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生物跳級升 LV 課程
人的營養
Nutrition in Humans

作者 | Henry Lau
出版 | Lab Edu Limited

版權為 Lab Edu Limited 所擁有

INTENSIVE COURSE - LESSON 1
Biology
LESSON FLOW 課堂流程
The structure of teeth 牙齒的結構

Different types of food digestion 食物消化作用的不同方式

Mechanism of food absorption and assimilation 食物吸收和同化的機制

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 學習目標

Learn about the key points of each topic
學習每個課題的重點內容

Study about different types of questions in HKDSE (MC, short questions and long questions)
認識文憑試對不同課題的問法 (MC、長短問題 )

Master the answering skills

掌握答題技巧

EXERCISES 課後練習
Different types of questions 各種題型

Type 題型 1 Factual 事實 Q1-3,5-10

Type 題型 2 Graph type 圖表 Q4

Type 題型 3 Diagram type 圖示

Type 題型 4 Experimental type 實驗

Type 題型 5 Essay type 短文

1
CONTENT
目錄

P.03-05
The structure of teeth 牙齒的結構

P.05-08
Different ways of food digestion 食物消化的不同方法

P.09-12
Mechanism of food absorption and assimilation 食物吸收和同化的機制

2
Processes of Human Nutrition
人的營養過程
Ingestion → Digestion → Absorption → Assimilation → Egestion
攝食 → 消化 → 吸收 → 同化 → 排遺

Ingestion 攝食
Through mouth cavity 經口腔

4 types of teeth 4 種牙齒

Incisor 門齒 cutting food 切割食物
Canine 犬齒 tearing food 撕開食物
Premolar 前臼齒 crushing food 磨爛食物
Molar 臼齒 crushing food 磨爛食物

Major structures of a tooth 牙齒的主要構造

Crown 齒冠、neck 齒頸、root 齒根

Enamel 琺琅質 the hardest outermost layer,

non-living made up of mostly calcium salt
最堅硬和最外層的，沒有生命，主要由鈣鹽組成
Dentine 牙本質 middle region made of bone-like structure
骨樣物質
Pulp cavity 髓腔 Blood vessels and nerves are present
有血管和神經

Enclosed by gum and jawbone 由齒齦和顎骨包圍

Dentition: the number and arrangement of different types of teeth

齒系 : 不同種類牙齒的數目和排列

Dental formula of human adult (permanent teeth) 成人的齒式（恆齒）

2123/2123 Total 16x2=32

3
Exam Type Questions 考試題型

The diagram below shows the structure of a human molar.

下圖顯示人類臼齒的構造。【Type 題型 3：Diagram type 圖示】

3
2
4

1 5

(a) Which structure(s) contain(s) living tissue ?

 哪個構造含有有生命的組織？
(b) Which structure(s) contain(s) a large amount of calcium salt?
哪個構造擁有大量的鈣鹽？
(c) In which structure(s) of a tooth can blood vessels be found?
血管可以在牙齒的哪個構造中找到？
(d) What is the number of molars in a healthy adult?
在健康的成人中，臼齒的恆齒數量為？

4
Answer 答案 :

(a) 1, 2, 3 and 5

(b) 2 , 4 a n d 5

(c) 3

(d) 12

Digestion 消化

Different types of digestion 不同類型的消化

Physical digestion 物理消化

Chewing in mouth cavity (teeth) 口腔內的咀嚼（牙齒）
Peristalsis 蠕動
Churning in stomach 胃的攪動
Emulsification of lipids 脂質的乳化
→ to increase surface areas of food 增加食物的表面積

Chemical digestion 化學消化

Achieved by digestive enzymes carbohydrase, protease and lipase
消化酶：碳水化合物酶、蛋白酶和脂肪酶
→ to breakdown large complex food substances into small simple molecules
把較大複雜的食物物質分解成細小簡單的分子

Digestion in different parts of alimentary canal

消化道內不同部分的消化過程

In mouth cavity 口腔
Salivary glands produce saliva that contains 唾腺分泌的唾液含有 :
－ Salivary amylase 唾液澱粉酶 → break down starch into maltose
把澱粉分解成麥芽糖
－ Minerals salt and mucus 礦物質和黏液

