Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GEOTECHNICAL
SERVICES
AGS/SSI/20-21
04 MARCH 2022
GEOTECH
INVESTIGATION
REPORT
DESIGN, SUPPLY, ERECTION, TESTING AND
COMMISSIONING FOR 25KV OHE FOR
INCREASING SPEED POTENTIAL TO
160KMPH ON GHAZIABAD (EXCL)-DEEN
DAYAL UPADHAYA NAGAR(EXCL) UP & DN
MAIN LINE OF PRAYAGRAJ DIVISION (TOTAL
757 RKM/1655 TKM) (CH-1398/36-1398/40,
LOCATION- DANKAUR TSS)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
The object of the investigation was to assess the nature of soil strata and to find out
the Safe allowable pressure for the foundation soil. The report deals with the field
and laboratory investigation carried out. The Geo-technical study involved both field
and laboratory test to determine safe allowable pressure for the foundation soil. The
fieldwork consisted of borehole of 3.00 m depth. The boring points were decided in
consultation with Engineer-in-charge of the sites.
REFERENCES
IS: 2-1960
• Rules for Rounding off Numerical Values
IS: 1892-1974
• for field work including existent ground wat
IS: 2132-1986
• for sampling in Undisturbed and Disturbed form
IS: 2131-1981
• for Standard Penetration Test
IS: 2720
• for all laboratory tests on soil samples collected
IS: 6403-1981
• for determination of Bearing Capacity
IS: 8009(Part I)-1976
• for calculation of settlement of foundations
IS: 1904-1986
• for permissible maximum settlement, differential settlement and angular
distortion.
FIELD INVESTIGATION
The field investigation work at this site was carried out on 26/02/2022. The following
investigation work was carried out three boreholes of diameter 150 mm were made
within the proposed layout of the structure. The boreholes are up to the depth of 3.00
meter.
Standard Penetration Test (SPT) was conducted in the boreholes at every 1.50 m
interval and change of strata as per specifications. Standard split spoon sampler
attached to lower end of drill rods was driven in the boreholes by means of standard
hammer of 63.50 kg falling freely from a height of 75 cm. The sampler was driven 45
cm as per specifications and number of blows required for each 15 cm penetration
was recorded. The number of blows for the first 15 cm penetration was not taken into
account as it is considered seating drive. The number of blows for next 30 cm
penetration was designated as SPT ‘N’ value. Wherever the total penetration was
less than 45 cm, the number of blows & the depth penetrated is incorporated in
respective bore logs. Disturbed Soil samples obtained from standard split spoon
sampler were collected in polythene bags of suitable size. These samples were
properly sealed, labelled, recorded and carefully transported to laboratory for testing.
Undisturbed Soil Samples (UDS) were collected from the boreholes at every 1.50
m interval & change of strata as per sampling specifications, in thin walled sampling
tubes of 100 mm dia. and 450 mm length. These sampling tubes after retrieval from
the boreholes were properly waxed and sealed at both ends. These were carefully
labelled and transported to the laboratory for testing. UDS wherever slipped during
lifting, were duly marked in the bore logs as well in the soil profile.
LABORATORY TESTS
Dry and Bulk density of soil strata is obtained using Shelby tubes in accordance
with IS 2720 (Part XXIX)-1975. The results are reported in results sheets attached.
Atterberg Limits’ tests are performed in accordance with IS 2720 (Part V) - 1985
and results are reported in results sheets attached.
Specific Gravity tests are performed in accordance with IS 2720 (Part III Section1)
-1980 and the results are reported in results sheets attached.
Direct Shear Test is performed as per IS 2720 (Part XIII)-2015 on the undisturbed
soil samples obtained during the field investigation. The results and the density of
samples are reported in results sheets attached.
The results of lab tests and bore hole log charts of bore hole indicate that the strata
at the site is found to comprise non-cohesive soil throughout the borehole explored.
The non-cohesive type soil is found to comprise of silty sand soil belonging to ‘SM’
type soil group of IS classification.
The results of classification tests indicate that the natural soil stratum
present at the Site is found to comprise of coarse-grained soils (sandy soil)
only within explored depth.
WATER TABLE
Water table is not found throughout borehole explored. However, for calculation
purpose water table at 3.00 meter below NGL has been adopted for calculations.
