Name:& & 1& & & & & & Hieu&Ren&Ri&

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

Complex sentence = dependent clause(s) + independent clause

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE
DEPENDENT CLAUSE Noun clause
Relative clause

1. DEFINITION
An adverbial clause is a dependent clause introduced by adverbial subordinator, it is used to modify the verb of the independent clause and tell when (time),
where (place), why (reason), for what purpose, how, how long or how far … It is also used to show contrast: concession and direct opposition.

2. TYPES OF ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

2.1. EXAMPLES
Read the following 8 examples and answer questions 1-3 below:
1 Most people prefer to shop where they can be sure of quality.
2 When people had to hunt for food, they had continuous moderate exercises.
3 Europeans are in some ways better environmentalists than North Americans because they are more used to conserving energy.
4 New textbooks are so expensive that many students buy used ones.
5 Farmers use chemical pesticides so that they can grow bigger harvests.
6 Although I studied all night, I failed the test.
7 San Francisco is very cool during the summer, whereas San Juan is extremely hot.
8 The demonstrators left as the police had ordered. (manner)
a.. Underline the dependent clauses in these sentences
b. Can these dependent clauses stand alone? If not, with which clause should the dependent clause be combined with?
c. Do all sentences have a coma? In which case do the sentences have a coma?
d. These 8 examples represent 8 types of Adverbial Clause. Do you know all of them? Complete the “type” column in the table below with the types of
Adverbial Clauses that you know.

No. Type FORMULA EXAMPLE

1 Place
Most people prefer to shop where they can be sure of quality.
… where
… anywhere Consumers usually prefer to do business wherever credit cards are
+ subject + verb + complement … accepted.
… wherever
… everywhere Everywhere I shop, I use my credit cards.
Name:& & 2& & & & & & Hieu&Ren&Ri&
2 Time
When people had to hunt for food, they had continuous moderate
exercises.
… when
People were eating a lot of protein while they were living on farms.
… whenever
… while After people moved to urban areas, they had less protein in their diets.
… as soon as Our eating habits changed as soon as food processing methods
… after + subject + verb + complement … improved.
… since
… as Dollar is appreciated whenever gold is depreciated.
… before VNINDEX has never returned to its peak of 650 point since there was
… until/ til substantial drop in 2013.
Vietnamese’s economy won’t improve until there are changes in the
policy dealing with corruption.
Some officials are living prosperity while almost half of the citizens are
suffering from poverty and illiteracy.

3 Reason
Europeans are in some ways better environmentalists than North
Americans because they are more used to conserving energy.
Since many European live, work, and shop in the same locale, they are
quite accustomed to riding bicycles, trains, and streetcars to get around.
… because
… as + subject + verb + complement … As the price of gasoline has always been quite high in Europe, if a
… since European owns an automobile, it is likely to be a high-mileage model that
uses diesel fuel

4 Result
New textbooks are so expensive that many students buy used ones.
The cost of education is rising so rapidly that students are looking for
… so + adj + that ways to cut costs.
… so + adv + that
… such a(an) + noun phrase + The library is such a big place that I couldn’t find the book I needed.
+ subject + verb +
that There is always so much noise in the dormitory that I can’t study there.
complement …
… so much/ many/ little/ few +
noun phrase + that There were so many students waiting in line to register for classes that I
decided to come back later.
Name:& & 3& & & & & & Hieu&Ren&Ri&
5 Purpose
Farmers use chemical pesticides so that they can grow bigger harvests.
… so that
+ subject + verb + complement … Farmers also spray their fields in order that consumers might enjoy
… in order that
unblemished fruits and vegetables.

6 Concession
Although I studied all night, I failed the test.
(unexpected
opposite) … although I went swimming even though the weather was cold.
… even though
+ subject + verb + Though there are many aids from various international organization,
… though
complement … Vietnam’s economy show now progressive sight.
… despite the fact that
… in spite of the fact that Despite the fact that Vietnamese businesses still cannot take full
advantage of the existing FTAs, the Government continue signing many
others.

