PARTS OF WOOD

WOOD GRAIN The direction, size, arrangement and

appearance of the fibers in a piece of dressed wood.

WOOD

The tough, fibrous cellular substance that makes up

most of the stems and branches of trees beneath the
bark. (DK Ching, Architectural Visual Dictionary)

LUMBER vs TIMBER -is wood that has been processed

into uniform and useful sizes, including beams and
planks or boards. Lumber is mainly used for
construction framing, as well as finishing. Lumber has
many uses beyond home building

TIMBER

LENGTH :8FT, 12FT, 14FT, 16FT, 20FT HARDWOOD is wood from dicot trees. These are usually
LUMBER found in broad-leaved temperate and tropical forests. In
temperate and boreal latitudes, they are mostly
deciduous, but in tropics and subtropics mostly
evergreen.

SOFTWOOD are conifers and normally have needle-like

ROUGH LUMBER Lumber that is sawn, edged and
trimmed, but not surfaced.
leaves. They generally have lower densities and are
often light in color. Softwoods usually grow quicker than
hardwoods and are cheaper, softer and easier to work.
Common examples of softwood include pine, fir, spruce,
larch and cedar.

DRESSED LUMBER Lumber that is surface with a planer

machine to attain a smooth surface and uniform size.
HARDWOOD AIR DRIED

- For furniture, Antiques sculptures and Finishes Seasoned by exposure to the atmosphere.
- Wall finishes
OVEN DRY
- Balusters - Stair Railing
- Stairs steps and Raiser A point which no moisture can be extracted when
- Roof framing exposed in kiln temperature of 214°F (101°-105°C).
- Ceiling joist
- Wall framing
Wood preservative products are those that control
SOFTWOOD wood degradation problems due to fungal rot or decay,
- Barn yard sap stain, molds, or wood-destroying insects. Both the
- Fence treatment process and the use of treated products can
- Formworks result in risks to human health and the environment.
- Industrial uses like wood box Treated wood is most commonly used outdoors.
- Particle board

NOMINAL SIZE VS. ACTUAL

SIZE

Nominal size a board's size

before it has been planed
smooth (surfaced) on all four
sides. The actual
measurements are the final
size of your piece of lumber

S4S stands for "surfaced on 4

sides, meaning that the
QUARTERSAW To saw logs approximately at right angles material is finished on all four
to the annual rings. sides.

PLAIN-SAW To saw a square into boards evenly spaced

parallel cuts. Also called bastard-saw.
Joists and Planks

Structural lumber of rectangular cross section, from 2”

to 4” thick & more than 4” wide. Narrow face is Joists,
wide face is Planks/Decking

Beams and Stringers

Structural lumber of rectangular cross section, at least

5” thick & width more than of 2” greater than the
WOOD SEASONING OR WOOD DRYING thickness

Pertaining to lumber that has been dried to reduce its

moisture content and improve its serviceability.

KILN DRIED

Under controlled conditions of heat, air circulation and

humidity.

