Grading Period: Second Week 3: Nov.

3-5, 2021

I. INTRODUCTION
Good day Young Scientist! Welcome to our third week of our Correspondence Learning
Modality. In the previous week, we discussed the different types and functions of muscular
system and the plant covering. As you notice with our lessons, we started discussing the
outermost body system starting from its covering which is the integument, its framework
(skeletal), down to its system that is responsible for support and locomotion (muscular). Now
thinking about it, we have already finished discussing three systems of the body.
For this week, we will learn how metabolism works and how living organisms
transform food into essential materials to sustain life with the help of the Digestive System.

Attached to this week’s module is the weekly Study and Assessment Guide

DATE TOPIC ACTIVITIES OR TASKS

Chapter 5  Read on the topic about
 The Digestive System the Digestive System
Nov. 3-5, 2021
 Answer the given quiz

For this week, the following shall be your guide for the different lessons and tasks that you
need to accomplish. Be patient, read it carefully before proceeding to the tasks expected of you.
GOOD LUCK!

Content Chapter 5
 The Digestive System
Learning Competencies  Explain the role of ATP in life processes,
 Describe the major events of aerobic respiration,
 Trace the path of food as it is being digested,
 Explain how enzymes help in digesting the food,
 Explain how the digested food is absorbed through the villi
and carried through the bloodstream to the liver,
 Illustrate how diseases of the digestive system are
prevented, detected, or treated
 Research on specific technologies that are used to promote
the proper functioning of the digestive system

Activities  Guided Discussion

 Written Activity
Essential Questions  How is food broken down and transported in the body?
 How do you get energy and materials from food?

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  As young individuals, what are the preventive measures
you can practice to avoid digestive problems?

Value Statement Choose the right kind of food to eat.

Exhibit awareness of the importance of a balanced det.
Health is Wealth.
Value the role of photosynthesis as the source of energy in food
chains
References Textbook:
Ramos, Anna Cherylle M. et.al. (2019). Exploring Life Through
Science, Phoenix Publishing House Inc.,

Ramos, Anna Cherylle M. et.al.(2019). Exploring Life Through

Science, Laboratory Manual Phoenix Publishing House Inc.

Online References:

WebMD. The Digestive System

Retrieved on September 24, 2021
https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/digestive-
system#1

Thomas Schwenke. Human digestive system - How it works!

(Animation). Retrieved on September 24, 2021.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X3TAROotFfM&t=79s

How to Develop a Good Research Hypothesis. Retrieved on

September 24, 2021. https://www.enago.com/academy/how-
to-develop-a-good-research-hypothesis/

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 II. LEARNING CONTENT

Does digestion connect to

other body systems? Is eating related
to your mood?
The digestive system begins
with your mental state before you
start eating.
It makes a big difference if you
are relaxed, busy, or stressed. Each
condition has a different effect on
https://pinchmegood.com/7-healthy-eating-
your body's physiology. As it is
habits-you-can-start-today/
common knowledge, your body will not digest well when you are under stress. Let us
see how our digestive system works with other organ systems.
Digestive System Coordinates with Other Organ Systems
How do you get energy and materials from food?
The main role of the digestive system is to ensure that the nutrients, energy, and other
molecules found in food are readily available to cells and tissues. After the process of breakdown,
the products of the digestion need to be distributed to the different tissues and cells of the body.
Transport of these products involves the help of the circulatory system, where blood plays as a
vehicle for distribution. The blood vessels in the lining of the small intestines absorb those nutrients
and through the circulation of the blood along the entire vascular system, the nutrients are
distributed to where they are needed. These nutrients are used as raw materials for metabolic
processes happening inside the cells is called cellular respiration. Other than the nutrients coming
from the digestive system, oxygen derived from external respiration through the respiratory
system is also transported by the circulatory system. Oxygen is a vital element needed in aerobic
respiration to produce the energy needed to fuel the activities of the cells.

Cellular Respiration
You are now aware that your body needs energy and other materials to function and that
the foods you eat are the sources of these energies and materials. The energy stored in food must
be converted into a form of energy recognized by the body. Such a form of energy is called
adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is the type of currency recognized by the body. Cellular
respiration of cell respiration refers to the complex process by which energy in the form of ATP s
released from the food molecules. Aside from ATP, CO 2 and H2O are also produced in the process.

