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Distributive Pronouns
‫توزیعي(ویشونکي) ضمیرونه‬
Distributive pronouns: are those which are used instead of noun and indicate
each person of a number or group.
‫ هغه ضمیرونه دي چي د نوم په ځای استعمالیږي او د یو ګروپ په اشخا صو باندي‬:‫توزیعي ضمیرونه‬
.‫ځان ځان ته داللت کوي‬

The distributive pronouns consist in:

1. Each ‫هر یو‬
2. Either ‫دواړه‬
3. Neither ‫هیڅ یو‬

Ex. Each student must come on time.

Ex. Either Ahmad and Ali were absent.
Ex: Either of students were intelligent.
Ex. Neither of us is lazy.
Ex. Each knows what to do.
Remember: use singular verb after neither.
Ex: Neither of the dogs is dangerous.

Interrogative Pronouns
‫سوالي(پوښتونکي) ضمیرونه‬

Interrogative Pronouns: are those which are used instead of noun and ask
.questions or want information
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‫ هغه ضمیرونه دي چي د نوم په ځای استعمالیږي او د سوال پوښتنه کوي او یا‬:‫سوالي ضمیرونه‬
.‫معلومات غواړي‬

:The interrogative Pronouns consist in

1. Who ‫څوک‬
2. Whom ‫چا ته‬
3. Whose ‫د چا‬
4. Which ‫کوم‬
5. What ‫څه‬
6. Where‫چیرته‬
7. How‫څنګه‬
8. Why‫ولي‬

Ex. Who is your friend in the class?

Ex. What do you do in the morning?
Ex. whose is this car?
Ex: which kind game do you like?
Ex: whom did you give a gift?

Indefinite Pronouns
‫نامعلوم ضمیرونه‬

Indefinite pronouns: are those which do not specify particular person, place,
and thing.
.‫ او شی نه په نښه کوي‬،‫ ځای‬،‫ هغه ضمیرونه دي چي کوم خاص شخص‬:‫نا معلوم ضمیرونه‬

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The indefinite pronouns consist in:
1. Somebody
2. Something
3. Some one
4. Anybody
5. Anyone
6. Anything
7. No one
8. No body
9. No thing
10. All
Ex: I fight with nobody in the class.
Ex: all were present in the session.
Ex: somebody knock the door.
Ex. I bought some thing.
Ex. Did you see any body?
Ex. He told me every thing.
Ex. All were kind.
Ex: I saw someone in the city.

Parts Of Speech
‫د کالم اجزاوي‬
Parts of speech: words which are divided into different classes (groups)
according to their function are called parts of speech.
‫ هغه کلیمي چي د دندو له مخي په مختلفو ګروپونو ویشل شوي دي د کالم اجزاوي بلل‬:‫د کالم اجزاوي‬
.‫کیږي‬
.Parts of speech is the base of a language
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.‫د کالم اجزاوي د یوي ژبي بنیاد دی‬
:They are
1. Noun‫اسم یا نوم‬
2. Pronoun‫ضمیر‬
3. Verb‫فعل‬
4. Adjective‫صفت‬
5. Adverb‫قید‬
6. Preposition)‫حرف اضافي(د اضافت توری‬
7. Conjunction‫د ربط توری‬
8. Interjection‫د ندا توری‬
9. Article ‫د تعریف توری‬

1. Noun:
Noun is a word which is used for person, place, and thing.
.‫ او شي لپاره استعمالیږي‬،‫ ځای‬،‫اسم یا نوم یوه کلیمه ده چي د شخص‬
Ex. Ahmad, Kabul, Chair.

2. Pronoun:
Pronoun is a word which is used instead of noun and prevents its repetition.
.‫ضمیر یوه کلیمه ده چي د نوم په ځای استعمالیږي او د هغه له تکرار څخه مخنیوی کوي‬
…Ex: he, she, it, you, they, I, we
Ex. Ahmad is a student and he studies hard.

3. Verb:
Verb is a word which is used to show state, action, or existence.
.‫ او موجودیت ښایی‬،‫ عمل‬،‫فعل کلیمه ده کوم چي حالت‬
Ex. Ahmad is a boy.

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Ex. He plays football in the park.
Ex: I am in the class.

