh, India

ARUN SOIL LAB PVT. LTD.

Fig: Seismic Zonation Map of India

ARUN SOIL LAB PVT. LTD.

Amit Kumar Gupta Er. Anurag Kapoor

ARUN SOIL LAB PVT. LTD.

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