CONCRETE
Concrete, an artificial stone-like mass, is the composite
material that is created by mixing binding material
(cement or lime) along with the aggregate (sand, gravel,
stone, brick chips, etc.), water, admixtures, etc in
specific proportions
Concrete is a composite material composed of
aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that
cures over time. Concrete is the second-most-used
substance in the world after water, [1] and is the most
widely used building material.[2] Its usage worldwide,
ton for ton, is twice that of steel, wood, plastics, and
aluminium combined
BRIEF HISTORY
The word concrete comes from the Latin word
"concretus" (meaning compact or condensed),the
perfect passive participle of "concrescere", from "con-"
(together) and "crescere" (to grow)
ANCIENT TIME
Mayan concrete at the ruins of Uxmal (850-925 A.D.) is
referenced in Incidents of Travel in the Yucatán by John
L. Stephens. "The roof is flat and had been covered with
cement". "The floors were cement, in some places hard,
but, by long exposure, broken, and now crumbling
under the feet." "But throughout the wall was solid, and
consisting of large stones imbedded in mortar, almost as
hard as rock
In the Ancient Egyptian and later Roman eras, builders
discovered that adding volcanic ash to the mix allowed it
to set underwater. Concrete floors were found in the
royal palace of Tiryns, Greece, which dates roughly to
1400-1200 BC. Lime mortars were used in Greece,
Crete, and Cyprus in 800 BC. The Assyrian Jerwan
Aqueduct (688 BC) made use of waterproof concrete.
Concrete was used for construction in many ancient
structures.
The Romans used concrete extensively from 300 BC to
476 AD. During the Roman Empire, Roman concrete (or
opus caementicium) was made from quicklime,
pozzolana and an aggregate of pumice. Its widespread
use in many Roman structures, a key event in the history
of architecture termed the Roman architectural
revolution, freed Roman construction from the
restrictions of stone and brick materials. It enabled
revolutionary new designs in terms of both structural
complexity and dimension. The Colosseum in Rome was
built largely of concrete, and the Pantheon has the
world's largest unreinforced concrete dome
Pozzolana or pozzuolana, also known as pozzolanic ash, produces concrete. Concrete is the most widely used
is a natural siliceous or siliceous-aluminous material material in existence and is behind only water as the
which reacts with calcium hydroxide in the presence of planet's most-consumed resource
water at room temperature
Reinforced concrete was invented in 1849 by Joseph
Monier. and the first reinforced concrete house was
built by François Coignet in 1853. The first concrete
MIDDLE AGES
reinforced bridge was designed and built by Joseph
After the Roman Empire, the use of burned lime and Monier in 1875
pozzolana was greatly reduced. Low kiln temperatures
Reinforced concrete, also called ferroconcrete, is a
in the burning of lime, lack of pozzolana, and poor
composite material in which concrete's relatively low
mixing all contributed to a decline in the quality of
tensile strength and ductility are compensated for by
concrete and mortar. From the 11th century, the
the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile
increased use of stone in church and castle construction
strength or ductility. The reinforcement is usually,
led to an increased demand for mortar. Quality began to
though not necessarily, steel bars (rebar) and is usually
improve in the 12th century through better grinding and
embedded passively in the concrete before the concrete
sieving. Medieval lime mortars and concretes were non-
sets. However, post-tensioning is also employed as a
hydraulic and were used for binding masonry, "hearting"
technique to reinforce the concrete. In terms of volume
(binding rubble masonry cores) and foundations.
used annually, it is one of the most common
Bartholomaeus Anglicus in his De proprietatibus rerum
engineering materials. In corrosion engineering terms,
(1240) describes the making of mortar. In an English
when designed correctly, the alkalinity of the concrete
translation from 1397, it reads "lyme ... is a stone brent;
protects the steel rebar from corrosion.
by medlynge thereof with sonde and water sement is
made". From the 14th century, the quality of mortar
was again excellent, but only from the 17th century was
For a strong, ductile and durable construction the
pozzolana commonly added
reinforcement needs to have the following properties at
least:

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD •High relative strength

•High toleration of tensile strain
The greatest step forward in the modern use of concrete
•Good bond to the concrete, irrespective of pH,
was Smeaton's Tower, built by British engineer John
moisture, and similar factors
Smeaton in Devon, England, between 1756 and 1759.
•Thermal compatibility, not causing unacceptable
This third Eddystone Lighthouse pioneered the use of
stresses (such as expansion or contraction) in response
hydraulic lime in concrete, using pebbles and powdered
to changing temperatures.
brick as aggregate.
•Durability in the concrete environment, irrespective of
A method for producing Portland cement was corrosion or sustained stress for example
developed in England and patented by Joseph Aspdin in
1824. Aspdin chose the name for its similarity to Types of structures and components of structures can
Portland stone, which was quarried on the Isle of be built using reinforced concrete including slabs, walls,
Portland in Dorset, England. His son William continued beams, columns, foundations, frames and more.
developments into the 1840s, earning him recognition
for the development of "modern" Portland cement Reinforced concrete can be classified as precast or cast-
in-place concrete.
A cement is a binder, a chemical substance used for
construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to other
materials to bind them together. Cement is seldom used
on its own, but rather to bind sand and gravel
(aggregate) together. Cement mixed with fine aggregate
produces mortar for masonry, or with sand and gravel,