5
In stomach 胃
Gastric glands produce gastric juice that contains 胃腺分泌的胃液含有
－ Protease 蛋白酶 → break down protein into peptide 把蛋白質分解成肽
－ Hydrochloric acid 氫氯酸
→ kill bacteria in food and provide acidic environment for protease
殺死食物中的細菌和提供酸性環境給蛋白酶

In small intestine (duodenum) 小腸 ( 十二指腸 )

Bile 膽汁
Produced by the liver, stored in gall bladder, and it contains:
由肝分泌，儲存在膽囊中，含有：
－ bile salt 膽鹽
→ emulsify lipids into small droplets, which increases surface area for the
action of enzyme 把脂質乳化成小油滴，增加酶作用的表面積
－ sodium hydrogencarbonate which is alkaline 鹼性的碳酸氫鈉
→ neutralizes the acidic chyme, provides an alkaline medium
中和酸性的食糜和提供鹼性的媒介
－ bile pigment 膽色素

Pancreatic juice 胰液
Produced by pancreas and it contains 由胰分泌，含有：
－ pancreatic amylase, lipase and protease (only juice that contains lipase)
胰澱粉酶、脂肪酶和蛋白酶（唯一擁有脂肪酶的消化液）

Lipase 脂肪酶 → breakdown lipids into fatty acid and glycerol

把脂質分解成脂肪酸和甘油

Intestinal juice 腸液
Produced by the glands in the wall of small intestine and it contains:
由小腸壁的腺分泌，含有：
－ carbohydrase and protease 碳水化合物酶和蛋白酶

6
Exam Type Questions 考試題型

Q1. Which part of the human alimentary canal is the first part to digest the
main food substance in egg chemically? 進食蛋後，人類的哪個部分是第一
個進行化學消化？【Type 題型 1：Factual 事實】

Q2. The diagram below shows the human digestive system.

下圖顯示人類的消化系統。【Type 題型 3：Diagram type 圖示】

2
1

4 3

6 7

(a) In which structure(s) do(es) chemical digestion of protein occur?

蛋白質的化學消化在哪個部分進行？
(b) Which structure(s) produce secretion(s) that help the digestion of lipids?
哪個構造負責製造有助消化脂質的分泌物？
(c) What is the consequence to digestion if the duct of structure 5 is blocked?
如果構造 5 的管閉塞，對消化作用有什麼可能的後果？
(d) What is the consequence to digestion if part of structure 6 is being
removed? 如果部分構造 6 被移除，對消化作用有什麼可能的後果？
(e) What is the consequence to digestion if part of structure 7 is being
removed? 如果部分構造 7 被移除，對消化作用有什麼可能的後果？

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Answer 答案 :

Q1 Stomach 胃

Q2

(a) 3 and 6

(b) 4 and 5

(c) The faeces contains a large amount of fat/ the tissue of the
pancreas will be digested by the pancreatic lipase and
protease trapped.
糞 便 會 含 有 大量脂肪/ 胰臟的組織 會被累積在內的蛋白酶和脂肪酶
消化。

(d) The amount of food substances absorbed will be reduced.

食物的吸收量會減少，因為小腸變短。

(e) Watery faeces will be produced.

產生的糞便含大量水分。

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Absorption 吸收

In duodenum of small intestine (most food and water absorbed)

小腸（吸收大部分的食物和水）

Adaptation(s) for food absorption 適應食物吸收的特徵

Small intestine is very long and its inner wall is highly folded
小腸十分長，及內壁高度摺疊
→ provide a large surface area for absorption 增加表面積促進吸收