7 Contrast
San Francisco is very cool during the summer, whereas San Juan is
(direct … whereas
+ subject + verb + complement … extremely hot.
opposite) … while
While Singapore is gradually becoming a developed nation, Vietnam is
treading water.
8 Manner/
The demonstrators left as the police had ordered. (manner)
Distance/
frequency … as The students completed the experiment as quickly as they could.
… as if/ as (manner)
+ subject + verb + complement …
though
Pat jogs on the beach as far as she can. (distance)
… as + adv + as
Vietnamese officials commit corruption as often as they can
Kathleen usually acts as if/ as though she were an authority on the
subject. (manner)

Notes:
- because of/ due to/ owing to - too + adj/ adv + (for sb/ sth) + to inf ---> result - (for sb/sth) to inf --> purpose - despite + noun -->
+ Ving/ noun phrase --> reason - too + much/ many/ little/ few + noun + (for sb/sth) + to inf --> - in order + to inf --> purpose concession
result - so as + to inf ---> purpose - in spite of + noun -->
- adj/ adv + enough + (for sb/sth) + to inf --> result - for + Ving/ noun phrase --> concession
- enough + noun phrase + (for sb/sth) + to inf --> result purpose
 everywhere: every place Can you use an ATM card everywhere you shop?
anywhere: any place Anywhere you go, you hear people talking on their cell
212 Part nl I Sentence Structure phones.

EXERCISES
A. AStep time1 clause
Form isanintroduced
adverb place by oneclause of by
thereplacing
subordinators in the
the word following
there with a chart.
place
212 Part nl I Sentence Structuresubordinator in the appropriate sentence in each pair. Use all four
Place Clauses
subordinators at least once.
..-r:......:...':i;{( ... ·i i> .
ii/xi Step
ii 2.>iWrite
iii'·a new
i sentence
>. byC, combining
""'2G the adverb clause·>ii
i
with ,
. ·\/ the iifi i i
A time
214 Part 111 I Sentence Structure clause is introduced
independent clause. by one of the subordinators
Add a comma if necessary. in the following chart.
when: a specific time When people had to hunt for food, they moved from
Step 3 Circle the subordinators.
place to place.
..-r:......:...':i;{( ... ·i i> .
The ii one.>ihas
ii/xiwhenever:
first at iii'·
any
been time
i Whenever
done>. for C, food
you as an became scarce in one area,
example.
""'2G
,
·>ii they
i
iifi
. ·\/ moved ii

to another area.
when: a specific time When people had to hunt for food, they moved from
1. People prefer to shopplace / credit cards are accepted there
to place.
while: at the same time The men hunted game while the women gathered plants.
People prefer to shop cards are accepted.
whenever: at any time Whenever food became scarce in one area, they moved
2. Consumers
as soon as: soontend
afterto buy morehabits
Eating / credit cardsas.soon
changed are accepted for payment
as people of
stopped moving
to another area.
merchandise there. from place to place in search of food.
while: at the same time The men hunted game while the women gathered plants.
after: later After people learned how to grow their own food, they
3. You cannot use creditsettled cards/you shop there.
in villages.
as soon as: soon after Eating habits changed as.soon as people stopped moving
from place to place in search of food.
since:
4. Therefromarethat few placesSince
a time the United States changed from an agricultural to an
of business/ a credit card is not accepted there.
industrial society, eating habits there have changed.
after: later After people learned how to grow their own food, they
settled in villages.
216 Part n1 I Sentence Structure
5.
as: Travelers
at the samecan use credit
time cardsin in
People theforeign countries/they
United States aremore
started eating accepted there.
processed
convenience foods as their lives became busier.
since: from that time Since the United States changed from an agricultural to an
industrial society, eating habits there have changed.
before: earlier Before people in the United States moved to cities, they
4. How
B. ATM can youand
machines perfect yourmost
cell phones
grew pronunciation
areoftwo own of
theircommon a foreign
food. language?
objects that did not exist
as: at the same time People in the United States started eating more processed
50 years ago. Choose something that your grandmother might not have seen
convenience foods as their lives became busier.
but
until:that is the
up to everywhere
time today.
Women had time to cook meals "from scratch"j until they
5. When the teacher catches went you sleeping in class, how can you avoid
Write a short paragraph onto work
your in factories
topic.
in theUse at and
leastoffices.
three adverb place
before:
embarrassment? (Use as if or as though in your sentence.) to cities, they
earlier Before people United States moved
clauses in your paragraph. Circle
grew mostthe of their own food. (If you cannot write a whole
subordinators.
paragraph on one topic, write at least four sentences on different topics.)
until: up to Women had time to cook meals "from scratch"j until they
A. Step 1 the timean
Form
Suggested topics: adverb
cell time
phones, clause bymachines,
adding a time subordinator to the
PRA.CT1CE 1 went to workATM in factories and offices.people walking around
Time Clauses with headphones, Starbucks stores, litter, homeless people, people eating in in
appropriate sentence in each pair. Use a different time subordinator
Reason Clauses each clause. signs, recycling bins, bumper stickers.
their cars, no-smoking
Step 2 Write a new sentence by combining the adverb clause with the
PRA.CT1CE 1 A. Step 1 Form an adverb
independent clause timeinclause by adding
each pair. Add aacommatime subordinator
if necessary.toWritethe your
An adverb reason
appropriate
sentences
clause
sentence
on answers in
a separatethesheet each pair. Use
of paper.
question
a different time
"Why?" A reason clause can come
subordinator in
Time Clauses
Distance, Frequenc1', and Manner Clauses
beforeStep 3 each
or after Copy clause.
your sentences
the independent clauseto make a paragraph on the lines provided on
in a sentence.
Step 2 Writepage 213a newandsentence
circle the by subordinators.
combining the adverb clause with the
independent clause in each pair. Add a comma if necessary. Write your
The
Adverb clausesfirst one
of has
sentences been done
on a separate
distance answer forsheet
youquestion
the as
ofan example.
paper. "How far?" Adverb clauses of
;.."