1. Aerobic Respiration
Cellular respiration involves a series of processes and forms ATP with or without the presence of
oxygen. Energy is usually obtained from food via aerobic cellular respiration, which uses oxygen to
produce ATP. Under aerobic respiration, oxygen is consumed, but the large number of ATPs is
generated along with water and carbon dioxide as by-products. Aerobic respiration involves three
stages: these are glycolysis, Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. Let’s discuss each stage.

A. Glycolysis – is a process by which one glucose molecule (a six carbon compound) is broken
down into two pyruvic acid (or pyruvate) molecules (a three-carbon compound) to generate

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 two net ATPs in the process. It takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell and involves a series of
chemical reactions catalysed by different enzymes.

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration-and-
fermentation/glycolysis/a/glycolysis

B. The second stage in cellular respiration, Krebs Cycle, named after British biochemist Sir
Hans Adolf Krebs, continues where glycolysis left off. The two molecules of the three-carbon
pyruvate produced in glycolysis leave the cytoplasm and enter the mitochondrial matrix, where
different chemical processes take place to produce more ATPs. Because of this process, the
mitochondrion is referred to as the powerhouse of the cell.

https://microbiologyinfo.com/krebs-citric-acid-cycle-steps-by-steps-explanation/

Before the three-carbon pyruvate enters the Krebs cycle, it will undergo oxidation (pyruvate
oxidation), producing a two-carbon molecule called acetyl coenzyme A or acetyl-CoA, with a
by-product of NADH. The Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle refers to a series of enzyme-catalyzed
reactions that break down acetyl-CoA completely into carbon dioxide and water. Exhalation is
the body’s way of getting rid of carbon dioxide produced in Krebs cycle. The process takes place
in the inner matrix of the mitochondria. For very one molecule of acetyl-CoA that enters the
Krebs cycle, one molecule of ATP is generated; along with three molecules of NADH (reduced
form of (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or NAD) and one molecule of FADH2 (reduced form
of flavin adenine dinucleotide or FAD.) NADH is a naturally occurring and vital compound found
in cells of living organisms. FADH2 is formed when FAD is oxidized by gaining two hydrogen ions
(H+) NADH and FADH2 are electron carrier molecules, which are used to generate more ATPs
through the electron transport chain. The entire cycle repeats with the acetyl-CoA molecule. As

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 the second round continues, more NADH, carbon dioxide, ATP, and FADH 2 molecules are
produced.
C. Electron Transport Chain – the last step in cellular respiration that takes place in the inner
membrane of the mitochondria. The first two steps of cellular respiration, glycolysis and Krebs
cycle, generate only small amounts of ATP and produce NADH and FADH2 molecules. Through
the last stage, the cell now can use the energy from NADH and FADH 2 molecules to make more
ATP molecules.

http://i.ytimg.com/vi/VER6xW_r1vc/maxresdefault.jpg

The link below is the link for the video for you to fully understand the events happening in electron
transport chain. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbJ0nbzt5Kw
Kindly consider these guide questions before you play the clip.
1. What is the connection of the first two stages (glycolysis and kerb cycle) in the process of
electron transport chain?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the total number of molecules of ATPs produced combining the three stages of
Aerobic respiration processes? (Glycolysis, Kreb’s Cycle and ETC). _____________________

The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation refers to a series of oxidation

processes where electrons (in the form of H+) carried by NADH and FADH2 are transferred to
electron acceptors. This process takes place along the membrane of mitochondria. As electrons
are transferred, ATPs are released, along with water as by-products. A total of three ATPs are
produced for every NADH molecule, and two ATPs for every FADH 2 molecule that enter the
electron transport chain, respectively. In sum, a total of 38 ATPs generated for every molecule
of glucose. However, the NADH molecules produced in cytoplasm during glycolysis need to be
transported to the mitochondrion. This requires one ATP for every one NADH molecules. Thus,
the net ATP production is reduced by two, resulting to a theoretical yield of 36 ATPs.

2. Anaerobic Respiration –
Fermentation is anaerobic respiration involved in the breakdown of pyruvic acid without the
use of oxygen. It also consists of a series of chemical reactions catalyzed by the different
enzymes from the cytoplasm. However, depending on the organism, pyruvic acid is converted
into various end products such as ethanol and carbon dioxide or lactic acid.

