ARCH402: Concrete and Steel Construction

Students name:
Nora Alnowishi
Course Instructors: Dr. Oscar Preciado

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 Table of content
Summary………………………………………………………………………………………………….3
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………….……….4
Chapter 1 Precast concrete construction…………………………………………..………..4
1.1 Definition…………………………………………………………………………………………………4
1.2 History ………………………………………………………………………………........................5
1.3 Materials ………………………………………………………………………….......................5,6
1.4 Types of Precast Components………………………………………………………………6,7,9
1.5 production process, transportation and placing………………………………………..10
Chapter 2 Main construction elements…………………………………………………………..11
Structural components…………………………………………………………………………………....11
Architectural components………………………………………………………..…………………..…11
urban components…………………………………………………………………………...………….…..11
Chapter 3 Benefits of the precast concrete vs. cast-in-place concrete………..…..11
3.1 Quality control………………………………………………………………………………………….…11
3.2 Labor efficiency……………………………………………………………………………………..…..12
3. 3 Cast ahead of time……………………………………………………………………………………..12
Chapter 4 precast concrete in Saudi Arabia…………………………………………………….12
Chapter 5 Precast Concrete Projects in Dammam……………………………………..…….13
5.1 Construction of 80 Villas, Ras Tanura………………………………………………………..….13
5.2 Full Frame Al Majdouie ………………………………………………………………………………..14
chapter 6 factors to consider in the architectural design use precast concrete….14
Chapter 7 Saudi precast concrete suppliers………………………………………………………14
7.1 BINA PRECAST (Dammam, Saudi Arabia)………………………………………………….….14
7.2 Khonaini Company…………………………………………………………………………………..….15
Summry………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…..15
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………15
References……………………………………………………………………………………………………..…16

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 Summary

recast concrete, Concrete cast into structural members under factory

conditions and then brought to the building site. A 20th-century
development, precasting increases the strength and finish durability of
the member and decreases time and construction cost

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 Introduction

The concept of precast (also known as “prefabricated”) construction includes

those buildings, where the majority of structural components are
standardized and produced in plants (cast and cured) in a location away from
the building, and then transported to the site for assembly. These components
are manufactured by industrial methods based on mass production in order
to build a large number of buildings in a short time at low cost.

Chapter 1 Precast concrete construction

1.1 Definition
Precast Concrete is a construction product produced by casting concrete in
a reusable Mold or "form" which is then cured in a controlled environment
transported to the construction site and lifted into place ("tilt up"). In contrast,
standard concrete is poured into site-specific forms and cured on site.

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 Figure 2: Precast concrete construction

1.2 History
precast concrete is not a new invention. In fact, it dates all the way back to the
days of Ancient Rome. Builders in that time combined lime with volcanic ash and
poured it into forms made of wood to create the same concrete structures over
and over again. This saved them time, allowed them to be more precise, and
opened up a world of possibilities as far as design was concerned. Precast
concrete was used to build many structures that are still standing today, such as
aqueducts, tunnels, and even the Colosseum and the Pantheon.
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While this method of construction proved incredibly fruitful for the people of
Ancient Rome, they would be the last to widely use it for many centuries. After
the Roman Empire fell, the use of stone and mortar became far more popular,
and concrete fell out of use.

1.3 material
Below are 7 different materials used in precast concrete buildings, each of which
must meet the requisite standards and building codes:

1.Cement

2. Structural Steel: Steel is critical in any structure that requires reinforcement,

which is literally almost any type of building. To avoid accidents the steel one
uses must meet the requisite standards and codes. Fabrication, and erection.

3. Concrete: Concrete is a mixture of water, coarse aggregates and cement. Upon

mixing, it takes time to harden in a process known as curing. The ratio of cement
and water used determines its properties, which include workability, strength,
resistance to radiation or heat, and durability.

4. water: Water is another substance used in precast buildings. Ideally, it should

be free of impurities that might impair the durability and strength of the
concrete. Using recycled water may increase the number of alkalis and soluble
salts in concrete. Always test to confirm everything meets the minimum
standards. Also, make sure alkali segregates are not employed.

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5.Waterproofing Admixture: When using two or more admixtures together, test
them for compatibility with the cement. Consider undertaking admixture
experiments with specific materials to determine the best dodge for the required
performance.

6. Aggregates: Ideally, precast concrete aggregates are extremely durable. They

do not decay or dissolve as a result of weather activity. Freezing, thawing,
moisture content fluctuations, and temperature changes are all weathering
activity factors to consider.