Step
frequency 3 Copy
answer your
the sentences
question "How to make
often?" a
--
paragraph
Adverb ,"" clauses
on the lines providedanswer
of manner on
1. Everyone should know what to do. An earthquake strikes.
thebecause
question page
"How?" 213Distance,
Europeans andarecircle
in some thewayssubordinators.
frequency, and
better most (but
environmentalists not all)
than manner clauses
North Americans
2. If you because
are inside,
they move
are more awayused fromtowindows,
conservingand get under a desk or table,
energy.
followThetheorindependent
first oneinhas
stand clause.
been doneYou
a doorway. for feel
youthe as an example.
floor begin to shake.
since Since many Europeans live, work, and shop Ch.apter in the 13
same I Adverb Clauses
locale, they are 213
3. Try to quite
stay accustomed
calm. The earthquake is happening.
1. Everyone should know to whatriding
to bicycles, trains, and streetcars
do. An earthquake strikes. to get around.
4. Do not move. The floor ..... stops shaking. .•. .
as 2. If you are inside,
As the ••move
price away from
of gasoline windows,
has always been and quiteget under
high a deskmost
in Europe, or table,
or stand in a doorway.
Europeans drive
5. You are sure the earthquake
as + adverb + as: distance
You feel
high-mileage the floor begin
automobiles that to shake.
use less '"
fuel.
is over. You may begin to move around. You
Fire had destroyed the trees in the forest as far as the
3. Tryhave checked
to stay calm.carefully
Theeye could see.is power
for
earthquake fallen lines. You may go outside.
happening.
4. Do not move. The floor stopsvisitshaking.
as +Step + as: frequency I do notby my parents as often as they would like
PRACT1CE 4 A. adverb1 Form an adverb clause
Everyone shouldme know
to. what
adding
to do <8iiV
a reason
appropriate sentence in each pair. Do not change the order of
subordinator
an earthquake strikes.
to the
Reason Clauses Ifrom scratch: not using convenience foods (such as cake mixes) that have been previously prepared
as: manner the clauses. We mixed the chemicals exactly as the lab instructor had
Step 2 Write a new sentence told usby to.combining the adverb clause with the
independent
as + adverb + as: manner clause. Add
Our instructor a commaasked if usnecessary.
to fill out the questionnaire as
Step 3 Circle the subordinator.
carefully as we could.
Ifrom scratch: not using convenience foods (such as cake mixes) that have been previously prepared
as if, as though: manner The bus's engine sounds as if/as though it is going to stall
The first one has been done for youmoment.
at any as an example.
B. Choose either topic 1 or 2 and write an original paragraph on a separate sheet
1.
of paper. Use adverb time clauses in your paragraph. Use a variety of time
subordinators, and circle them.
household
1. Tell someone what to do in the event of a house fire, an auto accident, a
 independent clause. Add a comma if necessary.
Step 3 Circle the subordinator.

The first one has been done for you as an example.