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 When ethanol and carbon dioxide are produced from pyruvic acid, the process is called
alcoholic fermentation. Alcoholic fermentation occurs in plant cells, yeast cells, and some
microorganisms. Beer and wine are some of the products of alcoholic fermentation.
When lactic acid is produced from pyruvic acid, the process is called lactic acid fermentation.
Muscle fatigue during strenuous exercise is caused by the accumulation of lactic acids in muscle
cells. This explains the soreness and general feeling of weakness. When you start to breathe in
more oxygen, the body returns to an aerobic pathway of respiration. Warming up and cooling
down before and after exercise can lessen muscle spasms and facilitate better breathing. Taking
pain relievers also helps reduce the pain caused by lactic acid build-up in muscles.

Digestion in Humans
How do digestive organs perfom their specific functions in the digestion of food?
In order to survive, we must feed by ingesting solid or liquid food matter obtained from
other organisms, such as plants or other animals. The intake of food from these sources and the
processes that convert food substances into living matter are known as nutrition. Specifically, this
mode of feeding found in animals and humans is known as holozoic nutrition.
Human nutrition involves the following processes:
1. Feeding / ingestion – the intake of food into the body
2. Digestion – the process of mechanical and chemical breakdown whereby large food
molecules are broken down into soluble and diffusible molecules that can be absorbed into
the body cells.
3. Absorption – the process whereby digested food materials are taken into the body cells and
are converted into new protoplasm or used to provide energy.
4. Elimination – passing of digested material out of the digestive tract

Digestion in Food
Digestion – a process where food must be broken down into nutrients. Most of the food
that you eat cannot be used immediately by the body. Therefore, they must be broken down into
some usable form, i.e., food molecules so it can be used by the cells. The breakdown food into
simpler substances for use by the body is the work of the digestive system. Once food is broken
down and converted into sample molecule nutrients, they are carried to all the cells of the body by
the blood and are used to provide energy and the raw materials for growth and repair.
Digestion in humans involves two distinct processes: the physical or chemical digestion and
chemical digestion. Physical digestion is the mechanical breakdown of food into smaller particles.
Chemical digestion is the breakdown of the complex molecules, such as proteins, starch, and fats
contained in food, into simple, soluble molecules. This involves hydrolytic reactions catalysed by
digestive enzymes.
To aid them in digestion, lower forms of animals have simpler digestive system, while
complex animals, such as mammals, including humans, have well-developed digestive organs such
as the mouth and the gut. The mammalian digestive system consists of the gut (alimentary canal)
and the glands associated with it. The tubular gut extends from the mouth to the anus, with most
of its length coiled in the abdominal cavity.

Discover the path that food takes through the digestive system. Close your eyes and imagine your
food going through the digestive tract.

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 Digestive Tract Functions
 The intake of food starts from the mouth, which leads
into the mouth cavity.
 Solid food is broken down into small pieces by the
chewing action of the teeth.
 The tongue has special sense cell or taste buds. Three
pairs of salivary glands open into the mouth cavity via
ducts that release a secretion called saliva.
 Food in the mouth stimulates the salivary glands to
secrete saliva, which is mixed with the food.
 Ptyalin (salivary amylase) – an enzyme that
Mouth chemically digests cooked starch into disaccharide
https://training.seer.canc maltose.
er.gov/anatomy/digestiv  Food bolus (boli) – when chewed food turns into
e/regions/mouth.html smooth and slippery mass of food particles

 Pharynx is common passage for food and air. The part

of the gut leads from the mouth to the esophagus and
to the trachea (windpipe) by way of the larynx or
voice box.
 It bears a slit-like opening called glottis.
 When you eat, some of the foo particles or water
passes into the trachea instead of pharynx.
 Epiglottis – covers the larynx and no food particles
enter the trachea during the swallowing process. It is
located behind the tongue and in front of the larynx.
Pharynx
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharynx
 Narrow, muscular tube that accepts the bolus after
being swallowed.
 It came from the Greek word oisophagos, meaning
“to carry what is eaten.”
 Muscle layers that surround the esophagus consist of
an outer layer of longitudinal muscles and an inner
layer of circular smooth muscles. These layers of
smooth muscles cause rhythmic, wavelike
contractions on the walls on the gut, this is called
peristalsis.

