MVPS’s

RAJASHRI SHAU MAHARAJ POLYTECHNIC, NASHIK

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024

MICROPROJECT
ON
“The Strength of an Electromagnet”
GUIDED BY:-
Prof. T.R. DHUMAL
SUBMITTED BY: - GROUP NO. : - 5
(33 to 40)

SR. NO Roll No ENROLLMENT STUDENT NAME

NO
1 33 23611630223 PRATIKSHA NARAYAN NANKAR
2 34 23611630224 AAKASH NANAJI NIKAM
3 35 23611630225 RUSHKESH RAMESH NIMJE
4 36 23611630226 PIYUSH SURESH PAGAR
5 37 23611630227 JANHAVI SUNIL PATIL
6 38 23611630228 SAKSHI MOHAN PATIL
7 39 23611630229 VEDANT SANJAY PATIL
8 40 23611630230 LOKESH SUMERSING PAWAR

1
 INDEX

SR.NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.

1. Certificate 3
2. Acknowledge 4
3. Introduction 5
4. History 6
5. Working principles, Types, Uses & Diagram 7
6. Application 12
7. Conclusion 14
8. References 15

2
 Maratha Vidya Prasarak Samaj’s
Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj Polytechnic, Nashik
MSBTE CODE-1002 DTE CODE: - 5247
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND HUMANITY
ACADEMIC YEAR 2021-22 ODD SEM
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Certificate

This is to certify that _______________________________________________________

Roll No. : - _____ of First Semester of diploma in COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY (CM)

of

Institute M.V.P.S’s RAJARSHI SHAHU MAHARAJ POLYTECHNIC, NASHIK

(Institute

Code-1002) has successfully completed the micro project in the course Basic Science -
Physics (311305) for the academic year 2023-24 as prescribed in curriculum of MSBTE,
Mumbai.

Seal of
Titute

Place:- Nashik Enrolment No.:-

Date:- Exam Seat No.:-

Mr. T. K. Thange Prof.P.N.Patil

Course Teacher/Guide H.O.D Principal

3
 ACKNOWLEDGE

You may be familiar with permanent magnets—the kind that hang on a refrigerator. However, did
you know that other magnets, called electromagnets, can be turned on and off? When turned on,
electromagnets act just like permanent magnets, but if you turn them off, their magnetic properties
disappear. Electromagnets are an important part of many electronic devices, like motors,
loudspeakers, and hard drives. You can create an electromagnet with a simple coil of wire and a
battery. In this project, you will explore whether the strength of an electromagnet changes with the
number of turns in the magnet's coil. You will measure the magnet's strength by counting the number
of paper clips your electromagnet can lift.

4
 INTRODUCTION

Electromagnets, or magnets that use the magnetic field created by electrical current flowing through
a wire, lie at the heart of many electrical devices, ranging from simple things like doorbells to
complex machines like particle accelerators. The strength of electromagnets varies, but some
electromagnets are strong enough to lift entire trains!
When electric current flows through a wire, it creates a magnetic field. You can prove this to
yourself with a magnetic compass (see the Science Buddies Abbreviated Project Idea Using a
Magnet as an Electrical Current Detector, and the Electricity, Magnetism, & Electromagnetism
Tutorial to learn more). The magnetic field around a straight wire is not very strong. However, if the
wire is wrapped in a coil, the fields produced in each turn of the coil add up to create a stronger
magnetic field. When the coil is wrapped in the shape of a cylinder, it is called a solenoid. When
electric current flows through the solenoid, it creates a magnetic field very similar to that of a bar
magnet.
If an electromagnet consists only of coiled wire (if it has nothing but air in its middle) then the
magnet will not be very strong. However, if you place a piece of iron in the middle of the coil—an
iron bolt, for example—then the piece of iron, called the core of the electromagnet, will make the
magnetic field much stronger. This is because iron is ferromagnetic. It contains many tiny areas,
called magnetic domains that act like small magnets. As soon as the iron core is placed in the coil,
the magnetic domains line up with the magnetic field made by the solenoid. As a result, the strength
of the magnetic field greatly increases.
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by an electric current.
Electromagnets usually consist of wire wound into a coil. A current through the wire creates a
magnetic field, which is concentrated in the hole in the centre of the coil. The magnetic field
disappears when the current is turned off. The wire turns are often wound around a magnetic
core made from a ferromagnetic or ferromagnetic material such as iron; the magnetic core
concentrates the magnetic flux and makes a more powerful magnet.
The main advantage of an electromagnet over a permanent magnet is that the magnetic field can be
quickly changed by controlling the amount of electric current in the winding. However, unlike a
permanent magnet that needs no power, an electromagnet requires a continuous supply of current to
maintain the magnetic field.
Electromagnets are widely used as components of other electrical devices, such
as motors, generators, electromechanical solenoids, relays, loudspeakers, hard disks, MRI machines,
scientific instruments, and magnetic separation equipment. Electromagnets are also employed in
industry for picking up and moving heavy iron objects such as scrap iron and steel.