CALCULATION METHODOLOGY
For (GENERAL SHEAR)(𝐞𝐞 < 0.55) For (LOCAL SHEAR) (𝐞𝐞 > 0.75)
Formula Factors Formula Factors
𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐 = (𝑁𝑁𝑞𝑞 − 1) cot ϕ 𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐 𝑁𝑁 ′ 𝑐𝑐 = (𝑁𝑁 ′ 𝑞𝑞 − 1) cot ϕ′ 𝑁𝑁 ′ 𝑐𝑐
′
𝑁𝑁𝑞𝑞 = tan2 (45 + ϕ)�𝑒𝑒 𝜋𝜋 tan ϕ � 𝑁𝑁𝑞𝑞 𝑁𝑁 ′ 𝑞𝑞 = tan2 (45 + ϕ′ )�𝑒𝑒 𝜋𝜋 tan ϕ � 𝑁𝑁 ′ 𝑞𝑞
𝐷𝐷𝐹𝐹
1 + 0.1( ) × 𝐾𝐾𝑃𝑃 Φ>10° 𝑑𝑑𝑞𝑞 =𝑑𝑑𝛾𝛾 𝒅𝒅𝜸𝜸
𝐵𝐵
∅
*Where,𝑲𝑲𝒑𝒑 = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 45 + ,√𝑵𝑵∅ = 𝑲𝑲𝒑𝒑
2
NOTE: We take inclination factor 1 for 𝛼𝛼 = 0 when foundation is at normal base and not inclined.
It is defined as the process in which the soil volume decreases. It is also defined as
the decrease in water content of saturated soil that happens without the replacement
of water by air. Primary consolidation treats the consolidation to take place only in
one dimension
𝑥𝑥
𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 = × 𝛾𝛾
2
Where,
𝑥𝑥 = thickness of Layer and 𝛾𝛾= density (with water table correction)
-------------------------------------------Incremental Stress-----------------------------------------------
𝐵𝐵 × 𝐿𝐿
Δ𝑃𝑃 = 𝑃𝑃 ×
(𝐿𝐿 + 𝑍𝑍)(𝐵𝐵 + 𝑍𝑍)
Where,
𝒛𝒛
Z = as the effect of stress is acting on the center of the layer
𝟐𝟐
𝒛𝒛
= Mid-point of the thickness of layer
𝟐𝟐
********************************FOR SAND************************************
Immediate settlement takes place as the load is applied or within a time period of about 7
days.
-----------------------------------------Immediate Settlement--------------------------------------------
∆𝑃𝑃 × 𝑋𝑋�
𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 =
𝑊𝑊 ′
------------------------------------------------Incremental Stress---------------------------------------------
𝐵𝐵 × 𝐿𝐿
Δ𝑃𝑃 = 𝑃𝑃 ×
(𝐿𝐿 + 𝑍𝑍)(𝐵𝐵 + 𝑍𝑍)
Where,
𝒛𝒛
Z = as the effect of stress is acting on the center of the layer
𝟐𝟐
𝒛𝒛
=Mid-point of the thickness of layer
𝟐𝟐
𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 2 × 𝐵𝐵 2
𝑋𝑋� = � �×� �
𝑵𝑵′′ − 𝟑𝟑 𝐵𝐵 + 0.3
CASE -1
𝐿𝐿𝐸𝐸 ≤ 𝑊𝑊𝑡𝑡 Then W’= 1
CASE-2
𝐿𝐿𝑆𝑆 ≥ 𝑊𝑊𝑡𝑡 Then W’= 0.5
CASE-3
Interpolation for water table correction if 𝐿𝐿𝐸𝐸 > 𝑊𝑊𝑡𝑡 > 𝐿𝐿𝑆𝑆
𝑊𝑊𝑡𝑡 − 𝐿𝐿𝑆𝑆
𝑊𝑊 ′ = 0.5 + � � × 0.5
𝐿𝐿𝐸𝐸 − 𝐿𝐿𝑆𝑆
Where,𝐿𝐿𝑆𝑆 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑ℎ
𝐿𝐿𝐸𝐸 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑ℎ
-------------------------------------------------Special Case--------------------------------------------------
Settlement coefficient: is applied when clay layer is resting on cohesion less soil layer or rock
and settlement value is high.
𝑺𝑺 = 𝝀𝝀 𝑺𝑺𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐
𝐻𝐻𝑡𝑡
𝝀𝝀 = factor related to pore pressure parameter and the ratio and read form figure given
𝐵𝐵
below. In absence of data regarding the pore pressure parameter the values can be taken
from the table given below:
Type of clay 𝝀𝝀
Very sensitive clay 1.0 to 1.2
Normally consolidated clay 0.7 to1.0
Over consolidated 0.5 to 0.7
Highly Over consolidated 0.2 to 0.5
## The soil strata is found to be normal silty sand soil which is recommendable for
construction purpose.