1.

household

2. Europeans experienced hardship and deprivation I during and after World

War II. They are used to conserving. Chapter 13 I Adverb Clauses 217

3. Coal pollutes the air and gives off a lot of carbon dioxide. Most European
nations have switched to natural gas or nuclear power to produce electricity.

4. In the United States, in contrast, 56 percent of the nation's electricity is

generated
Ideprivation: lack of by burning
necessities for coal.
Coal is cheap and plentiful.
living

5. The parliamentary system in Europe is different. A European head of

government has more power than a U.S. president to force industry to make
environmentally responsible changes.

B. Imagine that you have a summer job as an administrative assistant to a company

manager. One of your duties is to write letters for the manager to-sign. Some
of the letters to the company's clients and employees contain good news, and
some contain bad news. Complete the following first sentences in each letter
with reason clauses. Use all three subordinators at least once. Also, vary the
order of the clauses, sometimes putting the reason clause first and sometimes
last. The first one has been done for you as an example.

Good News letters

Dear _

I am pleased to inform you that ...

1. ... you have won the salesperson of the year award
because your sales have shown such outstanding' growth over the past
12 months. you have Won the salesperson of the year award.
2. . .. we are increasing the limit on your credit card to $5,000 '"

3. ... the company has decided to offer you a raise ...

4. ... we have decided to extend the time limit for repayment of your loan ...
218 Part 111 I Sentence Structure

Bad News Letters

Dear _

I regret to inform you that ...

1. ... the company has decided not to renew your car insurance policy

Chapter 13 I A.dverb Clauses 219

2. ... we are unable to offer you employment at this time ...

PRACTICE 5 A. Step 1 Form an adverbial clause by adding a result subordinator to the

3. .. . we have decided not to extend the time limit for repayment of your
Result Clauses loan ... appropriate sentence in each pair. Chapter 13 I A.dverb Clauses 219
Step 2 Write a new sentence by combining the adverb clause with the
independent clause. Add a comma if necessary.
PRACTICE 5 A. Step
Step 3 Circlean
1 Form theadverbial clause by adding a result subordinator to the
subordinator.
appropriate sentence in each pair.
Result Clauses The first one has been done for
Result Clauses Step 2 Write a new sentence byyou as an example.
combining the adverb clause with the
independent clause. Add a comma if necessary.
1. Anthropological museums have realistic displays. A visitor can gain insight
Step 3 Circle the subordinator.
An adverb result clause
into the expresses
lifestyles the effect
of ancient or consequence of the information in
people.
the independent clause.
The first A result
one has beenclause follows
done for thean
you as independent
example. clause in a sentence.
Anthro 0/0 ical museums have such realistic dis
1. Anthropological museums
insight into the lifestyles of have
ancientrealistic
,;> ;;', ; ; displays. A visitor
people. ;;i' can gain insight
YHHV"
into the lifestyles of ancient people. i'

2. Anthro
The Ancient
so + adjective/adverb Peru exhibit
+ that was cookie
Joanna's popular. It wasisheld
business
0/0 ical museums have such realistic dis
over for two
so successful that weeks.
she hired three new employees last week.
insight into the lifestyles of ancient people.
New orders are coming in so rapidly that she has
2. The Ancient Peru exhibit was popular.
expanded It was held
her production over for two weeks.
facilities.

3. The artifacts l were of Joanne's

such a(n) + noun + that historic cookies
value. Anthropologists from
are such a success that several
she is
considering franchising the business.
universities came to study them.
so much/many + noun + that Running the business takes so much time now
3. The artifacts l were of that
historic value.
Joanne Anthropologists
no longer from herself.
does the baking several
universities came to study them.
There were so many orders for her holiday
cookies that her workers were baking 24 hours
4. The exhibits were precious.
a day. A museum guard was posted in every room.

so little/few + noun + that Now Joanne has so little free time that she has
4. The exhibits were precious. A museum
not taken guard
a vacation was posted in every room.
in months.

Her cookies contain so few calories that even

2
5. Computer graphics allowed
people the exhibit's
on diets curators
can enjoy them. to present the lives of
ancient Peruvians realistically. You felt you were 2actually there.
5. Computer graphics allowed the exhibit's curators to present the lives of
ancient Peruvians realistically. You felt you were actually there.