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 HISTORY

 Danish scientist Hans Christian Ørsted discovered in 1820 that electric currents create
magnetic fields. In the same year, the French scientist André-Marie Ampère showed that iron
could be magnetized by inserting it in an electrically fed solenoid.
 British scientist William Sturgeon invented the electromagnet in 1824. His first electromagnet
was a horseshoe-shaped piece of iron that was wrapped with about 18 turns of bare copper
wire (insulated wire did not then exist).
 The iron was varnished to insulate it from the windings. When a rrent was passed through the
coil, the iron became magnetized and attracted other pieces of iron; when the current was
stopped, it lost magnetization.
 Sturgeon displayed its power by showing that although it only weighed seven ounces (roughly
200 grams), it could lift nine pounds (roughly 4 kilos) when the current of a single-cell power
supply was applied. However, Sturgeon's magnets were weak because the uninsulated wire he
used could only be wrapped in a single spaced out layer around the core, limiting the number
of turns.
 Beginning in 1830, US scientist Joseph Henry systematically improved and popularized the
electromagnet. By using wire insulated by silk thread, and inspired by Schwinger’s use of
multiple turns of wire to make a galvanometer, he was able to wind multiple layers of wire on
cores, creating powerful magnets with thousands of turns of wire, including one that could
support 2,063 lb (936 kg). The first major use for electromagnets was in telegraph sounders.
The magnetic domain theory of how ferromagnetic cores work was first proposed in 1906 by French
physicist Pierre-Ernest Weiss, and the detailed modern quantum mechanical theory of
ferromagnetism was worked out in the 1920s by Werner Heisenberg, Lev Landau, Felix Bloch and
others

Magnetic field produced by a solenoid (coil of wire). This

drawing shows a cross section through the center of the
coil. The crosses are wires in which current is moving into
the page; the dots are wires in which current is moving up
out of the page

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 ELECTROMAGNET STERENGTH WORKING PRINCIPLES,
TYPES, USES & DIAGRAM

 Electromagnet Strength Working Principle

 Electromagnetic Induction:
 When an electric current flows through a wire, it generates a magnetic field around the wire.
This phenomenon is known as electromagnetic induction. The strength of the magnetic field
is directly proportional to the amount of current flowing through the wire.

 Coiling the Wire:

 To increase the strength of the magnetic field, the wire is often coiled into loops. Each loop of
wire contributes its own magnetic field, so when many loops are wound closely together in a
coil, their magnetic fields combine and amplify the overall strength.

 Iron Core:
 To further enhance the magnetic field, an iron core is often placed inside the coil. Iron is a
ferromagnetic material, which means it can become magnetized when exposed to a magnetic
field. The iron core concentrates and strengthens the magnetic field produced by the coiled
wire.

 Turning On/Off:
 An electromagnet can be turned on or off. When electric current flows through the coil, the
magnetic field is produced and the electromagnet is "on". When the current is stopped, the
magnetic field disappears and the electromagnet is "off".

An electric current flowing in a wire creates a magnetic field

around the wire, due to Ampere's law (see drawing below). To
concentrate the magnetic field, in an electromagnet the wire is
wound into a coil with many turns of wire lying side by side. The
magnetic field of all the turns of wire passes through the centre of
the coil, creating a strong magnetic field there. A coil forming the
shape of a straight tube (a helix) is called a solenoid.
The direction of the magnetic field through a coil of wire can be
found from a form of the right-hand rule. If the fingers of the right
hand are curled around the coil in the direction of current flow
(conventional current, flow of positive charge) through the
windings, the thumb points in the direction of the field inside the
coil. The side of the magnet that the field lines emerge from is
defined to be the North Pole.
Much stronger magnetic fields can be produced if a "magnetic
core" of a soft ferromagnetic (or ferromagnetic) material, such

7
as iron, is placed inside the coil. A core can increase the magnetic field to thousands of times the
strength of the field of the coil alone, due to the high magnetic permeability μ of the material. This is
called a ferromagnetic-core or iron-core electromagnet.

 Types of Electromagnet.
 Electromagnets come in various types based on their design, application, and the
method of generating a magnetic field. Here are some common types:

1. Solenoid Electromagnets:
 A coil of wire that is wound into a tight helix. When an electric current passes through it, it
becomes magnetized. This is the most basic form of an electromagnet.

2. Relay Electromagnets:
 Found in electrical relays, they use a small current to control a much larger current. The
electromagnet attracts a movable contact, switching the circuit.

3. Flat-faced Electromagnets:
 These have a flat ferromagnetic plate, and they are used where the object to be moved is flat.
They are common in scrapyards to pick up large amounts of scrap metal.