NOTE: - The above recommendations are based on the field investigation data
results and the laboratory tests results of the samples collected from the test
locations and our experience in this regards. If the actual sub-soil conditions during
excavation for the foundations differ from that has been reported, a reference should
be made to us for suggestions. Further, the recommendations are based on the
assumptions as mentioned in the Report and the designer of the Structure should
take into consideration all the factors required as per codes. The recommendations
should be taken as guidelines for the designer.
Ultimate Net Bearing
Input Parameters Shearing Resistance Parameters
Capacity
Net Safe
Density Density Density Density Bearing
Angle of
S. Type of Above Including Below Including Void Effective Inclination General Local Capacity
Depth Length Width Cohesion Shearing Bearing Capacity Factors Shape Factors Depth Factors Intermediate
No. foundation Foundation water Foundation water Ratio Surcharge Factors shear shear
Resistance
Level effect Level effect
(m) (m) (m) (gms/cc) (kN/m3) (gms/cc) (kN/m3) Kg/cm2 ° ° kN/m2 kN/m2 kN/m2 kN/m2 kN/m2
1 SQUARE 1.20 1.50 1.50 1.74 17.06 1.74 17.06 0.00 28 19.61 0.668 20.48 25.80 14.72 16.72 14.47 6.16 5.10 1.30 1.20 0.80 1.27 1.13 1.13 1.23 1.11 1.11 1.00 1.00 1.00 575.96 199.18 353.66 117.89
2 SQUARE 1.20 2.00 2.00 1.74 17.06 1.74 17.06 0.00 28 19.61 0.668 20.48 25.80 14.72 16.72 14.47 6.16 5.10 1.30 1.20 0.80 1.20 1.10 1.10 1.17 1.09 1.09 1.00 1.00 1.00 609.24 209.21 373.22 124.41
3 SQUARE 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.74 17.06 1.74 17.06 0.00 28 19.61 0.668 25.60 25.80 14.72 16.72 14.47 6.16 5.10 1.30 1.20 0.80 1.33 1.17 1.17 1.28 1.14 1.14 1.00 1.00 1.00 691.19 240.42 425.23 141.74
4 SQUARE 1.50 2.00 2.00 1.74 17.06 1.74 17.06 0.00 28 19.61 0.668 25.60 25.80 14.72 16.72 14.47 6.16 5.10 1.30 1.20 0.80 1.25 1.12 1.12 1.21 1.11 1.11 1.00 1.00 1.00 698.62 242.58 429.56 143.19
5 SQUARE 1.80 1.50 1.50 1.74 17.06 1.74 17.06 0.00 28 19.61 0.668 30.72 25.80 14.72 16.72 14.47 6.16 5.10 1.30 1.20 0.80 1.40 1.20 1.20 1.34 1.17 1.17 1.00 1.00 1.00 791.49 277.34 488.14 162.71
6 SQUARE 1.80 2.00 2.00 1.74 17.06 1.74 17.06 0.00 28 19.61 0.668 30.72 25.80 14.72 16.72 14.47 6.16 5.10 1.30 1.20 0.80 1.30 1.15 1.15 1.26 1.13 1.13 1.00 1.00 1.00 791.35 277.07 487.93 162.64
ANNEXURE I
SETTLEMENT CALCULATION AS PER IS 8009 (PART 1) : 1976
CALCULATION SHEET 1
Settlement Water
Type of Layer Start Layer End Layer Compression Corrected Effective Increment Consolidation Immediate Total
S. No. Layer No. Density Void Raito for Unit Correction
Layer depth depth Thickness Index SPT stress stress settlement settlement settlement
Pressure factor
SAND (m) (m) (m) (gms/cc) kN/m2 kN/m2 (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
SETTLEMENT CALCULATION AS PER IS 8009 (PART 1) : 1976
CALCULATION SHEET 2
Settlement Water
Type of Layer Start Layer End Layer Compression Corrected Effective Increment Consolidation Immediate Total
S. No. Layer No. Density Void Raito for Unit Correction
Layer depth depth Thickness Index SPT stress stress settlement settlement settlement
Pressure factor
SAND (m) (m) (m) (gms/cc) kN/m2 kN/m2 (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
SETTLEMENT CALCULATION AS PER IS 8009 (PART 1) : 1976
CALCULATION SHEET 3
Settlement Water