6. There were many exhibits. We could not see all of them.

6. There were many exhibits. We could not see all of them.

B. Complete the sentences in this story with an appropriate result clause.

B. Complete the sentences in this story with an appropriate result clause.
Last week our biology class went on a field trip to a local science museum. Our
Last week our biology class went on a field trip to a local science museum. Our
appointment was for 9:00
appointment was for 9:00 a.m.
a.m. We
We went
went there
there by
by bus,
bus, but
but the
the bus
bus driver
driver got
got lost.
lost.
In fact,
In fact, we
we were
were (1)
(1) so
so lost that
lost that we
we almost
almost turned
turned around
around and
and drove
drove back
back to
to
schoof.
schoof.
At long last, we arrived at the museum. The curator met us and took us to
see the snake exhibit. In one room, a man was sitting on a chair with a very large
boa
boa constrictor
constrictor around
around his
his neck.
neck. He
He was
was feeding
feeding the
the snake
snake its
its weekly
weekly meal
meal of
of
mice. A few
mice. A few of the students started shrieking when they saw the first cute little
of the students started shrieking when they saw the first cute little
mouse disappear into the boa constrictor's open jaws. They were shrieking
mouse disappear into the boa constrictor's open jaws. They were shrieking
(2) loudly _
(2) loudly _

I artifacts: objects such as tools, weapons, pottery, and clothing

2curators:
I artifacts: keepers of museums
objects such as tools,who plan, design,
weapons, pottery, care
and for, manage, and build exhibits and collections
clothing
2curators: keepers of museums who plan, design, care for, manage, and build exhibits and collections
 Cbapter 13 I Adverb Clauses 221

A. Step 1 Match the ideas in the two columns.

Purpose Clauses Step 2 Add a purpose subordinator to one of the sentences in each matched
pair to form a purpose clause.
Step 3 Write a new sentence by combining the adverb clause with the
independent clause. Add a comma if necessary.
Step 4 Circle the subordinator.
The first one has been done for you as an example.
__ e_ 1. Chemists create food a. They can avoid food with
products in the laboratory. chemicals.
_ _ 2. For example, an artificial b. They can increase crop yields.
food called "bacon bits" was
invented. Cbapter 13 I Adverb Clauses 223
c. They can produce organic3
_ _ 3. Chemicals are added to many crops.
foods. d. The foods will stay fresh
Concession A concession
_ _ 4. clause means "This
Most farmers idea is true, but the longer.
use chemical idea in the independent clause
(Unexpected is more important."
fertilizers and pesticides. e. Consumers can lfave
Result) These
_ _clauses
5. Some arefarmers
sometimes called
use only "unexpectedsubstitutes
natural result" clauses because the
for scarce,
Clauses information inpest
the independent clause is surprising or unexpected
control methods. expensive, orbased on the infor-
fattening
mation given in the concession clause.
_ _ 6. People like to buy organic natural foods.
farm produce. f. Consumers could enjoy the

- . '
..taste of bacon without the fat.
-
-
although Although I had studied all night, I failed the test.
1. Chemists create food products in the laboratory can have
even though Ourfor
substitutes house is quite
scarce, comfortable
expensive, even though
or fattening it is foods.
natural small.
though Though the citizens had despised the old regime, they disliked the new
2.
government even more.

3. _
Notes
1.
4.
Although, even though, and though have almost the same meaning. Though
is less formal. Even though is a little stronger than although. --
2. Some writers follow the normal comma rule for adverb clauses: Use a
5. comma only when the concession clause comes before the independent
clause. Other writers use a comma between the two clauses no matter
222 Part In I Sentence Structure
6. which order they are in.
3. Be careful about which clause you use the subordinator with. Sometimes
you can use it with either clause, but not always.
B. Look at Part A and decide which three sentences you can rewrite using in
CORRECT
order
He to + simple
loves sports verb
cars,or to + simple
although verb.aWrite
he drives sedan.the new sentences on the
lines provided.
CORRECT Although he loves sports cars, he drives a sedan.
1. _
CORRECT I went swimming, even though the water was freezing.

NOT POSSIBLE 2. Even though I went swimming, the water was freezing.
30rganic: grown without chemicals
Don't forget that there are other ways to express contrast. Refer to the section on
3. signal words in Chapter 7, pages 119-120.
contrast

A. Step 1 Decide whether the two clauses in each item express direct opposition
Contrast Clauses or concession. (There are four of each.)
Contrast Clauses Step 2 Add an appropriate contrast subordinator to one of the clauses. Use
each subordinator at least once. (You will use while and whereas
twice each.)
Step
There are 3two
Write
typesa of
new sentence
adverb by combining
clauses that expressthe clauses,direct
contrast: and add a comma.
opposition clauses
and Step 4 Circle
concession the subordinator.
clauses.
The first one has been done for you as an example.