Esophagus
https://baycare.org/health-
library/what-is-barrett-esophagus

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Stomach
https://www.cancer.gov/publication
s/dictionaries/cancer-
terms/def/stomach
Small Intestine
https://socratic.org/questions/what
-are-dimensions-of-the-small-
intestine-what-are-reasons-to-
explain-why-the-s
Associated Organs and Glands
Both the liver and pancreas are considered digestive helpers. The pancreas produces hormones
responsible for controlling the level of glucose in the blood, while liver has a range of functions
for digestion, protein synthesis, iron storage, detoxification and heat production.
Liver
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
BIOLOGY– Grade 8 Science Curriculum
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 A J-shaped organ which lies beneath the diaphragm
and partly covered by the liver. It has a thick muscles
in is wall. These muscles contract to smash the food
into a sloppy soup. The stomach lining bears
numerous pits lined with gastric glands that release
gastric juices.
 Gastric juice is a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid
and the enzyme pepsin.
 Food remains typically in the stomach about three to
six hours. The partially digested food becomes
liquefied, forming chime, which passes in small
amounts into the duodenum (first part of the small
intestine.)
 The stomach joins the small intestine, through a
vascular valve called the pyloric sphincter.
 This 6 meters long small intestine consists of a U-
shaped duodenum, the jejunum, and the much-coiled
ileum.
 Although physical and chemical digestion already took
place in the stomach, the small intestine’s wall lining
still contains glands, which secrete several digestive
enzymes. Most chemical digestion happens in the first
0.3 meters of the intestine.
 Intestinal juice helps break down food arriving from
the stomach. This juice does not work alone; it is
helped by the juices that are produced by two organs
(liver and pancreas) located near the small intestines.
 Liver, the largest gland in the body, is dark, red in
color and is made up of five lobes (3 on the right
and 2 on the left.) It lies immediately below the
diaphragm, to the right side of the body.
 Its lower surface is in contact with the stomach and
the small intestine and has three attached blood
vessels – the hepatic portal vein, hepatic vein and
hepatic artery.
 Bile – an alkaline, greenish-yellow liquid which
contains bile salts and bile pigments. It is
temporarily stored in a greenish-yellow bag
attached to the liver called gallbladder.
 As food moves into the small intestine, the
P a g e 8 | 13
 conditions/liver-problems/symptoms- gallbladder releases bile through a duct (bile duct)
causes/syc-20374502 into the small intestine.
 It is a soft, triangular gland that lies between the
small intestine and the stomach. It is connected to
the duodenum of the small intestine using the
pancreatic duct.
 It produces pancreatic juice, which is a mixture of
digestive enzymes. These enzymes move into the
small intestine at the same time the bile does, and
help break down proteins, starches and fats.
 It also secretes the hormone insulin, which plays an
important role in controlling the blood sugar level
Pancreas in the body and utilization of carbohydrates.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas
 Accepts the undigested food particles from the
small intestine. The small intestine opens into the
large intestine in the right side of the abdominal
cavity.
 At the junction between small intestine and the
ascending colon is a small sac, the caecum, and the
blind-ending appendix.
 Its main function is to absorb water and mineral
salts from the undigested food material. It is about
1.5 meters long which consists of the;
- Caecum and appendix
Large Intestine
- Ascending colon running upward
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagep
- Horizontal transverse colon
ages/19220.htm
- Descending colon, runs downward to join the
rectum
- rectum
 Rectum – is a short muscular tube or a chamber
that begins at the end of the large intestine,
immediately following the sigmoid colon, and ends
at the anus. Its main function is to store the
undigested food materials before releasing it
through the anus.
 Anus – serves as the exit point of the undigested
materials which are not needed by the body. It is
tightly closed because of the two sphincters of the
Rectum and Anus anus.
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/a
rticles/4090-digestive-tract-rectal-and-
colon-diseases-and-conditions