7. Reinforcement Bars: Carbon steel bars are often used as reinforcement

material and must adhere to CSA G30.18:21. This standard covers two types of
bars:
Type R – used for general applications
Type W – used when restrictions in mechanical properties and chemical
composition are desired. Type W bars are more ductile and more weldable than
other steels. Deformed bars have the W indication rolled into the surface.

1.4 Types of Precast Components

The figure below shows the building structure with basic precast components.
The number of different types of precast components in these structures over
the years have become very large. But following figure shows the major types of
precast components in a building

Figure 3: types of precast component

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1.colmns and beams: Precast concrete columns and beams provide
advantages in designing buildings for shopping malls, schools, warehouse
etc.

Long span precast columns and beams provide benefits for large open area
structure, Precast beams can be designed and produced using ordinary
reinforced concrete or prestressed concrete. Precast components are
delivered by trailers to the erection site for installation.

Figure 4

Typical pc column – footing connection details:

Figure 5

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Hollow core slabs: Hollow core slap give the following advantages:
a.) Lighter in weight compared to cast-in-place solid slabs, thus saving
materials in the design of all structural components
b.) Providing excellent fire resistance and sound resistance
c.) Soft interior and excellent drawing work
d.) fast erection thus saving in time and sound resistance.
e) Designed as per international codes ACI, PCI and CPC
f.) Overall saving in time, labour, shutters, scaffolding and building materials

Standard building slab types are 150mm, 200mm, 265mm, 320mm, 400mm
.and 500mm mm deep and 1200 mm wide

Transport and Erection

Clear access for delivery trucks and mobile crane is necessary for the erection of
Hollow core slabs.

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Erection procedure is executed in accord- acne with the design layout to ensure
an uninterrupted continuous operation. Hollow core slabs are placed directly on
their places with shims for leveling and grouting purposes. Hollow core slabs are

lifted with specially designed clamps hanging on a steel spread.

Figure 8
Wall elemnts:

Figure 9

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1.5 Production process, transportation and placing:

1- prepairing of Forms:
Molds, like with any precast concrete project are necessary for this technique.
These Molds are important to keep the shape and protect the overall structural
strength from leaking.
2- Creating of Concrete
. Mixing
Following the preparation procedure, the raw components are combined to form
a concrete mixture. This is known as the "batching" (raw material mixing)
procedure.
. Pouring
The Mold is filled with carefully specified concrete. "Sampling" is used in the
process to determine the durability of the precast.
3- Curing The concrete is allowed to cure in a controlled environment, typically
for several days, to gain strength.
4- Finishing: Depending on the element, surfaces may be textured, coated, or
polished.
5- Quality control: Each precast element is inspected and tested to ensure it
meets the required standards.

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2.Chapter 2 Main construction elements
2.1 Structural Components:
1-Precast columns
Precast columns are fixed to the foundations using pockets, protruding
reinforcing bars, or anchor bolts. The first solution is mainly used in foundations
with good viscous soil, while the second and third solutions are in the case of
foundation piles
2-Precast beam
-beams are used in floor beams where heavy loading and large spans are
required, but can be used also in roof structures.
3-Precast slabs
4- stairs

2.2 Architectural components

1-Precast Facade Panels: Decorative elements enhancing exterior aesthetics.
2- Precast Balusters: Ornamental posts for railings or parapets.
3-Bollards for pedestrian protection.

Figure 11: precast balusters figure12: bollards

Figure 10: facade panels
precast

2.3 urban components:

-Precast Pavers: Interlocking tiles for pedestrian walkways.
-Precast Street Furniture: Benches, planters, or other elements for public spaces.
-Precast Retaining Walls: Structural elements supporting soil and preventing
erosion.

Chapter 3 Benefits of the precast concrete vs. cast-in-place concrete

3.1 Quality control: The factory workers who manufacture precast concrete can
maintain ideal conditions and exact measurements throughout the process. With
site casting, you are at the mercy of fluctuating humidity and temperatures. The
.result is an inferior product even under the most ideal conditions

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3.2 Labor efficiency: Precast is much more Labor-efficient. Workers have access
to tools and machinery that are unavailable on the job site. In comparison, site
.casting involves manual work that increases Labor costs and overheads

3. 3 Cast ahead of time: Precast concrete is ready for immediate placement on a

construction site. Because of the space and Labor required for on-site casting,
you generally have to stop construction while you wait for your materials to be
ready.