Direct In this type, the information in the adverb clause and the information in the inde-
Opposition pendent clause are in direct contrast.
Clauses
224 Part 111 I Sentence Structure

1. Modem Olympic equestrian] events emphasize style. The ancient Greek

events emphasized speed.
Modern 0/ m ic e uestrian events em
GreeK events emphasized speed.
2. Both the common cold and the flu are caused by viruses. Only the flu can
be prevented through immunization.

3. A cold develops gradually, and any fever that develops will be low-grade
(lOl°P or less). The flu often comes on abruptly, with a sudden high fever.

4. Ludwig van Beethoven became totally deaf in midlife. He wrote some of

the Western world's greatest music.

5. South Korea is becoming an economic superpower. It is a small country

with few natural resources.

6. The Northwest rainfall averages hundreds of inches annually. The

Southwest averages less than 12 inches per year.

7. Scientists know why earthqualces happen. They are still not able to predict
them.

8. Smokers claim the right to smoke in public places. Nonsmokers claim the
light to breathe clean air.

B. Read the following paragraph, which describes an expeliment to test the

healing power of placebos. 2 Fill in the blanks with an appropriate contrast
Cbapter 13 I Adverb Clauses 225
subordinator. One sentence requires a direct opposition and the other a
concession subordinator.
Tor Wager, a psychologist at Columbia University, led a recent study in
which test subjects were told that one skin cream would reduce pain,
(1) another wouldn't. Wager put the creams on two spots on
lequestrian: horse-related
the subjects' arms and then applied enough heat to produce a burning sensation.
2placebo: substance given to a patient instead of medicine, without telling him or her it is not real, either
Brain
because thescans
person and
is notverbal reports
really sick indicated
or because that issubjects
the placebo perceived
part of a test less pain ofwith
of the effectiveness real the
med-
icine. Sometimes patients who receive
cream that "really worked," (2) placebos improve. the creams were identical. 3

C. Complete the sentences. In some pairs, you will have to add an independent
clause. In others, simply complete the dependent clause. The first two have
been done for you as examples.
1. a. A robot cannot think creatively, even though it can maKe logical decisions
based on input data.
b. A robot cannot think creatively, whereas a human worKer can.
2. a. Though it seldom snows in the desert, _

b. While it seldom snows in the desert, _

 C. Complete the sentences. In some pairs, you will have to add an independent
clause. In others, simply complete the dependent clause. The first two have
been done for you as examples.
1. a. A robot cannot think creatively, even though it can maKe logical decisions
based on input data.
b. A robot cannot think creatively, whereas a human worKer can.
2. a. Though it seldom snows in the desert, _

b. While it seldom snows in the desert, _

Chapter 13 I Adverb Clauses 215
3. a. The IT (information technology) manager did not submit next year's
budget on time, although _
Notes

1. b.
In The IT (information
informal technology)
spoken English, people manager
often usedid
likenot submitofnext
in place as ifyear's
and as
though. Like is not correct in formal written English, so use only as if and _
budget on time, whereas
as though in your writing.
FORMAL 4. a.It looks
In recent
as ifyears, Asian
it is going tomedical
rain. techniques such as acupuncture have
gained acceptance in the West, even though _
INFORMAL It looks like it is going to rain.

2. b.
InIn recent
very years,
formal Asian
written medicalthe
English, techniques
verb takessuch
the as acupuncture
same form as ithave
does in
gained acceptance
conditional in thethe
clauses when West, while in the as if/as though clause is _
information
untrue (or probably untrue). However, many English speakers use normal
5. a.verb forms
Even in this
though situation.
SUVs are dangerous to drive, _
FORMAL John acts as if he were the Prince of Wales.
b. Whereas SUVs are dangerous to drive,
John acts as if he is the Prince of Wales.
_
INFORMAL