4. Adjective:
Adjective is a word which is used to modify a noun or pronoun and give more
information about noun or pronoun.
‫صفت هغه کلیمه ده چي نوم او ضمیر تشریح کوي او د نوم او ضمیر په اړه اضافي معلومات ورکوي‬.
Ex: beautiful, intelligent, fast, good, bad, rude, gorgeous…
Ex. Samim is a clever boy and he is a good player too.

5. Adverb:
Adverb is a word which is used to modify a verb, an adjective and another
adverb.
.‫ او یا بل قید تشریح کوي‬،‫ صفت‬،‫قید هغه یوه کلیمه ده چي فعل‬
…Ex: slowly, quickly, safely, very, so, hardly
Ex. I drive safely.
Ex. She is very lazy.
Ex. He drives very slowly.

6. Proposition:
Preposition is a word which is used to show the relationship between person,
place and things.
.‫ او شیانو تر منځ اړیکي ښايي‬،‫ ځای‬،‫د اضافت توری هغه کلیمه ده چي د شخص‬
…Ex: in, on, at, for, by, with, of, from, to
Ex. Ahmad is in the class.

7. Conjunction:

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Conjunction is a word which is used to join two words or two sentences.
.‫د ربط توری هغه کلیمه ده چي د دوو کلیمو او یا جملو د وصل کولو لپاره استعمالیږي‬
Ex: and, but, or, nor, so…
Ex. Ahmad and salim are brothers but they do not study well.

8. Interjection:
Interjection is a word which is used to show sudden feeling or emotion.
.‫د ندا توری هغه کلیمه ده چي د ناڅاپي احساس او هیجان د ښودلو لپاره استعمالیږي‬
!Ex: oh! Wow! Hey! Wah! Oh no
Ex. Pooh! I hurt myself. What a shot! What a ball! Oh no! I can’t afford it.

Articles
Article is a word which is used with noun or adjective and define them.
.‫د تعریف توری هغه دی چي مخکي له نوم او صفت څخه استعمالیږي او هغوی تعریفوي‬
Ex. The girls are lazy.

Article
The Articles are divided in two parts:
1. Definite Article
2. Indefinite Article

1. Definite Article:
There is only one definite in the English language which is (the).
.‫) دی‬the( ‫ د انګلیسي په ژبه کي یوازي یو معین توری وجود لري چي‬:‫د تعریف معین توری‬

The definite article (the) can be used in the following ways:

:‫) کیدای شي په الندي طریقو استعمال شي‬the( ‫دتعریف معین توری‬

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1. Before things which are unique.

.‫مخکي له بي مثاله شیانو څخه‬
Ex. The sky, The sun, The Moon........

2. Before the common nouns.

.‫مخکي له عام نومونو څخه‬
Ex. The student, The boy, The girl, The driver, the labor.........

3. Before the ordinal number.

.‫مخکي له توصیفي اعدادو څخه‬
Ex. The first class, the tenth class, the fourth semester, the second term........

4. Before the superlative form of adjectives.

‫د صفاتو له عالی درجي څخه مخکي‬.
EX. The cleverest student.
EX. The most beautiful car.

Article (The) can not be used in the following ways:

.‫) په الندي طریقو کي نه شي استعمالیدلی‬the( ‫د تعریف معین توری‬
1. Before days of the week.
‫د اونی (هفتي) له ورځو څخه مخکي‬.
Ex. The Saturday…. Etc
2. Before year….
Ex: The.2005.
‫مخکي له کال څخه‬.
Ex. Before the months……The June

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3. Before the proper noun.
Ex. The Ahmad ……. Etc
‫الیټ ښوونیز مرکز‬
‫مخکي له میاشتو څخه‬.
‫مخکي له حاص نومونو څخه‬.

Indefinite Article
‫د تعریف نامعین توری‬
There are two indefinite articles in English language which are (a) and (an).
.‫) څخه‬an( ‫) او‬a( ‫د انگلیسي په ژپه کي دوه نامعین توري شته چي عبارت دي له‬

1. The form (a) is placed before the word beginning with a consonant letters.
.‫) توری له هغو کلیمو څخه مخکي استعمالیږي چي په بي اوازه توري سره شروع وي‬a( ‫د‬
Ex. A chair A book, a teacher, a boy …….. Etc

2. The form (an) is placed before a word beginning with vowel Letters.
.‫) جوړښت له هغو کلیمو څخه مخکي استعمالیږي چي په بي اوازه توري سره شروع شوی وي‬an( ‫د‬
Ex. An orange An apple an ice-cream and etc.