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Chapter 4 precast concrete in Saudi Arabia
The Saudi construction regulations for precast concrete elements are primarily
governed by
:the Saudi Building Code (SBC), specifically
SBC 304, Requirements for Concrete Structures: This code, derived from the •
International
Code Council (ICC) and American Concrete Institute (ACI) standards, sets the
basic
requirements for concrete design and construction, including precast elements.
It covers
aspects like materials, design loads, strength
.calculations, reinforcement, production, erection, and quality control
SBC 307, Saudi Building Code for Precast Concrete: This dedicated code focuses •
specifically on precast concrete elements. It elaborates on the
design, manufacturing, transportation, handling, erection, and inspection of
precast
.elements in various building types
SBC 307.1, Saudi Guide for Design and Construction of Innovative Systems: •
This technical
guide provides additional recommendations and insights into the use of
innovative precast
.concrete systems and technologies within the framework of SBC 307
:Furthermore, other relevant regulations include
Technical Regulation for Building Materials – Part 3: Hydraulic Links and Related •
Products: This regulation issued by the Saudi Standards, Metrology and Quality
Institute
(SASO) sets out the essential requirements for precast concrete as a building
.material, focusing on its quality, safety, and environmental considerations
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MOMRA Bridges, Tunnels, Culverts and Pedestrian Bridges Specifications in •
Urban
Areas: This set of specifications, issued by the Ministry of Municipal and Rural
Affairs

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(MOMRA), provides specific requirements for precast concrete elements used in
the
construction of bridges, tunnels, culverts, and pedestrian bridges.
Here are some key points about the Saudi regulations for precast concrete
elements:
-Design and manufacturing: Precast elements must be designed and
manufactured in
accordance with relevant standards and codes, ensuring structural integrity,
durability, and
serviceability.
-Quality control: Strict quality control procedures are mandatory at all stages,
from material
.selection and production to transportation, erection, and inspection
-Marking and identification: Precast elements must be properly marked and
identified to
.facilitate traceability and ensure compliance with specifications
-Erection and handling: Specific procedures and precautions are outlined for the
safe and
proper erection and handling of precast elements on site.

Chapter 5 Precast Concrete Projects in Dammam

5.1 Construction of 80 Villas, Ras Tanura(stricter)

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5.2 Full Frame Al Majdouie (architecture)

chapter 6 factors to consider in the architectural design use precast concrete

1-Component size and weight

2-aesthetics
3- Logistics
4- Weather Considerations
6- Cost
7- Accessibility and Maintenance
Chapter 7 Saudi precast concrete suppliers

7.1 BINA PRECAST (Dammam, Saudi Arabia)

Bina Precast, leading the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s Precast
companies, specializes in the industrial construction of precast
concrete elements.

Bina Precast, established in 2006, provides know-how and expertise in its

specialty of precast concrete high-quality systems.

Located in Abqaiq Road, Dammam 2nd Industrial City, Bina Precast played an
essential role in executing the completed precast construction projects and
serving the needs of housing, trading, educational, governmental and private
sectors KSA-wide.

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7.2 Khonaini Company

he Khonaini Company which is based in Jubail, started there business activities in

1978 and have since expanded and diversified in a broad range of activities. It
has now become one of the leading contracting and trading companies in the
Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.
The Company is jointly owned and managed by Ahmed Hamad Khonaini,
Mohammed Hamad Khonaini, Abdul Aziz Hamad Khonaini and Mohammed
Sulaiman Khonaini and together they have successfully developed a group of
companies with a variety of services offered.
At present, we have many prestigious clients and have undertaken major
contracts in the Eastern Region. We are confident for the future and with reason.
A wealth of experience and high motivation have proven to lead to great
success.

Summary

recast concrete, Concrete cast into structural members under factory conditions
and then brought to the building site. A 20th-century development, precasting
increases the strength and finish durability of the member and decreases time
and construction cos.

Conclusion

It has been concluded that the precast construction provides better productivity,
reduce the duration time of the project and cost and also the dependency of
work force. Precast is a cost and time saving construction method which assures
quality of concrete to its maximum extent.

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 References

https://www.irjet.net/archives/V5/i1/IRJET-V5I1204.pdf
/https://khonaini.com/jcp-precast
/https://nitterhouseconcrete.com/precast-concrete-vs-site-cast-concrete
https://www.texasdisposal.com/blog/precast-vs-cast-in-place-concrete-whats-
/the-difference
/https://www.highconcrete.com/products/precast-components

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