4. Horseshoe (or U-shaped) Electromagnets:

 The shape helps to direct the magnetic field. They are often used in schools for
demonstrations.

5. Iron-core Electromagnets:
 These have a soft iron core inside the coil, which increases the magnetic field produced.

6. Superconducting Electromagnets:
 These use superconducting wire coils that can carry large amounts of current without any
resistance or loss of energy. They are used in applications like MRI machines and particle
accelerators.

7. Electromagnetic Chucks:
 Used in machining and industrial settings to hold metallic workpieces during operations.

8. Pulse Electromagnets:
 These create a magnetic field for a very short time span, often used in scientific experiments.

9. Helmholtz Coils:
 Consist of two parallel rings of wire that generate a uniform magnetic field in the space
between them.

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 Uses of Electromagnet.

1. Electric Motors:
 Electromagnets are fundamental to electric motors found in appliances, vehicles, and many
industrial machines.

2. Transformers:
 They are used to change the voltage of electric current.

3. Relays:
 A relay is an electrically operated switch that uses an electromagnet to mechanically operate
a switch.

4. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):

 This medical imaging technique uses strong electromagnets to visualize internal structures
of the body.

5. Maglev Trains:
 These trains levitate above tracks using strong electromagnets, reducing friction and
allowing for high-speed travel.

6. Scrap Yards:
 Large electromagnets are used to lift heavy metal scraps.

7. Data Storage:
 Hard drives use tiny electromagnets to read and write data.

8. Telecommunication:
 Electromagnets in speakers and microphones convert electric signals to sound and vice
versa.

9. Circuit Breakers:
 They use electromagnets to break the circuit when the current exceeds a specified level.

10. Door Locks:

 Some security systems use electromagnets to hold doors closed.

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 Diagrams

1.

2.

10
3.

4.

11
 APPLICATIONS
 The Electromagnets are More Often Used for Domestic Purposes for Many Home
Appliances:

1. Most of the electric home appliances used for domestic purposes use electromagnetism as
the basic working principle.
2. A few electromagnets utilized in the household incorporate an electric fan, electric doorbell,
induction cooker, magnetic locks, etc.
3. In an electric fan (either it may be a standing fan or a ceiling fan), the principle of
electromagnetic induction keeps the motor rotating without any break, as a result of the
rotation of the motor the blades or the wings of the fan keeps rotating without any
obstruction. Similarly, even in an electric doorbell when the button is pressed, because of the
electromagnetic forces, the coil is energized and the bell rings.

 The Electromagnets are Even Used in the Medical Field:

1. The uses of electromagnets are also seen in the medical field. MRI scan, which is short for
Magnetic Resonance Imaging, is a device that uses electromagnets.
2. The device can scan all the tiny details in the human body with the help of electromagnetism.

 The Electromagnets are used in Memory Storage Devices and Computer Hardware:

1. These days we are completely dependent on computers and mobiles, every piece of
important data will be relying on the computer storages, but we know every system has its
own capacity to store. Therefore, we turn around for the memory storage devices to secure a
particular data. The data stored or available in the e-book gadgets and phones are stored in
the electromagnetic format in the form of bytes and bits.
2. The computer hardware is also having magnetic tape and most of the computer hardware
works on the principle of electromagnetism. Even in the early days of the invention of
computers, electromagnets had a huge role in the data storage of VCP and VCR.

 The Electromagnets are Even Used in Communication Devices and Power Circuits:

1. Without electromagnets, all communication systems and the devices such as the mobiles and
the telephones we use to make phone calls over a long distance could not have taken place.
2. The electromagnetic pulses sent by the devices and the interaction between the signals make
mobiles and telephones very handy, without which nothing can be done. Communication has
gotten even more advanced and hence advanced electromagnets are used in most
communication systems.

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 Magnets in an electric bell:

 AC electromagnet on the stator of an electric motor:

13
 CONCLUSION

My hypothesis was correct: the strength of electromagnets change with a change in the
number of loops. The results were graphed showing the changes. However, a relation of
the lines to the distance could not be developed in time. Further analysis and testing is
required for that after making a few improvements to make the results more consistent,
such as using a more reliable power source, or adapting an electric circuit that could keep
the batteries from draining too fast. It was fun to create an experiment that actually
worked.

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 REFERENCES

 BSP Book.

 https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project-ideas/Elec_p035/electricity-
electronics/strength-of-an-electromagnet#introduction

 https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencebuddies.org%2Fscience-fair-
projects%2Fproject-ideas%2FElec_p035%2Felectricity-electronics%2Fstrength-of-an-
electromagnet&psig=AOvVaw0mmrNp5cxQ0EpFB9BF_bZX&ust=1697733318257000&source=im
ages&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBEQjRxqFwoTCOjX-rOLgIIDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE

 https://www.vedantu.com/physics/principal-applications-of-electromagnet

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