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 Elimination of Waste Materials
Materials that are not absorbed in the large intestine form a solid waste known as feces. Feces,
which is made up of dead bacteria, some fat and protein, undigested food roughage, dried out
digestive juices, mucus, and discarded intestinal cells, is stored temporarily in the rectum. When
the rectum contracts, the feces is expelled through an opening called anus. The process of
removing matter from the body is called egestion, defecation and bowel movement.
To better understand our digestive system, watch this video.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X3TAROotFfM&t=79s
Prevention, Detection, and Treatment of Diseases of the Digestive System
An unhealthy diet and improper eating habits may lead to digestive disorders. Due to the
modern lifestyle of consuming high-calorie fast food, alcohol, and limited intake of fibers and green
leafy vegetables, diseases of the digestive system, known as gastrointestinal diseases, are
becoming more common today. The following are the symptoms of these gastrointestinal diseases.
- A change in bowel habits - Blood in the stool
- Sudden weight loss - Heartburn and release of gas
- Severe abdominal pain
As young individuals, what are the preventive measures you can practice to avoid digestive
problems? Please write your answer/s below as if you are reciting.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
These are the Common Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System:
1. Diarrhea – occurs when the lining of the large intestine cannot maintain the usual level of
water absorption. It secretes more than the normal quantity of water, ions and mucus.
Food poisoning from exposure to bacteria from the Salmonella group, certain virus-causing
intestinal flu, and infections caused by protozoans, such as Amoeba, can cause bouts of
diarrhea. These organisms usually migrate and invade the intestinal lining and destroy the
normal intestinal cells that absorb water.
2. Constipation – occurs when peristalsis moves the stool in the colon too slowly. The colon
reabsorbs too much water and the stool becomes hard and compacted. From a medical
standpoint, Constipation is the frequent bowel movements of less than three times a week
along with hard-to-pass dry stools. The reasons why this occurs include a diet with low plant
fiber, poor bowel habits, abuse of laxatives and hormonal disorders.
3. Hepatitis – is the inflammation of the liver caused by excessive consumption of alcohol or a
viral infection. Patients experience nausea, fever, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, and
yellowing of the skin and white part of the eye, known as jaundice. Hepatitis is preventable
through vaccinations.
Hepatitis has different types depending on the cause of the disease.
A. Hepatitis A (infectious hepatitis) – is caused by the Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and
contracted through exposure from fecally contaminated water of food.
B. Hepatitis B (serum hepatitis) – is caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and transmitted
by sharing contaminated blood through blood transfusion or contaminated needles or
by sexual contact with an infected individual.
4. Gallstones – are crystals formed by too much cholesterol, bile salts, and calcium in the
gallbladder. Gallstones are usually detected using ultrasound. Patients typically feel

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 sporadic pain in the middle of the upper abdomen or just below the right side ribs. The
frequency of pain attacks can be reduced by consuming a low-fat diet.
5. Peptic ulcer – are open sores found in the esophagus (esophageal ulcer), stomach (gastric
ulcer) and the duodenum of the small intestine (duodenal ulcer). New research shows that
the presence of a certain bacteria, known as Helicobacter pylori, in the stomach is the cause
of almost all stomach ulcers. In some cases, the long-time use of non steroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin, as pain relievers can also lead to stomach ulcers.
Patients with an ulcer may experience upper abdominal pain characterized by dull, sharp, or
burning sensations. Treatments of ulcers require taking antibiotics and stomach acid
suppressants to eliminate the population of H. pylori.
6. Hemorrhoids – also known as piles, occur when rectal veins are inflamed and enlarged after
straining and eliminating hard stools. Veins contained within the anus are called first-degree
hemorrhoids, whereas those extending outward on defecation are called second-degree
hemorrhoids. Those rectal veins that remain outside through the anal opening, which may
require surgical removal, are called third-degree hemorrhoids. Hemorrhoids are prevented
by eating a diet rich in fibers, such as fruits and vegetables, which help in producing softer
stools.
7. Appendicitis is the inflammation of the appendix caused by an obstruction such as hard
masses of feces, foreign body, or parasitic infection. Due to the obstruction, secretions from
the appendix cannot pass through and later on accumulate. This causes the appendix to
enlarge and bacteria to build up to cause infection. If the appendix bursts, the bacterial
infection can spread and may kill the person if not given proper treatment such as surgical
removal of the appendix.

Note: When you feel something unusual inside your body like pain,
especially if it is accompanied by fever, do not be afraid to visit your doctor
for consultation. Look for Internal medicine physicians or internists.