Memo
When (U) has the sound of (U) at the beginning of the words (a) is used instead
of (an).
.‫) استعمالیږي‬a( ‫) په ځای‬an( ‫) د کلیمي په شروع کي د (یو) اواز ولري نو د‬U( ‫ کله چي‬:‫یادونه‬
Ex. A university, a union…

Sometime some consonant letters have the sound of vowel in this case we use
(an) instead (a).

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)an( ‫) په ځای‬a( ‫ځیني وخت ځیني بي اوازه توري د اواز لرونکو تورو اواز لري په د حالت کي د‬
.‫استعمالوو‬
Ex: hour, a hour, an hour

Verbs ‫فعل‬
Verb is a word which shows an action, state, and existence.
‫ او موجودیت ښایي‬،‫ حالت‬،‫فعل یوه کلیمه ده کوم چي یو عمل‬.
Verbs are divided into two parts.
1. Ordinary verbs.
2. Auxiliary verbs.

Auxiliary (special) verb: a verb that helps to form a tense is called auxiliary
verb.
‫ هغه فعل چي د یوي زماني په جوړولو کي مرسته کوي کمکي فعل بلل کيږي‬:‫کمکي یا حاص فعل‬.
Auxiliary verbs consist in:
Am – Is – Are – Was - Were – Have – Has – Had - Do – Does – Did – Can –
Could – Shall – Should – Will – Would – May – Might – Ought to – Must –
Need – Dare –Used to
Ex. I am working.
Ex. Do you work?
Ex. She is a girl.

These auxiliaries are classified into three parts:

‫دعه کمکي فعلونه په دریو برخو ویشل شوي دي‬:
1. Principal Auxiliary verbs ‫اصلي کمکي فعلونه‬
2. Model Auxiliary verbs ‫نمونه یي کمکي فعلونه‬

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3. Semi Model Auxiliary verbs ‫نیمه نمونه یي کمکي فعلونه‬
‫ کمکي فعلونه له د سببه د محصوص فعلونو په نامه یادیږي چي خپل سوالي او منفي‬:‫نوټ‬
‫شکل بي غیر له اصلي فعلونو په مخصوص شکل سره تشکیلوي‬.
Ex: I can help you.
Ex: can I help you?
Ex: I can’t help you.

1. Principal auxiliary: Are those which form the main part of auxiliary
verbs.
.‫ هغه فعلونه دي کوم چي د اصلي کمکي فعلونو اساسي برخه تشکیلوي‬:‫اصلي کمکي فعلونه‬
These auxiliaries are as follows:
Is – Am – Are – Was – Were – has – have - had – Do – Does – Did
Ex: I am learning English. She was cooking bread. Arman has written grammar.
Ex: did you play cricket yesterday?
Note: The Principal auxiliaries can be used as ordinary verbs too.
‫ اصلي کمکي فعلونه کیدای شي د معمولي فعلونو په حیث هم استعمال شي‬:‫یادونه‬.
Ex: He is a player.
Ex: I have a beautiful car.

2. Model auxiliary Verbs: are those which show various moods and
mental attitudes.
‫ هغه فعلونه دي چي مختلف حالتونه او دماعي کړه وړه ښایي‬:‫نمونه یي کمکي فعلونه‬.

Ex. He can speak English.

Ex. I will study hard.
Memo: we cannot add s/es to these verbs, and we cannot use them in continuous
form, and they don’t have infinitive or past participle form.

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‫) جمع کړو او یا یی په جاري حالت کي‬s/es( ‫ مونږ نه شو کولی چي له دغو فعلونو سره‬:‫یادونه‬
.‫ او دغه فعلونه مصدر او دریم حالت نه لري‬،‫استعمال کړو‬

The model auxiliaries consist in:

Can Will May

Could Should Might
Shall Would
Must ought to

1. Can – Could
Can shows ability and possibilities and could is the past form of the can.
.‫ دویم یا تیر حالت دی‬can ‫ د‬could ‫ اوسنی توانایي یا قابلیت ښایی او‬Can
Ex. I can play cricket.
Ex. I could play cricket.