Type of Layer Start Layer End Layer Compression Corrected Effective Increment Consolidation Immediate Total
S. No. Layer No. Density Void Raito for Unit Correction
Layer depth depth Thickness Index SPT stress stress settlement settlement settlement
Pressure factor
SAND (m) (m) (m) (gms/cc) kN/m2 kN/m2 (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
2 2 SAND 1.50 3.00 1.50 1.78 ‐ ‐ 14.00 38.69 63.00 0.195 1.000 ‐ 12.281
SETTLEMENT CALCULATION AS PER IS 8009 (PART 1) : 1976
CALCULATION SHEET 4
Settlement Water
Type of Layer Start Layer End Layer Compression Corrected Effective Increment Consolidation Immediate Total
S. No. Layer No. Density Void Raito for Unit Correction
Layer depth depth Thickness Index SPT stress stress settlement settlement settlement
Pressure factor
SAND (m) (m) (m) (gms/cc) kN/m2 kN/m2 (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
SETTLEMENT CALCULATION AS PER IS 8009 (PART 1) : 1976
CALCULATION SHEET 5
Settlement Water
Type of Layer Start Layer End Layer Compression Corrected Effective Increment Consolidation Immediate Total
S. No. Layer No. Density Void Raito for Unit Correction
Layer depth depth Thickness Index SPT stress stress settlement settlement settlement
Pressure factor
SAND (m) (m) (m) (gms/cc) kN/m2 kN/m2 (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
SETTLEMENT CALCULATION AS PER IS 8009 (PART 1) : 1976
CALCULATION SHEET 6
Settlement Water
Type of Layer Start Layer End Layer Compression Corrected Effective Increment Consolidation Immediate Total
S. No. Layer No. Density Void Raito for Unit Correction
Layer depth depth Thickness Index SPT stress stress settlement settlement settlement
Pressure factor
SAND (m) (m) (m) (gms/cc) kN/m2 kN/m2 (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
2 2 SAND 1.80 3.00 1.20 1.78 ‐ ‐ 14.00 41.19 96.24 0.212 1.000 ‐ 20.428
TEST RESULTS
Bore Hole No. 1398/36-1398/40 Latitude Depth of Water Level (m bgl) NILL
Coordinate Longitude Started on
7 3.00
Elevation 100.000 Completed on
% Material Passing Shear
Atterberg Limits
IS Sieve Characterisitics
Depth of Bore
Reduced Level (ASSUMED)
Index
Hole
LL PL PI
SPT Value
Void Ratio
4.750
2.000
0.425
0.075
Compression
due to dilatancy
Internal
Friction
Angle of
Specific Gravity
Cohesion
IS group symbol
due to overburden
Dry Bulk Density
Type of Sample
Wet Bulk Density
Original Moisture
1.50 - 1.85 98.500 - 98.150 UDS 100 100 98 55 NON-PLASTIC ML - - - 1.75 14.90 1.52 2.50 0.641 0 27 -
1.85 - 2.30 98.150 - 97.700 SPT 100 100 96 38 NON-PLASTIC SM 13 16.85 16.85 1.77 - - - - - - -
Hole
LL PL PI
SPT Value
Void Ratio
4.750
2.000
0.425
0.075
Compression
due to dilatancy
Internal
Friction
Angle of
Specific Gravity
Cohesion
IS group symbol
due to overburden
Dry Bulk Density
Type of Sample
Wet Bulk Density
Original Moisture
1.50 - 1.85 98.500 - 98.150 UDS 100 99 99 27 NON-PLASTIC SM - - - 1.77 15.30 1.54 2.54 0.655 0 28 -
1.85 - 2.30 98.150 - 97.700 SPT 100 98 97 33 NON-PLASTIC SM 14 18.10 18.10 1.79 - - - - - - -
Hole
LL PL PI
SPT Value
Void Ratio
4.750
2.000
0.425
0.075
Compression
due to dilatancy
Internal
Friction
Angle of
Specific Gravity
Cohesion
IS group symbol
due to overburden
Dry Bulk Density
Type of Sample
Wet Bulk Density
Original Moisture
1.50 - 1.85 98.500 - 98.150 UDS 100 100 97 32 NON-PLASTIC SM - - - 1.74 15.20 1.51 2.52 0.668 0 28 -
1.85 - 2.30 98.150 - 97.700 SPT 100 100 99 22 NON-PLASTIC SM 11 14.28 14.28 1.78 - - - - - - -