Disorders Associated with Improper or Sufficient Diet

Malnutrition – is a broad category of disorders with improper or insufficient diet including
undernutrition, overnutrition or micronutrient deficiency. To maintain overall wellness, one must
consume large amounts of macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats, proteins) and smaller
micronutrients (vitamins and minerals).
A. Undernutrition – people who cannot buy as much food to meet the basic daily nutrient
need may suffer from chronic undernutrition or hunger. Poor people who can only afford
low-protein and high carbohydrate diets, such as rice or corn, may also suffer from chronic
malnutrition associated with the insufficient supply of proteins and other key nutrients in
the diet. In 2018, the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations
announced 821 million chronically undernourished people in the world in 2017.
B. Overnutrition – occurs when a person consumes too much calories in food with little
exercise; thus, they become overweight or obese. If the individual's weight exceeds 20
percent of his or her ideal body weight, obesity can occur. Obesity is the heavy

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 accumulation of fats in the body, distributed around the body or concentrated in the
stomach (apple-shaped), midriff, or hips and thighs (pear-shaped).

Eating Disorders
The common causes of eating disorders are poor self-esteem, self-control, life stresses, and peer
pressure. Experts agree that these eating disorders can be solved if the treatment starts sooner or
later. Treatment involves counseling, family and group therapy, support group involvement, and
nutritional advice. The common eating disorders are as follows.
Type of Eating Disorder Definition
 Patients suffering anorexia nervosa
restrict their food and drink intake
under dangerous levels.
 Anorexics, mostly females between
14 and 25, usually develop an
intense fear of gaining weight or
becoming fat.
 As time passes, the physical image
Anorexia nervosa of an anorexic becomes distorted
https://www.healthyplace.com/eating- in his or her mind, believing that he
disorders/articles/eating-disorders-anorexia-nervosa- or she is much bigger than reality,
the-most-deadly-mental-illness and thus loses the proper
perspective to nourish themself.
 In extreme cases, anorexia can
cause stoppage of the monthly
period, moods swings, and fainting
spells.
 An eating disorder characterized
by episodes of secretive excessive
eating (bingeing) followed by self-
induced vomiting (purging),
overuse of laxatives, or excessive
exercise.
 This psychological disorder is
common among teenage girls,
which occurs after various
Bulimia nervosa unsuccessful attempts at dieting.
https://www.steadfastnutrition.in/blogs/news/bulimia- Teenage girls attempt to gain
nervosa-bn social acceptance based on
physical appearance can lead to
dissatisfaction of one’s body.
Young Biologist! Are you also trying to lose weight by not eating or by skipping your meals?
Well, that is not advisable. If you want to lose weight, eat more veggies, and do not forget to
exercise. To give you more tips, click this site https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/healthy-weight/12-tips-
to-help-you-lose-weight/.

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 GENERALIZATION:

Cellular respiration or cell respiration refers to the complex process by which energy in
the form of ATP s released from the food molecules. Aside from ATP, CO 2 and H2O are also
produced in the process. Cellular respiration can occur both aerobically (using oxygen), or
anaerobically (without oxygen). During aerobic cellular respiration, glucose reacts with oxygen,
forming ATP that can be used by the cell. Carbon dioxide and water are created as byproducts.

We need to eat every day to sustain energy. Digestion is the process of breaking down of
food into simple substances. Food is processed in a sequential order from the mouth, pharynx and
esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. Solid waste materials are
eliminated via the process of defecation.
The parts of alimentary tract and their functions are the following:
 Mouth- chewing of food and action of salivary glands
 Phyrynx and esophagus- passageway of food aided by peristalsis
 Stomach- churning and mixing food well with digestive juices, digestion of
proteinsby pepsin
 Small intestine- digestion of bile pancreatic enzymes; absorption of digested
products
 Large intestine- absorption of water and mineral salts
 Rectum- temporary storage of waste materials in the form of feces
 Anus- defecation or egestion of feces
Disorders of the digestive system may result from a person’s poor eating habits and lifestyle.
Photosynthesis is a multistep process whereby light energy is trapped by
chlorophyll in plants and converted into chemical energy, and is used to manufacture organic
carbohydrates from inorganic carbon dioxide and water. Oxygen is released as a by product
during this process.

BIOLOGY– Grade 8 Science Curriculum P a g e 13 | 13

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