Memo: (Could) can some time show a present probability.

.‫ فعل ځیني وحت په خاضره زمانه کي احتمال ښایي‬could ‫ د‬:‫یادونه‬
Ex. If I practice more, I could become a good player. `

Note: (Be Able to) also shows abilities in present and future tenses.
‫ دغه هم په راتلونکي او خاضره زمانه کي توانایي یا قابلیت ښایي‬:‫یاداشت‬.
Ex. I am able to learn English. (Present)
Ex. I will be able to study English literature. (Future)

2. May – Might ‫ شاید‬-‫احتماًال‬

May shows a present probability might is used in a past form of May.

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.‫ د تیر حالتّ په حیث استعمالیږي‬may ‫ د‬might ‫ فعل اوسنی احتمال ښايي او‬may ‫د‬
Ex. I may leave here tomorrow.
Ex. He might go to Kabul.
Memo: might mostly show present probability as May.
.‫ په شان اوسنی احتمال ښایي‬may ‫ اکثره وخت د‬might :‫یادونه‬
.Ex: I might play cricket

Note: when (may) is placed at the beginning of the sentences show permission
and request.
.‫ د جملي په سر کي راشي نو اجازه او یا غوښتنه ښایي‬may ‫ کله چي‬:‫یادونه‬
Ex. May I come in sir? (Permission)
Ex: May I help you?
EX. May I have a glass of water? (Request)

3. Shall - Will
They show an action which will happen in the future.
.‫دوی داسي یو عمل ښایي کوم چي په راتلونکي کي پیښيږي‬
Ex. She will come here tomorrow.
Ex. I shall meet her next week.

4. Should – Would
They are used in the past form of shall and will, and should also shows advise.
.‫ نصیحت هم ښایي‬should ‫ د تیر حالت په حیث استعمالیږي او‬shall/will ‫دوی د‬
Ex. I would go to see her if I had time. (Past)
Ex. You should study hard. (Advise)

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Memo: Would is usually combined with words such as (Please) and (mind) to
express a polite request.
‫ له کلیمو سره ترکیب شي تر څو ادبي غوښتنه‬mind ‫ او‬please ‫ فعل کیدای شي د‬would ‫ د‬:‫یادونه‬
.‫وښایي‬
Ex. Would you please help me?
Ex. Would you mind opening the door?
Note: (would you please) is used with simple form of the verb, but (would you
mind) is used with (ing) form of the verb.

5. Ought to: it shows advice and obligation.

‫دغه نصیحت او مجبوریت ښایي‬.
Ex: you ought to lose some weight.
Ex: you ought to obey your parents.

6. Must: it shows strongest obligation and instruction.

‫دغه قوی ترین مجبوریت او هدایت ښایي‬.
Ex: you must come on time.
Ex: you must study hard for the exam.

3. Semi modal auxiliary verb:

‫نیمه نمونه یي کمکي فعلونه‬:
There are three semi modals auxiliary verbs in English language:
‫د انګلیسي په ژبه کي دری نیمه نمونه یي کومکي فعلونه موجود دي‬:

1- Dare: it shows courage. It can be used in both as auxiliary and ordinary

verb.
‫دغه جٔ‍‍رٔات ښایي او د اصلي او کمکي فعل دواړو په حیث استعمالیدای شي‬.
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Ex: I dare tell my father truth. (Auxiliary)
Ex: she dares to talk with her husband. (Ordinary)

2. Need: it shows necessity. It can be both auxiliary and ordinary verb.

‫دغه ضرورت ښایي او کیدای شي دواړه هم کمکي او هم اصلي فعل واوسي‬.
Ex: I need talk with her. (Auxiliary)
Ex: I need an umbrella. (Ordinary)

3. Used to: when it is used with simple form of the verb it means before or
ago.
‫کله چي د فعل له ساده حالت سره اسنعمال شي نو د مخکي یا پخوا معنا لري‬.
Ex: he used to work in fields.
‫هغه مخکي په پټو کي کار کوه‬.
Ex: I used to play cricket.
Ex: they used to live in Afghanistan.
When it is used with continuous it means habit.
‫کله چي د جاري زماني سره استعمال شي نو د حوی یا عادت معنا لري‬.
Ex: I am used to studying English.
‫زه د انګلیسي د مطالعه کولو عادت لرم‬.

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