Villi which are finger-like projections 絨毛是手指狀的凸起物

→ increase surface area for absorption 增加表面積促進吸收

Villi contain numerous blood capillaries 絨毛有大量微血管

→ maintain a steep concentration gradient 保持陡峭的濃度梯度以吸收食物

Epithelium of villi are one-cell-thick 絨毛的上皮只有一層細胞的厚度

→ provide a short distance for diffusion 提供短的距離給擴散作用

Epithelium cells contain many mitochondria to provide energy for active

transport of food molecules 絨毛細胞有很多線粒體 → 提供食物分子在主動運輸需要的能量

Pathway of digested food 已消化食物的去向

For small and water-soluble molecules such as glucose and amino acid
細小的水溶性分子，如葡萄糖和氨基酸
→ enter blood in blood capillaries by diffusion and active transport
藉擴散作用和主動運輸進入微血管內的血液

For water 水
→ absorption of digested food molecules into the blood increase water
potential of intestinal lumen, water is drawn into the blood by osmosis
因吸收已消化的食物分子到血液會增加腸腔的水勢，水藉滲透吸收到血液

Fatty acid and glycerol (breakdown product of lipid)

脂肪酸和甘油（脂肪的消化產物）
→ they recombine to form oil droplets in the epithelium of villi and then enter
the lymph of lacteal 在絨毛的上皮中重新結合成小油滴，再進入乳糜管的淋巴

9
In large intestine 在大腸
Absorption of water and minerals from remaining undigested materials by
colon (small proportion) 餘下的水分和食物會被結腸吸收（佔很少比例）

Exam Type Questions 考試題型

Q1. Majority of water in alimentary is absorbed in

消化道中大部分的水分在哪裏被吸收？【Type 題型 1：Factual 事實】

A large intestine 大腸
B duodenum 十二指腸
C stomach 胃
D mouth cavity 口腔

Q2. Which of the following nutrients enter the blood of the small intestine
by diffusion? 【Type 題型 1：Factual 事實】
以下哪種營養是藉擴散作用進入小腸的血液？
A fatty acids 脂肪酸
B glycerol 甘油
C amino acid 氨基酸
D nucleotides 核苷酸

Q3. Which of the following combinations about absorption of amino acid

and fat in the small intestine is correct? 【Type 題型 1：Factual 事實】
以下哪一項有關氨基酸和脂質吸收的組合是正確的？

Amino acid 氨基酸 Lipid 脂質

A Enter the lymph 進入淋巴 Enter the blood 進入血液

B Enter the lymph 進入淋巴 Enter the lymph 進入淋巴

C Enter the blood 進入血液 Enter the lymph 進入淋巴

D Enter the blood 進入血液 Enter the blood 進入血液

Q4. What is the major reason that most water is absorbed in the small
intestine of humans?
大部分水分都在小腸被吸收的主要原因是 ?【Type 題型 1：Factual 事實】

10
Answer 答案 :

Q1 B

Q2 C

Q3 C

Q4

Wrong: the ileum is long which provides more time for absorption.
錯誤：小腸大分長，提供更多時間吸收水分。

Correct: the absorption of food substances 已消化的食物被小腸吸收

正確：→ increase water potential in gut content
增加小腸內的水勢

Assimilation 同化
Glucose 葡萄糖
→ used in cellular respiration to release energy 在細胞呼吸作用中使用並釋放能量
→ stored in liver or muscles as glycogen 以糖原的狀態儲存在肝和肌肉中

Amino acid 氨基酸

→ used to synthesise proteins for growth and repair,
such as hormones, enzymes and antibodies
用來製造蛋白質，用於生長和修補身體。
例如酶、激素和抗體

Lipid 脂質
→ used to make cell membrane and some hormones 用來製造細胞膜和激素
→ stored under skin or around internal organs as energy reserve
在皮膚下或內臟周圍作能量儲備

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Functions of liver 肝的功能

Production of bile 產生膽汁

Detoxification 解毒
→ convert harmful substance into harmless 把有毒物質轉化成無毒物質

Deamination 脫氨作用
→ break down excess amino acids into urea, pass to kidney for excretion
把過多的蛋白質分解成尿素，經腎排出體外

Storage of 儲存
→ glycogen, fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamin A & D and iron
糖原、脂溶性維生素如維生素 A 和 D 及鐵質