PRACT1CE 3
A. Form a sentence containing an adverb clause by adding a frequency,
or manner subordinator and completing the clause. Use each subordinator at
Distance,
Conditional
Frequency, Clauses least once. The first one has been done for you as an example.
and Manner 1. People should try to recycle as often as they can . (frequency)
Clauses
2. Most people want to move . (distance)
A conditional clause states a condition for a result to happen or not happen. In the
3. WeIfshould
sentence it rainsnottomorrow,
consume weour will
natural
notresources
go to the beach, the condition is _ the
weather.(manner)
The result is going or not going to the beach. A conditional clause can come
4. or
before Should teenagers
after an have the
independent right to dress
clause. ?
(manner)
5. No3Achenbach,
nation in Joel.
the "Medicine:
world canPlease
afford
Passtotheact
Sugar." National Geographic Aug. 2004: 1. _
(manner-use as if or as though)

B. Answer the questions with sentences containing a clause of distance,

frequency, or manner. Make sure that your answer contains two complete
clauses, an independent clause and an adverb clause. (Hint: A phrase such as
as fast as possible is not a clause.) The first one has been done for you as an
example.

1. How does your writing instructor want you to write your essays?
Our writing instructor wants Us to write our essays as thoughtfully as We can.

2. How should you act when you see an enraged elephant running toward you?

3. How can you overcome stage fright l ? (Use as if or as though in your

216 Part n1 I Sentence Structure
sentence.)

4. How can you perfect your pronunciation of a foreign language?

5. When the teacher catches you sleeping in class, how can you avoid
Istage fright: fear of pelforming
embarrassment? if or as though in your sentence.)
on a as
(Use stage

Reason Clauses
 Editing Practice

Edit the essay on page 229 for errors in adverb clauses. There are 13 errors. Look
for the following kinds of mistakes.
so that
INCORRECT SUBORDINATOR I made an appointment with my history professor, sa I could ask his advice

about graduate schools.

Too MANY CONNECTORS Even though I am studying five hours a night, I am still getting low grades.
OR
Even though I am studying five hours a night, but I am still getting low grades.

COMMA ERROR He does not eat meavbecause he is a vegetarian.

If Chapter 13 I A.dverb Clauses 229
WRONG SUBORDINATOR YfHess his father were not the owner of the store, he would not be working here.

Net l Addiction
1A lot of people enjoy surfing the Net. 2 :!They look for interesting Web sites
and chat with people all over the world. 3f-!owever, some people spend such
many hours online that they are Internet addicts. 4Although an average person
spends about eight to twelve hours per week, but an addict spends eight to
twelve hours per day online. SSecause addicts spend so much time interacting
with the computer so their lives are negatively affected. arhey become social
recluses,3 because they stop going out and talking to people face-to-face. i'They
avoid real-life social situations, preferring instead to be in a dimly lit room with
only the glowing screen to light up their lives.
81nternet addiction affects not only the addicts themselves but also the people
around them. !!For example, John's marriage to Marta broke up until he insisted on
spending so many hours on the Net. 10As soon as he arrived home fr9.m work he
was at his computer. 11While he finished dinner, he would disappear into his
computer room again. 12He paid so little attention to her, that she finally divorced him.
13Since college students are especially technologically skilled they can easily
become nonstop Net-surfers. 14Most colleges provide computers at several
locations around campus, so that students can use them at any time day or
night. 15As a result, students can spend too much time surfing the Net instead of
"surfing" their textbooks. 16Last semester, nine freshmen at Berkshire College
flunked out4 although they became Internet addicts. 11jn short, even though the
Internet is an excellent source of information and entertainment, but we must not
let it take over our lives.

writing practice:
Writing Practice
Choose one of the following topics and write two or three paragraph about it. Use at least eight adverbial
clauses in your paragraphs. Use variety of clauses types: place, time, reason, contrast and so on.
Underline each adverbial clause you use and note what type of clause it is. Bonus points to anyone who
can use all 8 types
Practice using adverb clauses to enliven your writing. Choose one of the following
topics and write two to three paragraphs about it. Use at least eight adverb clauses
Topic suggestion:in your paragraph. Use a variety of clause types-time, reason, contrast, purpose,
-! My life will be different
result, from
frequency, my parents’
conditional, and lives
so on. (Bonus points to anyone who can use all
-! A memorable vacation/ trip/ adventure/ occation
eleven types!)
-! Why I want to become a _________
Topic Suggestions
My life will be different from my parents' lives
A memorable vacation/trip/adventure