Regulation of blood glucose level 調節血糖水平

→ when blood glucose level is high, it converts excess glucose into glycogen
stored into liver, and vice versa (Details are in homeostasis)
在血糖過高時，把葡萄糖轉化成糖原並儲在肝內 （詳情在體內平衡）

Egestion 排遺
Faeces stored in rectum temporarily and then egest through the anus out
of the body 糞便會在直腸內暫時儲存，之後經肛門排出體外

Exam Type Questions 考試題型

Which of the following organs would not produce digestive enzymes?
以 下 哪 個 器 官 不 會製造消化酶？【 Type 題型 1：Factual 事實】

A stomach 胃
B liver 肝臟
C small intestine 小腸
D pancreas 胰臟

12
Answer 答案 : B

After class exercise 課後練習

Q1. Which part of of the human alimentary canal is the first part to digest a
sandwich chemically? 進食三文治後，首先在人類消人道內哪一部分進行化學消化？

Q2. Intestinal juice contains which type(s) of enzyme?

腸液含有哪種酶？

(1) carbohydrase 碳水化合物酶

(2) protease 蛋白酶
(3) lipase 脂肪酶

A (1) and (2)

B (2) and (3)
C (1) and (3)
D (1), (2) and (3)

Q3. Bacteria in food are mostly killed by which digestive juice?

食物中的細菌主要由哪種消化液殺死？

A gastric juice 胃液
B bile 膽汁
C saliva 唾液
D intestinal juice 腸液

Q4. The graph below shows the percentage of different digested food
substances along the alimentary canal.
下圖顯示不同已消化的食物物質在消化道的百分比。
100

Digested food
present (%)
已消化的食物 (%)

III
I
II
0
mouth small
cavity oesophagus stomach intestine
口腔 食道 胃 小腸

13
(a) Which types of food substances do curves I, II and III represent
respectively? 曲線 I、II 和 III 分別代表哪種食物物質？

(b) State the digestive juice responsible for the digestion of food represented
by curve III. 指出負責消化曲線 III 代表的食物的消化液。

Q5. Which of the following is/are the function(s) of the liver?

以下哪項是肝的功能？

(1) detect blood glucose level 探測血糖水平

(2) secrete digestive juice 分泌消化液
(3) break down red blood cells 分解紅血細胞

A (1)
B (3)
C (1) and (3)
D (2) and (3)

Q6. Which of the following digestive juice(s) is/are alkaline in nature?

(1) saliva 唾液
(2) gastric juice 胃液
(3) intestinal juice 腸液

A (1) and (2)

B (2) and (3)
C (1) and (3)
D (1), (2) and (3)

14
Q7. Which of the following digestive juices does not contain enzymes?
以下哪種消化液不含消化酶？

A Bile 膽汁
B Gastric juice 胃液
C Saliva 唾液
D Pancreatic juice 胰液

Q8. Which of the following structures is the hardest living tissue of a tooth?
以下哪項構造是牙齒最堅硬的活組織 ?

A Enamel 琺琅質
B Dentine 牙本質
C Jaw bone 顎骨
D Pulp cavity 髓腔

Q9. Which of the following digestive juices contain protease?

以下哪種消化液含有蛋白酶？

(1) Gastric juice 胃液

(2) Pancreatic juice 胰液
(3) Intesetinal juice 腸液

A (1) and (2)

B (2) and (3)
C (1) and (3)
D (1), (2) and (3)

Q10. Which of the following digestive juice(s) contain(s) lipase?

以下哪種消化液含有脂肪酶 ?

(1) Pancreatic juice 胰液

(2) Bile 膽汁
(3) Intesetinal juice 腸液

A (1)
B (2)
C (1) and (2)
D (2) and (3)

15
Answer 答案
Q1 mouth cavity 口腔

Q2 A

Q3 A

Q4

(a) Curve I represents carbohydrate, curve II represents protein

and curve III represents lipid.
曲線I代表碳水化合物，曲線II代表蛋白質，曲線III代表脂質。

(b) Pancreatic juice 胰液

Q5 B

Q6 C

Q7 A

Q8 B

Q9 D

Q10 A

16